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A    MANUAL       j^^^ 

OF 

HISTORICAL  LITERATURE 


COMPRISING 

BRIEF   DESCRIPTIOXS   OF   THE   MOST   IMPORTANT   HISTORIES   IN 

ENGLISH,  FRENCH,  AND   GERMAN 

TOGETHER  WITH 

PRACTICAL  SUGGESTIONS  AS  TO  METHODS  AND 
COURSES  OF  HISTORICAL  STUDY 


FOR  THE   USE   OF 

Stubcnts,  (Seneral  Ucabcrs,  anb  (Collectors  of  jSooks 


By   CHARLES  KENDALL  ADAMS,  LL.D. 

PROFESSOR   OV   HISTORY,  AND   PRESIDENT   OF   CORNELL   UMYERSITT 


"  Pattcos  enim,  sunt  eminentissimi,  excerpere  in  animo  est.  Facile  est  autem 
studiosis  qui  sint  his  simillimi  judicare ;  ne  quisquam  queratur  omissos  forte 
quos  ipse  valde  probei.  Fateor  enim  plures  legendos  esse  quam,  qui  a  me  nomi- 
nabuntur."—(lmiiT.  X.  1,  45 


THIRD   EDITION,  REVISED  AND  ENLARGED 


NEW    YORK 

HARPER   &   BROTHERS,  FRANKLIN  SQUARE 

1889 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1882,  by 

HARPER   &  BROTHERS, 
In  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  AYashington. 


Copyright,  1888,  by  Harper  &  Brothers. 


All  rights  reserved. 


-7^ 


PREFACE. 


What  histories  sliall  I  read  witli  most  profit  ?  What  histori- 
cal books  shall  I  put  into  the  hands  of  my  son  and  my  daughter  ? 
What  course  and  what  methods  will  be  most  advantageous  to  our 
historical  club?  What  histories  shall  we  buy  for  our  town  and 
college  libraries?     What  shall  I  buy  for  my  own  library? 

These  are  questions  that,  in  one  form  or  anotlier,  I  have  often 
heard  asked ;  but  I  have  sought  in  vain  for  a  volume  that  would 
answer  them.  Of  books  about  books  there  is  certainly  no  scarci- 
ty; but  in  all  the  twenty  thousand  volumes  which  a  distinguished 
librarian  recently  declared  to  be  necessary  for  the  proper  biblio- 
graphical outfit  for  a  great  public  library,  I  do  not  know  of  one 
that  can  be  put  into  the  hands  of  a  student  of  general  history 
with  any  justifiable  confidence  that  it  will  guide  him  aright  in 
the  prosecution  of  his  researches.  But  for  the  want  of  such  a 
volume,  I  should  not  have  ventured  to  undertake  what  may  seem 
to  many  like  trying  to  add  to  the  infinite. 

The  need  which  seemed  to  justify  the  undertaking  has  given 
form  to  the  work  produced.  It  has  been  my  constant  desire  and 
aim  to  provide  a  book  such  as  would  have  been  of  most  service 
to  me  wdicn,  as  a  university  student,  T  was  reaching  out  in  various 
directions  for  help  in  carrying  on  my  historical  studies.  What 
I  then  wanted  was  guidance  in  the  selection  of  books ;  and  such 
guidance  involved  not  simply  critical  reviews,  but  also  cai'eful  de- 
scriptions and  characterizations ;  not  only  information  AWiether 
a  given  book  approached  an  ideal  standard  of  excellence,  but 
also  whether  it  was  the  best  authority  accessible  on  the  subject 


av 


PREFACE. 


which  I  wished  to  know  something  about ;  not  only,  in  fine, 
to  what  additions  and  subtractions  I  ought  to  subject  a  certain 
writer's  works,  in  case  I  should  read  them,  but  also  whether,  in 
the  bewildering  number  of  attractive  volumes  about  me,  it  was 
worth  my  while  to  read  that  particular  writer's  works  at  all.  I 
cannot  doubt,  that  the  lack  of  some  such  suitable  guidance  is 
responsible  for  an  enormous  waste  of  good  intentions. 

The  want  to  which  I  refer  is  not,  in  my  opinion,  to  be  supplied 
by  the  issue  of  dogmatic  rules  and  directions.  I  have  not  much 
faith  in  so-called  "  courses  of  reading,"  for  the  reason  that  the 
very  habit  of  independent  inquiry  and  research  necessary  for  suc- 
cessful scholarship  rebels  against  the  oppression  of  any  prescribed 
order  of  study.  The  best,  therefore,  that  can  be  done  for  the 
reader  is  simply  to  give  him  such  information  as  will  be  most 
likely  to  lead  him  to  the  knowledge  he  is  in  search  of. 

Acting  upon  these  beliefs,  I  have  endeavored,  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  this  work,  to  accomplish  two  more  or  less  distinct  pur- 
poses. In  the  first  place,  it  has  been  my  aim  to  furnish,  as  best  I 
could,  such  information  about  the  most  desirable  books  as  the 
historical  reader  and  student  is  likely  to  profit  by ;  and,  in  the 
second,  to  suggest  the  proper  methods  and  oi'der  of  using  the 
•materials  so  indicated.  Accordingly,  each  of  the  chapters,  except 
the  Introduction,  consists  of  two  parts ;  the  first  being  devoted 
to  descriptions  of  books,  and  the  second  to  suggestions  to  stu- 
dents and  readers  as  to  the  best  order  and  method  of  using 
them.  These  suggestions  are  to  be  regarded  as  hints  rather  than 
as  specific  directions,  and  it  is  hoped  tliat  they  will  not  be  with- 
out value  to  those  for  whom  they  are  designed.  To  prevent  the 
necessity  on  the  part  of  the  student  of  frequently  turning  to 
other  portio!is  of  the  volume,  I  have  thought  it  wise,  even  at 
tlic  expense  of  some  repetition,  to  bring  together  into  brief  and 
convenient  space  in  tlu;  "Suggestions"  expressions  of  opinion 
Romcti*ncs  more  elaborately  given  in  other  portions  of  the  work. 

For  reasons  too  obvious  to  need  explanation,  the  portions  de- 
voted to  tlic  hi^lorii'a!  literature  of  En-'huid  and  of  the  United 


PREFACE.  V 

States  have  been  made  more  comprehensive  in  scope  than  any 
others.  In  the  thirteenth  and  fourtee-nth  cliaptcrs,  under  the  head 
of  "  Suggestions  to  Students  and  licaders/'  I  have  given  a  much 
more  extended  account  of  sources  of  information  than  was  else- 
wliere  deemed  desirable.  T  have  also  embodied  in  each  of  these 
chapters  a  number  of  pages  designed  especially  to  assist  such 
students  as  are  making  a  thorough  study  of  the  constitutional 
liistory  of  England  and  of  the  United  States.  It  is  hoped  that 
these  suggestions  and  the  numerous  references  they  contain  will 
prove  not  the  least  helpful  portion  of  the  volume. 

Perhaps  it  is  hardly  necessary  to  say  that  it  has  not  been  my 
purpose  to  give  an  exhaustive  bibliography  of  the  historical  litera- 
ture of  any  of  the  nations  concerning  which  I  have  written.  To 
accomplish  such  a  task  would  have  been  impossible,  even  if  it  had 
been  desirable.  The  effort  has  been  simply  to  select  from  the  al- 
most overwhelming  abundance  of  materials  a  considerable  number 
of  the  most  desirable  books,  and  to  describe  them  in  such  a  way 
as  to  enable  the  student  and  reader  to  judge  of  their  peculiarities 
and  of  their  desirableness,  as  well  as  of  their  general  merits. 

In  the  process  of  selection,  two  considerations  have  been  pre- 
dominant. The  first  has  been  the  question  of  merit,  the  other 
the  question  of  accessibility.  In  a  few  instances,  books  not  easy 
to  be  procured  have  been  described  solely  on  account  of  their 
great  importance.  These  form  a  small  class,  of  which  Arthur 
Young's  "Travels  in  France"  may  serve  as  a  good  example.  Oc- 
casionally, also,  a  work  like  Rollin's  "Ancient  History"  has  been 
briefly  described  only  to  be  condemned,  for  no  other  reason  than 
because  it  is  to  be  found  in  every  book-stall,  and  is  likely  to  be 
thrust  before  the  buyer  at  every  book  sale.  But  these  are  to  be 
regarded  as  exceptional  cases.  In  general,  the  most  important 
historical  works  are  easily  accessible ;  and,  therefore,  it  has  not 
often  been  found  necessary  to  select  for  description  a  work  that 
is  difficult  to  procure,  or  one  that  is  without  some  characteristics 
of  marked  excellence. 

In  dealing  with  books  in  French  and  German,  I  have  sometimes 


vi  PREFACE. 

ixiven  the  title  in  the  original  and  sometimes  in  English.  If  I 
had  been  writing  exclusively,  or  even  mainly,  for  those  who  know 
French  and  German,  I  should,  of  course,  in  all  cases  have  given 
the  titles  in  the  original  language.  But  it  seemed  to  me  that  the 
interests  of  good  scholarship  would  be  subserved  by  striving  to 
render  assistance  to  the  largest  practicable  number  of  persons, 
rather  than  by  limiting  the  usefulness  of  any  considerable  portion 
of  the  work  to  those  who  are  familiar  with  the  languages  of 
France  and  Germany.  In  all  cases,  therefore,  where  a  good  trans- 
lation has  been  made,  the  title  has  been  given  in  English.  Where 
the  translation  is  not  conspicuous,  either  for  its  merits  or  its  de- 
fects, the  question  has  been  determined  by  the  consideration  of 
accessibility.  In  such  cases  the  language  of  the  version  most 
easy  to  be  procured  has  been  adopted.  In  case  a  translation  is 
notably  poor,  the  title  has  been  given  in  the  original  language, 
but  the  fact  of  the  existence  of  a  translation  has  been  indicated. 

In  determining  the  order  in  which  books  on  a  given  subject,  or 
in  a  given  group,  should  be  placed  in  the  volume,  I  have  also 
thou'dit  it  wise  not  to  be  governed  by  a  strict  uniformity  of 
method.  Under  the  head  of  "General  Histories"  the  alphabeti- 
cal order  seemed  the  most  natural  and  desirable.  But  in  those 
portions  of  the  work  which  are  devoted  to  "Histories  of  Limited 
Periods  "  the  chronological  order  appeared  to  be  most  conducive 
to  the  convenience  of  the  student.  Some  of  the  books  described 
it  has  been  foimd  injpossible  to  subject  to  a  strict  classification ; 
and,  therefore,  in  some  instances  a  title  may  be  found  where  in 
advance  it  would  not  be  looked  for.  With  the  help  of  the  index, 
however,  the  student  will  have  no  difficulty  in  finding  whatever 
the  volume  contains. 

Many  of  the  works  described  havp  been  published  in  two  or 
more  editi<jns.  The  principle  of  selection  has  been  precisely  that 
which  woulil  guide  me  in  giving  private  advice  to  a  student  seek- 
ing information.  Even  at  the  risk  of  giving  ofifence,  I  have  not 
hesitated  to  condemn  a  reprint  of  an  early  edition  when  a  revised 
and   improved  crlition   is  accessible.     The  aim,  in   all  cases,  lias 


PREFACE.  vii 

been  to  indicate  the  best ;  cand,  in  general,  wlierc  there  are  two  or 
more  editions,  each  having  peculiar  characteristics  of  excellence, 
the  fact  has  been  noted,  and  the  peculiarities  of  each  have  been 
pointed  out. 

It  will  be  found  that  there  is  considerable  variety  in  the  length 
and  minuteness  of  the  descriptions.  If  this  variety  should  seem 
to  any  one  to  be  too  marked,  I  have  only  to  say,  in  explanation, 
that  while  the  question  involved  is  one  on  wliich  probably  no 
two  persons  would  agree,  it  is  certain  that  every  one  would  deem 
it  very  unwise  to  give  to  all  the  books  worthy  of  mention  the 
same  space  that  might  properly  be  given  to  those  of  Gibbon  and 
Macaulay  or  to  those  of  Buckle  and  Bancroft.  In  general,  it  has 
seemed  to  me  that  the  fulness  of  the  descriptions  should  be  deter- 
mined by  the  twofold  consideration  of  the  inherent  merits  of  the 
work  under  review,  and  of  the  extent  to  which  the  historical  stu- 
dent is  likely  to  use  it  in  the  course  of  his  investigations.  Von 
Hammer -Purgstall's  great  work  on  Turkey  is  even  more  impor- 
tant, in  its  way,  than  Ilildreth's  "  History  of  the  United  States ;" 
but  there  are  obvious  reasons  why,  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  it  should 
occupy  less  space. 

I  do  not  dare  to  hope  that  I  have  committed  no  errors  in  the 
perplexing  task  of  determining  what  authors  and  books  to  admit 
to  these  pages  and  what  to  exclude  from  them.  The  difficulties 
of  decision  have  often  been  very  great;  and  I  am  fully  aware 
that  in  a  volume  of  this  kind,  not  intended  to  be  all-comprehen- 
sive in  its  scope,  I  am  providing  certain  disappointment  for  a  very 
considerable  number  of  readers.  For  all  such  I  have  no  better 
word  in  the  way  of  answer  than  that  of  Quintilian  which  I  have 
placed  on  the  title-page.  If  I  did  not  hope  that  the  book  would 
be  judged  for  what  it  contains  rather  than  for  what  it  omits,  I 
should  have  no  courage  to  give  it  to  the  public. 

It  remains  only  to  add  a  few  words  of  grateful  acknowledg- 
ment. 

This  volume  owes  its  origin  to  the  suggestion  of  President 
White,  of  Cornell  University,  who,  some  five  years  ago,  did  me 


viii  PREFACE. 

the  honor  to  propose  to  share  with  me  tlie  labors  and  the  responsi- 
bilities of  preparing  a  work  similar  in  character  to  the  one  now 
laid  before  the  public.  I  began  my  part  of  the  preparatory  study 
in  the  hope  and  expectation  that  our  names  would  appear  to- 
gether on  the  title-page;  but  we  had  not  progressed  very  far 
when  he  was  called  to  the  making  of  history  at  a  foreign  court, 
while  I  was  left  to  talk  and  write  about  it  at  home.  The  result 
has  been  that,  although  I  have  had  the  advantag'e  of  his  frequent 
advice  and  his  constant  encouragement,  I  am  not  able  to  throw 
upon  his  broad  shoulders  any  of  the  responsibilities  for  the  de- 
fects of  the  work. 

For  access  to  many  of  the  books  described  I  am  indebted  to 
the  unstinted  courtesy  of  the  Superintendent  and  of  the  libra- 
rians of  the  Astor  Library  in  New  York.  I  also  owe  a  debt  of 
gratitude  to  the  Librarian  and  to  all  of  the  assistants  in  the  Li- 
brary of  the  L^niversity  of  Michigan  for  the  hearty  generosity  and 
the  imperturbable  cheerfulness  with  which  they  have  ministered 
to  my  numerous  and  multiform  necessities.  It  is  likewise  my 
duty  as  well  as  my  pleasure  to  acknowledge  that  I  have  received 
valuable  suggestions  from  Acting  President  Frieze  of  this  univer- 
sity, and  from  my  colleagues  Professors  Isaac  N.  Dcmmon,  Mar- 
tin L.  D'Ooge,  Albert  II.  Pattengill,  Elisha  Jones,  Richard  Hud- 
son, Herbert  Tuttle,  and  Henry  C.  Adams.  In  the  preparation  of 
the  chapter  on  "  Histories  of  England"  I  received  the  more  active 
assistance  of  Mr.  Charles  Mills  Gayley,  whose  scholarship  both  as 
a  pupil  and  as  a  colleague  has  been  at  once  a  source  of  satisfaction 
and  a  source  of  advantage.  For  the  verification  of  the  numerous 
references  in  the  last  two  ch.apters  of  the  volume  I  am  indebted 
to  Mr.  Carril  M.  Coe,  one  of  the  assistants  in  the  University 
Library.  IJy  means  of  the  suggestions  and  the  help  for  which 
I  am  under  great  obligations,  I  have  been  able  to  make  some 
important  additions  to  the  volume,  and  to  correct  some  errors  that 
otherwise  might  have  escaped  my  attention. 

Univkuhitv  of  MiciiifjAN,  Ann  Auitou,  December  15,  1881. 


PREFACE   TO   THE  REVISED  EDITIOI^. 


The  revision  to  wliich  this  book  has  been  subjected  consists 
of  alterations  and  additions  that  may  be  described  under  the  fol- 
lowing heads : 

1.  All  titles  have  been  changed,  Avhenevcr  change  has  been 
necessary  in  order  to  note  the  appearance  of  new  editions  or 
continuations. 

2.  A  few  of  the  older  books  have  been  excluded  in  order  that 
their  places  might  be  given  to  new  works  of  greater  importance. 

3.  Some  of  the  descriptions  have  been  condensed,  and  thus 
room  has  been  made  for  others  without  greatly  enlargino-  the 
volume. 

4.  At  the  end  of  each  chapter,  under  the  head  of  Suggestions 
to  Students  and  Readers,  a  new  section  has  been  added,  entitled 
Recent  Works  of  Imjyortance.  In  these  additions  I  have  brought 
together,  generally  witli  brief  comments,  the  titles  (about  eight 
hundred  in  number)  of  those  works  of  greatest  importance  to  the 
historical  student  which  have  appeared  within  the  last  five  years. 
With  these  have  also  been  inserted  a  few  titles  that  for  one  rea- 
son or  another  have  been  omitted  in  former  issues. 

5.  The  Table  of  Contents  and  Index  have  been  amplified  so  as 
to  include  all  the  titles  now  inserted. 

C.  K.  A 
Cornell  University,  December  20, 1888. 


TABLE   OF    CONTENTS, 


Chapter  I. 

INTRODUCTION. 

ON    THE    STUDY    OF    HISTOKY, 


PAGK 

Increasing  Prevalence  of  Historical  Studies 1 

The  Rational  Xature  of  this  Tendency 2 

Limitations  of  History  as  a  Disciplinary  Study 3 

Why  History  cannot  Become  an  Exact  Science 4 

The  Impossibility  of  an  Exact  Knowledge  of  Causes 4 

The  Element  of  Individuality 5 

The  Fundamental  Error  of  Comte  and  his  School 5 

Some  of  the  Inconsistencies  of  Euckle 6 

Difficulties  in  the  Way  of  Exact  Truth 7 

Untrustworthincss  of  Government  Documents 8 

Examples  of  Carelessness  in  the  Writing  of  History 8 

Importance  of  some  Accidental  Discoveries 9 

The  De  Quadra  Letter  and  the  Dalrymple  Memorials 9 

Inadequate  Evidence  even  of  Judicial  Decisions 10 

The  Journal  of  Dr.  Manasseh  Cutler 11 

Iconoclastic  Tendencies  of  Modern  Criticism 12 

Conclusion  to  be  Adopted  and  Conclusion  to  be  Rejected. 13 

Similarity  of  Historical  Evidence  to  Evidence  in  Common  Life 14 

Why  History  is  especially  Improving  to  the  Judgment 15 

Why  History  is  the  Best  School  for  Statesmanship 16 

Certain  Special  Advantages  in  Historical  Study 16 

Effect  of  an  Understanding  of  the  Unity  of  the  Race 17 

Necessity  of  Greater  Historical  Knowledge  in  America 18 

The  Relations  of  States  to  the  Problem  of  Education 18 

Problems  of  Economy  and  Finance 21 

Grow  ing  Power  of  Corporations 22 

Condition  of  our  Municipal  Governments 23 

The  Flexibility  of  our  Listitutions 24 

How  shall  History  be  Studied  ? 24 

The  Place  of  the  Stud v  of  General  Historv 25 


xii  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Methods  of  Instruction 25 

Lesson  from  the  Unit_v  of  History 26 

Discrimination  between  the  Important  and  the  Unimportant 27 

The  Place  of  Artificial  Helps 28 

The  Best  Method  of  Studying  General  History 29 

The  Study  of  a  Single  National  Life 29 

The  Last  Step  in  the  Student's  Course 29 

Necessity  of  Exactness  in  All  our  Work 30 

CHAPTER  11. 

UNIVERSAL    HISTORIES. 
I,  NARRATIVE    HISTORIES. 

Assmann's  Ilandbuch  der  allgemeinen  Gescliichte 31 

Becker's  AVeltgesehiclite 32 

Bossuet's  L'Histoire  L^niverselle 32 

Cantu's  Ilistoire  Universelle 33 

Ploetz's  Epitome  of  Ancient,  Mediaeval,  and  Alodern  History 34 

Daunou's  Cours  d'Etudes  Historiques 34 

Dew's  Ancient  and  Modern  Nations   34 

Freeman's  General  Sketch  of  History 35 

Myers's  Outlines  of  Ancient  History 35 

Ogcr's  Cours  d'Histoire  Generale 36 

Oncken's  Allgemeine  Gescliichte.    . .      ' 36 

Prevost-Paradol's  Ilistoire  Universelle 37 

Ranke's  Weltgescliichte 37 

Schlosscr's  Weltgosciiichte 38 

Sheldon's  Studies  in  General  History 38 

Swinton's  Outlines  of  the  World's  History 38 

Tliaiheimer's  Manual  of  Ancient  and  Modein  History 39 

Fisher's  Outlines  of  Universal  History 39 

Weber's  Allgemeine  Gescliichte 40 

Weber's  Lehrbuch  der  W^eltgesehichte 40 

Weber's  Outlines  of  Universal  History 41 

II.   HISTOKIKS    OF    CIVILIZATION    AND    PROGRESS. 

Blakey'.s  History  of  I'oliiical  Literature 42 

Blanqui's  History  of  Political  Economy  42 

Botta'rt  Hand-book  of  Universal  Literature 43 

CairiiTo'H  CiiUiirentwickelung 43 

Draper's  Intellectual  Development  of  Europe 44 

Fergnss<m's  Histcuy  of  Architecture 44 

Frccinan'.s  Hi.-ilorical  (ieography  of  Europe 45 

Gaumc's  Histoir<'  dc  la  Soci/'te  Doincslicpie 46 

(iui/ol'n  History  of  Civili/.ation  in  Eunipe 46 

Hrnry's  Histoirc  <jc  i'ENHpicncc. . .    47 

Jaufl's  Ilistoire  dc  la  I'liilosophic-  .Morale  ct  Poiili(pie 47 

Kiigler'.s  Handbook  of  J'ainliiig 48 


CONTENTS.  xiii 

PAOR 

La  Iliirpe's  Cours  dc  Littcrature 49 

Laurent's  llistoire  de  rHunianite 49 

Liibku's  History  of  Ait .  51 

May's  History  of  Democracy  iu  Euroi)e 51 

Paroz's  Histoire  de  la  Pedagogie 51 

Schlegcl's  Dramatic  Art  and  Literature 52 

Schlegel's  History  of  Literature 53 

Schnaase's  Gcschichte  dcr  bildenden  Kiinste 54 

Schmidt's  Gcschichte  der  Piidagogiiv 54 

Ueberwcg's  History  of  Philosophy 55 

Whewell's  History  of  the  Inductive  Sciences 55 

Woltmann  and  Woerniann's  History  of  Painting 56 

III.  WORKS    ON    THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF    IIISTOEY. 

Bisset's  Essays  on  Historical  Truth 57 

Buckle's  History  of  Civilization 57 

Comte's  Positive  Philosophy , 60 

Droysen's  Grundriss  der  Historik 61 

Flint's  Philosophy  of  History 61 

Hegel's  Philosophy  of  History 62 

Montesquieu's  Spirit  of  Laws 63 

Schlegel's  Phiiosophy  of  History 65 

IV.  SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    KEADEKS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Study 66 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Study 66 

3.  Hlustrative  Materials.  67 

4.  Recent  Books  of  Importance 70 

Chapter  III. 
HISTORIES   OF   ANTIQUITY. 

I.  general    HISTORIES. 

Duncker's  History  of  Antiquity 75 

Ileeren's  Historical  Researches  into  Principal  Nations  of  Antiquity 75 

Lcnormant  and  Chevalier's  Ancient  History 76 

Nicbuhr's  Ancient  History 76 

Rawlinson's  Manual 77 

RoUin's  Ancient  History 77 

Smith's  Ancient  History  of  the  East 7S 

Smith's  History  of  the  World 78 

II.  SPECIAL    HISTORIES. 

Birch's  Records  of  the  Past 79 

Brugsch  Bey's  History  of  Egypt 79 


xiv  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Ewald's  History  of  Israel 80 

Josephus,  Works  of 80 

ililman's  History  of  the  Jews 81 

Rawlinson's  Five  Great  Monarchies 82 

Rawlinson's  Sixth  Great  Monarchy 83 

Rawlinson's  Seventh  Great  Monarchy 83 

Stanley's  Lectures  on  the  Jewish  Church 83 

Wilkinson's  Ancient  Egyptians 84 

III.  HISTORIES    OF    CIVILIZATION    AND    PROGRESS. 

Clarke's  Ten  Great  Religions .  .  84 

Cox's  Mythology  of  the  Aryan  Nations 84 

Dollinger's  The  Gentile  and  the  Jew 85 

Lubbock's  Prehistoric  Times 85 

Lubbock's  Origin  of  Civilization 86 

McLennan's  Studies  in  Ancient  History 86 

Maine's  Ancient  Law 87 

Maine's  Early  History  of  Institutions 87 

Maine's  Village  Communities 87 

Morgan's  Ancient  Society 88 

Tylor's  Early  History  of  Mankind 88 

Tylor's  Primitive  Culture 89 

Wallon's  Histoire  de  I'Esclavage 89 

IV.   SUGGESTIONS   TO   STUDENTS   AND   READERS. 

1 .  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 90 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 90 

:i.  Illustrative  Materials 90 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 91 

Chapter  IV. 

HISTORIES   OF   GREECE. 

I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Cox's  General  History 94 

Cox's  History  of  Greece 94 

Curtius's  History  of  Greece ' 95 

Kelton's  Greece,  Ancient  and  Modern 96 

(Jrote's  History  of  (Jrecce 97 

Mitford's  History  of  (Jrecce 97 

Smith's  History  of  (Jreocc 98 

Thirl  wall's  History  of  Grci 98 

n.   HISTORIES    OK    LIMITED    I'ERIODS. 

nenjamin'R  Troy 99 

Midler's  Dorians 99 


CONTENTS.  XV 

I'AOE 

Cox's  Greeks  and  rersiaiis . .  .' 1"'0 

Cox's  Athenian  Empire l'^*^ 

HeroJotus's  History 1"! 

Xenophon's  Woi  ks 10- 

Thucydides's  Peloponnesian  War.    103 

riiitareli's  Lives 10-1 

Lloyd's  Age  of  Pericles 105 

Scliiifer's  Demosthenes  und  seine  Zeit 105 

Curteis's  Rise  of  the  Macedonian  Empire 106 

Droysen's  Gescliiclite  des  Hellenisnnis ■  106 

Polybius's  General  History 107 

Freeman's  History  of  Greek  Confederacies 108 

Finlay's  Greece  in  the  Middle  Ages 108 

III.  HISTORIES    OF    CIVILIZATION    AND    PEOGEESS. 

Bliimner's  Technologie  und  Terminologie 109 

Boeckh's  Public  Economy  of  the  Athenians .  109 

Coulanges's  The  Ancient  City 110 

Jebb's  Litroduetion  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey 110 

Gladstone's  Studies  on  Homer Ill 

GoU's  Kulturbilder  aus  Hellas  und  Rom HI 

Guhl  and  Koner's  Life  of  Greeks  and  Romans 1 1'2 

Jannet's  Les  Institutions  h  Sparte 11^ 

Mahaify's  History  of  Greek  Literature 112 

Mahaffy's  Social  Life  in  Greece 113 

Mahaffy's  Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece 113 

Miiller  and  Donaldson's  History  of  Greek  Literature 114 

Mure's  History  of  the  Greek  Language  and  Literature 114 

Overbeck's  Geschichte  der  griechischen  Plastik 115 

Schomann's  Antiquities  of  Greece 115 

SchiJmann's  Athenian  Constitutional  History 116 

Winckelmann's  History  of  Ancient  Art .  .  116 

Becker's  Chronicles 116 

IV.  SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS    AND   EEADEES. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 117 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading  117 

8.  Illustrative  Materials 118 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 119 

Chaptee  v. 

histories  of  rome. 

i.  geneeal  histokies. 

Ampere's  Histoire  Roniaine  i\  Rome 122 

Duruv's  Histoire  des  Romaius 122 


xvi  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Dyer's  Histoiy  of  the  City  of  Rome 123 

Ihne's  History  of  Rome. .  , 123 

Leighton's  History  of  Rome 125 

Liddell's  History  of  Rome 125 

Livy's  History  of  Rome 126 

Merivale's  General  History  of  Rome 127 

Michelet's  Roman  Republic 12V 

Mommsen's  History  of  Rome 128 

Xiebuhr's  History  of  Rome 129 

Niebulir's  Lectures  on  the  History  of  Rome 130 

Peter's  Romische  Gescliichte 131 

Schwegler's  Romische  Geschichte 131 

Stoll's  Geschichte  der  Romer 132 

Stoll's  Die  Helden  Roms 132 

Taine's  Tite  Live 132 

Wiigner's  Rom 133 

II.  IIISTOEIES    OF   LIMITED   PERIODS. 

Hine's  Early  Rome 134 

Lewis's  Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History 134 

Arnold's  History  of  Rome 135 

Beesly's  Gracchi,  Marius,  and  Sulla 135 

Merivale's  Fall  of  the  Roman  Republic 136 

Long's  Decline  of  the  Roman  Republic 136 

Merivale's  Roman  Triumvirates 13*7 

TroUope's  Life  of  Cicero 138 

Forsyth's  Life  of  Cicero 138 

Boissier's  Cicero  et  scs  Amis 139 

Beesly's  Catiline,  Ciodius,  and  Tiberius 139 

Arnold's  Later  Roman  Commonwealth 139 

Froude's  Caesar 140 

Napoleon's  Caesar 140 

Tacitus's  Historical  Works 141 

Suetonius's  Lives  of  the  Twelve  Caesars , 142 

Capes's  Early  Roman  Empire 143 

Capcs's  Age  of  tlie  Antoniiies 143 

Boissier's  L'Opposition  sous  les  Cesars 144 

Curteis's  Roman  Empire 144 

Meiivrtle's  Romans  under  the  Enijiire 144 

AinmiaiMis  Marcellinus's  Roman  History 145 

(;il)l)OM'H  Decline  and  Fall 146 

Gicgorovius'H  (Jesciiichtc  der  Stadt  Rom 147 

III.   IIISIOKIKS    OI-'    CIVILIZATION    AND    PROGRESS. 

ArnoM's  Kmiian  J'rovincial  Administration 148 

Biilir'M  (icschichtc  der  romischen  Litcralur 148 


CONTENTS.  xvii 

PAGE 

Beckei's  Handbucli  der  lomischen  Alterthiinier 149 

Boissier's  La  Religion  Romiiine 150 

Criittwell's  History  of  Roman  Literature    150 

Hadley's  Introduction  to  Roman  Law 151 

Kuhn's  Vcrfassung  der  Stiidte 151 

Lange's  Riiniisehe  Alterthiinier 152 

Mackenzie's  Studies  in  Roman  Law 152 

Marquardt's  Romisclie  Staatsverwaltung 152 

Mommsen's  Romische  Forscliungen 153 

Mommsen's  Romisches  Staatsreclit 154 

Pierron's  Literature  Romaine 154 

Sellar's  Roman  Poets 154 

Teuffel's  History  of  Roman  Literature 155 

Thierry's  Tableau  de  I'Empire  Roraain 155 

IT,  SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    READERS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 156 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 15G 

3.  Illustrative  Materials '. 157 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 159 

Chapter  YI. 

HISTORIES   OF  THE   MIDDLE   AGES. 

I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Dunham's  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages 162 

Duruy's  Histoire  du  Moyen  Age 162 

Hallam's  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages 163 

Kingsley's  Roman  and  Teuton 164 

Koch's  Revolutions  de  I'Europe ^ 164 

Kwppen's  Historical  Geography 165 

Potthast's  Bibliotheca  Historica  Medii  Aevii 166 

Robertson's  Europe  in  the  Middll  Ages 166 

Savigny's  Gcschiclite  des  romischen  Rechts 167 

Sheppard's  Fall  of  Rome 168 

Sullivan's  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire 168 

White's  Eighteen  Christian  Centuries 168 

II.  HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED   PERIODS    AND    OF    INSTITUTIONS, 

Alzog's  Church  History 169 

Aube's  Persecutions  de  I'Eglise 170 

Balmcs's  European  Civilization 1  '0 

Baring-Gould's  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages 171 

Buitinch's  Age  oi  Chivalry 171 

Church's  Beginnings  of  the  Middle  Ages 172 

B 


xviii  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Cox's  History  of  the  Crusades 172 

Cox's  Romances  of  tlje  Middle  Ages 172 

Dollinger's  First  Age  of  Cliristianity 173 

Fisher's  Beginuings  of  Christianity .  173 

Geffcken's  Church  and  State 174 

Gfrorer's  Pabst  Gregorius  VII 174 

Gieseler's  Cliurch  History 175 

Gosselin's  Pouvoir  du  Pape  au  Moyen  Age 175 

Guizot's  History  of  Representative  Government 176 

Hardwicli's  History  of  the  Ciiristian  Churcli 176 

Heclier's  Epidemics  of  tlie  Middle  Ages 177 

Irving's  Mahomet. , 178 

Johnson's  Normans  in  Europe 178 

Kremer's  Culturgeschichte 179 

Labarte's  Histoire  des  Arts  au  Moyen  Age 179 

Lacroix's  Arts  of  the  Middle  Ages 181 

Lea's  History  of  Sacerdotal  Celibacy 179 

Lea's  Studies  in  Church  History 180 

Lea's  Superstition  and  Force 180 

Lecky's  European  Morals 180 

Mason's  Persecutions  of  Diocletian 182 

Michaud's  History  of  the  Crusades 182 

Mills's  History  of  the  Crusades 182 

Mills's  History  of  Chivalry 183 

Milman's  History  of  Christianity 183 

Mihnan's  History  of  Latin  Christianity 183 

Montalcmbert's  ilonks  of  the  West 184 

MuUinger's  Schools  of  Charles  the  Great 184 

Nasse's  Agricultural  Communities 185 

Neander's  Ciiurcii  History 185 

O'Brien's  History  of  tlie  Mass , 185 

Ockley's  History  of  tlie  Saracrtis 186 

Ozanam's  Civilization  of  the  Fiftli  Century 186 

Prcssens6's  Early  Years  of  Christianity 187 

Rcuter's  Geschichte  der  religiosen  Aufkliirung 187 

Roth's  Gescliidite  dos  Beneficial weseus ; 188 

Sartorius's  Gcschiclite  des  iianscatisclicn  Bundes 188 

Sccretan's  Essai  sur  la  Foodalite 188 

Smith'.s  Englisii  Gilds 189 

Du  SoinnK-nird's  Lcs  Arts  au  Moyen  Age 189 

Stanh-y'.-*  History  of  the  Eastern  Church 190 

Sybel's  History  uiid  Literature  of  the  Crusades 190 

Thciiier's  Histoirc  dos  Institutions 191 

Thr)nipsoir«  Papacy  and  (.'ivil  Power 191 

Villcnmin's  Life  of  (iregory  the  Seventh 192 

Wiidu's  Daa  Gildcnwe.seu  iin  Mittclalter 192 


CONTENTS. 


III.  SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS   AND    READERS. 

PAGE 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading; 193 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Heading 19-4 

3.  Illustrative  Materials 194 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 19G 


Chapter  YII. 

HISTORIES   OF   MODERX  TIMES. 

I.  general  histories, 

Arnold's  Introductory  Lectures  on  Modern  History 203 

Browning's  Historical  Hand-books 203 

Duruy's  Ilistoire  des  Temps  Modernes 204 

Dyer's  History  of  Modern  Europe 204 

Heeren's  Yermischte  iustorische  Scliriften 205 

Heereu's  Manual  of  Political  Systems 205 

Heeren's  Historical  Treatises 206 

Heeren  and  Ukert's  Series 206 

Lord's  Modern  History 207 

Michelet's  Modern  History 207 

Morris's  Epochs  of  History 208 

Priestley's  Lectures  on  History 208 

Russell  and  Jones's  Modern  Europe 209 

Smyth's  Lectures  on  Modern  History 209 

Yonge's  Three  Centuries  of  Modem  History 210 

II.  HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

D'Aubigne's  History  of  the  Reformation 210 

D'Aubigne's  Reformation  in  Time  of  Calvin.  .  .  .* 211 

Dollinger's  Die  Reformation 211 

Seebohm's  Protestant  Revolution 212 

Fisher's  The  Reformation 212 

Fischer's  Auswiirtige  Politik  und  Diplomatic  der  Reformation 212 

Hiiusser's  Period  of  the  Reformation 213 

Hiibner's  Life  and  Times  of  Sixtus  the  Fifth 213 

Praet's  Essays  on  Political  History 214 

Ranke's  History  of  the  Popes 215 

Spalding's  History  of  the  Protestant  Reformation 215 

Raumer's  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries 216 

Gindely's  Geschichte  des  dreissigjiihrigen  Krieges 216 

Gardiner's  History  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War 217 

Schiller's  History  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War 217 

Noorden's  Europiiische  Geschidite  im  achtzehnten  Jahrhundert 218 

Russell's  Principal  States  since  the  Peace  of  Utrecht 218 


XX  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Sclilosser's  History  of  the  Eighteenth  Century 219 

Alison's  Europe  since  the  French  Revolution 220 

Beaumont -Yassay's  Histoire  des  Etats  Europeens 220 

Gabourd's  Histoire  Contemporaine 221 

Bulle's  Geschichte  der  neuesten  Zeit 221 

Wernicke's  Geschichte  der  Welt 222 

Mackenzie's  Nineteenth  Century 222 

Fyflfe's  History  of  Modern  Europe 222 

Cayley's  Revolutions  of  1848 223 

Cantu's  Les  Trentes  Dernieres  Annees 223 

Miiller's  Politische  Geschichte  der  neusten  Zeit 224 

Miiller's  Politische  Geschichte  der  Gegenwart 225 

The  Annual  Register 225 

III.  HISTORIES    OF   INSTITUTIONS    AND    CIVILIZATION. 

Bonneiuere's  Histoire  des  Paysans 225 

Bossuet's  Histoire  des  Variations 226 

Dorner's  History  of  Protestant  Theology 227 

Hallam's  History  of  Literature 227 

Honegger's  Culturgeschichte 228 

Hurst's  History  of  Rationalism 228 

Lange's  History  of  Materialism 229 

Lecky's  Rise  and  Influence  of  Rationalism 229 

Llorente's  History  of  the  Inquisition 230 

Rule's  History  of  the  Inquisition 230 

Schaff's  Creeds  of  Christendom 231 

Shedd's  History  of  Christian  Doctrine 231 

Siigcnheim's  Aufhebung  der  Leibeigenschaft 232 

TooUe  and  Newmarch's  History  of  Prices 232 

IV.  SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS   AND   HEADERS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 232 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 232 

3.  Illustrative  Materials 233 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 235 

Chapter  A^III. 

HISTORIES    OF   ITALY. 

I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Cantu's  Histoin'  des  Italicns 238 

Hunt's  History  of  Italy 238 

Lfo'H  (icschiclite  von  Italicn 239 

Mariolti's  Italy,  Past  and  Present 239 

Sisiiioinii's  Histoire  des  Rc'publi(iues  Italienii(;s 240 

Spaiiiing's  Iliiiy  and  iIk;  Italian  Islands 240 


CONTENTS.  XX  i 


II.  HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS.  ^,^^^^ 

Hodgkiii's  Italy  and  her  Invaders 241 

Testa's  Frederick  I.  and  the  Communes  of  Lombardy 242 

Ileyd's  Levantsliandel  im  Mittelalter 242 

Hegel's  Geschichte  der  Stiidtverfassung  \'t>n  Italien 242 

Guiceiardwii's  Italy  from  1490  to  1534 243 

Botta's  Storia  d'  Italia 244 

Symond's  Renaissance  in  Italy 244 

Voigt's  AViederbelebung  des  classischen  Alterthums 245 

Burckliardt's  Civilization  of  the  Renaissance 245 

Cellini's  Autobiography 246 

Sarpi's  Council  of  Trent 246 

Viliari's  Macliiavelli  and  his  Times 247 

Villari's  Savonarola  and  his  Times 248 

Grimm's  Life  of  Michael  Angelo 248 

Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle's  New  History  of  Painting  in  Italy 248 

Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle's  History  of  Painting  in  Northern  Italy 249 

Reuchlin's  Geschichte  Italions 249 

Botta's  Italy  during  the  Consulate  and  Empire 250 

Butt's  History  of  Italy 250 

Wrightson's  History  of  Modern  Italy 251 

Mazzini's  Life  and  Writings 251 

D'Azeglio's  Recollections 252 

Mazade's  Cavour 252 

About's  Roman  Question 252 

TroUope's  Life  of  Pius  the  Ninth 253 

Arrivabene's  Italy  under  Victor  Emmanuel 253 

Godkin's  Life  of  Victor  Emmanuel 254 

III.  HISTORIES    OF    INDIVIDUAL    STATES. 

Darn's  Repnblique  de  Venise 254 

Hazlitt's  Venetian  Republic 255 

Ranke's  Zur  Venetianer  Geschichte 255 

Machiavelli's  History  of  Florence 255 

Capponi's  Geschichte  der  florentinischen  Republik 256 

Scheffer-Boichorst's  Florcntlner  Studien 257 

Napier's  Florentine  History 257 

Perrens's  Histoire  de  Florence 258 

Reumont's  Geschichte  Toscana's 258 

Reumont's  Lorenzo  de'  Medici 259 

Roscoe's  Lorenzo  de'  Medici 259 

TroUope's  Commonwealth  of  Florence 259 

Colletta's  History  of  Naples 260 

Dunnistown's  Dukes  of  Urbino 260 


CONTENTS. 


IV.  SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND   EEADEES, 

PAGE 

1.  A  Sliort  Course  of  Reading 260 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 261 

3.  Illustrative  Materials 261 

4.  Recent  "Works  of  Importance. .  .*. 265 

Chapter  IX. 

HISTORIES    OF   GERMANY. 
I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Bryce's  Holy  Roman  Empire 266 

Dunham's  History  of  the  Germanic  Empire 266 

KohlrauHch's  History  of  Germany 267 

Lewis's  History  of  Germany 267 

Menzel's  History  of  Germany 268 

Piitter's  Development  of  the  German  Empire 268 

Sime's  History  of  Germany 269 

Taylor's  History  of  Germany 269 

II.  HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

Giescbrecht's  Geschichte  der  deutscheu  Kaiserzeit 270 

Raumer's  Geschichte  der  Ilohenstaufen 270 

Lindner's  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Reiches 271 

Robertson's  Reign  of  Charles  the  Fifth 271 

Ranke's  History  of  the  Reformation  in  Germany 272 

Ranke's  Deutsche  Geschichte 272 

Droysen's  Gustav  Adolph 272 

Schiifcr's  Geschichte  des  siebenjiihiigen  Kriegs 273 

Duncker's  Aus  der  Zeit  Friedricha  des  Grossen 273 

Ranke'.s  Die  deutschen  Miichte 274 

Ranke's  Revolutionskriegc 274 

Iliiusscr's  Deutsche  Geschichte 274 

Segur's  P'reiierick  William  II 275 

Scelcy's  Life  ami  Times  of  Stein 275 

Ranke's  Denkwiirdigkeiten  Hardcnbergs 276 

Droysen's  Leben  Yorks  von  \Vartenburg 277 

Metternich's  Memoirs 27S 

Treitschkc's  Deutsche  (jcschichtc 279 

Kliipfel's  (Jeschichte  der  Einheitsbestrebungcn 279 

Frank's  Wiedcrhcrstellung  Deutschlands 280 

Van  Devcnter's  llistoire  Federale  de  I'AlIemagne 280 

IxJComte'H  (Juerro  contrc  rAutriche 280 

Ilozior's  Seven  Weeks'  War 281 

Vcron'ri  L' Allemagnc  dcpuis  Sadowa 281 


CONTENTS.  xxiii 

PAGK 

Droyson's  Abliandlungcn  zur  ncucren  Gcschichte 281 

Tieitsclike's  Zeliii  Jahre  deutsclier  Kiimpfe 282 

Rlistow's  War  for  the  Rhino  Frontier 282 

Junck's  Dcr  deutsch-franzosischc  Kiicg 283 

III.  IIISTOEIES    OF    INDIVIDUAL   STATES. 
• 

Coxe's  House  of  Austria 283 

Krones's  Gescliichte  Oesterreiclis 284 

Mailath's  Gescliiclite  Oesterreiclis 284 

Asseline's  Histoire  de  TAutricbe 285 

Springer's  Gescliichte  Oesterreichs 285 

Vchse's  Memoirs  of  Austria 286 

Arneth's  Geschichte  Maria  Theresia's 286 

De  Worms's  Austro-Hungarian  Empire 287 

Iliiffer's  Oesterreich  und  Preussen  gegen liber 287 

Beer's  Zehn  Jahre  ostcrreichischer  Politik 287 

Biittiger's  Geschichte  Sachsens 288 

Stenzel's  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staates 288 

Eberty's  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staates 289 

Pierson's  Preussische  Geschichte 289 

Heinel's  Geschichte  Preussens 290 

Droysen's  Geschichte  der  preussischen  Politik 290 

Cosel's  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staates 291 

Ranke's  House  of  Brandenburg 291 

Carlyle's  Frederick  the  Great 292 

Preuss's  Friedricli  der  Grosse 293 

Thiebault's  Frederic-le-Grand 293 

Raumer's  Frederick  the  Second 294 

5Iirabeau's  De  la  Monarchie  Prussienne 294 

Veron's  La  Prusse  depuis  Frederic  II 295 

Hillebrand's  La  Prusse  Contemporaine 295 

Tuttle's  German  Political  Leaders 296 

IV.  HISTORIES   OF    INSTITUTIONS   AND   CIVILIZATION. 

Arnold's  Ansiedehnigen  und  Wanderungen  deutscher  Sliimme 296 

Arnold's  Deutsche  Urzeit ^  296 

Ozanam's  Les  Germains  avant  le  Christiauisme 297 

Sohm's  Altdeutsche  Reichsverfassung 297 

Maurer's  Geschichte  der  Markenverfassung.. 298 

Maurer's  Geschichte  der  Dorfverfassung 298 

Maurer's  Geschichte  der  Stiidtevcrfassung 298 

Waltz's  Deutsche  Verfassungsgeschichte 299 

Kriegk's  Deutsches  Biirgerthum 300 

Schafer's  Die  Hansestadte 300 

Avc-Lallemant's  Das  deutsche  Gaunerthum. 301 

Richl's  Deutsche  Social-Politik 301 


xxiv  CONTENTS. 

PAOE 

Soldau's  Geschichte  der  Hexenprocesse 302 

Wachter's  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Strafrechts 302 

Wirth's  Geschichte  der  Deutschen 302 

Siigenheim's  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Volkes 303 

Janssen's  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Volkes 303 

Biedermann's  Deutschland  im  achtzehnten  Jahrhundert 304 

Balcke's  Bilder  aus  der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Landwirtlischal't 305 

Stael's  Germany 306 

Fre^'tag's  Bilder  aus  der  deutschen  Vergangenheit 306 

Freytag's  Xeue  Bilder  aus  dem  Leben  des  deutschen  Volkes 307 

Hawkins's  Germany 307 

Baring-Gould's  Germany,  Past  and  Present 308 

Lorenz's  Drei  Biicher  Geschichte  und  Politik 308 

Stroehlin's  L'Eglise  Catholique  en  Allemagne 309 

Low's  Deutsche  Eeichs-  und  Territorial-Verfassung 309 

Martin's  Verfassung  des  deutschen  Reichs 310 

Isaacsohn's  Geschiclite  des  preussischen  Beanitentliunis 310 

Lancizolle's  Bildung  des  preussischen  Staats 310 

Oesfeld's  Preussen  in  staatsrechtlicher  Beziehung 311 

Gervinus's  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Dichtung 311 

Ilettner's  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Literatur 312 

Y.  SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS    AND   HEADERS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading. 313 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 313 

3.  Illustrative  Materials 314 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 319 

Chapter  X. 

HISTORIES    OF   FRANCE 

I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Crowe's  History  of  France 323 

Darestc's  Histoirc  de  France 323 

Diiruy's  Ilistoire  de  France 324 

Godjjin's  History  of  France 324 

Guizot's  Outlines  of  the  History  of  France 325 

Guizot's  Popular  History  of  France 325 

Jcrvi.s's  Student's  History  of  Franco 326 

Kitdiin'.s  History  of  France 327 

Lacomhe's  Siiort  History  of  the  French  People 327 

.Martin's  Histoirc  de  France 327 

Miclielel's  History  of  Franco 328 

Ranke's  Fi'ariziisischc  (icschichte. ......    329 

Sismondi's  Histoirc  des  P'ran9ais 330 

Wiiite'ri  History  of  France 330 


CONTENTS. 


II.  HISTORIES   OF    LIMITED   PERIODS.  j.^^^ 

Franklin's  Lcs  Sources  de  I'Histoire  Je  France 330 

Guizot's  Collection  ties  Memoires 331 

Buchon's  Collection  dcs  Chroniques 331 

Petitot  et  Moiimerque's  Collection  des  Memoires 332 

Michaud  et  Poiijoulat's  Nouvelle  Collection  des  Memoires 332 

Barriere  et  De  Lescure's  Biljliotlieque  des  Memoires 333 

Thierry's  Histoire  des  Gaulois 333 

Fauriel's  Histoire  de  la  Gaule  Meridionale 333 

Wallon's  St.  Louis  et  son  Temps 334 

Froissart's  Chronicles 334 

Monstrelet's  Chronicles 335 

Barante's  Dues  de  Bourgogne 335 

Quicherat's  Jeanne  d'Arc 336 

Wallon's  Jeanne  d'Arc 336 

Tuckey's  Joan  of  Arc 336 

Jamison's  Life  of  Bertrand  du  Guesclin 337 

Commines's  Memoirs 337 

Kirk's  Life  of  Charles  the  Bold 338 

Legeay's  History  of  Louis  XI 338 

Willert's  Reign  of  Louis  the  Eleventh 339 

Mignet's  Rivalite  de  Fran9ois  I.  et  de  Charles  V 339 

Baird's  Rise  of  the  Huguenots 340 

Poole's  Huguenots  of  the  Dispersion 340 

White's  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew 341 

Frier's  Henry  the  Third 341 

Frder's  Henry  the  Fourth 342 

Sullly's  Memoirs 342 

Se^retain's  Sixte  V.  et  Henri  IV 343 

Polrson's  Histoire  du  Regne  de  Henri  IV 343 

Lacombe's  Henri  IV.  et  sa  Politique 344 

PeTrens's  L'Eglise  et  I'Etat  sous  Henri  IV 344 

Capefigue's  Histoire  de  la  Reforme,  etc 344 

Baiin's  Histoire  de  France  sous  Louis  XIII 345 

Cai'llet's  France  sous  le  Ministere  de  Richelieu 345 

Robson's  Life  of  Richelieu 346 

Cneruel's  France  sous  Louis  XIV 346 

Mi^rtin's  Age  of  Louis  XIV 346 

Pai'doe's  Louis  XIV 347 

Grhvestins's  Guillaume  III.  et  Louis  XIV 347 

Saint-Simon's  Memoirs. 348 

Dangeau's  Journal 349 

Dc'Tocqueville's  Histoire  du  Rfegne  de  Louis  XV 349 

Thjers's  The  Mississippi  Bubble 349 

Brqglie's  The  King's  Secret 350 


xxvL  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

D'Aumale's  Princes  of  Conde 350 

Yonge's  France  under  the  Bourbons 351 

Collier's  J' ranee,  etc.,  a  Century  Ago 351 

Foucin's  Ministere  de  Turgot 351 

Batbie's  Turgot 352 

Rocquain's  L'Esprit  Revolutionnaire , . .  .  352 

Young's  Travels  in  France 353 

Doniol's  La  Revolution  et  la  Feodalite 353 

Taine's  The  Revolution 354 

^"STignet's  Revolution  JVancaise 354 

Thiers's  Revolution  Fran9aise 355 

Michelet's  Revolution  Fran9aise 355 

Sybel's  History  of  the  J'reuch  Revolution 356 

Alison's  History  of  the  French  Revolution 356 

Carlyle's  History  of  the  French  Revolution 35V 

Blanc's  Revolution  Fran9aise 358 

Hiiusser's  Franzosische  Revolution 358 

Rabaut's  Precis  Historique 359 

Buchez  et  Roux's  Revolution  Fran9aise 359 

Kerverseau  et  Clavelin's  Revolution  rran9aise 360 

Barante's  Convention  Nationale 360 

Laniartine's  Les  Girondins 360 

Ternaux's  Histoire  de  la  Terreur 361 

Montgaillard's  Histoire  Chronologique 361 

Staiil's  Considerations  sur  la  Revolution 362 

•^Napol(2on  the  First's  Correspondence 362 

Lanf rev's  Napoleon  1 362 

Thiers's  Consulate  and  Empire 363 

Barni's  Napoleon  et  son  Historien,  Thiers 364 

Jung's  Bonaparte  et  son  Temps 364 

Remusat's  Memoirs 365 

niazlitt's  Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte 366 

/Abbott's  History  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte 366 

Laniartine's  History  of  the  Restoration 367 

VielCastel's  Histoire  de  la  Restauration 36'7 

Blanc's  History  of  Ten  Years 368 

Hillebrand's  Frankreich  von  Louis  Philippe,  etc 368 

Laniartine's  Revolution  of  1818 369 

Pierre's  Histoire  de  la  Republi(iue  dc  1848 370 

Normanby's  A  Year  of  Revolution 370 

Carne's  Oouvernement  Repr<5sentatif  de  1789  i\  1848 370 

(luizot's  Memoires 371 

De  Toc(|Ueviil(:'H  Sfemoirs  and  Remains 371 

J)elord'.s  Histoire  <lu  Second  Empire 372 

Jerrold's  Life  of  Napoleon  HI 372 

Hugo's  History  of  a  Crime 373 


CONTENTS.  xxvii 

PAGE 

Adams's  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France 373 

Van  Lauu's  French  Revohitionary  Epoch 374 

Martin'rf  France  dcpuis  1789 374 

Le  Goff's  Life  of  Tiiiers 374 

Simon's  Government  of  Tliiers 375 

III.  niSTOEIES   OF   INSTITUTIONS    AND    CIVILIZATION. 

Coulanges's  Institutions  Politiques 375 

Ampere's  llistoire  Litteraire  de  la  France  avant  Charlemagne 376 

Ampere's  Histoire  Litteraire  sous  Charlemagne 377 

Guizot's  Uistory  of  Civilization  in  France 377 

Guizot's  Essais  sur  I'Histoire  dc  France 378 

Thierry's  Lettres  sur  I'llistoire  de  France 378 

Thierry's  Dix  Ans  d'Etudes  Historiques 379 

Thierry's  Formation  and  Progress  of  the  Third  Estate 379 

Bastard's  Les  Parlements  de  France 380 

Bavelier's  Assemblecs  Representatives  de  la  France 380 

Picot's  Histoire  des  Etats-Generaux 380 

BouUee's  Histoire  des  Etats-Generaux 381 

Dareste's  Histoire  de  I'Administration  en  France 381 

Pasquier's  Histoire  de  1' Unite  Politique 382 

Doniol's  Histoire  des  Classes  Rurales 382 

Dareste's  Histoire  des  Classes  Agricoles 383 

Perrens's  La  Democratic  en  France  au  Moyen  Age 383 

Stephen's  Lectures  on  the  History  of  France 383 

Vuitry's  Regime  Financier  de  la  France 384 

Rosieres's  Societe  Fran^aise  au  Moyen  Age 384 

Elliot's  Old  Court  Life  in  France.. 385 

Monteil's  Histoire  des  divers  Etats 385 

Hettner's  Geschichte  der  franzosischen  Literatur  im  achtzehnten  Jahr- 

hundert 386 

Taine's  Ancient  Regime 386 

-  -De  Tocqueville's  Ancient  Regime 387 

•^  Janet's  Philosophic  de  la  Revolution 388 

Quinet's  La  Revolution 388 

Berriat's  La  Justice  Revolutionnaire 389 

Burke's  Reflections  on  the  Revolution 389 

Mackintosh's  Vindiciae  Gallicaj 390 

Croker's  Essays  on  the  Frencii  Revolution 301 

Schmidt's  Geschichte  der  franzosischen  Literatur  seit  der  Revolution. . .  391 

Ferry's  La  Lutte  Elcctorale  en  1863 392 

Reeve's  Royal  and  Republican  France 392 

Senior's  Journal  from  1848  to  1 852 392 

Senior's  Conversations  with  Thiers,  Guizot,  and  others 393 

Haas\s  Administration  de  la  France 393 

Kaisc^i-'s  Franzosische  Verfassungsgeschichte 394 


xxviii  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Xisard's  Histoirc  de  la  Litterature  Fran9aise 394 

Villemain's  Cours  de  Litterature  rran9aise 395 

V^an  Laun's  History  of  French  Literature 396 

IV.  SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS    AND    EEADEKS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 397 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 397 

3.  Illustrative  Materials 398 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 402 

Chapter  XI. 

HISTORIES   OF  RUSSIA   AND   POLAND. 
•     I.  HISTORIES    OF    RUSSIA. 

Bell's  History  of  Russia 407 

Bernhardi's  Gescluchte  Russlands 407 

Catherine  the  Second's  Memoirs 408 

Iloworth's  History  of  the  Mongols 408 

Karamsin's  Ilistoire  de  I'Empire  de  Russie 409 

Kelly's  History  of  Russia 409 

Lamartine's  Ilistoire  de  la  Russie 410 

Levesque's  Histoirc  de  Russie 410 

Rambauii's  History  of  Russia 411 

Schnitzlcr's  Russia  under  Alexander  and  Nicholas 412 

Segur's  History  of  Russia  and  of  Peter  the  Great .  .  412 

Strahl  und  Hermann's  Gescluchte  des  russischen  Staates 413 

Tissot's  Russcs  et  AUemands 413 

Tooke's  History  of  Russia 414 

II.  HISTORIES    OF   POLAND. 

Dunham's  History  of  Poland 414 

Fletcher's  History  of  Poland 415 

Lclevel's  Histoirc  de  Pologne 415 

RiipcU  und  Caro's  Gesciiichtc  Poleiis 415 

Riipoirs  Polen  urn  die  Mitte  des  18.  Jahrhunderts 416 

Ruliiiere's  Histoirc  de  I'Anarchie  de  Pologne 417 

Salvandi's  Histoirc  dc  Pologne 417 

Fcrraiid's  Trois  Dememhrements  de  la  Pologne 417 

Beer's  Erstc  Theilung  Polens 418 

Veil  dcr  Briiggcn's  Polens  Aufliisung 419 

III.  III.STORIE8    OF   CIVILIZATION   AND    PROGRESS. 

Celestirrs  Russland  seit  Aufiicbung  der  Lcibcigcnschart 419 

Custine'8  La  Ru.ssio  en  1839 420 

Day's  The  Russian  Government  in  Poland 420 


CONTENTS.  xxix 

PAGE 

Eckardt's  Modem  Russia 420 

Russia  Before  and  After  the  War 421 

Gurowski's  Russia  as  it  Is 422 

Haxtliausen's  Etudes  sur  les  Institutions  de  la  Russie 422 

Maxwell's  The  Czar  and  his  People 423 

Ralston's  Early  Russian  History 423 

Schnitzler's  Les  Institutions  de  la  Russie 42-1 

Schnitzler's  L'Empire  des  Tsars 424 

Schuyler's  Turkistan 425 

Tilley's  Eastern  Europe  and  Western  Asia 426 

Tourgueneffs  La  Russie  et  les  Russes 426 

Wallaee's  Russia 427 

IV.  SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND   EEADEKS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 427 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 428 

3.  Illustrative  Materials 428 


Chapter  XII. 

.  HISTORIES  OF  THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE. 

I.  HISTORIES    OF    SPAIN    AND   PORTUGAL. 

Baumgarten's  Geschichte  Spaniens 430 

Bollaert's  Wars  of  Succession  in  Portugal  and  Spain 430 

Conde's  History  of  the  Arabs  in  Spain 431 

Coppee's  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arabs 431 

Coxe's  Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  Spain  of  the  House  of  Bouibon 432 

Crawfurd's  Portugal,  Old  and  New 432 

Dunham's  History  of  Spain 433 

Dunlap's  Memoirs  of  Spain 433 

Irving's  Conquest  of  Granada 433 

Landmann's  Portugal 434 

Lembke  und  Schiifer's  Geschichte  von  Spanien 434 

Mariana's  History  of  Spain 434 

Marliani's  Histoire  Politique  de  I'Espagne 435 

Mazade's  L'Espagne  Moderne 436 

Napier's  War  in  the  Peninsula 436 

Prescott's  Reign  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella 437 

Prescott's  Reign  of  Philip  the  Second 438 

Romey's  Histoire  d'Espagne 438 

Rosseeuw-Saint-Hilaire's  Histoire  d'Espagne 439 

Tieknor's  History  of  Spanish  Literature 439 

Walton's  Revolutions  in  Spain 440 

Watson's  Reigns  of  Philip  II.  and  Philip  HI 440 


XXX  CONTENTS. 

II.  HISTOKIES    OF    SWITZERLAND.  ^^^^ 

Daguet's  Histoire  de  la  Confederation  Suisse 441 

Lardiier's  History  of  Switzerland 441 

Morin's  L'Histoire  Politique  de  la  Suisse 441 

Miiller,  Monnard  et  Yuillemin's  Histoire  de  Suisse 442 

Rochliolz's  Tell  und  Gessler 442 

Vieusseux's  History  of  Switzerland 442 

Zsehokke's  History  of  Switzerland 433 

III.  HISTOKIES   OF   TUKKEY    AND   MODERN    EGYPT. 

Argyll's  The  Eastern  Question 443 

Baker's  Tinkey 444 

Hammer-PurgstaU's  Geschichte  des  osmauisciieu  Reiches 444 

Creasy's  History  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  etc 445 

Freeman's  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe 445 

Lane's  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  Modern  Egyptians 445 

McCoan's  Egypt  as  it  Is 446 

Ranke's  History  of  Servia  and  the  Servian  Revolution 446 

Ziukeiseu's  Geschichte  des  osmanischen  Reiches 446 

lY.  HISTORIES   OF   HOLLAND    AND   BELGIUM. 

De  Amicis's  Holland  and  its  People 447 

Davies's  History  of  Holland  and  the  Dutch 447 

Geddcs's  Administration  of  John  De  AYitt 448 

Grattnn's  History  of  the  Netherlands 449 

Juste's  Histoire  de  Belgique 449 

Jusle's  La  Revolution  Beige 449 

Motley's  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic 449 

Motley's  History  of  the  United  Netherlands 450 

ilolley's  John  of  Barneveld 451 

V.  HISTORIES    OF   SCANDINAYIA. 

Anderson's  Norse  Mythology 452 

Baring-(i()uld'rt  Iceland 452 

Carlyic's  Early  Kings  of  Norway 453 

Dahlmann's  Gcscliiclite  von  Diinomark 453 

Dunham's  History  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway 453 

Fryxell's  History  of  Sweden 454 

Gcijer  und  (Jarlson's  (Jcscliiclite  Schwcdens 454 

(losch's  Denmark  and  (Jermany  since  1S15 455 

Laing's  Translation  of  the;  Ileimskringia 455 

Mallet's  Northern  Antiquities 456 

Sfaiirer'a  Island  von  seiner  ei-sten  Entdcckung 456 

Maurer's  Isliindische  Yolkssagen .  .  457 

Rink'ri  Danish  Greenland 457 


CONTENTS.  xxxi 

PAGE 

Sinding's  History  of  Scandinavia 457 

A  *■  Tliorpe's  Northern  Mythology 458 

„-s   Wheaton's  History  of  the  Northmen 458 

Worsaae's  Danes  and  Northmen  in  England 459 

VI.  SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS   AND   KEADEKS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 459 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 460 

3.  Illustrative  Materials 461 

4.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 462 


Chapter  XIII. 

HISTORIES   OF   ENGLAND. 

I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Brewer's  Student's  Hume 465 

Bright's  English  History 465 

Burton's  History  of  Scotland 466 

Campbell's  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors  and  Chief  Justices 466 

Green's  Short  History  of  the  English  People 467 

Green's  History  of  the  English  People 468 

Guizot's  History  of  England 468 

Hume's  History  of  England   469 

Knight's  Popular  History  of  England 470 

The  Pictorial  History  of  England 471 

Lingard's  History  of  England 471 

MacMullen's  History  of  Canada 472 

Mill's  History  of  British  India 473 

Strickland's  Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England 473 

White's  History  of  England 474 

The  Parliamentary  History  of  England 474 

II.  HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

Green's  Making  of  England  and  Conquest  of  England 475 

Lappenberg's  England  under  the  Anglo-Saxons 475 

Turner's  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons 475 

Palgrave's  Rise  of  the  English  Commonwealth 476 

Palgrave's  History  of  Normandy  and  England 476 

Freeman's  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest 477' 

Pearson's  England  during  the  Early  and  Middle  Ages 478 

Stubbs's  Early  Plantagenets 479 

Longman's  Life  and  Times  of  Edward  the  Third 479 

Gairdner's  Life  and  Reign  of  Richard  III 480 

Gairdner's  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York 480 

Fenu's  Paston  Letters 480 


XXX  ii  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Preude's  History  of  England 481 

Burnet's  History  of  the  Reformation 482 

Geikie's  English  Reformation 483 

Cobbett's  Protestant  Reformation  in  England 483 

Labauoff's  Marie  Stuart 484 

Tytler's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 484 

Hosack's  Mary  Queen  of  Scots 484 

Mignet's  Histoire  de  Marie  Stuart 485 

""Oai'diner's  England  from  the  Accession  of  James  1 485 

Guizot's  History  of  the  English  Revolution 487 

Disraeli's  Commentaries  on  the  Life  of  Charles  1 487 

Bisset's  History  of  the  Struggle  for  Parliamentary  Government 488 

Bisset's  History  of  the  Coramonwcaltli 488 

Tarlyle's  Oliver  Cromwell 489 

Forster's  Sir  John  Eliot 489 

Forster's  Statesmen  of  the  Commonwealth 490 

Forster's  Arrest  of  the  Five  Members '. .  . .  490 

Nugeni's  Memorials  of  Hampden 491 

Ranke's  History  of  England 491 

Raumer's  Political  History  of  England 492 

Bayne's  Chief  Actors  in  the  Puritan  Revolution 492 

Smith's  Three  English  Statesmen 493 

Godwin's  History  of  the  Commonwealth 493 

Vaughan's  Stuart  Dynasty 493 

Burnet's  History  of  His  Own  Time 493 

Pepys's  Diary 494 

Evelyn's  Diary 495 

Macaulay's  History  of  England   495 

Fronde's  English  in  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century 496 

Lecky's  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century 497 

Stanhope's  Reign  of  Queen  Anne 497 

Burton's  History  of  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne 498 

Wyon's  History  of  Great  Britain  under  Queen  Anne 408 

Mahon's  History  of  England  from  the  Peace  of  Utrecht 499 

Trcvelyan's  Early  History  of  Charles  James  Fox 499 

Malcolm's  I'olitical  History  of  India 500 

Adolpiius's  England  from  Accession  of  George  III 500 

Massey's  England  during  the  Reign  of  George  III 501 

Wright's  Caricature  History  of  the  Georges 501 

Cory's  Guide  to  Modern  English  History 501 

Martineau's  P^ngland  during  the  Nineteenth  Century 502 

Walpole'a  History  of  England  since  1815 502 

Molesworth's  History  of  England  from  18:J0  to  1874 503 

McCartliy's  History  of  Our  Own  Times 503 

Duffy's  Young  Ireland 504 

Kinglakc's  History  of  tiie  Crimean  War 505 


CONTENTS.  xxxiii 

PAGE 

Cox's  History  of  the  Reform  Bills  of  1866-67 505 

Prentice's  History  of  the  Auti-Corn-Law  League 506 

III.  POLITICAL,  CONSTITLTIONAL,  AND    SOCIAL    HISTOKIES. 

Thorpe's  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutions 506 

Adams,  Lodge,  Young,  and  Laughlin's  Anglo-Saxon  Law 506 

Kemble's  Saxons  in  England 507 

Wright's  Biographia  Britannica  Literaria 507 

Wright's  Domestic  Manners  in  the  Middle  Ages 508 

Wright's  Political  Poems  and  Songs 508 

Wright's  Essays  on  England  in  the  Middle  Ages 508 

Cox's  Antient  Parliamentary  Elections 509 

Stubbs's  Constitutional  History  of  England 509 

Stubbs's  Select  Charters 510 

Gneist's  Geschichte  der  englischen  Kommunalverfassung 510 

Gneist's  Das  englische  Verwaltungsrecht 511 

Fischel's  English  Constitution 511 

Creasy's  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English  Constitution 512 

Taswell-Langmead's  English  Constitutional  History 512 

Brougham's  British  Constitution 513 

r£f€eman's  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution 513 

Hallam's  Constitutional  History  of  England 513 

May's  Constitutional  History  of  England 514 

Brodie's  Constitutional  History  of  the  British  Empire 515 

Russell's  Essay  on  the  English  Government 516 

De  Lolme's  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English  Constitution 516 

Smith's  History  of  English  Institutions 517 

Hearn's  Government  of  England 517 

Cox's  Institutions  of  the  English  Government 517 

Ewald's  The  Crown  and  its  Advisers 518 

Fonblanque's  How  We  are  Governed 518 

Todd's  Parliamentary  Government  in  England 519 

Palgrave's  The  House  of  Commons 519 

Jenning's  Anecdotical  History  of  the  British  Parliament.. 519 

Cooke's  History  of  Party 520 

Disraeli's  Vindication  of  the  English  Constitution 520 

Cox's  Whig  and  Tory  Administrations .\".', 521 

Amos's  Fifty  Years  of  the  English  Constitution '.  . 521 

Bagehot's  English  Constitution 521 

Merewetl>er  and  Stephens's  History  of  Borough  and  Municipal  Corpora- 
tions..    522 

Argyll's  The  Eastern  Question 522 

De  Worms's  English  Policy  in  the  East 523 

Martin's  Progress  and  Present  State  of  British  India 523 

Rogers's  History  of  Agriculture  and  Prices 524 

Xicholls's  History  of  the  English  Poor  Law 525 

C 


xxxiv  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Jardine's  Criminal  Tiials 525 

Fullers  Church  History  of  Great  Britain 525 

Blackstone's  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England 526 

Forsyth's  History  of  Trial  by  Jury 526 

Escott's  England,  Her  People,  rolicy,  and  Pursuits 527 

Creasy's  Imperial  and  Colonial  Constitutions 528 

Todd's  Parliamentary  Government  in  the  British  Colonies 528 

IV,  SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS   AND   KEADEKS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 528 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 529 

3.  Important  Serial  Publications 530-534 

4.  A  Course  for  the  Thorough  Study  of  the  Constitutional  and  Po- 

litical History  of  England 534-561 

L  The  Anglo-Saxon  Period 534-536 

II.  The  History  and  Influence  of  the  Norman  Conquest 536-538 

III.  The  Great  Charter  and  its  Influence  on  the  Growth  of  Liberty  538-540 

•  IV.  The  Establishment  of  Representative  Government 540-542 

V.  The  Development  of  Representative  Institutions 542-544 

TI.  The  Relations  of  Monarch  and  People  during  the  Reign  of 

the  Tudors 544-546 

YII.  The  Government  from  the  Accession  of  James  I.  to  the  End 

of  the  Civil  War 546-549 

Yin.  England  under  the  Rule  of  Cromwell 549-552 

IX.  The  Revolution  of  1688 552-554 

X.  The  Struggles  of  Party  Government  in  the  Eigiiteenth  Century  555-557 
XI.  The  Establishment  and  Development  of  Cabinet  Government  557-559 
XII.  Reforms  in  the  English  Government  during  the  Present  Cen- 
tury    559-561 

5.  Recent  Works  of  Importance 561 

Chapter  XIV. 

HISTORIES   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES. 
I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States 566 

Bryant  and  (Jay's  Popular  History  of  the  United  States 567 

Doyle's  History  of  the  United  States 568 

Eliot's  Manual  of  United  States  History 569 

Hildrcth's  History  of  the  United  States 569 

Laboulaye's  Histoire  des  Etats-Unis 570 

Neumann's  Geschiclite  der  Vorcinigtcn  Staaten 571 

I'atton's  History  of  the  United  States 572 

Pidfiath's  Popular  History  of  the  United  States 572 

Tucker'H  Historv  of  the  United  States ....  573 


CONTENTS. 


II.  HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED   PEKIODS.  ^^^^ 

Count  of  Paris's  History  of  the  Civil  War 574 

Draper's  History  of  the  American  Civil  War 5*74 

Doyle's  The  American  Colonies 575 

Greeley's  The  American  Conflict 575 

Grahamc's  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  United  States 576 

Greene's  Historical  View  of  the  American  Revolution 576 

Hamilton's  History  of  the  Republic 577 

Holmes's  Annals  of  America 577 

IngersoU's  Historical  SIvetch  of  the  War  of  1812 577 

Jay's  Causes  and  Consequences  of  the  Mexican  War 578 

Jones's  History  of  New  York 578 

Livermore's  War  with  Mexico  Reviewed 579 

Lossing's  Field-books  of  the  Revolution,  War  of  1812,  and  Civil  War. . .  579 

Neill's  Tlie  English  Colonization  of  America 579 

Parkman's  French  in  America 579 

Ramsay's  History  of  the  American  Revolution 580 

Ripley's  War  with  Mexico 581 

Winsor's  Reader's  Hand-book  of  the  Revolution 581 

III.  LOCAL   HISTORIES,  AND  HISTORIES   OF   INDIVIDUAL  STATES. 

Bradford's  History  of  Plymouth  Plantation 581 

Elliot's  The  New  England  History 582 

Oliver's  The  Puritan  Commonwealth 582 

Palfrey's  History  of  New  England ' 583 

Thornton's  Peter  Oliver's  Puritan  Commonwealth 583 

■\\'inthrop's  History  of  New  England 583 

Young's  Chronicles  of  the  First  Planters 584 

Williamson's  History  of  the  State  of  Maine 584 

Belknap's  History  of  New  Hampshire 585 

Williams's  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont 585 

Hutchinson's  History  of  the  Province  of  Massachusetts  Bay 585 

Minot's  Continuation  of  the  History  of  Massachusetts  Bay 586 

Barry's  History  of  Massachusetts 586 

Bradford's  History  of  Massachusetts 587 

Dexter's  As  to  Roger  Williams 587 

Arnold's  History  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island 588 

Trumbull's  Complete  History  of  Connecticut 588 

Trumbull's  True  Blue  Laws  of  Connecticut 589 

Brodhead's  History  of  tiie  State  of  New  York 589 

Hammond's  History  of  Political  Parties  in  New  York 590 

O'Callaghan's  History  of  New  Netherlands 590 

Mul  ford's  History  of  New  Jersey 590 

Egle's  Illustrated  History  of  Pennsylvania 591 

Bozman's  History  of  Maryland 591 


xxxvi  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Scharf  s  History  of  Maryland 591 

Beverley's  History  of  Yirginra 592 

Burk's  History  of  Virginia 592 

Campbell's  History  of  Virginia 593 

Stith's  History  of  Virginia 593 

Howison's  History  of  Virginia 593 

Hawks's  History  of  North  Carolina 594 

Williamson's  History  of  North  Carolina 594 

Wheeler's  Historical  Sketclies  of  North  Carolina 594 

Simms's  History  of  South  Carolina 595 

Ramsay's  History  of  South  Carolina 595 

Stevens's  History  of  Georgia 595 

Picket's  History  of  Alabama,  Georgia,  and  Mississippi 596 

French's  Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana 596 

Gayarre's  Colonial  History  and  Romance  of  Louisiana 596 

Gayarre's  History  of  Louisiana 597 

Yoakum's  History  of  Texas 59Y 

Ramsey's  Annals  of  Tennessee 597 

Collins's  Historical  Sketches  of  Kentucky 598 

Drake's  Pioneer  Life  in  Kentucky 598 

Marshall's  History  of  Kentuck)' 598 

Hildreth's  Pioneer  History  of  Kentucky 598 

Howe's  Historical  Collections  of  Ohio 599 

Taylor's  History  of  the  State  of  Ohio 599 

Brown's  History  of  Illinois 599 

Edwards's  History  of  Illinois 600 

Ford's  History  of  Illinois 600 

Monettc's  History  of  the  Valley  of  the  Mississippi 600 

Campbell's  Outlines  of  the  Political  History  of  Michigan 601 

Lannian's  History  of  Michigan 60L 

Neill's  History  of  Minnesota 601 

IV.  SOCIAL,  POLITICAL,  AND    CONSTITUTIONAL    HISTORIES. 

Adams's  Documents  relating  to  New  England  Federalism 602 

Bancroft's  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States 602 

Benton's  Thirty  Years'  View 603 

Brownson's  The  American  Republic 603 

Carlicr's  Histoirc  du  Pcuplo  Americain 603 

Curtis's  History  of  tlic  Ccjnstitution  of  the  United  States 604 

Foster's  Prehistoric  Races  of  the  United  States 604 

Frothiiigiiam's  Rise  of  the  Repul)lic 604 

(ioodcll's  Slavery  and  Antislavery 605 

(ionlon's  Rise,  Progress,  and  Establishment  of  Independence 605 

IIennci)in's  Description  of  Louisiana 606 

Hock's  Die  Finan/.cn  diir  Vereinigtcii  Staatcn 606 

Hoist's  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States 607 


CONTENTS.  xxxvii 

PAGE 

Lanipherc's  United  States  Government 608 

Lodge's  Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies  in  Ainericii 609 

Mather's  Magnalia  Christi  Americana 609 

Pitkin's  rditical  History  of  the  United  States 610 

Schoolcraft's  History  of  the  Indian  Tribes 611 

Seybert's  Statistical  Annals 611 

Short's  North  Americans  of  Antiquity 611 

Stedman's  History  of  the  American  AVar 612 

Stephens's  War  between  the  States 612 

De  Tocqueviile's  Democracy  in  America 612 

Washington  and  Crawford's  Correspondence.. 613 

^Wilson's  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power 613 

Young's  American  Statesman 614 

V.  IMPOETANT   BIOGRAPniES    AND    COLLECTED   WEITINGS. 

Adams's  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin 614 

Austin's  Life  of  Elbridge  Gerry 615 

Bigelow's  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin 615 

Curtis's  Life  of  Daniel  Webster 616 

Garland's  Life  of  John  Randolph 616 

Greene's  Life  of  Natiianiel  Greene 616 

Irving's  Life  of  Washington 61Y 

Johnson's  William  Lloyd  Garrison  and  his  Times 617 

Lodge's  Life  and  Letters  of  George  Cabot 617 

Marshall's  Life  of  George  Washington 618 

Morse's  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton. 618 

Parton's  Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin 618 

Parton's  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson 619 

Parton's  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson 619 

Pickering  and  Upham's  Life  of  Timothy  Pickering 620 

Quincy's  Life  of  Josiah  Quincy 620 

Randall's  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson 620 

Reed's  Life  and  Correspondence  of  Joseph  Reed 621 

Rives's  Life  and  Times  of  James  Madison 621 

Sabine's  American  Loyalists 621 

Sargent's  Public  Men  and  Events 622 

Shea's  Life  and  Epoch  of  Alexander  Hamilton 622 

Sparks's  Library  of  American  Biography 623 

^    Tudor's  Life  of  James  Otis 623 

^  ^    Tyler's  Memoir  of  Roger  Brook  Taney. . 623 

Wells's  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Samuel  Adams 624 

Wirt's  Life  and  Character  of  Patrick  Henry 624 

Adams,  John,  The  Works  of 624 

Adams,  John  Quincy,  Memoirs  of 625 

Calhoun,  John  C,  The  Works  of 625 

Clay,  Henry,  The  Works  of 6'.^ 


xxxviii  CONTENTS. 

PAGE 

Everett,  Edward,  Orations  aud  Speeches 626 

Franklin,  Benjamin,  Tlie  Works  of 626 

Gallatin,  Albert,  Tlie  Writings  of 627 

Jefferson,  Thomas,  The  Writings  of 627 

Madison,  James,  Letters  and  otlier  Writings  of 627 

Seward,  William  H.,  The  Works  of 628 

Sumner,  Charles,  The  Works  of 628 

Washington,  George,  The  AVritings  of 629 

Webster,  Daniel,  The  Works  of 629 

YI.  SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND   READERS. 

1.  A  Short  Course  of  Reading 629 

2.  A  Longer  Course  of  Reading 680 

3.  Publications  of  the  Learned  Societies 630-638 

4.  A  Systematic  and  Thorough  Course  of  Study 638-666 

L  The  Political  and  Religious  Characteristics  of  the  Colonial 

Government 638-641 

IL  The  Alienation  of  the  Colonies  from  the  Mother  Country.  .  .  .   641-643 

IIL  The  Union  of  the  Colonies  into  one  Government 643,  644 

IV.  The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Confederation 644-646 

V.  The  Political  Doctrines  of  Federalists  and  of  Antifederalists 

in  the  Early  History  of  the  Government 646-648 

VL  New  England  Federalism  and  its  Attitude  to  the  General 

Government 648-651 

Vn.  Tlic  Early  Foreign  Relations  of  the  United  States 651,  652 

VIIL  Tlie  Acquisition  of  the  Territories,  and  their  Organization  and 

Significance 652-654 

IX.  The  Financial  History  of  the  Country  from  the  Beginning  of 

the  Revolutionary  War  to  the  Close  of  the  War  of  1812. . .   654-657 
X.  The  Financial  History  of  the  Country  since  the  Close  of  the 

War  of  1812 657-659 

XI.  History  of  the  Doctrine  of  Nullification  and  Secession  before 

the  Presidency  of  General  Jackson 659-6G1 

XH.  The  Development  of  the  Slave  Power  and  of  the  Antislavery 

Movement  to  the  Adoption  of  the  Missouri  Compromise. . .   661-663 

XIII.  The  Development  of  the  Slave  Power  from  the  Adoption  of 

tlic  Missouri  Compromise  to  the  Outbreak  of  the  Civil  War  663,  664 

XIV.  Nullification  and  Secession  from  the  Election  of  President 

Jackson  to  tlic  Outbreak  of  the  Civil  War 664-666 

.').  Recent  Works  of  Importance 666-672 

I.NDKX 673 


"  Quamvis  enim  melius  sit  beue  facere  quam  uosse,  priiis  tamen  est 
nosse  quam  facere."— Charlemagne. 

"At  a  time  'uhen  all  history  is  rapidly  tending  to  become  scien- 
tific, and  almost  all  science  is  adopting  historical  methods,  it  requires 
but  little  perspicacity  to  foresee  that  thoughtful  minds  will  soon  be 
far  more  generally  and  earnestly  engaged  in  the  philosophical  study 
of  histoiy  than  they  have  ever  yet  been." — Flint. 

"  The  next  removal  must  be  to  the  study  of  ijolitics :  to  know  the 
beginning,  end,  and  reasons  of  political  societies;  that  they  may 
not,  in  a  dangerous  fit  of  the  commonwealth,  be  such  poor,  shaken, 
uncertain  reeds,  of  such  a  tottering  conscience,  as  many  of  our  great 
counsellors  have  lately  shown  themselves,  but  steadfast  pillars  of  the 
State." — Milton. 

"When  the  financial  questions  growing  out  of  the  debt  and  cur- 
rency created  during  the  war  are  disposed  of,  the  people  will  turn 
to  questions  concerning  the  structure,  powers,  and  proper  functions 
of  government,  analogous  to  those  which  occupied  the  attention  of 
their  ancestors  during  the  two  or  three  clec£tdes  following  the  adop- 
tion of  the  Constitution." — Garfield. 

'•  Between  liistory  and  politics  I  can  draw  no  distinction.  History 
is  tlie  politics  of  the  past:  politics  are  the  history  of  the  present. 
The  same  rules  of  criticism  apply  to  judging  alike  of  distant  and  of 
recent  facts." — Free.man. 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Chapter  I. 
INTRODUCTION. 

ON    THE    STUDY    OF    HISTOEY. 


It  is  evident  that,  within  the  last  few  years,  the  study  of  history 
has  received  a  new  and  a  vigorous  impulse.  There  are  unmistak- 
able indications  that  popular  opinion  in  various  parts  of  the  world 
is  drifting  more  and  more  to  the  belief  that  wisdom,  for  the  guid- 
ance of  the  present  and  the  future,  is  in  some  way  gained  or  aid- 
ed by  a  careful  study  of  the  past.  These  indications  show  them- 
selves in  various  ways.  It  is  not  many  years  since  even  the  largest 
and  most  honored  of  our  universities  began  seriously  to  teach 
history  in  a  systematic  manner.  A  knowledge  of  history,  like  a 
knowledge  of  foreign  countries,  seems  to  have  been  regarded  as  a 
gloss  or  lacquer  to  be  put  on  after  graduation,  but  not  as  in  any 
sense  a  necessary  part  of  a  good  intellectual  outfit.  History, 
therefore,  was  condemned  to  receive  only  such  charitable  atten- 
tion as  could  be  given  it  by  some  benevolent  professor  after  his 
energies  had  already  been  too  much  exhausted  by  the  absolute 
necessities  of  what  was  thought  to  be  more  important  instruction. 
But  all  that  has  now  been  changed.  Where  but  a  few  years  ago 
a  single  tired  instructor  taught  history  only  as  a  work  of  charity, 
we  now  see  a  number  of  teachers  zealously  devoting  their  entire 
energies  to  the  study  and  the  teaching  of  history  alone.  This 
tendency,  moreover,  is  as  noteworthy  in  Europe  as  it  is  in  Amer- 
ica. It  is  obvious  even  to  the  most  casual  observer  that  in  Eng- 
land, in  France,  and,  above  all,  in  Germany,  historical  studies  are 
now  carried  on  at  the  universities  with  a  zeal  and  a  thoroughness 

1 


2  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

which,  until  recently,  were  either  quite  unknown,  or  were  confined 
to  a  very  limited  number  of  the  writers  of  books.  Nor  is  this 
new  interest  in  the  study  of  history  confined  to  the  universities. 
Every  state,  almost  every  county,  now  thinks  it  must  have  its  his- 
torical society.  The  orgaTiizations  thus  scattered  over  the  coun- 
try are  doing-  what  they  can  to  atone  for  the  neglect  of  the  past. 
They  are  trying  to  rescue  from  oblivion  what  otherwise  would  be 
in  danger  of  perishing  altogether.  It  is  in  this  spirit  that  the 
Chaucer  societies,  the  Shakespeare  societies,  and  the  other  organi- 
zations of  kindred  purpose  are  doing  their  work.  Perhaps  some 
of  the  effort  expended  in  such  societies  is  of  little  value.  Possi- 
bly the  world  would  not  be  very  greatly  the  loser  if  some  portion 
of  that  which  is  embodied  in  the  permanent  record  of  print  were 
to  be  allowed  to  pass  quietly  into  permanent  oblivion.  But 
whether  all  the  work  done  is  wise,  or  whether  some  of  it  is  fool- 
ish, the  spirit  that  actuates  it  is  identical  with  the  spirit  that  calls 
for  additional  instruction  in  history  in  the  schools  of  learning. 
So,  too,  it  is  obvious  that  the  historical  method  is  now  carried 
into  the  prosecution  of  other  studies  as  it  was  never  carried  into 
them  before.  The  study  of  the  new  science  of  philology  is  but 
one  of  the  forms  of  the  study  of  history.  It  is  a  striking  fact 
that  in  the  natural  sciences  the  most  brilliant  generalization  of  the 
past  half-century  rests  upon  a  basis  of  historical  theory,  and  must 
be  justified,  if  justified  at  all,  by  investigations  and  proofs  carried 
on  and  established  in  strictly  historical  methods.  Successful 
studies  in  philosophy,  and  political  economy  also,  are  now  very 
largely  conducted  in  the  same  historical  spirit.  Probably  the 
most  fruitful  philosophical  and  economical  inquiries  of  the  present 
day  consist  of  a  study  of  what  the  great  thinkers  of  the  world 
have  thought,  and  a  comparison  of  the  results.  Thus  it  appears 
that,  whichever  way  we  turn,  we  see  that  the  study  of  history  and 
the  use  of  liistorical  methods  arc  to  be  noted  among  the  striking 
and  growing  characteristics  of  present  intellectual  activity. 

This  seems  a  rational  tendency,  and  a  wholesome  one.  It  is 
not  necessary  or  reasonable  to  claim  for  the  study  of  history  a 
superiority  over  all  other  studies.  All  brandies  of  learning  must 
stand  upon  a  footing  of  democratic  equality.  Each  has  its  par- 
ticiihir  Held  of  activity  and  usefulness,  and  must  be  looked  upon 
and  respected  as  the  [)eer  of  all  the  otiicrs.      But  while  this  is 


INTRODUCTION.  3 

true,  it  may  be  asserted  and  inaintained  that  tlie  study  of  history 
is  more  distinctively  the  study  of  humanity  than  is  any  other 
branch  of  learning.  It  has  not,  like  philosophy,  to  do  exclusively 
with  the  inherent  characteristics  of  mind.  It  does  not,  like  phys- 
iology, confine  itself  to  physical  activities  and  functions.  It  deals 
not  so  much  with  man  as  with  men.  It  has  to  do  less  with  life 
than  with  those  relations  of  life  which  form  so  much  the  largest 
part  of  the  business  of  living.  Its  influence,  therefore,  is  much 
like  the  influence  of  travel.  It  is  the  study  of  mankind  in  other 
times,  as  travel  is  the  study  of  mankind  in  other  places.  Conse- 
quently, the  limitations  of  the  man  who  knows  nothing  of  the  past 
are  similar  to  the  limitations  of  him  whose  observations  have  been 
confined  to  his  own  county  or  his  own  town.  Such  limitations 
are  not  fatal  to  keenness  of  intelligence,  to  closeness  of  observa- 
tion, to  thoroughness  and  honesty  of  research.  But  they  are  fatal 
to  what  may  be  called  a  comprehensive  knowledge  of  mankind. 
As  a  knowledge  of  humanity  in  all  its  multiform  activities  and 
sympathies  requires  a  familiarity  "with  men  bej'ond  one's  own 
neighborhood,  so  the  same  knowledge  requires  also  a  familiarity 
with  men  beyond  one's  own  time  and  age. 

Not  only  is  the  study  of  history  the  most  human  of  all  studies, 
but  it  is  also  one  of  the  most  easily  accessible  to  all  men.  In 
these  days  of  many  and  cheap  books,  there  is  scarcely  a  corner  of 
the  world  where  historical  studies  may  not  be  carried  on  with 
fruitful  results.  Of  course,  I  do  not  here  mean  history  in  a  crea- 
tive sense.  I  refer  rather  to  that  study  which  may  everywhere  be 
carried  on  with  the  result  of  quickening  the  intelligence,  improv- 
ing the  judgment,  enlarging  the  sympathies,  and  broadening  the 
charities  of  life. 

But  let  us  look  into  the  subject  a  little  deeper,  and  inquire  a  lit- 
tle more  minutely  what  it  is  that  the  study  of  history  really  docs 
for  us. 

We  may  as  well  begin  our  answer  by  a  process  of  elimination — 
by  declaring,  in  the  first  place,  what  history  does  not  do.  It  may 
be  asserted  with  confidence  that  it  does  not  develop  the  powers  of 
syllogistic  reasoning  as  do  studies  in  mathematics  and  formal 
logic.  There  may  be  a  question  whether  the  rigid  methods  of 
mathematical  processes  are  adapted  to  the  contingent  affairs  of 
every-day  life.     But,  whether  they  are  so  adapted  or  not,  it  is  cer- 


4  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tain  that,  for  the  development  of  a  power  to  carry  on  severe  log- 
ical processes,  the  mathematics  are,  of  all  studies,  the  most  efficient. 

Nor  can  it  be  maintained  that  for  the  development  of  habits  of 
minute  discrimination  the  study  of  history  is  equal  to  the  study 
of  language.  That  the  habit  of  detecting  small  differences  and  of 
weighing  their  importance  is  an  essential  clement  of  success,  no 
thoughtful  person  will  venture  to  deny.  And  for  the  establish- 
ment and  development  of  this  particular  habit  it  is  probable  that 
no  study  has  ever  been  found  quite  equal  to  the  study  of  lan- 
guage. While  this  is  the  case,  it  is  doubtless  also  true  that,  when 
the  work  of  detecting  small  differences  ceases  to  be  a  means  and 
becomes  an  end,  it  is  in  danger  of  degenerating  into  something 
positively  harmful.  But  whatever  importance  is  to  be  attached 
to  a  liability  in  this  direction,  it  must  be  admitted  that  for  the  de- 
velopment of  certain  necessary  methods  of  intellectual  activity,  the 
study  of  history  is  inferior  to  the  study  of  language. 

Another  limitation  of  history  is  in  the  fact  that  it  cannot  liave 
the  certainties  of  an  exact  science.  There  is  no  well-grounded 
promise  either  of  a  science  of  history  or  of  a  science  of  govern- 
ment. This  assertion  would  seem  to  be  too  obvious  for  demon- 
stration, but  for  the  ingenious  theories  of  writers  like  Comte, 
Buckle,  and  Spencer.  "What  formerly,  however,  had  been  received 
as  an  axiom  has  now  to  be  subjected  to  methods  of  proof.  In  view 
of  the  learning  that  has  been  devoted  to  the  work  of  placing  his- 
tory upon  what  has  been  called  a  scientific  basis,  it  is  not  super- 
tiuous  to  inquire  whether  or  not  the  obstacles  in  tbe  way  of  such 
a  scientific  basis  are  of  a  nature  to  be  insuperable. 

Historical  facts  are  almost  always,  perhaps  invariably,  the  result 
of  heterogeneous  causes.  Some  of  these  causes  are  susceptible  of 
examination  and  ajialysis;  others  are  not.  One  or  two  examples 
will  be  enough  to  illustrate  what  is  meant.  The  force  of  gravity 
causes  water  to  seek  a  lower  level.  Water,  therefore,  under  or- 
diiiarv  cirfumstances,  will  take  a  course  which  it  is  possible  to  an- 
ticipate with  the  utmost  confidence.  But  the  moment  the  stream 
comes  in  contact  with  the  will  of  man,  an  unknown  quantity  is 
introduced  into  the  problem.  There  is  no  possible  system  of 
analysis  or  generalization  that  will  enable  us  to  determine  what 
the  result  will  be.  The  water  may  be  left  to  wind  its  own  way 
to  the  ocean,  it  may  be  turned  to  the  purposes  of  industry,  or  it 


INTRODUCTION.  5 

may  be  induced  to  lift  a  p:u-t  of  itself  over  an  adjacent  mountain- 
top.  Or,  take  another  illustration.  An  oarsman  steps  into  a  boat 
to  cross  a  river.  Now,  his  arrival  at  his  destination  depends  upon 
a  number  of  heterogeneous  influences,  the  particular  force  of  which 
no  amount  of  knowledge  would  suffice  to  determine.  The  perfec- 
tion of  the  boat,  the  swiftness  of  the  current,  the  nature  of  the 
weather,  the  skill  of  the  oarsman,  arc  all  doubtless  susceptible  of 
approximate  determination.  But  suppose  that,  in  spite  of  all 
probabilities,  the  boat  is  capsized.  The  element  of  uncertainty  is 
now  considerably  increased.  Even  if  it  be  certain  that  the  boat- 
man has  skill  enough  ordinarily  to  carry  him  ashore,  there  still  re- 
mains the  ever-present  possibility  that  he  will  not  choose  to  ex- 
ert his  skill. 

The  element  of  uncertainty  in  these  examples  is  chiefly, .though 
not  wholly,  the  clement  of  individuality.  Of  course  when  we 
abandon  the  simpler  affairs  of  life  for  the  more  complicated  ones, 
the  uncertainties  of  prediction  are  greatly  increased.  It  would 
seem  to  follow  that  at  the  very  beginning  of  our  inquiry  for  a 
basis  of  scientific  exactness,  we  come  upon  obstacles  that  are  in- 
surmountable. 

But  let  us  not  rush  to  a  conclusion  in  too  great  haste.  The  in- 
genuity of  those  who  have  sought  to  bring  history  within  the  cir- 
cle of  the  sciences  has  not  shrunk  from  attempting  to  surmount 
this  apparently  insurmountable  obstacle.  Comte,  Buckle,  and 
Spencer  rest  their  case  upon  the  general  assertion  that,  in  the 
great  current  of  affair.;,  the  efforts  of  individual  wills  counterbal- 
ance one  another  so  as  to  neutralize  all  disturbance  of  final  results. 
Buckle  would  probably  have  said  that  in  spite  of  mill-dams  and 
water-wheels  the  water  continues  to  seek  a  lower  level,  and  in  the 
end  reaches  its  destination.  But  the  answer  to  this  is  the  simple 
assertion  that  in  the  meantime  the  mere  fact  of  the  water's  being- 
turned  out  of  its  course  has  had  an  influence,  more  or  less  impor- 
tant, on  civilization.  A  part  of  the  stream,  perhaps,  has  been 
turned  into  the  Atlantic  instead  of  the  Pacific ;  the  rest  of  it  has 
been  devoted  to  the  work  of  irrigation,  and,  after  furnishing  bread 
for  a  people,  has  disappeared  in  the  soil  or  in  the  air. 

Buckle  himself  would  seem  to  have  been  not  altogether  con- 
fident in  his  own  theory.  For  the  purpose  of  proving  his  thesis, 
he  accumulated  an  astonishing  number  of  interesting  facts,  and 


C  HISTORICAL  LITEliATUKE. 

he  arranged  tliem  with  an  ing-enuity  in  every  way  admirable.  But 
it  is  not  saying  too  much  to  affirm  that  after  he  had  done  what  he 
could  to  fortify  and  render  impregnable  the  position' he  had  taken, 
he  found  himself  obliged  to  abandon  it.  Indeed,  he  went  on  with 
his  work  as  though  he  had  established  nothing  whatever.  Even 
more  than  that,  he  advanced  theories  in  the  latter  part  of  the 
work  utterly  inconsistent  with  theories  advanced  in  the  first  part. 
He  turned  his  own  guns  upon  his  own  citadel.  The  first  volume 
is  devoted  chiefly  to  the  work  of  establishing  the  position  that  in- 
dividual men  have  very  little  to  do  in  shaping  the  affairs  of  this 
world,  while  the  last  is  given  up  to  showing  that  individual  men 
had  very  much  to  do  with  moulding  the  history  of  Spain  and 
Scotland.  One  of  two  inferences  seems  inevitable.  Either  Buckle 
did  not  quite  succeed  in  convincing  himself  that  the  position  he 
was  trying  to  establish  was  tenable,  or  he  was  led  out  of  his  way 
by  the  fact  that  his  hatred  of  bigotry  was  more  intense  than  his 
love  of  consistency.  But,  whatever  be  the  reason,  the  failure  of 
the  argument  must  be  patent  to  every  one  that  is  able  to  clear 
his  mind  from  the  bewilderment  caused  by  the  author's  multitu- 
dinous citations. 

Thus  we  are  left  substantially  where  we  were  before  Comte  and 
Buckle  began  their  work.  And  there,  it  is  to  be  presumed,  we  shall 
remain.  It  is,  of  course,  not  quite  safe  to  assert,  or  even  perhaps  to 
assume,  that  a  theory  held  at  any  given  moment  will  never  be  aban- 
doned. But  it  is  certain  that  nothing  but  the  most  positive  proofs 
will  be  sufliicient  to  overthrow  the  beliefs  generally  held  in  the  po- 
tencies and  far-reaching  influence  of  individual  efforts.  Whatever 
theories  of  free-will  may  prevail,  the  majority  of  mankind  will  con- 
tinue to  believe,  and  act  upon  the  belief,  that  men  like  Julius  C;x;sar, 
Frederick  the  Great,  Washington,  and  Napoleon  had  considerable 
influence  not  only  on  the  age  in  which  they  lived,  but  also  on 
the  shaping  of  subsecjnent  events,  And  so  long  as  they  hold 
this  b(;lief  they  will  also  believe  that  it  would  have  made  con- 
sideral)lt'  difTerciice  with  the  world  if  Ctcsar  had  not  succeeded  in 
his  famous  swimmiMg  exploit,  if  Frederick's  snuffbox  had  not 
arrest('(l  tlie  bullet  that  was  seeking  his  heart,  if  the  sharp-shoot- 
ers had  been  a  little  mon;  skilful  on  Uraddock's  Field,  or  if  Napo- 
leon had  fallen  on  the  desperate  bridge  of  Lodi.  That  either  of 
these   contingencies  might  have  lia[)pencd — nay,  that   either   of 


INTRODUCTION.  7 

tliem,  on  any  scientific  theory  of  probabilities,  was  far  more  likely 
to  happen  than  what  actually  did  happen — no  one  can  deny.  It 
is  inconceivable  that  the  result  in  either  of  these  instances  could 
have  boen  scientifically  foretold.  And  until  such  results  can  be 
foretold  with  scientific  precision,  men  will  not  abandon  their  be- 
liefs in  the  importance  of  individuality. 

Besides  tlie  uncertain  element  of  individuality,  there  is  another 
difficulty  scarcely  less  serious.  I  refer  to  the  difficulty,  often  the 
impossibility,  of  securing-  trustworthy  and  conclusive  evidence. 

It  is  said  that  when  Sir  Walter  Raleigh,  as  a  prisoner  in  the 
Tower  of  London,  was  relieving  the  tedium  of  his  confinement  by 
writing  his  "  History  of  the  World,"  he  was  one  day  attracted  to 
the  window  of  his  cell  by  the  noise  of  a  brawl  in  the  court  below. 
He  witnessed  the  quarrel  from  very  near  the  beginning  quite  to  the 
end.  He  saw  it  from  a  favorable  point  of  view,  and  he  supposed 
that  he  understood  it.  But  a  little  later  he  had  occasion  to  talk 
the  matter  over  with  a  friend,  and  he  found,  to  his  utter  astonish- 
ment, that  he  had  misapprehended  the  nature  of  the  whole  affair. 
When  he  was  alone,  the  event  threw  him  into  a  philosophical 
mood.  He  reasoned  in  this  way.  If  I  could  not  understand  what 
passed  under  my  own  eyes,  of  what  use  is  it  to  attempt  to  tell  the 
truth  about  what  took  place  liundreds  or  thousands  of  years  ago, 
or,  perhaps,  never  even  took  place  at  all  ?  And,  in  this  fit  of  dis- 
trust. Sir  Walter  threw  the  part  of  his  history  still  in  manuscript 
into  the  fire. 

The  chivalric  knight's  misgivings  were  not  without  considerable 
reason.  The  difficulties  in  the  way  of  learning  the  exact  truth  in 
regard  to  the  simple  affairs  of  every-day  life  are  often  quite  in- 
surmountable. Still  more  inaccessible  is  the  truth  in  respect  to 
events  remote  in  point  of  distance  or  in  point  of  time.  It  is 
therefore  not  very  strange  that  history  has  often  been  thought  to 
be  entirely  unworthy  of  any  substantial  credence.  The  despairing 
hero  of  Santaine  declared  that  all  history  is  un  grand  mensonf/e. 
The  great  Whig  leader,  when  he  had  withdrawn  himself  from  the 
tortuous  intricacies  of  his  political  life,  called  for  a  novel.  "  Bring 
me  something  that  is  true,"  he  is  reported  to  have  said ;  "  don't 
bring  me  liistory,  for  that  I  kiioiv  is  a  lie."  Those  who  have  had 
much  to  do  with  the  shaping  of  history,  probably  realize  most 
fuUv  the  uncertainties  of  historical  evidence. 


8  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Towards  these  uncertainties  many  circnnistances  liave  contrib- 
uted. It  lias  often  happened  tliat  those  who  have  had  most  to 
do  with  the  moulding"  of  current  events  have  had  sole  charge  of 
all  evidence  in  regard  to  the  real  character  of  those  events.  The 
most  important  affairs  of  government  are  usually  carried  on  in 
secret.  Not  only  have  the  records  been  imperfectly  made,  but  often 
only  such  portions  of  them  have  been  preserved  as  it  has  been  for 
the  interest  of  the  g-overnment  to  disclose.  Mr.  Jardine,  in  his  in- 
valuable little  work  on  the  "Criminal  Trials  of  England,"  has  re- 
marked that  it  is  the  most  important  of  the  state-papers  that  are 
most  frequently  missing  from  the  archives.  The  reason  is  obvi- 
ous. The  government  of  England,  like  all  the  other  governments 
of  Europe,  was  a  government  whose  affairs  for  centuries  were  car- 
ried on  in  secret.  Before  the  Revolution  of  1640  there  Avas  no 
real  responsibility  on  the  part  of  governmental  officials,  and  no 
real  scrutiny  of  the  affairs  of  g-overnment  by  the  representatives 
of  the  people.  But  there  was  not  an  entire  absence  of  popular 
opinion.  AVhile  the  government,  therefore,  was  not  accountable, 
it  was  often  interested  in  concealing  its  movements  and  its  mo- 
tives. It  destroyed  such  papers  as_  would  testify  against  it.  Often, 
doubtless,  papers  were  framed,  not  for  the  purpose  of  disclosing, 
but  for  the  purpose  of  concealing,  the  truth.  The  conclusion  is 
inevitable,  that  what  has  passed  for  historical  knowledge  has  often 
been  nothing  but  historical  error. 

The  full  force  of  these  considerations  becomes  apparent  when 
we  scrutinize  any  especial  period  in  accordance  with  the  rules  of 
evidence.  Take,  as  an  example,  Bacon's  "History  of  Henry  VH." 
The  government  of  the  first  Tudor,  though  by  no  means  one  of 
the  worst,  was  a  government  of  usurpation.  Its  most  efficient 
means  of  accomj)lishing  its  ends  was  the  secret  court  of  Star 
('liauiber.  This  C()nrt  kept  no  records,  and  was  not  responsible 
for  its  acts.  Whatever  was  necessary  for  the  firmer  establishment 
of  the  new  line  was  done  probably  without  question  and  without 
scruple.  Very  little  documentary  evidence  was  left.  But  even 
what  little  e\iste<l  in  [Jacon's  time  seems  not  to  have  been  used 
by  the  historian.  From  the  beginning  to  the  end  of  his  work, 
]5acon  has  gi\cii  <>iily  one  reference  to  an  authority,  and  even  that 
reference  is  so  indclinite  as  almost  to  justify  the  suspicion  that  it 
was  meant  to    mislead.     The   vahie   of  the  histt>rv  as  a  record 


INTRODUCTION.  9 

of  truth,  therefore,  rests  solely  upon  the  nature  of  the  Imbits  then 
prevailino-  in  the  investigation  of  knowledge,  and  on  the  character 
of  the  historian  for  veracity.  Unfortunately,  neither  of  these 
foundations  is  trustworthy.  Bacon  was  not  born  till  more  than 
fifty  years  after  the  death  of  the  king  whose  history  he  under- 
took to  write.  Three  important  and  turbulent  reigns  had  inter- 
vened. Bacon  had  every  interest  in  giving  to  the  facts,  as  he  nar- 
rated them,  a  certain  color.  Unfortunately,  we  are  debarred  from 
believing  that  he  would  be  overscrupulous  in  his  searches  after 
exact  knowledge,  even  if  exact  knowledge  were  accessible.  But 
it  was  not.  It  is  therefore  but  simple  truth  to  say  that  no  court 
in  any  civilized  community  would  accept  of  Bacon's  testimony  as 
a  basis  on  which  to  build  up  any  judicial  decision  whatever.  His- 
torical evidence,  in  order  to  be  conclusive,  must  be  of  the  same 
general  nature  as  all  other  evidence.  The  conclusion  to  which  we 
are  brought  is  obvious.  The  book  teaches  us  something  of  Ba- 
con ;  it  teaches  us  possibly  something  of  the  way  in  -which  Bacon 
regarded  Henry  VII. ;  it  teaches  us  still  more  of  the  way  in  which 
Bacon  desired  his  readers  to  regard  his  opinions  of  Henry  VIT.  ; 
but  of  Henry  VII.  himself,  or  of  his  reign,  it  teaches  us  very  little 
indeed. 

An  illustration  of  another  nature  may  be  drawn  from  the  reign 
of  Elizabeth.  A  mystery  has  always  obscured  the  singular  death 
of  poor  Amy  Robsart.  If  it  could  be  conclusively  shown  that 
Dudley's  wife  was  killed  and  that  Elizabeth  connived  at  the 
murder,  the  proof  would  of  itself  be  nearly  enough  to  reverse 
the  popular  impressions  of  good  Queen  Bess.  Positive  proof 
may  never  be  secured.  Obviously  the  government  had  a  very 
intense  motive  for  destroying  every  item  of  proof  that  might  be 
known  to  exist.  But  it  begins  to  look  as  if  at  one  time  positive 
pi'oof  had  been  in  existence,  even  if  it  is  not  in  existence  still. 
The  interesting  discovery  of  the  De  Quadra  letter  by  Mr.  Fronde 
points  directly  to  the  guilt  of  the  queen.  It  is  by  no  means  con- 
clusive ;  but  it  is  a  bit  of  presumptive  evidence  of  extreme  impor- 
tance. De  Quadra  writes  to  his  government  that  in  a  familiar 
conversation  between  Cecil  and  himself  the  English  minister  had 
declared  that  the  intimacy  of  the  queen  and  Lord  Dudley  was 
such  that  "  they  were  thinking  of  destroying  Lord  Robert's  wife." 
And  it  was  only  a  few  days  after  the  Spanish  ambassador  had 


10  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

listened  to  this  important  item  of  information  that  Lord  Robert's 
beautiful  wife  was  lying  at  the  bottom  of  the  staircase  a  bruised 
and  mangled  corpse.  The  I)e  Quadra  letter  does  not  give  us  a 
very  distinct  view,  but  it  makes  a  rent  in  the  curtain,  and  gives  us 
a  glimpse  behind  the  scenes.  It  shows  us  at  least  that  there  was 
an  entanglement  of  intrigues  and  motives  in  regard  to  the  exact 
nature  of  Avhich  we  know  very  little  indeed. 

It  is  only  very  recently,  as  Mr.  Bisset  has  pointed  out,  that  we 
have  come  to  the  possibility  of  understanding  some  of  the  most 
important  and  far-reaching  events  of  the  reign  of  James  T.  Be- 
fore the  publication  of  Dalrymplc's  "Memorials,"  a  little  more  than 
a  century  ago,  not  much  more  could  be  known  about  King  James 
I.  than  can  be  known  about  one  of  the  early  kings  of  Rome.  The 
important  bundle  of  papers  given  to  the  searchers  after  truth  by 
Dalrymple  was  evidently  intended  for  oblivion.  A  letter  of  Buck- 
ingham ends  with  the  injunction :  "  I  pray  you  burn  this  letter." 
By  what  strange  accident  of  good  fortune  this  letter  and  those 
published  with  it  escaped  the  destruction  intended  for  them  may 
never  be  known.  Nor  is  such  knowledge  important.  It  is  enough 
to  ascertain  that  somehow  they  found  their  way  into  a  good  hid- 
ing-place among  the  manuscripts  of  the  Advocates'  Library  at  Ed- 
inburgh, and  there  remained  until  the  fury  of  the  Revolution  had 
spent  itself,  and  there  was  no  further  motive  for  destroying  them. 
As  already  intimated,  the  view  afforded  by  these  letters  of  the 
court  of  James  I.  was  entirely  new  and  revolutionary.  But  the 
impression  made  by  the  Dalrymple  papers  has  since  been  con- 
firmed and  strengthened  in  various  ways.  Important  discoveries 
have  more  recently  been  made.  Many  of  these  have  been  brouglit 
together  by  Mr.  Amos  in  his  masterly  monograph  on  "  The  Great 
Oyer  of  Toisoning."  But  all  these  items  of  evidence,  the  reward 
of  great  industry  and  ability,  point  in  the  same  general  direction. 
In  view  of  tlicse  revelations,  we  are  brought  to  see  that  for  the 
purj)oses  of  strict  historical  information  the  account  of  Hume  is 
of  little  more  value  than  the  account  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  "The 
Fortunes  of  Nigel." 

Nor  is  the  evidence  of  the  courts  much  more  conclusive. 
Until  after  \\u-  Revolution  the  processes  of  trial  were  merely  in- 
genious and  convenient  devices  for  the  purpose  of  carrying  out 
the  will  of  the  government,  and  at  the  same  time  of  ridding  the 


INTliODUCTION.  1 1 

government  of  its  most  obnoxious  responsibilities.  The  trial  of 
Sir  Nicholas  Throckmorton  is  an  example  in  point.  The  jmy,  in 
strict  accordance  with  the  evidence,  brought  in  a  verdict  of  not 
guilty.  But  the  verdict  was  in  opposition  to  the  will  of  the 
court.  The  consequence  was  that  the  jurors  were  all  thrown  into 
prison.  Four  of  them  very  soon  made  their  submission  and  were 
discharged.  Of  the  remaining  eight  five  were  held  in  close  con- 
finement from  April  to  December,  and,  on  being  at  length  re- 
leased, were  condemned  to  pay  a  fine  of  £220  apiece.  This  was 
not  a  mere  spasm  of  severity.  The  words  of  the  foreman  of  the 
jury  show  that  they  anticipated  punishment  in  case  their  verdict 
should  not  be  acceptable.  Their  pitiful  prayer  was :  "  I  pray  you, 
my  lords,  be  good  unto  us,  and  let  us  not  be  molested  for  the 
faithful  discharge  of  our  consciences.  We  are  poor  merchant- 
men, and  have  great  charge  on  our  hands,  and  our  livelihood  de- 
pends on  our  travails."  No  better  proof  than  that  given  in  these 
words  could  be  afforded  of  the  abject  condition  of  the  people, 
and  of  the  worthlessness  of  the  courts  as  a  means  of  eliciting  the 
truth.  This  instance  occurred  less  than  a  hundred  years  before 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  The  pleadings  of  the  jury  for 
immunity  in  their  decision  were  not  without  reason,  for  the  judges 
had  for  centuries  exercised  the  authority  here  displayed.  It  was 
not  until  the  Revolution  had  done  its  work  that  the  punishment 
of  jurors  for  their  verdict  was  pronounced  illegal  by  statute.  It 
is  unnecessary  to  say  that  so  long  as  jurors  knew  that  they  Avere 
liable  to  incur  fine  and  imprisonment  their  judgments  would  be 
swayed  this  way  or  that,  not  so  much  by  the  evidence  presented, 
as  by  the  manifest  will  of  the  court  and  the  government.  There 
can  be  no  assurance  whatever  that  before  the  middle  of  the  sev- 
enteenth century  any  given  verdict,  if  in  accordance  with  the  will 
of  the  government,  was  in  accordance  with  the  evidence  and  the 
truth. 

One  more  illustration  of  the  inexactness  of  what  is  sometimes 
called  historical  evidence  must  suffice.  It  is  taken  from  our  own 
history.  Until  very  recently  a  good  deal  of  mystery  has  en- 
shrouded the  origin  of  the  famous  Ordinance  of  1787.  Daniel 
Webster,  in  one  of  his  most  famous  speeches,  attributed  it  with 
confidence  to  Nathan  Dane.  Benton  made  an  elaborate  effort  to 
show  that  Webster  was  in  error,  and  that  the  veal  father  of  the 


12  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

ordinance  was  no  other  than  Thomas  Jefferson,  lint  neither  of 
the  statesmen  was  able  to  present  conclusive  proof.  The  real 
point  of  obscurity  was  in  the  exceptional  attitude  of  the  members 
from  the  South  towards  the  anti-slavery  clause  of  the  ordinance. 
In  1784,  and  again  in  May  of  1787,  an  attempt  had  been  made 
to  orijanizc  the  newly  acquired  territories  on  the  basis  of  a  general 
prohibition  of  slavery.  But  in  both  instances  the  opposition  of 
the  South  to  the  prohibitory  clause  had  been  sufficient  to  defeat 
the  proposed  measure.  When,  however,  two  months  after  the 
failure  in  May,  the  subject  came  once  more  before  Congress,  the 
ordinance  was  passed,  slavery  prohibition  and  all,  with  the  con- 
current votes  of  the  members  from  Virginia,  the  Carolinas,  and 
Georgia.  No  satisfactory  explanation  of  this  remarkable  fact  was 
given  until,  in  the  year  1876,  Mr.  W.  F.  Poole  published  his  mon- 
ograph on  the  Ordinance  of  1787.  The  long  and  interesting 
story  told  by  Mr.  Poole,  when  compressed  into  a  nutshell,  Avas 
simply  this.  The  agent  of  the  Ohio  Land  Company  in  Massa- 
chusetts was  employed  to  go  to  New  York,  where  Congress  was 
then  in  session,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  the  passage  of  an  ordi- 
nance that  should  contain  substantially  the  provisions  of  the  con 
stitution  of  Massachusetts.  This  accomplished  agent,  Dr.  Manas- 
sch  Cutler,  was  armed  with  authority  to  purchase  five  million  acres 
of  land  within  the  territory  in  case  a  satisfactory  ordinance  should 
be  passed.  The  persuasions  of  Dr.  Cutler  were  entirely  success- 
ful. His  diary,  still  unpublished,  is  said  by  Mr.  Poole  to  reveal 
the  methods  by  which  this  important  work  was  done.  We  may 
not  yet  have  reached  the  whole  truth  in  regard  to  the  history  of 
that  important  transaction,  but  we  have  at  least  discovered  how 
easily  a  very  important  part  of  the  truth  might  have  been  irrecov- 
erably lost.  As  in  the  case  of  the  Dalrymplc  memorials,  evidence 
of  the  utmost  importance  was,  for  nearly  a  century,  though  in 
existence,  not  known  to  be  in  existence  by  the  public  or  by  any 
historical  writer. 

These  illustrations  arc  enough  to  show  that  our  knowledge  of 
even  some  of  the  less  obscure  events  of  history  is  very  far  from 
that  accuracy  necessary  for  the  purposes  of  science.  What  lias 
passed  for  historical  truth  must  often  have  been  nothing  but  his- 
torical falsehood. 

Ill    view  of  this  conclusion,  it   is   not   strange   that  historical 


INTRODUCTION.  13 

judgments  have  often  been  reversed.  This  is  sometimes  called 
an  ago  of  iconoclasm.  But  rather  it  is  an  age  in  which,  for  the 
first  time,  there  has  been  some  general  approach  to  an  application 
of  the  rules  of  evidence  to  the  methods  of  historical  research. 
As  never  before,  evidence  is  now  subjected  to  something  like  a 
cross-examination.  Evidence  at  second-hand  is  not  received,  if 
evidence  at  first-hand  can  be  procured.  If  we  ai'c  driven  to  tlic 
necessity  of  accepting  other  than  original  witnesses,  we  demand 
to  know  what  claim  the  evidence  at  second-hand  has  to  be  heard 
and  believed.  In  short,  we  question  its  character,  its  motive,  and 
the  basis  on  which  it  rests.  It  would  be  singular,  indeed,  if  such 
methods  did  not  sometimes  bring  about  a  revolution  in  popu- 
lar opinion.  Stories  like  that  of  William  Tell  and  that  of  Poca- 
hontas gain  momentum  as  they  pass  from  one  admiring  genera- 
tion to  another.  If  they  only  have  the  advantage  of  a  good 
beginning,  they  accumulate  wealth  with  rapidity  as  well  as  with 
ease.  In  the  course  of  five  or  six  generations  Pocahontas  be- 
comes a  heroine,  from  whom  the  haughty  statesman  of  Roanoke 
is  proud  to  trace  his  descent  as  well  as  his  complexion ;  though 
we  now  find  the  records  of  the  London  Company  showing  that 
when  she  first  became  known  to  the  English  she  was  simply  a 
naked  young  savage,  whose  antics  and  summersaults  were  a  wel- 
come amusement  to  tlie  homesick  adventurers.  John  Rolfe  was 
long  represented  as  a  pious  enthusiast,  filled  with  the  amiable 
desire  to  convert  so  remarkable  a  creature  to  Christianity ;  but 
we  are  now  shocked  to  learn  from  the  records  that  when  this 
worthy  young  missionary  died,  he  left  in  sore  need  of  assistance 
not  only  the  young  child  of  Pocahontas,  but  also  a  wife  of  longer 
standing,  and  a  group  of  older  white  children.  It  is  a  pity  to 
have  to  say  it,  but  it  is  nevertheless  true,  that  many  a  good 
historical  story,  when  subjected  to  the  scrutiny  of  modern  criti- 
cism, turns  out  to  be  little  else  than  a  venerable  and  beloved 
i'iction. 

But  while  we  are  forced  to  admit  that  what  passes  for  history 
necessarily  contains  so  much  of  error,  or  at  least  so  much  of  un- 
certainty, as  to  make  it  an  impossible  basis  of  exact  science, 
we  must  be  careful  to  avoid  supposing  that  it  does  not  contain 
enough  of  truth  to  give  it  a  positive  value.  It  does  not  by  any 
means  follow  that  because  it  docs  not  do  everything  for  us,  there- 


14  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

fore  it  docs  nothing  for  us.  The  range  of  our  mental  activities 
would  be  limited,  indeed,  if  we  were  to  tate  the  ground  that  we 
will  never  inquire  except  when  we  have  conclusive  reasons  for 
supposing  that  we  shall  reach  the  whole  truth.  It  will  not  do  to 
say  that  because  we  have  no  hope  of  being  able  to  learn  every- 
thing about  London,  therefore  we  will  never  go  to  London.  Xor 
can  we  take  the  ground  that  because  we  are  not  sure  that  our  im- 
pressions will  be  scientifically  correct,  therefore  it  is  wise  to  avoid 
having  impressions.  We  may  still  be  able  to  learn  something, 
and  that  something  may  be  of  the  greatest  value.  We  may  never 
know  positively  whether  Dudley  and  Elizabeth  were  guilty  of  the 
blood  of  Amy  Robsart.  But  we  may  know  in  regard  to  the  mat- 
ter— indeed,  we  have  already  learned — what  is  of  scarcely  less  im- 
portance. We  have  received  indisputable  evidence  that  their  con- 
duct had  long  been  such  as  to  lead  people  to  speculate  freely  about 
the  means  by  which  the  obstacle  to  the  union  would  be  put  out 
of  the  way.  We  have  also  been  able  to  learn  that  the  investiga- 
tion ^vas  conducted  in  a  manner  to  conceal  the  truth  rather  than 
reveal  it. 

Now  it  requires  but  a  moment's  reflection  to  convince  us  that 
these  items  of  knowledge  are  about  as  near  to  the  absolute 
truth  as  we  are  often  able  to  reach  in  the  affairs  of  every-day  life. 
They  are,  indeed,  precisely  such  items  of  knowledge  as  enable  us 
to  form  our  judgment  of  men  and  things  about  us.  We  do  not 
put  our  neighbors  under  oath,  and  make  them  tell  the  whole  truth, 
and  nothing  but  the  truth.  On  the  contrary,  we  are  forced  to 
pick  up  bits  of  imperfect  information  here  and  there,  as  the  sole 
basis  on  wliich  to  form  our  opinions.  The  same  method  must  be 
used  in  forming  our  judgments  of  public  men.  We  get  little  of 
what  may  properly  be  called  positive  knowledge.  We  are  obliged 
to  put  interpretations  upon  acts,  and  draw  inferences  from  them, 
wlicn,  in  the  very  nature  of  things,  we  can  have  only  an  imperfect 
understanding  of  the  acts  themselves.  And  thus  we  find  that  in 
spite  of  what  wc  have  to  admit  to  be  the  inexactness  of  our 
knowledge  f)f  liistorical  events,  that  inexactness  is  not  very  differ- 
ent from  the  inexactness  of  every-day  life.  Li  fact,  the  great 
work  of  life  is  f)nc  long  effort  to  draw  conclusions  from  a  series 
of  half-truths,  or,  what  is  the  same  thing,  from  a  scries  of  mere 
probabilities. 


INTRODUCTION.  I5 

Another  method  of  i-easoning  brings  us  to  tlie  same  conclusion. 
It  is  trite  to  say  that  the  search  after  truth  has  a  vahie  quite  inde- 
pendent of  the  inherent  nature  of  the  truth  sought.  It  is  certain 
that  the  search  may  sometimes  be  carried  on  with  profit,  even 
where  there  is  no  probability  that  what  is  sought  will  be  found. 
In  all  ages,  for  example,  the  philosophers  have  been  engaged  in 
what  is  admitted  to  be  a  praiseworthy  search  for  truth ;  and  yet, 
who  would  not  be  puzzled  for  an  answer  if  asked  to  declare  what 
they  have  found  ?  The  chief  value  of  the  study  is  tlie  value  of 
the  search  rather  than  the  value  of  the  discovery,  whatever  the 
discovery  may  be.  It  is  in  the  very  process  of  separating  cer- 
tainty from  uncertainty.  It  is  the  work  of  estimating  the  value 
of  probabilities.  In  short,  it  is  the  business  of  performing,  in  a 
speculative  and  disciplinary  way,  the  same  kind  of  labor  as  that 
which  is  forced  upon  us  by  the  affairs  of  life.  He  who  demands 
certainties  alone  as  the  sphere  of  his  action  must  retire  from  the 
activities  of  life,  and  confine  liimself  to  the  domain  of  mathemati- 
cal computation.  He  who  is  unwilling  to  investij^ate  and  weio-h 
probabilities  can  have  no  good  reason  to  liope  for  any  practical 
success  whatever.  It  is  strictly  accui'ate  to  say  that  the  highest 
successes  in  life,  whether  in  statesmanship,  in  legislation,  in  war, 
in  the  civic  professions,  or  in  the  industrial  pursuits,  are  attained 
by  those  wlio  possess  the  greatest  skill  in  the  weighing  of  prob- 
abilities and  the  estimating  of  them  at  their  true  value. 

This  is  the  essential  reason  why  the  study  of  history  is  so  im- 
portant an  element  in  the  work  of  improving  the  judgment,  and 
in  the  work  of  fitting  men  to  conduct  properly  the  larger  interests 
of  communities  and  states.  It  is  a  study  of  humanity,  not  in  an 
ideal  condition,  but  as  humanity  exists.  The  student  of  history 
surveys  the  relations  of  life  in  essentially  the  same  manner  as  the 
man  of  business  surveys  them.  Perhaps  it  ought  rather  to  be 
said  that  the  historical  method  is  the  method  that  must  be  used 
in  the  common  affairs  of  every -day  life.  The  premises  from 
which  the  man  of  business  has  to  draw  his  conclusions  are  always 
more  or  less  involved  and  uncertain.  The  gift  which  insures  suc- 
cess, therefore,  is  not  so  much  the  endowment  of  a  powerful  rea- 
soning faculty  as  that  other  quality  of  intelligence,  which  we  call 
good  judgment.  It  is  the  ability  to  grasp  what  may  be  called  the 
strategic  points  of  a  situation  by  instinctive  or  intuitive  methods. 


16  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

It  reaches  its  conclusions  not  by  any  very  clearly  defined  or  de- 
finable process,  but  rather  by  the  method  of  conjecturing  the  value 
and  importance  of  contingent  elements.  It  is  the  ability  to  reach 
correct  conclusions  when  the  conditions  of  a  strictly  logical  process 
are  \vanting.  To  a  man  of  affairs  this  is  the  most  valuable  of  all 
gifts  ;  and  it  is  acquired,  so  far  as  it  comes  by  effort,  not  by  study- 
ing the  rigid  processes  of  necessary  reasoning,  but  by  a  large  ob- 
servance and  contemplation  of  human  affairs.  And  it  is  precisely 
this  method  of  studying  men  that  the  historical  student  has  to  use. 
His  premises  are  always  more  or  less  uncertain,  and  his  conclu- 
sions, therefore,  like  the  conclusions  of  every-day  life,  are  the  prod- 
uct of  his  judgment  rather  than  the  product  of  pure  reason. 
It  is  in  the  light  of  this  fact  that  we  are  to  explain  the  force 
of  Guizot's  remark,  that  nothing  tortures  history  more  than  logic. 
A  Herein  also  is  found  the  reason  why  the  study  of  history  is  so 
necessary  a  part  of  a  good  preparation  for  the  affairs  of  politics 
and  statesmanship.  Freeman  has  recently  said  that  history  is 
simply  past  politics,  and  politics  are  simply  present  history.  If 
this  be  true — and  who  can  deny  it? — the  study  of  history  and 
the  study  of  politics  are  much  the  same.  The  kind  of  involved 
and  contingent  reasoning  necessary  for  the  successful  formation 
of  political  judgments  is  unquestionably  the  kind  of  reasoning 
which,  of  all  studies,  history  is  best  adapted  to  give. 

It  may  also  be  said  that  the  most  important  elements  of  success 
are  the  same  in  all  practical  vocations.  The  conditions,  whether 
those  of  statesmanship  or  those  of  industry  and  commerce,  have 
been  essentially  the  same  in  all  ages.  Society  is,  and  has  been,  from 
its  first  existence,  a  more  or  less  complicated  organism.  It  is  a  ma- 
cliine  with  a  great  number  of  wheels  and  springs.  No  part  is  in- 
dependent. Hence  it  is  that  no  man  can  be  completely  useful  if 
he  is  out  of  gear  with  his  age,  however  perfect  he  may  be  in  him- 
self. H('n(,'(!  it  is,  as  some  one  has  recently  remarked,  that  the 
most  useful  kind  of  great  man  is  he  who  is  just  so  far,  and  only 
so  far,  in  advance  of  his  age  that  his  age  can  adopt  him  as  its 
teacher  and  leader.  Such  men,  if  engaged  in  the  industrial  or 
commercial  affairs  of  life,  {)erceive  and  estimate  at  their  true  value 
the  forces  and  tendencies  of  society,  and  convert  them  into  wealth. 
Such  men,  if  called  to  ])nblic  life,  guide  their  age;  they  make  it  go 
faster  or  slower,  they  turn  il  to  the  right  or  left,  they  make  use 


INTRODUCTION.  17 

of  its  forces,  but  they  do  not  attempt  to  thwart  it,  or  to  lead  it 
after  impracticable  ideals. 

Thus  from  every  point  of  view  it  appears  that  the  study  of 
history  is  essentially  the  same  in  its  essence  and  the  nature  of  its 
results  as  the  study  of  the  contemporaneous  activities  of  society. 
It  is  a  constant  exercise  of  the  faculties  in  the  calculating  of 
doubtful  evidence,  in  the  weighing  of  contingent  probabilities. 
In  short,  it  is  the  very  kind  of  work  that  the  affairs  of  life  are 
constantly  calling  upon  us  to  do.  And  this  is  not  very  different 
from  saying  that  the  study  of  history  is  entitled  to  a  high  rank, 
if  not  indeed  to  the  highest  rank,  among  the  studies  to  be  re- 
garded as  practical  and  useful. 

Besides  this  general  advantage,  there  are  certain  special  advan- 
tages in  the  study  of  history  that  are  worthy  of  note.  In  the  first 
place,  it  cannot  be  otherwise  than  helpful  to  become  thoroughly 
aware  of  the  simple  but  great  truth  that  the  history  of  civilization 
is  one  continuous  story  of  development.  The  relations  of  cause 
and  effect  appear  far  more  real  Avhen  we  understand  fully  that  the 
present,  at  any  given  time,  has  had  its  roots  running  far  back 
into  the  past.  Before  this  fact  all  artificial  distinctions  between 
different  periods  of  history  and  different  kinds  of  history  fade 
away.  Thus  what  are  commonly  called  ancient  history  and  me- 
dia3val  history  are  as  much  a  part  of  modern  history  as  childhood 
and  youth  are  a  part  of  the  maturity  of  manhood.  It  is  only  by 
casting  aside  all  artificial  distinctions  that  we  can  come  to  a  com- 
plete understanding  of  our  relations  with  our  former  selves.  The 
past  is  only  the  present  in  a  less  developed  form.  The  contem- 
plation of  this  fact  cannot  fail  to  lead  us  to  judge  man  less  harshly 
and  to  have  more  of  that  charity  which  has  received  the  supreme 
sanction  of  so  high  an  authority.  We  thus  come  to  rate  at  its 
true  value  that  shallowness  of  thought  which  sneers  contemptu- 
ously at  other  nations  and  other  times.  We  see  that  the  strong- 
est and  most  lasting  work  is  not  that  which  is  set  up  complete  by 
act  of  independent  creation,  but  that  which  has  been  framed  little 
by  little  into  the  affairs  of  life  as  it  has  been  needed.  Perhaps, 
most  important  of  all,  we  in  America  come  to  see  that  we  are  not 
under  that  exceptional  protection  which  Yon  Ilolst  has  snceringly 
said  was  long  supposed  to  be  vouchsafed  by  the  kindness  of  a 
partial  Providence  to  Americans  as  well  as  to  women  and  chil- 

2 


18  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

dren.  On  tlie  contrary,  we  find  that  we  are  under  the  same  rigor- 
ous laws  that  have  shaped  the  destinies  of  nations  on  the  other 
side  of  the  Atlantic.  We  are  aw'akened  to  the  fact  that  our  ten- 
dencies are  essentially  the  same  that  have  shown  themselves  in 
other  republics.  The  same  causes  do  not  everywhere  produce  the 
same  results;  but  if  in  any  given  instances  they  do  not,  it  is  be- 
cause they  are  otherwise  directed  by  wisdom  or  folly.  The  gov- 
ernment of  some  of  our  cities  has  come  to  be  much  like  the  gov- 
ernments of  some  of  the  larger  cities  in  the  Italian  republics  ;  and 
the  arts  by  which  designing  men  now  get  the  control  of  political 
power  are  identical  with  the  arts  used  far  the  same  purpose  in  the 
days  of  Aratos  and  Philopoimen.  Thucydides  delineates  a  Reign 
of  Terror  much  like  that  in  France  which  we  have  been  in  the  habit 
of  considering  unique  ;  Polybius  gives  us  a  description  which,  with 
the  mere  substitution  of  a  few  names,  would  pass  for  a  good  .ac- 
count of  an  American  caucus  ;  and  the  letter  of  Quintus  Cicero  to- 
his  brother  Tully,  "  On  Standing  for  the  Consulship,"  shows  that 
the  not  very  fine  art  of  political  persuasion  was  as  well  understood; 
before  the  Christian  era  as  it  is  at  the  present  day._  And  so  the 
deeper  one  studies,  the  more  one  sees  how  much  there  is  that  is 
old,  and  how  little  there  is  that  is  new. 

Not  only  do  we  find  that  there  is  much  to  learn,  but  we  also 
realize  that  there  is  especial  need  that  we  learn  all  we  can. 
Within  the  last  twenty-five  years,  Americans  have  come  to  be 
confronted  for  the  first  time  with  some  of  the  more  difficult  j)rob- 
jems  of  government.  The  civil  war  gave  rise  to  a  multitude  of 
new  and  perplexing  questions.  The  relations  of  the  general  gov- 
ernment to  the  individual  states,  always  a  diflficult  problem,  have 
become  infinitely  more  troublesome  since  several  of  the  states 
have  been  forced  to  remain  in  relations  which,  during  four  years 
of  bitter  strife,  they  liad  attempted  to  dissolve.  The  history  of 
the  Dutch  Republic,  as  well  as  that  of  the  Achaian  League, 
shows  us  that  even  under  the  most  favorable  circumstances  these 
relations  are  full  <>f  difficulty  and  danger. 

Tiic  ]ir.iMcni  of  education,  too,  is  one  that  requires  the  best 
tliouii-lit  of  Ili(!  wisest  minds.  Since  tlie  colonial  period  the 
eoniitrv  lias  diifted  by  almost  insensible  degrees  from  a  system 
of  limited  sulTragc  to  a  system  in  whicli  the  elective  franchise  is 
practically  universal.     None  but  dreamy  sentimentalists  have  ever 


INTRODUCTION.  19 

thought  of  justifying  universal  suffrage  except  through  universal 
education.  But  the  prevalence  of  universal  education  depends 
upon  two  conditions  not  easily  to  be  secured.  In  the  first  place, 
there  must  be  the  enactment  of  stringent  laws ;  and,  secondly, 
what  under  a  popular  government  is  not  less  important,  there 
must  be  such  a  public  sentiment  as  will  enforce  stringent  laws 
when  once  they  are  enacted.  It  is  one  of  the  peculiarities  of  the 
intellectual  appetites  that  their  cravings  do  not  make  themselves 
keenly  felt  until  they  have  begun  to  be  gratified.  Hence  it  is 
that  all  educational  systems  labor  under  the  embarrassment  of 
having,  in  great  measure,  to  create  the  conditions  on  which  they 
themselves  depend. 

Then,  too,  there  is  reason  to  fear  that  the  criticisms  to  which 
our  methods  of  instruction  have  recently  been  subjected  are  not 
without  considerable  justification.  Very  large  schools  must  be 
divided  into  classes  and  grades ;  but  it  is  not  easy  to  reconcile 
such  a  process  of  gradation,  especially  if  carried  very  far,  with  a 
proper  adaptation  of  in-^truction  to  the  needs  of  individual  pupils. 
Nothing  but  the  most  scrupulous  care  will  prevent  the  degenera- 
tion of  practical  instruction,  into  the  mere  mechanical  routine  of 
keeping  intellectual  accounts.  Correct  book-keeping  is  doubtless 
one  of  the  conditions  of  success,  but  it  ought  to  be  remembered 
that  no  industry  or  profession  can  thrive  in  which  the  keeping 
of  accounts  gains  a  monopoly  of  intellectual  energy.  To  adjust 
properly  the  dividing  line  between  too  much  and  too  little  is  a 
work  of  considerable  difficulty.  It  requires  at  once  a  large  amount 
of  practical  wisdom  and  professional  skill. 

Are  these  high  qualities  to  be  found  in  our  teachers  ?  Let  us 
not  be  in  haste  to  answer.  No  person  acquainted  with  the  work 
of  our  schools  will  hesitate  to  admit  that  in  point  of  energy  and 
devotion  our  teachers,  as  a  class,  are  all  that  could  be  desired.  But 
it  cannot  be  denied  that  a  vast  majority  of  them  have  received  no 
special  training  whatever  in  the  art  of  giving  instruction.  They 
are  like  physicians  who  begin  the  practice  of  medicine  when  they 
begin  the  study  of  it.  The  analogy  is  not  so  complete  as  it  would 
be  if  physicians  were  appointed  over  certain  districts,  and  patients 
within  those  districts  were  obliged  either  to  take  medicines  from 
them  or  to  take  none  at  all.  In  Germany,  where  systems  and 
methods  of  instruction  have  been  most  carefully  studied,  there  is 


20  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

no  more  thought  of  emphDjing  a  public  teacher  wlio  has  given  no 
study  to  methods  of  instruction  as  an  art  than  there  is  of  employ- 
ing a  musician  who  has  confined  his  musical  education  to  the  mere 
hearing  of  music.  Universal  education,  if  required  at  all,  is  re- 
quired for  the  sake  of  certain  ends ;  and  it  is  a  question  of  some 
importance  whether  for  the  sake  of  those  ends  a  portion  of  the 
public  money  might  not  very  profitably  be  expended  in  giving 
our  teachers  greater  skill.  "We  have  doubtless  some  reason  to  be 
proud  of  our  system  of  common-schools.  We  have  more  reason 
to  be  proud  of  our  school-houses.  But  no  person  whose  judg- 
ment is  unwarped  by  his  patriotism  can  observe  the  interior  work- 
ings of  the  best  schools  of  continental  Europe  without  admitting 
that  we  have  still  very  much  to  learn.  What  we  should  adopt, 
and  what  reject ;  how  far  we  should  imitate,  and  how  far  avoid, 
are  questions  that  future  law-makers  will  have  to  answer. 

The  problems  growing  out  of  the  control  and  development  of 
higher  education,  if  less  perplexing,  are  probably  not  less  impor- 
tant. In  more  than  thirty  of  our  States  the  colleges  and  univer- 
sities are  now  chiefly  or  entirely  dependent  for  endowment  and 
support  upon  the  fees  of  students  and  the  voluntary  gifts  of 
benevolent  patrons.  This  change  from  the  custom  of  colonial 
days  may  have  been  rendered  necessary  by  the  changed  condition 
of  the  country  ;  but,  whether  necessary  or  not,  the  change  has 
revealed  necessities  and  imposed  obligations  of  a  very  serious  im- 
port. 

It  would  probably  be  impossible  to  show  that  a  system  of  higher 
education  has  ever  been  successfully  built  up  on  a  system  of  purely 
voluntary  support.  In  some  instances  exterior  assistance  has  come 
from  the  Church,  in  others  frorp  the  State.  But,  whatever  the 
source,  the  necessity  of  such  support  has  been  universally  felt. 
It  was  this  necessity  which  led  the  General  Court  of  Massachusetts 
to  impose  a  tax  equivalent  to  fifty  cents  upon  every  man,  woman, 
and  child  in  the  colony  for  the  establishment  of  a  college,  two 
years  before  Harvard  gave  to  it  his  fortune  and  his  name.  It  was 
this  necessity  which  led  the  l<gislature  of  Connecticut  to  become 
what  President  Dwight,  at  tlic;  beginning  of  this  century,  called 
it,  the  principal  benefactor  of  Yale  College.  In  fact,  it  was  this 
necessity  which  indn<'('d  the  fathers  everywhere  to  support  all 
grades  of  schools  by  the  same  methods  of  general  taxation.     The 


INTRODUCTION.  21 

acknowledgment  of  this  necessity  found  expression  in  the  Consti- 
tution of  Massachusetts,  and,  through  the  efforts  of  Cutler,  was 
made  a  part  of  the  ordinance  for  the  government  of  the  North- 
west, 

But,  although  this  was  the  historic  policy  of  the  country,  it 
came  after  a  time  to  be  found  that  the  older  and  richer  colleges 
might  safely  be  left  to  the  wealth  and  benevolence  of  their  chil- 
dren. And  thus  what  might  be  called  the  historic  policy  of 
America  in  affairs  of  higher  education  has  been  either  gradually 
modified  or  completely  abandoned.  The  consequence  is  that 
throughout  very  considerable  portions  of  the  country  the  higher 
schools  of  learning  are  attempting  to  accomplish,  Avithout  the  aid 
of  the  State,  what  the  fathers  were  able  to  bring  about  only  with 
the  help  of  public  as  well  as  private  assistance.  Whether  the 
attempt  is  to  be  very  successful,  time  only  can  tell.  But  how  far 
the  new  system  ought  to  be  carried  is  too  important  a  question 
not  to  be  very  carefully  considered  in  the  light  of  all  that  the 
world  has  to  teach. 

Another  subject  requiring  greatly  increased  thoughtfulness  and 
care  is  that  of  national  economy  and  finance.  For  this  there  are 
both  general  and  special  reasons.  During  the  earlier  years  of  our 
Federal  government  we  had  some  occasion  for  financial  solicitude  ; 
but  the  skill  of  Hamilton  and  the  skill  of  Gallatin  placed  the 
national  resources  upon  a  firm  foundation.  Then  came  a  period 
of  abounding  prosperity.  The  simplicity  of  our  domestic  and 
foreign  relations  encouraged  us  in  giving  all  our  energies  to  the 
development  of  the  country.  We  accumulated  riches  at  such  a 
rate  that  we  could  waste  a  few  hundred  millions  without  incon- 
venience. We  had  no  time  to  consider  the  more  homely  virtues 
of  economy.  But  at  length  our  financial  complacency  received 
a  succession  of  violent  shocks.  The  wear  and  the  waste  of  the 
Civil  War  were  equivalent  to  the  destruction  of  several  thousands 
of  millions.  The  easy  process  of  debt-contracting  finally  ceased, 
and  the  hard  process  of  debt-paying  began.  The  old  experience 
of  easy  times  Avhile  paying  with  paper  instead  of  money,  and 
of  hard  times  while  attempting  to  reduce  the  debt,  once  more 
oppressed  the  people.  It  is  not  strange  that  we  were  not  prepared 
for  such  an  emergency.  Since  the  days  of  Gallatin  the  people 
had  felt  little  need  of  studying  the  subtler  intricacies  of  finance. 


22  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

At  the  close  of  the  ■war,  therefore,  the  popular  mind  found  itself 
in  no  condition  to  cope  with  the  intricate  questions  demanding 
attention.  In  a  popular  government  like  our  own,  everybody 
gives  some  thought  to  almost  every  question,  and  consequently 
everybody  is  ready  with  an  opinion  or  a  measure.  We  therefore 
experienced  what  France  and  England  have  so  often  experienced 
before  us.  As  in  the  days  of  Law  and  of  Vansittart,  propositions 
of  the  grossest  ignorance  were  often  adopted  as  expressions  of  a 
new  inspiration ;  we  were  to  have  a  new  illustration  of  the  power 
of  the  press;  in  short,  the  days  of  miracles  were  to  be  revived  in 
our  behalf. 

But,  with  us,  the  days  of  economic  simplicity  are  past.  The 
causes  of  financial  solicitude  have  by  no  means  been  swept  away 
with  the  return  of  financial  prosperity.  The  streams  of  wealth, 
indeed,  have  once  more  begun  to  flow,  but  they  bring  with  them 
new  occasions  for  anxiety.  These  spring  not  merely  from  the 
simple  fact  that  great  wealth  and  great  financial  operations  require 
great  economic  skill  and  great  administrative  knowledge,  but  also 
from  the  fact  that  our  changed  condition  has  given  rise  to  new 
and  important  complications. 

Not  the  least  important  of  these  is  in  the  increasing  power  and 
influence  of  corporations.  One  of  the  peculiarities  of  the  age  is 
doubtless  a  general  tendency  towards  a  union  of  efforts  and  a  con- 
solidation of  interests.  The  development  of  civilization  encourages 
combinations  of  capital  and  technical  skill.  These  bring  about 
results  that  otherwise  could  not  be  obtained.  Railroads  are  con- 
structed, stej^mship  lines  are  established,  mining  interests  are  de- 
veloped. So  much  all  are  ready  to  admit.  But  at  once  we  arc 
confronted  with  a  new  and  a  difticult  question.  IIow  far  are  cor- 
porations to  be  allowed  to  exercise  corporate  rights  before  they 
arc  [)ut  under  direct  public  control  ?  AVe  know  that  in  several  of 
the  countries  of  the  Old  World  this  question,  when  it  has  been 
asked,  lias  been  answered  by  transferring  some  of  the  most  im- 
portant of  the  corporations  into  the  hands  of  the  government. 
Is  this  solution  of  tlie  problem  the  proper  one  ?  IIow  far  has  the 
solution  been  justified  by  exp(trience  ?  The  same  question  is  now 
coming  to  be  often  asked  among  ourselves.  If  the  charges  now 
frequently  made  of  a  tendency  towards  corporate  encroachments 
up(;M  private  rights  arc  unjust,  they  nmst  be  answered.     If  they 


INTRODUCTION.  23 

arc  justj  the  cause  of  tliem  must  be  removed.  In  either  case  tliey 
must  be  considered.  For  tlie  purposes  of  our  discussion,  there- 
fore, it  is  unnecessary  to  ask  wliether  the  comphiints  are  made 
with  reason  or  without  reason.  It  is  only  necessary  to  acknowl- 
edge that  complaints  are  made. 

What  are  some  of  the  most  important  sources  of  public  dis- 
content? In  other  words,  what  are  some  of  the  important  prob- 
lems to  be  grappled  with  ? 

A  charge  of  some  gravity  is  made  that  under  the  competing 
systems  of  our  railroads  a  very  large  number  of  people  are  the 
enforced  victims  of  monopoly.  The  charge,  put  in  its  most 
rational  way,  assumes  this  form  :  Monopoly,  whether  granted  by 
an  absolute  and  tyrannical  government  or  by  an  irresponsible  cor- 
poration, is  always  oppressive.  That  such  monopoly  weighs  upon 
a  large  number  of  the  people  any  one  can  see  who  bestows  upon 
the  subject  a  little  thought.  On  our  great  railway  lines  there  are 
points  where  conflicting  interests  make  monopoly  impossible,  and 
where,  consequently,  the  people  gain  the  benefits  of  competition. 
At  such  points,  often,  the  fierce  strife  for  business  is  such  as  to 
reduce  the  rates  to  a  point  below  the  possibility  of  profit.  But  in 
that  very  fact  a  great  wrong  is  done.  Capital  must  be  rewarded, 
dividends  must  be  declared,  and,  consequently,  whatever  favor  is 
contributed  to  the  people  at  competing  points  has  to  be  counter- 
balanced by  increased  exactions  from  the  helpless  victims  where 
there  is  no  competition  whatever.  Thus,  exemptions  that  are 
given  to  one  class  are  counterbalanced  by  additional  taxation  upon 
another  class.  And  this  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  a  commercial 
corporation  has  succeeded  in  introducing  into  society  a  discrimi- 
nation which,  if  introduced  by  a  government,  and  persisted  in, 
would  be  likely  to  produce  revolution.  The  remedy  is  difficult, 
for  several  reasons,  but  especially  because  the  classes  interested  in 
maintaining  the  possibility  of  discrimination  are  so  large  and  so 
powerful. 

An  evil  that  calls,  perhaps,  still  more  loudly  for  careful  study  is 
the  general  condition  of  our  municipal  governments.  There  are 
many  who  think  that  in  no  civilized  nation  are  the  cities  worse  gov- 
erned than  in  our  own.  Whether  such  extreme  views  are  just  or 
not,  it  is  certain  that  the  question  is  sufficiently  important  to  justify 
the  most  careful  attention.     It  would  not  be  difficult  to  point  out 


24  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

localities  where  the  sanitary  conditions  are  revolting;  where  the 
poor  are  so  ill-housed  that  the  death-rate  is  alarmingly  high ; 
where  crime  abounds  and  the  criminal  is  seldom  punished  ;  where 
the  municipal  debt  has  grown  to  be  large  enough  to  embarrass  a 
kingdom  ;  and  where  the  wealth  of  the  people  is  the  prey  and  the 
prize  of  unscrupulous  demagogues  and  rings.  Surely  here  is  need 
of  all  the  wisdom  of  experience  and  all  the  ingenuity  of  an  edu- 
cated statesmanship. 

The  evils  to  which  reference  has  been  made  are  by  no  means 
causes  for  discouragement.  Notwithstanding  all  the  efforts  of 
caucuses  and  caucus-manipulators,  in  spite  of  unscrupulous  rings 
and  corrupt  legislatures,  it  still  remains  true  that  there  is  no  other 
country  in  which  a  large  majority  of  the  people  are  so  well-to- 
do,  and  have  so  much  reason  for  happiness,  as  in  our  own.  What 
of  itself  is  far  more  than  enough  to  outweigh  the  evils  is  the 
simple  fact  that  our  institutions  are  not  so  rigid  as  to  make  it 
impossible  for  us  to  adapt  them  to  new  exigencies  as  new  exi- 
gencies arise.  We  are  thus  able  to  counteract  evils  as  they  assume 
a  threatening  aspect.  If  too  great  individual  freedom  leads  to 
monopoly,  and  if  monopoly  threatens  oppression  and  tyranny,  the 
common-sense  of  society  has  but  to  assert  its  right  and  correct 
the  mischief. 

But  these  facts,  instead  of  making  us  indifferent  to  the  evils 
about  us,  should  encourage  us  by  showing  us  the  possibility  of 
their  removal.  There  is  nothing  in  the  way  of  a  complete  and  sat- 
isfactory solution  of  all  our  political  and  social  problems,  unless  it 
be  a  want  of  intelligent  and  enlightened  guidance  for  the  funda- 
mental good-sense  of  the  people.  The  experience  of  the  past  few 
years  has  shown,  if  indeed  it  needed  to  be  shown,  that  we  are 
in  far  greater  need,  I  had  almost  said  infinitely  greater  need,  of 
wise  leaders  than  we  arc  of  wise  followers.  For  this  reason  it  is 
that  even  more  reliance  must  be  placed  upon  the  work  and  the 
character  of  higher  education  than  upon  the  elementary  schools. 
It  is  for  this  reason,  also,  that  the  future  will  depend  very  largely 
for  its  success  u[)()n  that  breadth  of  information  and  that  soundness 
of  judgment  which  the  stiuly  of  history  is  so  well  adapted  to  give. 

But  how  shall  history  be  studied?  By  what  process  shall  it  be 
made  to  yield  its  best  fruits?  Shall  it  be  by  the  reading  of  gen- 
eral histories,  or  by  the  study  of  limited  periods?     Is  it  better  to 


INTRODUCTION.  25 

devote  one's  self  to  a  minute  study  of  a  sliort  period  or  a  more 
general  study  of  a  long  period  ?  These  are  questions  that  are 
not  susceptible  of  a  categorical  answer,  but  which  a  few  consider- 
ations perhaps  will  enable  each  student  to  answer  for  himself. 

In  the  first  place,  it  may  be  said  that  the  history  of  special  pe- 
riods cannot  be  carried  on  successfully  unless  such  history  rests 
on  the  foundation  of  a  broad  general  knowledge  of  history  as  a 
whole.  The  acquirement  of  this  general  knowledge,  it  must  be 
confessed,  is  commonly  a  somewhat  tedious  process.  Many  a 
pupil  while  exploring  the  dry  pages  of  a  General  History  acquires 
an  unconquerable  repugnance  to  what  ought  to  be  one  of  the 
most  entertaining  of  all  studies.  The  fault,  however,  it  must  be 
confessed,  is  in  our  methods  of  teaching,  rather  than  in  the  inhe- 
rent difficulties  of  the  subject.  Until  within  a  very  few  years  the 
text-books  have  been  ill  adapted  to  the  work  they  were  expected 
to  perform.  In  themselves  they  were  simply  a  dreary  collection 
of  dry  bones.  When,  therefore,  it  happened,  as  too  often  it  did 
l)appen,  that  the  teacher  was  unable  to  clothe  these  dry  bones 
with  flesh  and  blood,  their  mission  seemed  to  be  to  repel  and  dis- 
gust, when  it  should  have  been  not  only  to  instruct,  but  also  to 
inspire.  This  result,  in  view  of  the  methods  of  instruction  that 
prevail,  is  not  to  be  thought  strange. 

But  fortunately  we  know  that  such  hard  conditions  are  not 
necessarily  imposed  on  the  study  of  history.  The  schools  of  Eu- 
rope have  abundantly  shown  that  a  lesson  in  history  may  be  de- 
lightful, even  though  the  text-book  be  dry.  If  the  teacher's  busi- 
ness is  to  teach,  and  not  simply  to  "  hear,"  the  text-book  becomes 
the  substantial  framework  on  which  the  teacher  builds  his  struct- 
ure. The  teacher  follows  the  text-book  with  more  or  less  exact- 
ness in  his  lectures,  and  examines  the  pupil  at  the  next  hour  on 
the  whole  of  the  work  together.  In  this  way  it  is  possible  to 
teach  the  elements  of  historical  knowledge  profitably  and  delight- 
fully to  pupils  before  they  are  ten  years  of  age.  To  require  much 
study  of  such  pupils  is  as  unprofitable  as  it  is  cruel.  But  while  they 
will  acquire  nothing  if  left  to  themselves,  their  minds  are  in  a  pe- 
culiarly receptive  condition  ;  and,  consequently,  if  they  are  under 
proper  guidance  they  are  capable  of  making  rapid  advances.  Un- 
der what  may  as  well  be  called  the  police  system,  they  will  do 
nothing;  but  under  a  system  of  good   instruction  they  may  do 


26  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

much.  Above  all  other  intellectual  wants,  they  arc  eager  for  a 
story ;  and  every  one  who  has  observed  methods  of  historical  in- 
struction in  Germany  has  seen  that  stories  like  those  of  Pyrrhus 
and  Hannibal,  of  Charlemagne  and  Luther,  are  as  easily  learned 
by  a  child  from  a  good  teacher  as  are  the  stories  of  Joseph  and 
Samuel  from  a  good  mother.  If  the  time  ever  comes,  therefore, 
when  good  elementary  instruction  in  history  takes  the  place  of 
that  which  now  so  generally  prevails,  such  instruction  will  be  nar- 
rative in  form,  and  will  be  chiefly  biographical.  The  advantage 
of  the  change  would  be  twofold.  In  the  first  place,  considerable 
information  would  be  acquired,  and,  in  the  second,  a  fondness  for 
history  instead  of  a  repugnance  to  it  would  be  permanently  estab- 
lished. The  severer  work  of  a  continuous  narrative  might  then 
be  undertaken  without  especial  danger  of  destroying  the  pupiFs 
interest. 

But,  however  it  is  to  be  acquired,  whether  delightfully  at  the 
hands  of  an  accomplished  teacher,  or  drearily  at  the  hands  of  a 
mere  hearer  of  recitations,  some  accurate  knowledge  of  what  we 
call  general  history  is  indispensable  to  the  further  prosecution  of 
successful  studies.  We  cannot  study  Paris  or  London  at  good 
advantage  until  we  have  some  general  knowledge  of  France  and 
England  ;  and  we  cannot  know  France  and  England  until  Ave  have 
become  somewhat  conversant  with  the  other  countries  of  Europe. 
An  indispensable  preliminary  to  the  most  fruitful  study  of  a  for- 
eign city  is  a  thorough  acquaintance  with  its  general  history  and 
the  history  and  geography  of  the  surrounding  country.  No  city 
stands  by  itself,  either  in  time  or  in  space. 

The  same  may  be  said  of  any  designated  period  or  event  of 
history.  Take,  as  an  illustration  of  what  is  meant,  the  Puritan 
Revolution  in  England.  That  great  upheaval  was  organically  con- 
nected not  only  with  the  previous  history  of  Britain,  but  also  with 
the  great  general  movement  taking  place  on  the  Continent.  An 
effort  was  making  to  establish  absolutism  in  all  parts  of  Europe. 
The  effort  was  everywhere  successful  except  in  England,  and  perhaps 
in  Ilollaml.  In  I'liissia,  under  the  Great  Elector,  and  in  France, 
under  liichclieu  and  Louis  XIV.,  irresponsible  government  was 
established,  as  it  had  already  before  been  established  by  Philip 
TL  in  Spain.  TIk;  Stuarts  in  England  now  attempted  to  bring 
about  the  same  results  by  essentially  the  same  process.     The  most 


INTRODUCTION.  27 

important  feature  of  the  struggle,  therefore,  cannot  be  understood 
without  a  knowledge  of  the  struggles  that  were  going  on  in  other 
parts  of  Europe. 

Perhaps  a  still  more  striking  illustration  of  the  same  necessity 
may  be  seen  in  the  establishment  and  growth  of  the  House  of 
Commons.  The  Hundred  Years'  War  is  commonly  supposed  to 
have  been  a  great  calamity  to  England.  Perhaps  it  was  so,  but 
at  least  it  exerted  one  influence  for  good  of  inestimable  impor- 
tance. It  made  the  English  kings  more  directly  dependent  upon 
the  people,  and  thus  enabled  the  people  to  exact  privileges  and 
extensions  of  power  from  the  monarchs  which  otherwise  would 
have  been  secured  with  difficulty,  if,  indeed,  they  could  have  been 
secured  at  all.  When  the  smoke  of  the  long  struggle  cleared 
away,  the  House  of  Commons  came  out  into  open  view  as  the  only 
representative  body  in  Europe.  It  is  obvious  that  the  full  signif- 
icance of  such  a  fact  can  be  understood  only  by  one  who  is  fa- 
miliar with  all  the  influences  that  were  at  work.  The  histories  of 
France  and  of  England  were  closely  interwoven.  The  House  of 
Commons  was  made  possible  by  the  traditional  institutions  of 
England ;  it  was  brought  into  existence  by  the  trying  relations  of 
England  with  the  government  of  France.  A  complete  under- 
standing of  it,  therefore,  involves  not  only  a  knowledge  of  the  gen- 
eral history  of  England,  but  also  a  knowledge  of  a  very  consid- 
erable portion  of  the  history  of  France. 

And  so  it  will  be  found  in  regard  to  all  the  important  events 
of  history.  No  one  fact  stands  out  by  itself  so  as  to  be  inde- 
pendent. Every  period  is  interwoven  and  interlaced  with  ideas 
and  influences  coming  from  afar.  It  may  be  stated  as  a  genei'al 
truth  that  it  is  impossible  to  apprehend  the  nature  and  importance 
of  any  special  event  without  a  large  knowledge  of  the  events  that 
have  gone  before.  And  this  is  equivalent  to  saying  that  it  is  im- 
possible for  any  student  to  make  special  studies  in  history  very 
successful  before  he  has  acquired  considerable  general  knowledge 
of  history  as  a  whole.  The  more  comprehensive  the  knowledge  of 
the  general  career  of  the  race,  the  more  easy  will  be  the  grasp  of 
the  significance  and  importance  of  any  special  event.  The  study 
of  general  history,  therefore,  should  precede  the  minute  study  of 
limited  periods. 

On  the  studv  of  universal  historv  two  considerations  are  wor- 


28  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

thy  of  note.  The  first  is  that  great  care  should  be  taken  to  avoid 
falling  into  either  the  one  or  the  other  of  two  extremes.  History 
is  neither  a  mere  mass  of  facts  and  dates,  nor  is  it  a  mere  mass  of 
generalizations.  It  is  the  life  of  humanity,  and  that  which  is  life 
is  neither  a  skeleton  nor  a  collection  of  boneless  flesh.  An  array 
of  dates  has  the  relation  to  history  that  the  skeleton  has  to  the 
human  body — that  a  catalogue  of  stars  has  to  the  science  of  as- 
tronomy. It  is  impossible  to  build  well  without  a  substantial 
framework;  but  a  framework  alone  has  very  little  intrinsic  value. 
The  date  of  the  battle  of  Marathon  receives  its  entire  significance 
from  the  fact  that  on  that  memorable  day  the  question  was  settled 
whether  the  civilization  of  Greece  was  to  be  that  of  Europe  or 
that  of  Asia;  whether  it  was  to  be  merely  an  imitation  of  the  past 
or  a  guide  for  the  future.  When  the  real  nature  and  importance 
of  the  struggle  are  fully  apprehended,  a  remembrance  of  the  date 
is  a  work  of  ease.  But  we  must  avoid  extremes.  It  is  not  enough 
to  know  the  nature  of  the  event  without  knowing  when  the  event 
occurred.  The  real  importance  of  an  act  often  depends  far  more 
on  the  particular  juncture  of  affairs  when  it  occurred  than  on  the 
nature  of  the  act  itself.  But  whichever  of  tho  two  factors  is  the 
more  important,  they  are  quite  inseparable.  It  is  not  enough  to 
know  that  the  edict  of  emancipation  set  free  all  slaves  in  the 
United  States.  It  is  equally  important  to  avoid  the  error  of  sup- 
posing that  the  edict  was  issued  by  President  Washington  instead 
of  President  Lincoln.  Thus  it  appears  that  it  is  only  by  keeping 
the  two  species  of  knowledge  together  that  their  full  significance 
can  be  understood.  It  is  only  in  this  way  that  we  shall  avoid,  on 
t}ie  one  hand,  a  collection  of  meaningless  details,  and,  on  the  other, 
a  scries  of  loose  generalizations. 

This  reasoning,  mori'over,  affords  us  a  key  to  the  value  of  such 
artificial  helps  as  chronological  tables  and  historical  charts.  In 
the  nature  of  the  case,  they  cannot  be  a  substitute  for  historical 
knowledge.  After  a  good  general  knowledge  of  history  has  been 
acquired,  they  may,  to  certain  types  of  mind,  be  of  some  assist- 
ance. J  Jilt  they  are  not  history,  and  the  best  of  them  are  no  more 
a  substitute  for  it  than  a  good  cane  is  a  substitute  for  a  good  pair 
of  legs.  In  general,  it  may  ite  said  that  it  is  of  no  importance  to 
know  when  an  event  occurred  until  after  a  knowledge  of  the  nat- 
ure of  the  event  has  been  acijuired. 


INTRODUCTION.  29 

The  other  consideration  to  bo  noted  is  the  fact  that  general 
history  is  not  always  to  be  studied  at  best  advantage  in  books  that 
are  called  universal  histories.  There  is  a  noteworthy  poverty  of  uni- 
versal histories  in  the  English  language.  In  Italian,  in  French, 
especially  in  German,  the  number  of  excellent  works  of  a  compre- 
hensive nature  is  very  considerable.  But  in  English  no  work  on 
universal  history  has  made  for  its  author  a  very  great  reputation. 
If,  therefore,  the  student  is  limited  to  the  English  language,  his 
best  method  is  to  use  thoroughly  one  of  the  best  short  works  on 
the  subject  of  universal  history,  and  then  to  rely  on  the  histories 
of  limited  periods  and  of  individual  nations.  One  of  the  histo- 
ries of  Antiquity,  a  good  work  on  the  Middle  Ages,  and  one  of 
the  books  on  the  period  since  the  Revival  of  Learning  will  com- 
plete an  admirable  outfit  for  such  study  of  individual  nationalities 
or  such  minute  examination  of  special  and  limited  periods  as  the 
student  may  afterwards  choose  to  undertake. 
'  A  systematic  study  of  some  particular  national  life  may  now 
be  entered  upon  with  profit.  The  taste  of  the  student  will  gen- 
erally be  a  sufficient  guide  in  selecting  a  subject.  It  is  by  no 
means  essential  that  the  choice  should  be  a  modern  nationality. 
On  the  contrary,  the  nations  of  antiquity  ofier  the  advantage  of 
having  closed  up  their  record,  while  modern  nations  are  still  in 
process  of  growth  or  decay.  While  modern  life  offers  the  un- 
questionable attraction  of  a  certain  freshness,  the  institutions  and 
civilization  of  Greece  and  Rome  are  an  unfailing  source  of  in- 
struction by  reason  of  their  variety,  their  ingenuity,  and  their  com- 
pleteness. When  we  remember  that  what  is  commonly  called 
ancient  history  is  not  separated  by  any  sharp  distinction  from  the 
history  of  modern  times,  we  have  no  difficulty  in  perceiving  that 
the  advantages  of  the  one  very  nearly  counterbalance  the  advan- 
tages of  the  other.  In  Greece  and  Rome,  members  of  the  same  great 
branch  of  the  human  family  were  striving  to  solve  essentially  the 
same  problems  that  are  now  in  process  of  solution  in  France,  in 
Germany,  in  England,  and  in  the  United  States.  In  the  one  case 
we  have  the  advantage  of  seeing  the  result ;  in  the  other,  the  ad- 
vantage of  seeing  the  process  going  on. 

Finally,  the  last  advance  that  the  historical  student  can  make  is 
in  the  direction  of  a  special  and  minute  examination  of  some  par- 
ticular period  or  epoch.     In  the  choice  of  a  subject  for  such  ex- 


30  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

amination  the  student  may  generally  rely  with  safety  upon  his 
own  taste  and  judgment.  It  is  indeed  true  that  those  subjects 
which  are  commonly  thought  most  fruitful  have  been  most  thor- 
oughly explored.  It  is  of  course  the  best  mines  that  are  apt  to 
be  first  pre-empted  and  worked.  But  it  is  also  true  that  a  new 
mine  of  value  is  occasionally  discovered,  and,  what  is  far  more  im- 
portant, it  has  often  liappened  that  the  first  workings  of  the  old 
mines  were  so  hasty  and  imperfect  as  to  leave  large  stores  of  wealth 
behind.  The  refuse  thrown  out  of  the  mines  of  Laurium  more 
than  two  thousand  years  ago  are  now  yielding  ample  rewards  to 
the  improved  methods  of  modern  industry.  But  it  must  not  be 
forgotten  that  the  rewards  depend  upon  the  perfection  of  tlie 
work. 

Above  all  things,  in  our  historical  Investigations  let  us  be  exact. 
Here  there  is  no  justification  of  haste  and  lack  of  precision.  So 
far  as  practicable,  let  us  go  to  original  sources  of  information.  If 
we  are  obliged  to  receive  information  at  second-hand,  let  us  insist 
on  knowing  where  our  informant  received  his  knowledge  and  his 
impressions.  This  process  involves,  of  course,  the  study  or  the 
examination  of  many  books,  rather  than  the  reading  of  a  few. 
But  it  is  the  application  to  systematic  research  of  those  methods 
wliich  alone  are  fruitful  of  success  in  the  affairs  of  business  as 
well  as  in  the  affairs  of  study.  For,  however  broad  and  however 
comprehensive  our  general  knowledge,  it  is,  in  the  last  analysis, 
only  the  application  of  our  knowledge  to  minute  details  that  ac- 
complishes results  and  brings  rewards.  Even  in  the  practical 
work  of  our  daily  life,  the  chief  advantage,  perhaps  the  only  ad- 
vantage, of  large  general  knowledge  is  the  ability  it  gives  the  bet- 
ter to  command  and  manage  the  details  of  special  and  minute 
affairs.  The  history  of  war  is  of  unquestionable  utility  to  a  gen- 
eral, and  even  Napoleon  did  not  despise  it;  but  none  knew  better 
tlian  he  that  mere  general  knowledge  never  pointed  out  the  way 
of  carrying  a  battery  or  winning  an  engagement.  So  it  is  in  the 
homely  experiences  of  every-day  life ;  so  it  is  in  the  prosecution 
of  intellectual  jiursuits.  There  is  no  atonement  for  carelessness. 
If  tilt;  historical  student  is  unwilling  to  seek  for  the  truth,  even  in 
the  remotest  recesses  of  darkness,  he  will  have  to  be  content  to 
sec  his  work  lightly  esteemed. 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  81 


Chapter   IL 

UNIVERSAL    HISTORIES. 
I.     NAKRATIVE    HISTORIES. 

Assman,  Dr.  W.  —  Handbuch  der  allgemeinen  Gescbichte,  f iir 
liohere  Lchranstalten  und  ziir  Selbstbelelirung  fur  Gebildete. 
6  vols.,  8vo,  Braunschweig,  1853-64.  Of  tlie  4  vols,  on  the 
Middle  Ages,  an  edition  greatly  improved  by  E.  Meyer  Avas 
published  in  1875-80. 

Though  this  work  was  written  as  a  universal  historv,  the  por- 
tions of  it  devoted  to  ancient  and  modern  times  are  of  compara- 
tively insignificant  value.  Its  peculiar  merits  are  in  the  volumes 
on  the  Middle  Ages.  The  period  extending  from  A.D.  375  to 
1492  is  treated  with  exceptional  fulness  and  ability. 

Of  the  four  volumes  on  the  Middle  Ages,  the  first  describes  the 
period  of  the  Invasions,  the  second  the  period  of  the  Crusades, 
the  third  the  period  of  the  Feudal  System,  and  the  fourth  the 
period  of  the  Renaissance. 

The  most  conspicuous  characteristic  of  the  author's  method  is 
the  care  with  which  he  has  studied  the  sources  of  information, 
and  the  judicious  manner  in  which  he  has  presented  these  sources 
to  the  reader.  The  subordinate  title  of  the  work  is  "  Gescbichte 
des  Mittelalters  fiir  Fordcrung  des  Quellenstudiums ;"  and  the 
author  has  kept  the  purpose  announced  steadily  in  view.  As 
a  guide  for  the  most  thorough  study  of  the  Middle  Ages,  there- 
fore, the  book  has  qualities  of  great  excellence.  It  is  an  in- 
troduction to  the  sources  of  history,  rather  than  an  account  of 
historical  events  themselves.  For  the  purposes  of  the  general 
reader  this  is,  perhaps,  a  defect  in  the  work ;  but  for  the  special 
student  it  is  a  characteristic  of  great  advantage. 

As  the  volumes  were  prc])arcd  for  the  use  of  German  students, 
it  is  not  singular  that  the  history  of  Germany  is  given  an  undue 
amount  of  space. 


32  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Each  of  the  volumes  lias  a  very  full  table  of  contents,  but  the 
work  closes  without  an  index. 


Becker,  Karl  Friedrich.— Weltgeschichto.  Achte,  ncu  bearbei- 
tete,  bis  auf  die  Gegenvvart  fortgefiihrte  Auso-abe.  Heraus- 
g-egeben  von  Adolf  Schmidt,  mit  der  Fortsctzung  von  Eduard 
Arnd.  Vierte  vermehrte  Auflage.  26  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1860- 
15.  Supplement — Bandc,  Geschichtc  der  Jahre  1871  bis  1877 
von  Const.  Bulle,  1878. 

In  point  of  literary  style  Becker's  history  enjoys  a  higher  re- 
pute than  any  of  the  other  universal  histories  in  German,  It  has 
always  been  highly  recommended  for  gymnasium  scholars  and  for 
such  other  readers  as  do  not  desire  to  go  very  deep  into  historical 
studies.  It  should  perhaps  be  said,  however,  that  various  persons 
besides  those  above  named  have  contributed  to  the  several  edi- 
tions published  since  Becker  finished  his  last  revision.  The  cfiect 
of  these  various  revisions  has  been  to  modify  somewhat  the  origi- 
nal reputation  of  the  work  for  beauty  of  style,  without  giving  it 
that  character  for  depth  of  learning  which  it  is  desirable  such  a 
work  should  have.  While  it  still  has  value,  its  relative  importance 
has  been  greatly  diminished  by  the  superior  publications  of  We- 
ber, Schlosser,  and  especially  Oncken. 


Bossuet,  Bishop  J.  B. — Discours  sur  I'llistoire  Universelle.  12mo 
and  8vo.  Many  editions,  one  of  the  best  of  which  is  that  of 
Paris,  8vo,  1870. 

The  importance  of  this  work  is  very  largely  in  the  fact  that  it 
was  written  by  the  most  eloquent  representative  of  the  Roman 
Catliolic  Church  in  the  seventeenth  century.  It  is  universal  his- 
tory seen  from  an  ecclesiastical  point  of  view ;  but  it  abounds  in 
passages  of  great  clofiucnce,  and  it  everywhere  shows  traces  of  the 
author's  genius.  As  the  title  indicates,  it  is  a  commentary  on 
the  general  course  of  events,  rather  than  an  account  of  events 
themselves.  It  consists  of  three  parts.  The  first  is  a  representa- 
tion of  general  history  from  the  beginning  of  the  world  to  the 


UNIVEliSAL  HISTORIES.  33 

reign  of  Charlemagne.  Tliis  period  the  author  divides  into  twelve 
epochs  or  ages,  of  the  first  six  of  which  we  are  dependent  for  our 
knowledge  exclusively  on  Old-Testament  history.  The  second 
part  of  the  work  is  a  history  of  religion,  the  special  object  of 
which  is  to  prove  that  religion  is,  of  all  things,  the  oldest  and  the 
least  changeable,  and  that  the  Christian  Church  is  the  possessor 
and  guardian  of  all  spiritual  truth.  The  third  part  is  devoted  to 
reflections  on  the  rise  and  fall  of  empires,  and  to  the  indications 
of  the  secondary  causes,  which,  under  Divine  guidance,  deter- 
mined, in  the  opinion  of  the  author,  the  revolutions  in  the  various 
nations  of  antiquity.  The  chapters  on  Rome  are  exceptionally 
able  and  eloquent.  Throughout  the  volume  the  central  thought 
is  that  a  Divine  hand  trains  and  guides  collective  humanity  for 
the  advancement  of  the  religion  of  Christ ;  that  this  religion  is 
incorporate  in  the  Cliurch ;  that  all  historical  changes,  therefore, 
are  to  be  co-ordinated  with  reference  to  the  good  of  the  Church ; 
in  short,  that  the  good  of  the  Church  is  the  final  cause  of  all  his- 
torical progress.  According  to  Bossuet,  the  sole  aim  of  Provi- 
dence in  history  is  the  establishment  of  the  kingdom  of  Christ, 
and  the  kingdom  of  Christ  is  identical  with  the  Roman  Catholic 
Church. 


Cantu,  Cesare.  —  Histoire  Universelle,  3®  edition  fran^aise,  revue 
et  corrigee  d'apres  la  8''  edition  italienne.  19  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1857-59.     Also  in  abridged  form,  2  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1883. 

This  history,  completed  by  a  prominent  Italian  writer  in  1837, 
has  for  many  years  enjoyed  considerable  fame  in  Italy  and  in 
France.  In  the  course  of  thirty  years  from  its  publication,  it 
passed  through  ten  editions  in  Italy,  and  was  translated  into  Ger- 
man and  French. 

It  is  written  in  vivacious  style,  and  is  accompanied  with  numer- 
ous tables  and  appendices,  as  well  as  a  resume  of  the  whole  work. 
The  author  is  an  ardent  lover  of  liberty,  and  at  one  time  suffered 
imprisonment  in  its  cause.  While  in  religious  faith  he  is  a  pro- 
nounced Roman  Catholic,  his  judgments  on  religious  as  well  as  on 
literary  and  political  characters  are  in  the  main  just  and  indepen- 
dent.    The  work,  however,  is  not  the  result  of  that  careful  re- 

3 


34  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

search  at  present  demanded  in  such  a  history.  For  the  purposes 
of  the  scholar,  therefore,  these  interesting  volumes  are  not  of  very 
great  value. 

Ploetz,  Carl. — Epitome  of  Ancient,  Mediaeval,  and  Modern  His- 
tory. Translated,  with  extensive  additions,  by  William  11.  Til- 
linghast.      12mo,  Boston,  1884. 

Modelled  in  the  German  fashion  of  a  text-book  to  be  made  the 
ground-work  of  a  professor's  lectures.  Stuffed  from  cover  to  cover 
with  important  facts,  and  furnished  with  an  unusually  complete 
index,  it  is  perhaps  the  most  valuable  of  all  the  small  books  for 
reference.  It  may  also  be  used  with  great  profit  in  connection 
with  almost  any  course  of  historical  instruction.  The  dry  bones 
of  universal  history  have  nowhere  else  been  more  successfully  ar- 
ticulated and  mounted. 


Daunou,  P.  C.  F. — Cours  d'Etudes  Historiques.      20  vols.,  Svo, 
Paris,  1842-49. 

The  lectures  which  form  these  volumes  were  delivered  in  the 
course  of  the  eleven  years  extending  from  1819  to  1830.  They 
have  to  do  with  historical  methods,  rather  than  with  the  facts  of 
history.  Strictly  speaking,  they  form  three  courses:  one  on  the 
examination  and  choice  of  facts,  one  on  the  classification  of  facts, 
and  one  on  the  representation  of  facts.  The  work  ends  with  an 
examination  of  the  various  philosophical  systems  as  applied  to 
history. 


Dew,  Thomas. —  A  Digest  of  the  Laws,  Customs,  Manners,  and 
Institutions  of  the  Ancient  and  Modern  Nations.  8vo,  New 
Y(jrk,  1853. 

So  nearly  what  its  title  indicates  that  any  considerable  de- 
scription is  unnecessary.  In  method,  however,  it  is  somewhat 
unusual.  Ench  paragraph  begins  w^ith  a  question  wliich  it  is  the 
purpose  of  the  {)aragraiili  to  answer.  This  peculiarity  of  form 
is  doubtless  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  book  was  prepared  and 
printed  for  students  hearing  the  author's  lectures  while  he  was 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  35 

presitlent  of  William  and  Mary  College.  The  volume  contains  a 
great  number  of  facts,  but  it  will  scarcely  awaken  an  interest  in 
the  general  reader.  Without  the  cnlivenment  of  living  instruc- 
tion, it  is  too  dry  for  ordinary  use. 


Freeman,  Edward  A.— General  Sketch  of  History.    New  Edition. 
IGmo,  London  and  New  York,  187G. 

This  little  book  is  one  of  great  merits.  Not  only  was  it  writ- 
ten by  a  very  eminent  historian,  but  it  is  admirably  adapted  to  the 
purposes  for  which  it  was  designed.  Primarily  it  was  meant  for 
schools ;  but  it  is  also  well  calculated  to  be  useful  to  a  large  class 
of  other  readers.  It  may  be  said  to  have  two  prominent  charac- 
teristics. In  the  first  place,  it  avoids  being  dry  by  omitting  to 
mention  many  of  the  unimportant  facts  with  which  the  pages  of 
school  histories  are  apt  to  be  encumbered,  and  by  substituting  for 
them  much  fuller  accounts  of  those  great  events  which  have 
moulded  the  course  of  history.  The  other  characteristic  of  the 
work  is  that  it  aims  constantly  to  explain  the  real  meaning  in  the 
world's  progress  of  the  events  it  describes.  The  connection  in 
history  of  what  has  gone  before  with  what  follows  is  pointed  out 
in  a  plain  and  simple  inanncr,  but  with  great  ability  and  discrimi- 
nation. It  is  in  this  feature  of  the  work  that  the  ability  of  the 
author  is  especially  noteworthy.  The  book  might  be  called  the 
physiology  and  hygiene  of  history  instead  of  its  mere  anatomy. 
The  third  edition  has  sixteen  double-page  maps,  which,  though  not 
elaborate  or  encumbered  with  all  the  names  in  the  text,  show  clearly 
the  territorial  extent  of  the  different  political  units  at  the  differ- 
ent periods. 


Myers,  F.  V.  N.— Outlines  of  Ancient  History.  Outlines  of  Me- 
di;eval  and  Modern  History.  A  Text-book  for  High-Schools, 
Seminaries,  and  Colleges.     2  vols.,  12mo,  Boston,  1885-87. 

A  very  meritorious  account  of  the  development  and  advance 
of  civilization.     It  is  founded  on  a  familiarity  with  the  best  au- 


36  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

thorities,  is  written  in  excellent  style,  is  generally  accurate  in  its 
statement  of  facts,  and  is  well  adapted  both  to  the  class-room  and 
to  private  reading.  The  second  volume  is  intended  for  somewhat 
more  advanced  readers  than  the  first. 


Oger,  Felix. — Cours  d'Histoire  Generale,  a  I'usage  des  lycees,  des 
candidats  aux  ecoles  du  gouvernement,  et  des  aspirants  aux 
baccalaureats  es  lettres  et  es  sciences.  Nouvelle  edition.  4 
vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1880. 

Just  what  it  professes  to  be,  a  book  for  the  use  of  students. 
It  embodies  the  most  important  results  of  recent  researches,  and 
is  written  in  a  somewhat  attractive  style.  For  the  use  of  a 
teacher  of  general  history  it  has  many  merits,  though  it  is  some- 
what inferior  for  this  purpose  to  the  German  "  Lehrbuch "  of 
"Weber.  To  one  who  reads  French,  however,  and  does  not  read 
German,  it  may  be  very  helpful. 


Oncken,  Wilhelm. — Allgemeine  Geschichte  in  Einzeldarstellung- 
cn,  unter  Mitwirkung  von  Felix  Bamberg,  Alexander  Briick- 
ner,  u.  A.  Begleitet  von  ciner  instruktiven,  nach  wissenschaft- 
lichen  l'rinzi|)ien  zusammengestellten  kulturhistorischen  Illu- 
stration, Kartcn,  Pliinen,  etc.  In  ungefiihr  3G  Biinden  gr.  Lex. 
Oktav,  Berlin,  1878. 

The  result  of  the  first  attempt  in  Germany  to  present  the  his- 
tory of  the  world  by  means  of  a  group  of  descriptions  prepared 
by  different  hands.  F'or  this  purpose  the  editor.  Professor  Oncken, 
of  Giessen,  has  associated  with  himself  some  twenty  authors,  spe- 
cially qualified  for  this  task.  Most  of  the  writers  are  professors 
of  history,  with  a  fame  to  make  and  an  Jibility  to  make  it. 

The  work  is  very  comprehensive  in  design,  and,  when  completed, 
■will  cover  the  entire  range  of  the  world's  history.  The  prospectus 
announces  that  six  volumes  arc  to  be  devoted  to  the  history  of 
antiquity ;  eight  to  the  period  from  the  establishment  of  the  Ho- 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  37 

man  Empire  to  the  "  Age  of  DIscoveiT  ;"  ten  from  the  history  of 
the  Reformation  to  the  Frencli  Uevohition  ;  and  eight  from  the 
outbreak  of  the  Revolution  to  the  J>cr]in  Congress. 

Though  founded  upon  the  careful  investigations  of  special  stu- 
dents, the  volumes  are  written  for  popular  use,  in  the  best  sense  of 
the  word.  They  are  the  production  of  scholars  whose  opinions 
are  entitled  to  respect ;  but  with  many  readers  it  will  be  a  source 
of  annoyance  that  no  references  to  authorities  are  given.  The 
illustrations  are  not  numerous;  but  their  great  artistic  merits,  as 
well  as  their  historical  significance,  forms  one  of  the  prominent 
features  of  the  work.  They  Lave  been  inserted  evidently  for  the 
purpose  of  giving  instruction  rather  than  mere  entertainment. 
The  work  is  not  without  a  certain  unevenness  of  merit,  but  in 
spite  of  this  characteristic  it  promises  to  be  much  the  most  schol- 
arly and  useful  history  of  the  world  yet  written.  An  index  is 
promised  as  the  last  volume  of  the  series.  The  contents,  so  far 
as  completed  in  1887,  may  be  found  on  pages  71  and  72. 


Prevost-Paradol,  L.  A. — Essai  sur  I'llistoire  Universelle.     2^  edi- 
tion, revue  et  corrigee.     2  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1875. 

An  exceedingly  brilliant  book,  by  one  of  the  ablest  of  modern 
French  writers.  The  chief  characteristic  of  the  work  is  that  it 
attaches  more  importance  to  the  significance  of  facts  than  to  the 
details  of  facts  themselves.  It  is  therefore  eminently  readable; 
and  of  the  small  books  on  universal  history,  it  is  one  of  the  best. 


Ranke,  Leopold. — Weltgeschichte.     8  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1883- 
86.     Vol.  L  in  English  translation.     London  and  New  York, 

1883. 

The  name  of  the  author  is  sufficient  assurance  of  the  great  im- 
portance of  this  series  of  volumes ;  but  it  has  the  additional  merit 
of  being  the  crowning  work  of  the  great  historian's  labors.  No 
historical  student  can  afford  to  neglect  any  portion  of  it.  The 
death  of  the  author  broke  off  the  narrative  at  the  period  of  the 
Crusades. 


38  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Schlosser,  F.  C. — Weltgeschichte  f  iir  das  deutscbe  Volk.  Viertci 
Aiiso-an"-.  Von  neuem  diirchgesehen  und  crgiinzt  von  Oskai 
Jager  und  Franz  Wolff.  20.  Auflage.  (In  circa  75  Lieforun- 
gen,  1-76  Liefernngen,  published  to  July  1,1887.)  18  vols., 
8vo,  Berlin,  1884-87. 

Ever  since  the  appearance  of  this  work  in  completed  form  in 
1855,  it  has  enjoyed  the  distinction  in  Germany  of  being  the 
most  popular  of  the  larger  books  on  universal  history.  As  its 
title  indicates,  it  is  not  intended  so  much  for  scholars  as  for  pop- 
ular reading.  It  is  not  only  the  fruit  of  large  personal  research 
in  orioinal  authorities,  but  is  also  the  fruit  of  the  researches  of 
others.  The  author  was  eminently  successful  in  making  a  very 
readable  book,  and  at  the  same  time  in  making  one  that  presents 
with  general  accuracy  the  conclusions  of  modern  scholarship.  The 
text  is  elucidated  by  very  few  notes,  the  narrative  is  clear  in  state- 
ment, simple  in  style,  liberal  in  thought,  earnest  in  conviction,  free 
from  all.  pedantry,  and  founded  on  the  ripe  results  of  fifty  years 
of  earnest  labor  as  an  historical  scholar. 


Sheldon,  Mary  D. — Studies  in  General  History.     Student's  Edi- 
tion.    12mo,  Boston,  1885. 

A  very  meritorious  work  designed  to  introduce  the  student  to 
the  sources  of  historical  information.  The  book  abounds,  there- 
fore, with  extracts  from  original  authorities.  These  are  generally 
well  chosen,  and  show  not  only  good  scholarship  on  the  part  of 
the  author,  but  good  discretion  in  the  selections  made  from  the 
vast  amount  of  materials  at  hand.  The  volume  is  well  equipped 
with  maps,  tables,  and  illustrations.  Though  usually  accurate,  it 
is  not  without  errors;  but  these,  for  the  most  part,  are  unimpor- 
tant. As  tlie  method  is  unusual,  skill  is  necessary  in  the  teacher; 
but  wlien  properly  used  it  is  likely  to  be  found  the  most  valuable 
of  the  text-books  for  intermediate  schools. 


Swinton,  William. — Outlines  of  the  "World's  History,  Ancient, 
Meilia-val,  ami  iModern,  with  Special  Relation  to  tlie  History  of 
Civilization  and  the  Progress  of  Mankind.  16mo,  New  York 
and  Chicago,  1874. 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  39 

Preprared  specificully  for  tlic  use  of  liiglicr  classes  in  public 
schools,  liigb-schools,  and  academies.  The  author  made  no  orio-- 
inal  investigation  in  the  preparation  of  the  book  ;  on  the  contrary, 
he  appropriated  with  great  freedom  from  the  works  of  others  what- 
ever seemed  best  suited  to  his  purpose.  Mr.  Swinton  is  not,  like 
Freeman,  a  great  historian,  but  he  has  the  knack,  above  almost  all 
other  men  of  his  time,  of  knowing  what  a  young  scholar  wants  and 
needs.  The  book  has  the  extraordinary  merit  among  school  his- 
tories of  being  interesting. 


Thalheimer,  M.  E. — A  Manual  of  Ancient  History ;  also,  A  Man- 
ual of  Media3val  and  Modern  History.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cincin- 
nati, 1874. 

A  book  of  substantial  rather  than  of  brilliant  merits.  It  is 
made  up,  after  a  careful  study  by  the  author,  of  recent  authori- 
ties ;  and  it  conscientiously  aims  to  embody  the  conclusions 
reached  by  modern  scholarship.  It  is  generally  accurate,  and 
may  be  safely  used  as  a  w'ork  of  reference.  It  is  the  production 
of  a  teacher  of  experience;  and,  in  the  hands  of  one  who  is  skilled 
in  using  it  properly,  may  be  made  a  successful  text-book.  In  the 
hands  of  a  class  with  an  unsuccessful  teacher,  there  is  danger  of 
its  being  thought  dry.  It  is  a  book  of  facts  rather  than  of  opin- 
ions, and,  therefore,  to  be  useful,  it  should  be  enlivened  by  the 
instruction  6f  a  living  teacher.  This  characteristic  is  probably 
the  result  of  an  effort  on  the  part  of  the  author  to  embody  as 
mucli  as  possible  within  the  volumes.  They  would  have  been 
more  interesting  to  the  reader,  whether  or  not  they  would  have 
been  more  valuable,  if  the  writer,  instead  of  saying  a  little  about 
so  many  things,  had  been  content  to  say  a  little  more  about  a  few 
things.  The  weakness  of  the  volumes  is  a  want  of  perspective. 
The  work  is  accompanied  with  admirable  maps  and  a  few  excel- 
lent illustrations. 


Fisher,  George  Park. — Outlines  of  Universal  History,  designed  as 
a  text-book  and  for  private  reading.  2  vols.,  8vo,  and  1  vol., 
12 mo.     New  York,  1885. 


40  HISTORICAL  LITEKATUltE. 

As  a  text-book  for  the  use  of  college  students  and  mature  pri- 
vate readers,  this,  perhaps,  combines  more  excellences  than  are  to 
be  found  in  any  other  single  work.  The  statements  are  generally 
accurate ;  the  style,  though  a  little  hard,  is  compact ;  the  subjects 
treated  are  well  chosen ;  the  references  to  authorities  are  very  nu- 
merous and  carefully  selected ;  the  perspective  is  good,  and  the 
helps  in  the  way  of  maps  and  tables  are  all  that  could  be  desired. 
Facts  and  opinions  crowd  one  another  in  rapid  succession,  and  con- 
sequently the  dull  student  will  find  the  pages  dry.  The  book  no- 
where allures  the  reader  to  the  pursuit  of  knowledge;  but  it  will 
yield  abundant  rewards  to  the  efforts  of  robust  intellifrence. 


Weber,  Dr.  Georg". —  Allgemeine  AVeltgeschichte  mit  besonderer 
Beriicksichtigung  des  Geistes  und  Kulturlebens  des  Volker  und 
mit  Benutzung  der  neueren  geschichtlichen  Forchungen  fur  die 
gebildete  Stiinde  bearbeitet.     15  vols,,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1859-81. 

This  is  undoubtedly  one  of  the  best  of  the  great  German  uni- 
versal histories.  The  merit  of  its  literary  style  is  not  equal  to 
that  of  Becker ;  but  in  other  respects  it  is  much  superior.  It  is 
full,  giving  not  only  the  political  history,  but  the  history  of  art, 
literature,  industry,  and  the  various  systems  of  philosophy.  The 
work  is  made  easy  of  use  by  marginal  dates  and  references,  as 
well  as  by  an  excellent  index  for  every  four  volumes.  The  style, 
though  not  especially  elegant,  is  generally  far  more  clear  and  easy 
than  that  of  most  German  histories.  In  point  of  arrangement  the 
work  is  good.  It  aims  to  present,  without  any  bias  of  sect  or  party, 
the  development  of  the  historical  life  of  the  peoples,  ancient  and 
modern,  not  only  in  their  political,  but  also  in  their  religious,  in- 
tellectual, and  industrial  growth. 

Wliile  Schlosser  wrote  especially  for  popular  use,  the  work  be- 
fore us  was  prepared,  as  its  title  indicates,  for  the  educated  class. 
For  tlie  use  of  a  scholar,  it  is  certainly  by  far  the  best  of  the  uni- 
versal histories  that  have  been  completed. 


Weber,  Dr.  Georg. — Ijchrbuch  der  Wcltgeschichtc,  mit  Riicksicht 
auf  (Jultur,  Litoratur,  und  Keligionswcscn  und  cinem  Abriss  der 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  41 

dentschen  Litcrcatnrgcschiclite  als  Anhansj.  2  vols.,  larj^e  8vo, 
Leipsic.  This  work,  first  publislied  in  1846,  has  passed  through 
many  editions,  and  lias  been  many  times  revised  and  improved. 
The  eighteenth  edition  was  thoroughly  revised,  and  brings  the 
work  to  the  close  of  the  Berlin  Congress  in  1878. 

Professor  Weber  has  been  for  many  years  a  teacher  of  his- 
tory and  a  school-director  in  Heidelberg.  His  qualifications  for 
the  work  of  preparing  a  book  for  teachers  and  students  are 
therefore  admirable.  For  more  than  thirty  years  this  work  has 
been  one  of  the  most  popular  of  the  many  books  of  the  kind  in 
Germany.  The  first  volume  deals  with  ancient  and  mediaeval  his- 
tory ;  the  second,  with  modern  history  from  the  Renaissance  to 
the  present  time.  The  especial  value  of  the  work  is  in  the  skill 
with  which  the  author  has  chosen  his  subjects  for  treatment,  and 
with  which  he  has  portrayed  the  general  movement  and  the  pecul- 
iar significance  of  events.  The  History  of  German  Literature,  in- 
troduced as  an  Appendix,  occupies  one  hundred  and  fifty  closely 
printed  octavo  pages,  and  is  not  the  least  valuable  part  of  the 
work. 

These  volumes  should  not  be  confounded  with  the  same  au- 
thor's smaller  and  inferior  work  that  has  been  translated  into 
English. 


Weber,  Dr.  George. — Outlines  of  Universal  History  from  the  Cre- 
ation of  the  World  to  the  Present  Time.  Translated  from  the 
German  by  Dr.  M.  Bchr.  Revised  and  corrected,  with  the  ad- 
dition of  a  History  of  the  United  States  of  America,  by  Francis 
Bowen.     8vo,  Boston,  1859. 

The  original  from  which  this  translation  was  made  has  been 
much  used  in  Germany  by  students  in  the  gymnasia  and  other 
secondary  schools.  It  was  not  designed  for  recitations,  but  for 
a  guide  and  help  to  the  student  in  following  the  lectures  of  the 
teacher.  For  this  purpose  it  was  doubtless  very  useful.  But  it 
is  not  well  adapted  to  the  conditions  of  American  schools,  and  is 
too  dry  for  the  purposes  of  the  general  reader.  Another  serious 
fault  to  be  noted  is  the  fact  that  the  translation  abounds  in  errors 
of  almost  all  kinds. 


42  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

II.    HISTORIES   OF   CIVILIZATION   AND    PROGRESS. 

Andrews,  E.  Benjamin.  —  Brief  Institutes  of  General  History. 
Being  a  companion  volanie  to  the  Author's  Brief  Institutes  of 
our  Constitutional  History.  English  and  American.  I2mo, 
Boston,  1887. 

Of  all  the  modern  historical  text-books  in  English,  this  is  un- 
questionably the  most  able  and  the  most  inspiring.  Designed  to 
accompany  the  author's  lectures  to  college  students,  the  volume 
everywhere  throbs  with  all  the  vitality  of  civilization.  It  has  three 
great  excellences.  Before  each  chapter  is  a  brief  but  very  schol- 
arly and  comprehensive  bibliography  of  the  subject  treated.  The 
text  is  a  succession  of  epigrammatic  statements  that  show  with  re- 
markable clearness  the  great  forces  that  have  moulded  and  con- 
trolled the  progress  of  institutions  and  culture.  The  notes  accom- 
panying the  chapters  point  to  the  sources  of  more  complete  infor- 
mation. As  the  volume,  however,  is  a  history  of  institutions  and 
progress  rather  than  a  history  of  events,  it  should  be  used  in  con- 
nection with  some  manual  of  another  kind. 


Blakey,  Robert. — The  History  of  Political  Literature  from  the 
Earliest  Times.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1855. 

The  author's  style  is  neither  elegant  nor  exact.  The  work  also 
shows  lack  of  perspective.  For  example,  the  writings  of  the  Chris- 
tian fathers  and  of  the  mcdiasval  annalists  occupy  far  more  space 
than  all  the  productions  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  together. 

The  first  volume  brings  the  account  to  the  time  of  the  Revival 
of  Learning;  the  second  to  the  present  century. 


Blanqui,  Adolphe. — History  of  Political  Economy  in  Europe  from 
the  iv'irliest  Times  to  our  Own  Day.  Accompanied  with  a  ]>iblio- 
grapliical  Account  of  the  Principal  Works  on  Political  Economy. 
Translated  from  the  French.     8vo,  New  York  and  London,  1880. 

For  many  years  Blanqui  had  been  one  of  the  most  prominent 
teachers  of  political  economy  in  France.  The  work  before  us  is 
the  embodiment  of  many  years  of  industrious  and  successful  labor. 
The  author's  purjiosc  and  method  were  to  present  and  criticise  the 


UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  43 

various  systems  that  from  time  to  time  have  been  adopted  in  the 
diflfercnt  countries  of  Europe.  The  vohime  is  not  altogether  sat- 
isfying; but  it  is  the  only  work  of  the  kind  we  have. 


Botta,  Anne  C.  Lynch. — Hand-book  of  Universal  Literature,  from 
the  Best  and  Latest  Authorities.  Designed  for  Popular  Reading 
and  as  a  Text-book  for  Schools  and  Colleges.  New  edition  re- 
vised and  brought  down  to  1885.     Boston,  1885. 

A  compendious  book,  designed  to  convey  a  knowledge  of  facts 
rather  than  to  convey  opinions.  It  was  conscientiously  com- 
piled from  a  vast  number  of  histories  of  literature.  It  is  not 
a  book  for  popular  reading,  but  rather  a  book  for  reference.  As 
such  it  is  the  best  in  our  language.  Its  claims  to  respect  rest 
upon  its  comprehensiveness  and  its  accuracy. 


Carriere,  Moriz. — Die  Kunst  im  Zusammenhang  der  Culturent- 
wickelung  und  die  Ideale  der  Mcnschheit.  Dritte  vermehrte 
und  neu  umgearbeitete  Autiage,  5  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1877-86. 

Of  the  several  histories  of  culture  and  civilization  recently  pub- 
lished in  Germany,  that  of  Carriere  is  perhaps  most  conspicuous 
for  its  general  merits.  The  author  is  not  more  learned  than  sev- 
eral of  his  fellow-laborers,  and  his  descriptions  are  much  less  mi- 
nute than  are  those  of  several  writers  on  special  subjects;  but  in 
comprehensiveness  of  design  and  evenness  of  execution  he  proba- 
bly has  no  equal.  He  shows  a  masterly  grasp  of  the  vast  mate- 
rial before  him,  and  he  writes  not  only  with  philosophic  insight, 
but  also  with  poetic  warmth. 

The  history  of  civilization,  in  the  belief  of  the  author,  may 
properly  be  divided  into  three  periods — the  period  of  Nature,  the 
period  of  Faith,  and  the  period  of  Reason.  The  first  of  these  was 
the  age  of  classical  antiquity ;  the  second  embraced  the  Middle 
Ages ;  and  the  third  covers  the  periods  of  Modern  History.  The 
period  of  Reason  was  ushered  in  by  Spinoza  and  Leibnitz  as  nat- 
uralists, and  Newton  as  a  mathematician.  These  laid  the  basis  of 
what  mav  be  called  the  Affe  of  Science. 


44  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Draper,  John  William. — A  History  of  the  Intellectual  Develop- 
ment of  Europe.  8vo,  New  York,  1863.  Revised  edition, 
2  vols.,  12nio,  New  York,  1876. 

This  is  a  work  written  with  unquestionable  ability.  The  most 
striking  feature  of  the  book  is  its  attitude  towards  Christianit3\ 
It  maintains  that  the  rise  of  Christianity  in  Europe  has  been  a 
misfortune ;  that  the  age  of  faith  was  an  age  of  barbarism ;  and 
that  civilization  has  advanced  only  as  faith  has  declined.  Though 
the  work  presents  only  one  side  of  a  great  question,  that  side 
is  presented  with  unusual  skill.  The  author's  philosophy  of 
history,  if  it  may  be  called  such,  is  essentially  that  of  Buckle. 
The  book  has  been,  and  will  continue  to  be,  much  admired  and 
very  severely  criticised. 


Fergusson,  James. — History  of  Architecture  in  All  Countries, 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Present  Day.  2d  ed.,  4  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1874. 

For  many  years  this  author  has  had  the  reputation  of  being 
one  of  the  ablest  and  most  accomplished  of  writers  on  the  his- 
tory of  architecture.  This  work,  in  the  form  of  a  "  Hand-book 
of  Architecture,"  made  its  appearance  in  1855;  but  the  com- 
pendious method  at  first  adopted  was  abandoned  for  the  present 
form  in  the  edition  of  1865,  and  the  edition  of  1865,  in  turn, 
was  much  amplified  and  improved  in  the  edition  of  1874. 

The  method  pursued  by  the  author  is  a  combination  of  wliat 
may  be  called  the  national  and  the  historical.  Beginning  with  an 
historical  description  of  the  architecture  of  Egypt  and  the  nations 
of  the  Orient,  Mr.  Fergusson  proceeds  to  consider  the  architect- 
ure of  Greece,  Rome,  France,  Belgium,  and  Holland.  In  the  sec- 
ond volume,  Germany,  Scandinavia,  England,  Spain,  Portugal, 
Italy,  Byzantium,  and  Ancient  America,  each  pass  under  examina- 
tion and  review.  The  third  volume  is  devoted  to  the  architecture 
of  India  and  China,  while  the  fourth  is  a  History  of  Modern 
Styles.  The  work  is  embellished  with  more  than  two  thousand 
wood-cuts,  engraved  in  the  most  perfect  style  of  the  art.  To  most 
readers  the  portion  on  India  will  be  most  surprising,  if  not  most 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  45 

entertaining.  Thongli  it  is  not  difficult  to  find  more  satisfactory 
works  on  some  periods  of  the  liistory  of  architecture,  yet  for  the 
general  student  Fergusson  is  the  best  author. 


Freeman,  Edward  A. — The  Historical  Geography  of  Europe.  In 
2  vols.  Vol.  i.,  Text;  vol.  ii.,  Maps.  8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  1881. 

These  volumes  are  marked  with  the  well-known  characteristics 
of  the  author.  They  have  been  many  years  in  process  of  prep- 
aration, and  reveal  on  every  page  the  conscientious  care  with 
which  their  details  have  been  wrought  out.  The  author  explains 
the  purpose  of  the  work  by  saying  that  it  has  to  do  "  with  geog- 
raphy as  influenced  by  history,  and  with  history  as  influenced  by 
geography." 

The  scope  of  the  author's  purpose  is  indicated  by  the  titles 
of  the  thirteen  chapters  that  make  up  the  first  volume.  The 
Introduction  is  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  the  "  Geographical  As- 
pect of  Europe,"  the  "  Effects  of  Geography  on  History,"  and  the 
"  Geographical  Distribution  of  Races."  Then  follow  the  chapters 
of  the  body  of  the  work  on  "  Greece  and  the  Greek  Colonies," 
"Formation  of  the  Roman  Empire,"  "The  Dismemberment  of 
the  Empire,"  "  The  Final  Division  of  the  Empire,"  "  The  Begin- 
ning of  the  Modern  European  Slates,"  "  The  Ecclesiastical  Geog- 
raphy of  Western  Europe,"  "The  Imperial  Kingdoms,"  "The 
Kingdom  of  France,"  "The  Eastern  Empire,"  "The  Baltic 
Lands,"  "  The  Spanish  Peninsula  and  its  Colonies,"  and  "  The 
British  Islands  and  Colonies." 

No  one  familiar  with  Freeman's  methods  will  need  to  be  told 
that  the  descriptions  and  discussions  are  very  able  and  very  in- 
teresting. They  show  at  once  minuteness  of  knowledge  and 
breadth  of  treatment.  The  great  value  of  the  work  is  not  so 
much  in  the  number  of  interesting  facts  brought  together — 
though  these  are  not  without  their  importance — as  in  the  great 
skill  with  which  the  historical  significance  of  these  facts  is  made 
to  appear. 

The  volume  of  Maps  is  not  in  any  sense  an  historical  atlas,  but 


46  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

is  designed  simply  to  show  boundaries  of  states,  and  the  changes 
brought  about  by  various  causes. 

The  work,  as  a  whole,  cannot  fail  to  be  of  great  service  to  every 
thouo;htful  student. 


Gaiiine,  L'Abbe  J. — Histoire  de  la  Societe  Domestique  chez  tous 
les  Peuples  Anciens  et  Modernes,  ou  Influence  du  Christianisme 
sur  la  Faniille.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  2"  ed.,  1854. 

This  history  of  the  family  relation  is  written  from  a  fervid  re- 
ligious point  of  view.  Its  object  is  to  show  what  Christianity 
has  done  for  domestic  society.  Though  the  author's  account  of 
the  family  in  antiquity  is  in  many  respects  much  inferior  to  the 
accounts  by  Coulanges  and  Morgan,  it  is  still  an  interesting  pres- 
entation of  certain  phases  of  domestic  life.  The  first  volume  is 
confined  to  the  period  before  the  introduction  of  Christianity ; 
the  second  to  an  account  of  the  family  relation  since  that  event. 


Guizot,  Frangois. — Histoire  de  la  Civilisation  en  Europe.  Svo 
and  12mo,  Paris,  1831.  There  have  been  many  subsequent 
editions,  but  the  work  lias  never  undergone  revision.  There 
liave  been  two  translations  of  the  work  into  English,  but  both 
of  them  abound  in  errors.     London  and  New  York. 

This  little  volume  is  the  most  famous  of  Guizot's  works.  It  is 
not  a  description  of  events,  but  an  embodiment  of  conclusions 
and  a  presentation  of  the  processes  by  which  those  conclusions 
are  reached.  It  gives  us  the  broadest  generalizations,  and  is, 
tlicrcforc,  somewhat  open  to  the  charge  of  vagueness.  But  in 
spite  of  this  fact,  if  the  book  is  not  merely  read,  but  carefully 
studied,  it  will  be  found  to  embody  many  wise  conclusions  that 
rest  on  the  solid  basis  of  most  thorough  research.  The  lectures 
made  a  profound  impression  at  the  time  of  their  appearance — 
indeed,  formed  an  epoch  in  the  history  of  education ;  and  even 
at  the  jiresent  day  p('rlia])s  no  other  historical  book  is  capable  of 
stirrin<r  more  earnest  and  fruitful  thouu'lit  in  a  thouii'htful  student. 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  47 

Henry,  L'Abbe. — Ilistoirc  do  rEloqncnce,  avec  des  Jngements 
Critiques  sur  les  plus  Celebrcs  Orateurs  et  des  Extraits  Nom- 
bieux  et  Eteiidus  de  leurs  Chefs-d'oeuvre.  6  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
5«  ed.     1875. 

The  first  two  volumes  serve,  in  some  sense,  as  an  introduction 
to  the  remaining  four.  The  first  is  entirely  devoted  to  a  descrip- 
tion and  discussion  of  the  eloquence  of  the  Bible ;  the  second  to 
the  eloquence  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  In  the  third  volume 
the  author  enters  upon  a  different  and  more  elaborate  classifica- 
tion of  his  material.  He  discusses  in  their  order  the  eloquence  of 
the  pulpit,  the  eloquence  of  the  bar,  the  eloquence  of  the  academy, 
military  eloquence,  political  eloquence,  descriptive  eloquence,  and, 
finally,  the  eloquence  of  the  French.  Though  the  work  is  per- 
haps more  comprehensive  than  any  other  on  the  subject,  it  is 
exceedingly  uneven  in  point  of  merit.  The  author  seems  to  have 
labored  under  the  impression  that  nearly  all  eloquent  men  have 
been  Frenchmen.  This  weakness  deprives  the  work  of  a  value 
which  otherwise  might  correctly  be  assigned  to  it.  For  the  study 
of  French  oratory  it  is  very  helpful,  and,  for  the  most  part,  is 
discriminating  and  satisfactory  ;  but  on  the  oratory  of  other  na- 
tions it  leaves  very  much  to  be  desired.  A  still  further  weakness 
of  the  work  is  the  disproportionate  importance  attached  to  the 
eloquence  of  the  pulpit. 


_^.„.^ „ „ iques  et  pi 

^aise.    2  vols.    Third  edition,  enlarged  and  greatly  enriched  with 
chapters  on  Italian  and  American  publicists,  Svo,  Paris,  1886. 

These  volumes  were  prepared  in  answer  to  a  question  pro- 
pounded by  the  Academy  calling  for  a  comparison  of  the  moral 
and  political  philosophy  of  Plato  and  Aristotle  with  the  doctrines 
of  the  most  celebrated  philosophers  of  modern  times  on  the  same 
subject.  The  author  has  not  only  fulfilled  the  requirements  of 
the  subject  propounded,  but  he  has  written  a  comprehensive  his- 
tory of  moral  and  political  ideas. 

The  descriptions   and  discussions   show  great   critical  ability. 


48  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

They  expound  the  doctrines  on  moral  and  political  subjects  that 
have  been  held ;  they  also  analyze  and  compare  them  with  inge- 
nuity and  judicial  fairness.  In  point  of  style  the  work  is  at  once 
graceful  and  spirited. 

Of  the  four  books  into  which  it  is  divided,  the  first  is  devoted 
to  the  moral  and  political  doctrines  of  antiquity,  the  second  to 
the  Middle  Ages,  the  third  to  the  period  of  the  Renaissance,  and 
the  fourth  to  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries. 

The  work  with  which  it  is  most  naturally  compared  is  Blakey's 
"  History  of  Political  Literature."  It  is  less  encyclopaedic  than  its 
English  counterpart,  but  it  shows  far  more  philosophical  insight 
and  judicial  discrimination.  No  part  of  the  book  is  weak,  but 
probably  most  students  will  regard  the  portion  relating  to  the  pe- 
riod since  the  Renaissance  as  of  the  greatest  importance.  Espe- 
cially noteworthy  are  the  chapters  on  Machiavelli  and  the  Political 
Philosophy  of  the  Reformation. 


Kugler,  Franz  Theodor. — Hand-book  of  Painting.  The  Italian 
Schools.  Revised  and  remodelled  from  the  most  recent  re- 
searches by  Lady  Eastlake,  with  140  Illustrations.  Also  the 
German,  Flemish,  and  Dutch  Schools.  Revised  and  in  part 
rewritten  by  J.  A.  Crowe,  with  GO  Illustrations.  4  vols.,  crown 
8vo,  London,  ISSO. 

The  original  of  this  work  appeared  in  Germany  as  early  as 
1837,  as  a  "  Hand-book  of  the  History  of  Painting,  from  Constan- 
tino the  Great  to  the  Present  Time."  It  was  at  once  recognized  as 
the  most  comprehensive  treatise  on  the  history  of  painting  that 
had  appeared,  and  its  merits  were  such  that  it  was  soon  translated 
into  the  most  important  languages  of  Europe.  The  verdict  of 
universal  approbation  with  which  it  was  at  first  received  has  not 
been  essentially  modified  by  subsequent  study  and  criticism.  The 
author  shows  the  gn)wth  and  development  of  each  school  of 
painting  in  the  form  of  a  graceful  and  interesting  narrative,  while 
at  the  same  time  he  presents  an  array  of  facts  that  make  it  the 
most  valuable  of  all  books  of  reference  on  the  subject.  Tlie  edi- 
tion edited  by  Lady  J^^astlake  and  Mr.  Crowe  contains  some  addi- 


UNIVERSAL   IIISTOKIES.  49 

tions  and  alterations  that  add  very  considerably  to  the  value  of 
this  excellent  liistory. 


La  Harpe,  J.  F. — Lycec,  ou  Coiirs  dc  Litteraturc  Ancienne  ct  Mo- 
derne.  10  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1818.  Of  this  work  there  arc 
several  editions,  but  that  of  1818  is  the  best. 

The  judgment  of  La  Ilarpe  would  not  now  be  received  as  final 
authority  on  any  literary  subject.  But  his  work  has  merits  of  a 
certain  kind  that  entitle  it  still  to  a  place  in  universal  history. 
Its  most  striking  characteristics  are  the  eloquence  with  which  it 
is  written,  and  the  comprehensiveness  of  its  plan.  It  consists  of 
several  courses  of  lectures,  delivered  at  about  the  time  of  the  out- 
break of  the  French  Revolution.  The  author  was  an  ardent  revo- 
lutionist, and  entered  into  his  literary  as  well  as  his  political  work 
with  a  zeal  that  casts  a  glow  of  enthusiasm  over  all  his  pages. 
He  often  gives  the  reader  an  opportunity  to  judge  of  the  works 
he  criticises  by  extracts  translated  and  introduced  into  his  text. 

With  these  merits  there  are  two  serious  defects.  In  the  first 
place,  the  literature  of  France  receives  by  far  too  largo  a  portion 
of  the  attention  of  the  author;  and,  in  the  second  place,  Mhat  is 
perhaps  a  less  pardonable  characteristic,  the  method  of  treatment 
is  unquestionably  somewhat  enthusiastic  and  superficial.  From 
the  fifth  volume  to  the  fourteenth  the  work  is  devoted  almost  ex- 
clusively to  a  description  of  French  literature  from  the  age  of 
Louis  XIV.  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  While,  -therefore, 
the  literature  of  France  is  abundantl}^  if  not  critically,  described, 
that  of  other  nations  receives  altogether  inadequate  treatment. 


Laurent,  F. — Etudes  sur  Tllistoirc  de  I'Humanite.     2''  edition, 
corrigee.     18  vols.,  8vo,  Bruxelles,  1861-70. 

This  is  not  a  continuous  history  so  much  as  a  series  of  mono- 
graphs. The  first  two  volumes  arc  de\'oted  to  the  Orient  and 
Greece ;  the  third,  to  Rome ;  the  fourth,  to  Christianity  ;  the  fifth, 
to  the  Barbarians  and  Catholicism  ;  the  sixth,  to  the  Papacy  and 
the  Empire;  the  seventh,  to  Feudalism   and  the  Church;   the 

4 


50  HISTORICAL  LITERATUKE, 

eiglilli,  to  the  Reformation  ;  the  nintli,  to  the  Rc'Ii2;ious  Wars ; 
the  tenth,  to  the  Nationalities;  the  eleventh,  to  Royalty;  the 
twelfth,  to  the  Philosophy  of  the  Seventeenth  Century  and  Chris- 
tianity ;  the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth,  to  the  French  Revolution  ; 
the  fifteenth,  to  the  Empire ;  the  sixteenth,  to  the  Reli^jious  Re- 
action;  the  seventeenth,  to  the  Religion  of  the  Future;  the  eigli- 
teenth,  to  the  Philosophy  of  History. 

The  author  has  been  a  successful  professor  of  liistory  at  the 
University  of  Ghent  since  1835,  and,  as  the  fruit  of  his  labors, 
has  brought  to  a  close  a  work  which  few  persons  would  have  had 
the  courage  to  attempt,  A  glance  at  the  table  of  contents  is 
enough  to  show  that  he  has  studied  every  stage  of  European  his- 
tor}'  known  to  us  through  written  documents.  It  is  also  but  jus- 
tice to  say  that  he  has  studied  with  great  care  the  contents  of  the 
original  sources  of  information,  as  well  as  the  works  of  the  most 
eminent  scholars  of  all  times  and  countries.  References  to  au- 
thorities are  very  numerous  throughout  the  work.  For  facts 
merely  in  themselves  the  author  cares  very  little,  but  in  such  facts 
as  seem  to  have  influenced  the  destiny  of  man  or  society,  in  help- 
ing or  hindering  the  human  r<ice  in  its  struggle  for  freedom  and 
justice,  he  takes  a  passionate  interest. 

The  argument  pervading  the  work,  and  summed  up  in  the 
last  volume,  is  that  there  is  a  plan  extending  through  and  directing 
human  affairs,  which  has  been  realized  through  the  operations  of 
physical  and  moral  forces;  that  this  plan  did  not  originate  with 
man;  that  it  did  not  originate  with  matter;  that  it  was  not  the 
work  of  chance,  which  is  merely  an  effect  without  a  cause,  and 
that  it  must,  therefore,  be  the  work  of  God.  A  hopeful  spirit — a 
spirit  very  different  from  that  of  Gibbon — pervades  the  work. 
The  author's  conclusions  are  stated  with  a  clearness  and  a  fulness 
worthy  of  all  admiration.  In  the  last  volume  he  reviews  at  length 
Bossuet's  theory  of  the  miraculous  government  of  Providence; 
the  anti(|ne  fatalism  of  Vico;  the  fatalism  of  chance  in  Voltaire 
and  Fred<'rick  II.;  the  fatalism  of  climate  in  Montesquieu;  the 
fatalism  of  nature  in  Herder,  of  race  in  Renan,  of  revolution  in 
Thiers,  of  pantheism  iu  Hegel,  and  of  positivism  in  Comtc  and 
Buckle.  The  author's  criticisms,  though  perhaps  at  times  too 
sharf)ly  and  polemically  expressed,  are  evidently  the  result  of  the 
most  careful  lliought  of  a  man  of  unusual  abilitv. 


UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  51 

Liibke,  William. — Outlines  of  tlic  History  of  Art.  A  New  Trans- 
lation from  the  Seventh  German  Edition.  Edited  by  Clarence 
Cook.  2  vols.,  roy.  8vo,  New  York,  1878  ;  also  2  vols.,  12mo, 
New  York,  1881.  The  edition  edited  by  Mr.  Cook  is  much 
superior  to  the  translation  previously  published  in  England  ;  and 
the  8vo  edition  is  much  superior  to  the  cheaper  reprint. 

This  work,  for  some  years,  has  had  the  reputation  of  being  the 
most  popular  of  tlic  several  hand-books  of  the  history  of  art. 
It  abounds  in  most  carefully  prepared  illustrations,  and  is  perhaps 
equally  adapted  to  interest  and  instruct.  It  is  an  excellent  book 
from  which  to  obtain  the  fundamental  knowledge  necessary  for  a 
good  judgment  concerning  works  of  art. 


May,  Sir  Thomas  Erskine. — Democracy  in  Europe.     A  History. 
2  vols.,  8vo.     New  York,  1878. 

A  judicious  and  valuable,  but  somewhat  disappointing,  sketch 
of  the  progress  of  democratic  ideas  and  methods  from  the  earliest 
ages  down  to  the  present  time. 

After  giving  an  account  of  the  political  constitutions  of  the 
principal  nations  of  antiquity,  the  author  passes  rapidly  over  the 
Middle  Ages,  and  then  portrays  at  greater  length  the  introduction 
of  the  popular  clement  into  modern  governments.  The  progress 
of  democracy  is  traced  in  Switzerland,  in  the  Netherlands,  in 
France,  and  in  England,  nearly  a  half  of  the  whole  work  being 
devoted  to  France  and  England. 

The  use  of  the  book  for  reference  is  made  easy  by  a  very  full 
table  of  contents  and  an  admirable  index. 


Paroz,  Jules. — Ilistoire  Universcllc  dc  la  Pedagogic.  Renfermant 
les  systenics  d'education  et  les  methodes  d'enseignemcnt  dcs 
temps  anciens  et  modernes,  les  biographies  de  tons  les  peda- 
gogues celebres,  le  developpement  progressif  de  I'ecolc  depuis 
le  raoyen  age  jusqu'a,  nos  jours,  la  comparaison  et  la  caracter- 
istique  des  pedagogies  anglaise,  allemande  et  frangaise,  etc.,  etc. 
Troisieme  edition,  corrigee  et  augmentee.      12mo,  Paris,  1880. 


52  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  third  edition  is  :i  very  considerable  enlargement  and  im- 
provement of  the  first  and  second. 

The  author  of  this  admirable  history  of  education  is  a  normal- 
school  director  in  Switzerland,  and  he  has  brought  to  his  task  the 
results  of  a  careful  study  of  the  subject.  His  theory  is  that,  if 
we  would  make  wise  and  sure  progress  in  the  art  of  teaching,  we 
must  "  take  counsel  of  history,"  in  order  that  it  may  "  instruct  us 
in  the  principles,  the  processes,  the  experiences,  the  successes,  and 
the  deceptions  of  those  who  have  preceded  us"  in  the  work.  In 
the  spirit  indicated  by  this  sentence,  he  has  passed  in  review  the 
methods  of  the  principal  systems  of  education,  as  well  as  the  work 
of  the  principal  educationists,  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  the 
present  day. 

The  first  fifty-five  pages  are  devoted  to  the  history  of  educa- 
tion before  the  advent  of  Christianity  ;  and  about  the  same  num- 
ber to  the  Middle  Ages  and  the  Renaissance.  Nearly  two  hundred 
pages  follow  on  education  during  the  time  from  Luther  to  Pcsta- 
lozzi.  More  than  half  of  the  volume,  accordingly,  is  given  up  to 
a  description  of  the  methods,  theories,  and  improvements  of  the 
present  century. 

The  work  is  necessarily  compendious  in  form,  and  the  reader 
may  find  himself  inclined  to  complain  that  too  little  is  said  on 
the  individual  topics  brought  under  discussion.  But  the  method 
and  the  scope  are  admirable.  The  style  is  spirited,  and  the  sub- 
jects for  treatment  have  been  selected  with  judicious  discrim- 
ination. 


Schlegel,  Augustus  William. — A  Course  of  Lectures  on  Dra- 
matic Art  and  ijiterature.  Translated  by  John  Black,  and  lie- 
vised,  according  to  the  last  Oorman  edition,  by  A.  J.  W.  Morri- 
son.    Crown  8v(),  London,  1840.^ 

The  thirty  lectures  that  go  to  make  up  this  volume  were  de- 
livered at  Vienna  in  1808,  and  were  deemed  so  important  as  to  be 
regarded  as  one  of  the  groat  events  of  that  eventful  year.  They 
wore  listened  to  by  Madame  do  Stai'l  with  enthusiasm,  and  were 
liailed  throughout  Europe  with  the  most  marked  expressions  of 


UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  53 

approbation.  The  scope  of  the  autlior's  purpose  was  no  less 
than  a  survey  of  everything  reniarkable  that  has  been  composed 
for  the  theatre  from  the  time  of  the  Greeks  down  to  the  present 
day.  The  extraordinary  merit  of  the  work  consists  of  a  remark- 
able combination  of  exact  critical  discrimination  with  the  elo- 
quence of  an  orator  and  the  imagination  of  a  poet.  The  great 
learning  and  the  all-comprehending  erudition  of  the  author  are 
in  no  way  displayed  except  by  his  perfect  knowledge  of  the  nu- 
merous works  he  describes.  He  analyzes  with  great  ability  the 
principles  on  which  both  tragedy  and  comedy  rest,  and  gives  us 
in  a  few  pages  the  results  of  the  study  of  a  lifetime.  He  shows 
not  only  great  depth  of  philosophy  and  great  fertility  of  imag- 
ination, but  also  great  clearness  of  critical  insight;  and,  there- 
fore, while  the  book  glows  with  warmth,  it  is  quite  free  from 
indefinite  and  unmeaning  terms  as  well  as  from  exaggerated  ex- 
pressions. As  a  work  of  literary  art  the  volume  probably  has 
no  superior  in  the  whole  range  of  literary  criticism. 


Schlegel,  Frederick. — Lectures  on  the  History  of  Literature,  An- 
cient and  Modern,  now  first  completely  translated.  Crown  8vo, 
London  and  New  York,  1859. 

By  many  critics  this  is  regarded  as  the  most  masterly  of  Fred- 
erick Schlegel's  works.  It  is  everywhere  in  Germany  recognized 
as  a  work  of  genius,  and  is  looked  upon  with  pride  as  a  national 
possession.  The  lectures  were  delivered  at  Vienna  in  the  year 
1812,  while  Austria  was  still  engaged  in  the  conflict  with  Napo- 
leon. The  work  consists  of  a  rich  and  eloquent  survey  of  litera- 
ture, as  a  whole,  and,  as  a  general  view,  is  unquestionably  the 
ablest  and  most  satisfactory  that  has  ever  been  made. 

The  author  begins  his  course  with  a  discussion  of  the  influence 
of  literature  on  the  mode  of  life  and  on  the  moral  dignity  of  na- 
tions, and  ends  with  a  characterization  of  the  literature  of  Ger- 
many under  the  overpowering  influence  of  Fichte  and  Goethe. 
The  book  is  calculated  to  make  a  profound  impression  on  every 
thoughtful  student,  and  is  almost  worthy  to  rank  with  his  broth- 
er's Avork  on  the  literature  of  the  drama. 


54  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Schnaase,  Karl. — Cxesclnclite  dcr  bildenden  Kiinsto.    Verbesscrte 

and  verniehrte  Auflage.     8  vols.,  8vo,  Diisseldorf,  1866-76. 

This  is  so  far  above  all  other  histories  of  the  arts  of  design 
that  it  really  holds  a  place  in  literature  quite  by  itself.  It  is 
a  complete  survey  ot  art,  written  in  the  most  philosophical 
spirit,  and  in  a  style  as  charming  as  it  is  instructive.  To  the 
preparation  of  the  original  work  the  author  devoted  some  twenty- 
five  years,  and  he  spent  ten  years  on  the  work  of  revision  for  the 
second  edition.  The  volumes  are  justly  regarded  as  a  masterpiece 
of  German  thoroughness  and  German  spirit,  and  it  may  well  be 
held  as  one  of  the  treasures  of  modern  literature. 

The  first  two  vohimes  are  devoted  to  a  survey  of  ancient  art ; 
the  third,  to  what  is  called  Early.  Christian,  Mohammedan,  and 
Carlovingian  art ;  the  fourth,  to  the  period  of  the  Romanesque ; 
the  fifth,  to  Gothic  ;  the  sixth,  to  art  in  the  later  Middle  Ages 
until  the  time  of  Van  Eyck ;  the  seventh,  to  early  art  in  Italy; 
the  eighth,  to  the  closing  period  at  the  end  of  the  fifteenth  century. 
The  author  wrote  with  a  warm  conviction  that  art  has  a  moral 
and  spiritual  purpose,  and  that  it  lives  its  true  life  in  the  sphere 
of  faith  and  humanitv. 


Schmidt,  Dr;  Karl.  —  Geschichte  der  Padagogik  dargestcllt  in 
weltgoschichtlicher  Entwickclung  und  im  organischen  Zusam- 
menliango  mit  dem  Cnlturlel>cn  der  Volker.  Yierte  vielfach 
vermehrte  und  verbesscrte  Auflage,  von  Dr.  Wichard  Lange.  4 
vols.,  8vo,  Kothen,  1874-83. 

Since  the  first  edition  of  this  work  appeared  in  1862,  it  has  been 
recognized  as  the  most  comprehensive  and  the  most  important 
of  tiie  several  general  histories  of  education.  It  shows  the  char- 
acteristics of  tiic  best  type  of  German  scholarship.  The  author 
filled  the  office  of  scliool  director  for  many  years,  and  he  brought 
to  the  preparation  of  his  history  not  only  a  ripe  experience,  but 
a  scholarly  familiarity  with  educational  methods  and  ideas  in  all 
periods  and  countries. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  liistory  of  education  before 
tlie  time  of  Christ ;  the  second,  to  the  period  between  the  Christian 
era  and  the  Ileformation  ;  the  third,  to  the  period  between  Luther 


UNIVERSAL  HISTOllIES.  55 

and  Pestalozzi ;  and  the  fourth,  from  Pestalozzi  to  the  present 
time.  The  fourth  volume  contains  more  than  a  thousand  pages, 
descriptive  of  educational  methods  and  systems  during  the  pres- 
ent century. 

The  author's'  method  of  treatment  is  not  simply  descriptive, 
but  is  eminently  philosophical.  The  work  is  one  which  no  stu- 
dent of  education  can  fail  to  profit  by  reading. 


Ueberweg,  Dr.  Friedrich.— A  History  of  Philosophy,  from  Thales 
to  the  Present  Time.  Translated  from  the  fourth  German 
edition,  by  George  S.  Morris,  with  Additions  by  Noah  Porter. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1872. 

Of  the  numerous  histories  of  philosophy  that  have  been  pub- 
lished, this  is  doubtless  the  one  of  greatest  intrinsic  value.  It 
covers  the  whole  ground  of  the  liistory  of  the  development  of 
philosophic  ideas,  was  written  by  one  of  the  most  eminent  inter- 
preters of  philosophic  thought,  and  has  been  translated  with  rare 
fidelity  and  skill.  As  a  guide  for  the  use  of  a  studeiit  of  the  his- 
tory of  philosophy  it  is  invaluable  and  unequalled,  not  only  for 
its  exposition  of  the  ideas  and  methods  of  different  philosophers, 
but  also  for  the  rich  stores  of  its  bibliographical  information. 
Not  the  least  part  of  the  author's  object  was  to  indicate  the  best 
that  has  been  written  on  the  various  philosophical  theories  and 
methods. 


Whewell,  William. — History  of  the  Inductive  Sciences,  from  the 
Earliest  to  the  Present  Time.  3d  ed.,  with  Additions.  3  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1857  ;  2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1858. 

This  may  properly  be  called  one  of  the  great  books  of  the  last 
half-century.  The  author  was  a  man  whose  prodigious  learning- 
made  him  one  of  the  intellectual  wonders  of  the  last  generation; 
but  what  was  scarcely  less  remarkable  than  his  learning  was  the 
subordination  in  which  his  attainments  were  held  by  his  good 
sense  and  good  judgment. 


56  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

"  The  Relations  of  Greek  Philosophy  to  the  Physical  Sciences ;" 
the  "  Physical  Sciences  in  Antiquity  ;"  the  "  Physical  Sciences  in 
the  Middle  Ages;"  the  "Mechanical  Sciences;"  the  "Analytical 
Sciences,"  and  the  "Organical  Sciences,"  are  the  titles  under  which 
the  eighteen  books  of  this  remarkable  work  are  grouped.  To  the 
general  student,  the  book  on  the  scientific  ideas  prevailing  in  the 
Middle  Ages  will  probably  be  found  of  most  especial  interest  and 
value.  The  additions  incorporated  in  the  third  edition  are  of 
much  importance. 


Woltmann,  Alfred,  and  Woermann,  Karl. — History  of  Painting. 

Translated  from  the  German.  Edited  by  Sydney  Colvin.  Vol. 
I.,  Ancient,  Early  Christian,  and  Mediaeval  Painting.  8vo, 
London  and  New  York,  1880. 

This  work,  only  the  first  volume  of  which  has  yet  appeared, 
promises  to  be  the  most  complete  and  trustworthy  history  of 
painting  yet  written.  The  plan  is  more  comprehensive  than  that 
of  Kuglcr,  and  the  first  volume  gives  unmistakable  evidence  of 
comprehensive  learning  as  well  as  of  judicious  discrimination. 
The  work  is  written  with  spirit — at  times  even  with  eloquence — 
and  therefore  it  is  well  adapted  to  entertain  the  general  reader, 
as  well  as  to  instruct  the  searcher  after  technical  knowledge.  The 
type  and  illustrations  are  sumptuous.  Every  step  in  the  work  is 
marked  with  ample  learning,  and  the  whole  presents  the  most 
attractive  view  of  ancient  painting  yet  produced. 

The  first  volume  is  divided  into  two  parts — part  first  being  de- 
voted to  painting  in  Egypt,  Greece,  and  Rome ;  part  second  to 
mcdifoval  art.  The  death  of  Professor  "Woltmann,  having  oc- 
curred since  the  publication  of  the  first  volume,  may  prevent  that 
evenness  of  excellence  in  the  completed  work  of  which  the  por- 
tion already  published  gave  such  ample  promise. 


UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  57 

III.    WORKS    ON    THE    PHILOSOPHY    OF  HISTORY. 

Bisset,  Andrew.— Essays  on  Historical  Tnitli.    Svo,  London,  1871. 

The  papers  bronglit  tofjether  in  tliis  volume  were  written  by 
one  of  the  most  critical  of  modern  Englisli  students  and  writers 
of  history.  They  are  therefore  of  extreme  importance  to  the 
student.  The  first  essay  aims  to  establish  a  negative  answer  to 
the  question,  "Is  there  a  Science  of  Government?"  Then  follow 
seven  essays  on  "liobbcs,"  "James  Mill,"  "Hume,"  "Sir  Wal- 
ter Scott,"  "The  Government  of  the  Commonwealth  and  the 
Government  of  Cromwell,"  "Prince  Henry,"  "Sir  Thomas  Over- 
bury,"  Though  these  essays  have  to  do  very  largely  with  indi- 
vidual characters,  they  are  pervaded  with  the  ideas  of  the  author 
on  the  general  subject  of  the  volume.  Mr.  Bisset  seems  always 
to  be  writing  in  general  support  of  the  thesis  that  historical  truth 
can  be  reached  only  with  extreme  difficulty,  and  that  at  least  a 
very  considerable  number  of  those  who  have  professed  to  give 
the  truth  have  given  nothing  but  error.  Each  of  the  writers 
taken  in  hand  is  subjected  to  searching  criticism,  and  the  result 
is  generally  quite  damaging  to  the  value  of  the  works  considered. 
The  examinations  are  made  in  the  best  spirit  of  modern  English 
criticism.  The  book,  as  a  whole,  is  one  of  the  best  that  a  stu- 
dent of  modern  history  can  read.  Though  it  does  not  profess 
to  give  a  philosophy  of  history,  it  teaches  with  admirable  spirit 
and  force  the  methods  in  which  historical  investigation  should  be 
carried  on. 


Buckle,  Henry  Thomas. — History  of  Civilization  in  England.  2 
vols.,  Svo,  London  and  New  York,  1861  ;  and  3  vols.,  12mo, 
London  and  New  York,  1875. 

Tlie  appearance  of  the  first  volume  of  this  celebrated  work  in 
1857  raised  the  author  at  once  from  obscurity  to  literary  and 
social  renown.  The  book  was  everywhere  talked  of  as  a  phenom- 
enal work  of  a  new  genius.  Nor  was  it  until  after  the  author's 
death,  in  1862,  that  the  reading  world  recovered  its  equanimity 
sufficiently  to  estimate  the  work  at  its  real  value. 


58  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  author's  preparation  for  his  history  was  of  a  very  unusual 
kind.  He  was  a  self-made  man  ;  or,  rather,  it  should  be  said  that 
he  never  attended  school,  but  was  taught  exclusively  by  his  mother. 
Thus  unaccustomed  from  earliest  life  to  measure  himself  and  his 
attainments  with  those  about  him,  it  is  not  strange  that  he  was 
dogmatic  and  unfamiliar  with  the  limitations  of  his  own  knowl- 
edge. He  appears  through  life  to  have  had  those  peculiarities  of 
uneven  development  so  often  observed  in  self-made  men.  These 
peculiarities  doubtless  had  much  to  do  in  shaping  the  nature  of 
his  book.  The  general  and  technical  learning  of  Buckle  was  pro- 
digious. He  was  so  complete  a  master  of  all  the  principal  lan- 
guages of  Europe,  both  ancient  and  modern,  that  he  read  them 
with  ease  and  with  such  astonishing  rapidity  as  to  master  several 
volumes  in  a  day.  From  these  he  always  took  more  or  less  co- 
pious notes.  In  the  specific  work  of  preparing  for  the  writing 
of  his  history  he  habitually  spent,  we  are  told,  not  less  than  about 
ten  hours  a  day  for  seventeen  years. 

The  portion  of  the  work  which  Buckle  lived  to  complete  is 
only  a  gigantic  fragment  of  a  general  introduction.  In  this  in- 
troduction it  was  his  purpose  both  to  state  the  principles  and 
laws  which  govern  human  progress,  and  also  to  exemplify  these 
principles  and  laws  through  the  histories  of  certain  nations  char- 
acterized by  peculiar  features,  especially  though  the  histories  of 
Spain,  Scotland,  the  United  States,  and  Germany.  The  principles 
and  laws  that  he  purposed  to  establish  were  stated  with  sufficient 
clearness  in  the  first  volume.  The  most  important  of  these  may 
be  abbreviated  into  the  following  form.  1.  The  metaphysical 
dogma  of  free-will  rests  on  an  erroneous  belief  in  the  infallibility 
of  consciousness.  2.  It  is  proved  by  history,  and  especially  by 
statistics,  that  human  actions  are  governed  by  laws  as  fixed  and 
regular  as  those  which  rule  in  the  physical  world.  3.  Climate, 
soil,  food,  and  the  aspects  of  nature  are  the  principal  causes  of 
intellectual  progress.  4.  The  great  distinction  between  European 
and  non-European  history  and  civilization  is  in  the  fact  that  in 
Europe  man  is  stronger  than  nature,  while  elsewhere  nature  has 
been  stronger  than  man.  5.  Human  progress  lias  been  due  not 
to  moral  agencies,  which  are  stationary,  and  which  balance  one  an- 
other in  such  a  way  that  their  infiucncc  is  unfclt  over  any  long- 
period,  but  to  intellectual  activity,  which  has  been  constantly  vary- 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  59 

ing  and  advancing;  or,  as  the  author  puts  it,  "  The  actions  of  in- 
dividuals arc  greatly  affected  by  their  moral  feelings  and  passions; 
but  these,  being  antagonistic  to  the  passions  and  feelings  of  other 
individuals,  are  balanced  by  theui,  so  that  the  effect  is,  in  the  great 
average  of  human  affairs,  nowhere  to  be  seen,  and  the  total  actions 
of  mankind,  considered  as  a  whole,  are  left  to  be  regulated  by  the 
total  knowledge  of  which  mankind  is  possessed."  G.  Religion,  lit- 
erature, and  government  are,  at  the  best,  but  the  products,  and  not 
the  cause,  of  civilization.  7.  Civilization  progresses  with  the  ad- 
vance of  scepticism — the  disposition  to  doubt  and  investigate — 
and  in  opposition  to  creclulitij,  or  the  protective  spii'it — a  dispo- 
sition to  maintain  without  examination  established  beliefs  and 
practices.  The  fragmentary  nature  of  the  work  may  be  inferred 
from  the  fact  that  the  whole  of  the  second  volume  and  a  large 
part  of  the  first  are  devoted  to  substantiating  the  last  of  the 
above  theses. 

Though  these  volumes  show  great  breadth  and  acuteness  of 
reasoning,  as  well  as  an  almost  unrivalled  amount  of  learning,  it 
must  be  admitted  that  the  more  carefully  they  are  read,  the  more 
inadequate  do  the  proofs  appear.  Not  only  that,  but  they  arc 
not  free  from  inconsistencies  fatal  to  successful  argumentation. 
For  example,  although  the  author  asserts  that  great  men,  govern- 
ments, and  religion  have  almost  no  influence  on  civilization,  he 
shows  at  great  length  the  immense  influence  of  Richelieu,  Vol- 
taire, Adam  Smith,  and  others.  And,  again,  though  in  one  place 
he  asserts  that  "  we  have  the  testimony  of  all  history  to  prove  the 
extreme  fallibility  of  consciousness,"  in  another  he  builds  up  an 
argument  for  immortality  on  "the  yearnings  of  the  affections  to 
regain  communion  with  the  beloved  dead — on  the  impossibility 
of  standing  up  and  living,  if  we  believed  the  separation  were 
final."  As  these  characteristics  of  the  woi'k  have  come  to  be 
more  and  more  fully  comprehended,  its  importance  in  the  estima- 
tion of  scholars  has  more  and  more  declined. 

But,  in  spite  of  these  defects,  some  portions  of  the  work  have 
great  value.  The  chapters  in  the  first  volume  on  "France  before 
the  Revolution  "  may  be  read  with  profit  by  every  student  of  that 
period.  It  should  also  be  added  that  many  students  who  even 
reject  the  author's  general  conclusions  have  been  filled  by  him 
with  a  glowing  enthusiasm  for  historical  study. 


60  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Comte,  Augusts. — The  Positive  Pliilosopliy.  Freely  translated 
and  condensed  by  Harriet  Martineau.  2  vols.,  8vo.  London 
and  New  York,  1854. 

A  condensation  into  more  convenient  form  of  the  "  Cours  de 
Philosophic  Positive,"  delivered  and  published  by  Comte  during 
the  years  between  1830  and  1842.  The  lectures,  spread  over  so 
long  a  period,  contained  much  of  repetition,  and  therefore  the 
form  of  Miss  Martineau's  translation  is  an  improvement  on  the 
original  for  the  purposes  of  the  scholar. 

The  second  volume  alone  has  to  do  with  history.  It  presents, 
in  elaborate  form,  what  the  author  regarded  as  the  fundamental 
law  of  historical  evolution,  the  so-called  law  of  the  three  states. 
These  three  states,  according  to  Comte's  philosophy,  are  the  suc- 
cessive stages  through  which  the  mind  of  man,  in  nations  and  in 
individuals,  is  destined  to  pass  in  the  course  of  its  history.  The 
first  stage  is  the  theological.  The  lowest  and  earliest  form  of 
this  stage  is  fetichism ;  the  next,  polytheism;  the  next,  monothe- 
ism. The  second  is  the  metaphysical.  In  this  stage  theology 
dies,  and  abstract  forces  take  the  place  of  supernatural  agents. 
Phenomena  are  now  supposed  to  be  due,  not  to  supernatural 
agency,  but  to  inherent  causes  and  forces.  The  search  for  these 
in  metaphysical  speculation  is  in  vain,  and  therefore,  in  its  despair, 
the  mind  reaches  out  into  its  third  and  last  sphere  or  stage,  that 
of  positive  science.  The  mind  now  gives  up  the  illusions  of  child- 
hood and  youth,  ceases  to  fancy  that  it  can  rea'son  out  the  secrets 
of  the  universe,  and  confines  itself  to  what  it  can  know  and  learn 
bv  actual  experience  of  the  properties  and  relations  of  existence 
and  succession. 

This  theory  is  the  basis  of  the  historical  philosophy  of  Buckle, 
Spencer,  Mill,  and  many  others,  and,  consequently,  it  is  to  be  re- 
garded as  one  of  great  importance.  But  while  it  is  wrought  out 
with  a  fascinating  clearness  of  expression  and  simplicity  of  style, 
it  is  not  free  from  very  serious  defects  as  an  argument.  The 
most  noteworthy  of  these  defects  is  a  constant  tendency  to  the 
assumption  of  facts  that  are  inadmissible.  For  a  single  example, 
the  author  takes  the  ground  that  individual  man,  in  his  primitive 
state,  is,  Hrst  of  all,  rcligioiis  ;  that,  after  being  religious,  lie  tends  to 
be  nictapiiysical ;  and  that,  linally,  he  tends  to  give  himself  up  to 


UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  61 

the  scientific  method,  i.  e.  to  the  examination  of  the  objects  about 
him.  This  appears  to  be  the  exact  reverse  of  the  fact.  We  may 
safely  presume  that  a  man  thinks  about  food  and  shelter  before 
he  thinks  of  a  fetich ;  and  while  he  is  thinking  of  food  and  shel- 
ter, and  providing  for  them,  he  is  acting,  however  humbly,  in  strict 
accordance  with  the  spirit  and  methods  of  what  Comte  calls  pos- 
itive science.  The  author's  historical  knowledge  also  was  exceed- 
ingly defective,  and  consequently  the  book  abounds  in  statements 
and  assumptions  that  are  unwarranted  by  facts. 


Droysen,  Joh.  Gust.  —  Grundriss  der  Ilistorik.     Dritte  umgear- 

beitete  Auflage.     8vo,  Leipsic,  1882. 

This  little  volume  or  pamphlet,  of  less  than  a  hundred  pages,  is 
an  outline  of  the  author's  lectures  on  methods  of  historical  study 
and  composition.  The  accompanying  essays  give  a  clear  notion 
of  the  author's  philosopliy  of  history.  The  first  of  these  essays 
was  written  on  the  appearance  of  Buckle's  work,  and  is  entitled 
"  The  Elevation  of  History  to  the  Rank  of  a  Science."  The  most 
important  positions  of  Buckle  are  carefully  examined,  the  author 
holding  them  to  be  untenable.  The  other  essays  are  on  the  sub- 
jects "  Nature  and  History  "  and  "  Art  and  Method,"  and  are  writ- 
ten, as  the  author  declares,  for  the  purpose  of  marking  the  proper 
boundaries  between  dilettanteism,  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  claims 
of  exact  science,  on  the  other.  The  body  of  the  work  is  a  sylla- 
bus of  lectures  on  the  nature  and  purposes  of  history,  the  methods 
of  historical  criticism,  interpretation,  and  representation.  The 
book  is  of  considerable  value  as  an  analytical  presentation  of  the 
methods  recommended  by  one  of  the  foremost  and  one  of  the 
most  active  historical  writers  and  teachers  of  Germany. 


Flint,  Robert.— The  Philosophy  of  History  in  France  and  Ger- 
many.    8vo,  London,  1874, 

A  book  of  conspicuous  ability.  It  is  a  very  able  and  crit- 
ical account  of  the  principal  efforts  that  have  been  made  in 
France  and  Germany  to  comprehend  and  explain  the  history  of 


62  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

mankind.  It  also  attempts  to  give  a  philosophical  estimate  of 
the  success  of  these  efforts.  The  volume  is  a  valuable  record  of 
what  has  been  attempted  in  the  philosophical  study  of  history,  of 
what  success  has  been  achieved,  and  of  the  nature  and  causes  of 
the  failures  that  have  been  experienced. 

It  is  not  a  book  with  which  students  will  at  all  points  agree, 
but  it  is  one  every  page  of  which  is  entitled  to  the  most  respectful 
consideration.  It  may  be  called  a  history  of  the  philosophy  of 
history  in  France  and  Germany.  After  an  introduction  of  some 
sixty  pages,  the  author  enters  at  once  upon  the  discussion  of  the 
characteristics  of  those  French  and  German  writers  whose  works 
he  deems  worthy  of  examination.  In  general,  the  author  is  very 
critical,  if  not  severe,  in  his  judgments.  It  is  only  occasionally, 
as,  for  example,  when  describing  the  works  of  Michelet  and  Qui- 
net,  that  he  approaches  anything  like  enthusiasm.  He  seems, 
indeed,  to  have  found  that  very  little  success  has  been  achieved. 

The  author,  in  his  preface,  indicates  a  purpose,  at  a  future  time, 
to  describe  and  criticise  the  general  philosophies  of  history  that 
have  appeared  in  England  and  Italy  ;  to  indicate  what  light  has 
been  thrown  on  the  course,  laws,  and  significance  of  human  devel- 
opment by  the  progress  of  the  sciences,  and  to  notice  the  chief 
contributions  that  have  been  made  to  the  discussion  of  the  special 
problems  of  historical  speculation. 


Hegel,  George  William  Frederick. — Lectures  on  the  Philosophy 
of  Ilistory.  Translated  by  J.  Sibree.  Crown  8vo,  London, 
1870.  The  best  edition  of  the  original  work  is  that  edited  by 
the  philosopher's  son,  Charles  Ilegel,  and  published  in  1840. 

Of  all  systems  of  philosophy  the  Hegelian  is  probably  the  most 
profoundly  and  essentially  historical.  Its  fimdamental  idea  is 
that  of  one  vast  process  or  movement,  of  which  what  we  call  his- 
tory is  one  of  the  stages.  Ilegers  Philosophy  of  History,  there- 
fore, was  an  essential  part  of  his  System  of  Philosophy. 

The  work  begins  by  declaring  that  history  is  of  three  kinds — 
original,  reflective,  and  jihilosophical :  original,  when  the  histo- 
rian, witljout  comment,  narrates  what  he  himself  heard  or  saw ; 
reflective,  wlien  lie  transcends  personal  experience  and  exercises 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  63 

his  powers  of  reflection,  criticism,  and  generalization  in  order  to 
convey  a  representation  of  some  epocli  or  phase  of  liuman  life ; 
and  philosophical,  when  it  unfolds  and  explains  the  development 
of  the  universal  spirit  of  society,  lie  then  proceeds  to  show  the 
province  of  this  spirit  of  society.  It  avails  itself  of  the  appetites, 
passions,  private  interests,  and  opinions  of  individuals  in  such  a 
way  as  to  secure  profit  to  itself  out  of  their  loss,  evolving  from 
their  excesses  such  principles  of  truth  and  justice  as  are  calculated 
and  designed  to  regulate  and  restrain  them.  It  often  manifests  it- 
self in  great  men,  whose  private  aims  are  its  purposes.  The  hap- 
piness or  misery  of  individuals,  therefore,  is  no  essential  element  in 
the  rational  order  of  the  universe.  Such  experiences  are  only  the 
development  of  spirit,  and,  therefore,  "those  persons  who  condemn 
what  is,  as  not  what  it  ought  to  be,  are  superficial,  fault-finding, 
and  envious."  "  The  real  is  rational,  and  the  rational  real."  The 
basis  of  all  social  and  rational  life  is  the  State,  inasmuch  as  the 
State  insures  the  union  of  the  individual  will  with  the  universal 
will — a  union  under  which  alone  there  can  be  true  and  rational 
freedom.  Each  nation  and  each  epoch  has  its  own  characteristic 
principle.  The  great  epochs  of  history  have  been  three  in  num- 
ber— the  Oriental,  the  Gra3co-Roman,  and  the  Modern  or  Germanic. 
In  the  first,  the  infinite  and  the  substantial  predominate;  in  the 
second,  the  finite  and  the  individual ;  in  the  third,  the  infinite  and 
the  finite.  The  particular  phases  of  these  characteristics  the  au- 
thor proceeds  to  show  by  passing  in  review  the  nations  of  ancient, 
mediaeval,  and  modern  time. 

An  excellent  summary  of  the  work  is  given  in  the  small  vol- 
ume by  Professor  George  S.  Morris,  on  Hegel's  Philosophy  of 
History  and  of  Politics,  Chicago,  1887. 


Montesquieu,  Baron  de. — The  Spirit  of  Laws.  Translated  from 
the  French  by  Thomas  Nugent.  A  new  edition,  carefully  re- 
vised and  compared  with  the  best  Paris  edition,  to  which  are 
prefixed  a  Memoir  of  the  Life  and  Writings  of  the  Author,  and 
an  Analysis  of  the  work,  by  M.  d'Alcmbert.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Cin- 
cinnati, 1873. 

This  celebrated  work  was  first  publislied  in  1748.     Though  it 


64  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

had  been  condemned  by  both  of  the  literary  friends  to  whom 
Montesquieu  had  submitted  the  manuscript,  as  likely  to  destroy 
the  literary  reputation  of  the  author,  he  not  only  determined  to 
put  it  forth  in  defiance  of  their  advice,  but  in  his  preface  he  even 
congratulated  himself  that  he  had  been  able  to  produce  a  work 
not  altogether  destitute  of  genius.  The  reception  of  the  volume 
fully  justified  the  author's  confidence.  So  great  and  immediate 
was  its  success  that  within  little  more  than  a  year  it  went  through 
twenty-two  editions,  and  was  translated  into  nearly  all  the  impor- 
tant languages  of  Europe.  The  great  object  of  the  work  was  to 
show,  not  what  laws  ought  to  be,  but  how  the  diversities  in  the 
physical  and  moral  circumstances  of  the  human  race  have  contrib- 
uted to  produce  variations  in  their  political  establishments  and 
municipal  regulations.  The  plan  of  the  work  was  quite  new,  and 
perhaps  justified  the  somewhat  ostentatious  motto  prefixed  to  it 
by  its  author,  "  Prolem  sine  matre  creatamy 

In  the  prosecution  of  his  plan  the  author  was  carried  into  the 
study  of  the  various  characteristics  of  the  different  nations  of  an- 
cient and  modern  time.  On  the  basis  of  these  investigations  into 
the  conditions  of  society  it  was  his  effort  to  explain  and  account 
for  the  varying  aims  of  the  legislator,  as  well  as  the  nature  of  the 
government  and  the  manners  of  the  people.  While  he  thuf- 
opened  inexhaustible  and  hitherto  unknown  resources  to  the  stu- 
dent of  jurisprudence,  he  marked  out  to  the  legislator  the  extent 
and  limit  of  his  power. 

Though  this  view  of  political  history  has  been  followed  out 
with  great  success  by  various  authors  since  the  time  of  Montes- 
quieu, the  "  Spirit  of  Laws  "  was  the  first  ever  to  present  it  in  any 
complete  form.  It  was  this  fact  which  gave  point  to  the  saying 
of  Voltaire,  that  "  when  the  human  race  had  lost  their  titles,  Mon- 
tesquieu found  and  restored  them."  Throughout  Europe  Montes- 
quieu was  at  once  recognized  as  a  kind  of  legislator  of  nations, 
and  the  founder  of  the  philosophy  of  jurisprudence  and  politics. 

The  chapters  are  short,  and  the  book  is  written  in  a  peculiarly 
terse  and  epigrammatic  style.  Of  the  vastness  of  the  author's 
range  of  knowledge  no  adequate  notion  can  be  formed  without 
an  examination  of  the  work.  This  knowledge,  however,  was  often 
inexact,  a  fact  which  detracts  greatly  from  what  otherwise  would 
have  been  the  value  of  the  work. 


.  UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  65 

Schlegel,  Frederick. — The  Philosopliy  of  History,  in  a  Course 
of  Lectures  delivered  at  Vienna.  Translated  from  the  German 
by  James  Burton  Robertson.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1835; 
and  1  vol.,  crown  Svo,  London,  18G9. 


The  author  of  this  course  of  lectures  liad  prepared  himself  for 
the  work  by  a  long  series  of  remarkable  studies.  In  tlic  early 
years  of  his  career,  he  liad  carried  on  investigations  in  the  history 
and  literature  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  with  such  success  as  to 
win  hearty  commendations  from  men  like  Heyne,  Wolf,  Humboldt, 
and  Boeckh.  He  had  then  turned  his  attention  to  other  branches 
of  knowledge  with  similar  success.  His  lectures  on  the  Philoso- 
phy of  History  were  the  conclusion  of  a  long  literary  career.  He 
therefore  not  only  came  to  his  work  at  a  time  of  extraordinary 
philosophical  activity,  but  he  also  brought  to  it  a  mind  stored 
with  the  fruits  of  a  rich  and  varied  experience. 

The  lectures  are  characterized  by  an  unquestionable  amplitude 
of  knowledge,  and  by  a  certain  skill  and  completeness  of  treat- 
ment. But  to  most  readers  of  the  present  day  the  course  will  be 
disappointing.  His  central  idea  is  that  the  first  problem  of  phi- 
losophy is  the  restoration  in  man  of  the  lost  image  of  God.  "  To 
point  out  historically  in  reference  to  the  whole  human  race,  and 
in  the  outward  conduct  and  experience  of  life,  the  progress  of 
this  restoration  in  the  various  periods  of  the  world  constitutes 
the  object  of  tho  Philosophy  of  History."  His  effort  is  to  show 
that  in  the  first  age  of  the  world  the  original  word  of  Divine 
Revelation  formed  the  firm  central  point  of  faith  for  the  future 
reunion  of  the  dispersed  race  of  man  ;  that  in  the  second,  or 
middle  age,  it  was  alone  the  power  of  eternal  love  in  the  Christian 
religion  which  truly  emancipated  mankind ;  that  in  the  third,  or 
last  period,  the  pure  light  of  Divine  truth,  universally  diffused,  is 
to  crown  the  progress  of  this  worlv  of  restoration.  The  progress 
of  this  restoration,  he  holds,  can  only  be  indicated  by  a  rapid 
sketch  of  the  different  nations  in  various  periods  in  the  history 
of  the  world.  In  the  prosecution  of  his  purpose  he  describes,  at 
very  considerable  length,  the  characteristics  of  the  history  of 
China,  as  well  as  those  of  the  history  of  India.  He  then  pro- 
ceeds to  a  discussion  in  a  similar  spirit  of  the  institutions  and 
tendencies  of  Greece  and  Rome,  and  those  of  modern  time. 

5 


66  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE, 

The  learning  and  the  genius  of  the  author  are  manifest  through- 
out. But  while  the  book  is  sure  to  interest  the  reader,  it  is  not 
likely  to  convince  him.  The  fundamental  error  of  the  book  is 
that  its  argument  presupposes  an  admission  in  regard  to  the  early 
condition  of  the  race  which  the  beliefs  of  the  world  will  by  no 
means  justify.  To  the  large  class  of  persons  who  reject  his  first 
assumption,  therefore,  the  argument  can  have  no  possible  signifi- 
cance. 


IV.   SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND   KEADEKS. 

1.  For  a  bird's-eye  view  of  universal  history,  Freeman's  little 
book  is  preferable  to  all  others.  Swinton's  is  also  a  very  useful 
book  for  the  same  purpose.  Tytler's  "  Universal  History "  is 
fuller,  but  is  ill-adapted  to  general  reading.  As  there  are  but  few 
good  universal  histories  in  English,  the  student  must  either  resort 
to  French  or  German,  or  select  in  succession  the  best  books  on 
the  most  important  single  periods.  After  a  mastery  of  Freeman 
or  Swinton,  the  student  will  do  well  to  pursue  the  latter  course. 
The  larger  works  in  English  on  universal  history  will  be  found 
uninteresting  and  discouraging.  Rotteck's  book,  at  one  time  very 
popular,  is  no  longer  to  be  regarded  as  a  perfectly  trustworthy 
authority,  though  it  is  perhaps  more  free  from  the  fault  of  dul- 
ness  than  any  of  the  other  books  in  our  language.  The  volumes 
in  the  series  known  as  "  Epochs  of  History  "  are  worthy  of  special 
commendation  in  this  connection.  Each  of  the  volumes  is  com- 
plete in  itself.  The  series,  as  a  whole,  does  not  give  a  connected 
account  of  the  world's  progress ;  but  the  volumes  are  generally 
interesting,  instructive,  and  trustworthy.  As  they  have  been  pre- 
pared by  different  authors,  they  arc  of  unequal  value ;  but  the  se- 
ries, read  in  proper  order,  will  be  found  not  a  bad  substitute  for  a 
good  universal  history. 

2.  If  the  student  has  easy  command  of  P'rench  and  German, 
his  pathway  is  clear.  Of  works  in  French,  those  of  Prevost-Para- 
dol  and  Laurent  arc  the  ones  most  worthy  of  commendation.  In 
German,Weber's  "Lchrbuch"  is  excellent,  especially  for  the  use  of 
teachers ;  but  this  must  not  be  mistaken  for  Weber's  "  Outlines,"  a 
bad  translation  of  another  and  a  poorer  book.     Weber's  "  AUge- 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  67 

meinc  Gcscliichte"  is  one  of  the  best  of  tlie  large  general  histories. 
Schlosscr  is  easier  reading  than  Weber,  and  was  designed  for  pop- 
ular use,  whereas  Weber  was  written  for  the  use  of  persons  of  ed- 
ucation. Oncken's  "  Allgemeine  Geschichte  "  promises  to  be  the 
best  of  all.  The  different  periods  are  described  by  specialists ; 
and  what  is  lost  in  point  of  uniforniity  is  more  than  made  up  by 
increase  of  accuracy. 

3.  Literature  abounds  in  works  on  the  nature,  importance,  and 
philosophy  of  histor3\  Bolingbroke's  "  Letters  on  the  Study  and 
Use  of  History  '*  are  famous  and  valuable.  Voltaire's  "  Philoso- 
phy of  History  "  is  brilliant,  but  somewhat  vague,  and  therefore  un- 
satisfactory. Hegel's  famous  work  on  the  same  subject  is  an  ef- 
fort to  show  that  every  epoch  in  history  is  inspired  and  dominated 
over  by  some  specific  idea.  Montesquieu's  "  Spirit  of  Laws  "  lays 
great  stress  on  the  influence  of  climate  on  civilization.  Karl  Rit- 
ter  has  shown  the  relation  of  geographical  to  political  peculiari- 
ties. Buckle  adopts  a  necessitarian  theory;  and  Draper,  espe- 
cially in  the  first  part  of  his  "  Civil  War  in  America,"  excludes  the 
action  of  all  spiritual  forces,  and  holds  that  all  events  are  to  be 
accounted  for  by  ethnical,  natural,  and  geographical  causes.  These 
theories  are  reviewed  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  January,  1870. 
Froude  also,  in  vol  i.  of  his  "  Short  Studies,"  takes  ground  the  very 
opposite  of  Buckle's,  and  holds  that  the  peculiarities  of  history  are 
chiefly  due  to  the  wayward  forces  of  a  diversified  human  nature. 
Guizot's  theories  of  progressive  development  are  examined  by 
Mill  in  one  of  his  Dissertations,  by  Alison  in  one  of  his  Essays, 
by  Woolsey  in  the  New-Englander,  vol.  xix.,  pp.  409,  871,  and  by 
Professor  Diman  in  the  Neiv-Englander,  vol.  xxxi.,  p.  1.  In  Free- 
man's Essays  is  to  be  found  a  valuable  paper  on  the  "  Use  of  His- 
torical Documents ;"  and  in  Judge  Woodbury's  Works  an  essay 
of  some  value  on  the  "Uncertainties  of  History."  Macaulay, 
Emerson,  and  Carlyle  have  each  very  suggestive  essays  on  the 
general  subject  of  History.  In  Kingsley's  "  Miscellanies"  may  be 
found  his  inaugural  lecture  on  the  "  Limits  of  Exact  Science  as 
Applied  to  History."  Guizot's  inaugural  lecture  ("Memoires," 
vol.  i.,  p.  388)  is  devoted  to  a  very  judicious  discussion  of  the  un- 
certainties of  historical  evidence.  Droysen's  "Historik"  is  per- 
haps the  most  careful  exposition  of  the  principles  that  should 
direct  historical  investigation  and  composition.     Flint's  "Philos- 


■6B  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

opliy  of  History  "  is  an  able  and  subtle  exposition  of  the  philo- 
sophical theories  that  have  been  held  by  historical  writers  in 
France  and  Germany.  Shedd's  "  Lectures  on  the  Philosophy  of 
History"  (new  edition,  12nio,  New  York,  1873)  and  Bunsen's 
"God  in  History"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1870) 
are  works  of  unquestionable  ability.  But  better  than  either  of 
them  is  Bisset's  "  Essays  on  Historical  Truth." 

The  best  of  all  historical  atlases  is  the  great  German  historical 
atlas  of  Spruner.  This,  however,  is  large  and  expensive.  For  the 
ordinary  use  of  the  general  student  the  Liternational  Atlas,  or  the 
Collegiate  Atlas,  will  be  found  convenient  and  adequate.  The  Li- 
ternational contains  a  few  more  maps  than  the  Collegiate,  other- 
wise they  are  identical.  Each  is  divided  into  three  parts,  one  be- 
ing devoted  to  Historical  Geography,  one  to  Modern  Geography, 
one  to  Ancient  Geography.  To  each  of  these  parts  there  is  a  sep- 
arate index.  Smaller  and  still  cheaper  atlases,  but  excellent  in 
their  Avay,  are  the  Crown  Atlases  and  the  Half-crown  Atlases  by 
Keith  Johnston.  For  ancient  geography,  the  largest  and  best 
is  Smith's ;  but  that  of  Long  is  excellent  and  generally  sufficient. 
The  maps  accompanying  Napoleon's  Caesar  are  unsurpassed.  For 
medieval  history  the  atlases  of  Labberton  and  Koeppen  are  the 
most  convenient,  though  for  minute  study  of  European  geography 
nothing  will  be  a  complete  substitute  for  Spruner.  Freeman's 
"Historical  Geography"  is  of  the  greatest  importance.  For  the 
study  of  Europe  during  the  present  century,  the  atlas  that  ac- 
companies the  large  \edition  of  Alison's  history  is  superior.  Of 
modern  atlases  for  the  purpose  of  general  consultation,  that  of 
Stieler  is  by  far  the  best,  though  the  large  atlases  of  Keith  John- 
ston and  of  Black  are  justly  famous.  Gray's  large  atlas  contains 
the  most  satisfactory  maps  of  the  United  States  for  general  refer- 
ence, though  the  student  of  American  history  will  be  obliged  to 
have  recourse  to  the  special  maps  published  in  historical  books. 
Especially  to  be  commended  are  Walker's  "  Statistical  Atlas"  and 
the  maps  in  Lodge's  "  Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies." 
Of  wall  maps,  those  of  Kiopcrt  are  the  best  for  ancient  geogra- 
phy, those  of  Bretschncider  for  mediieval  geography,  and  those 
of  Collins  and  Jolmston  for  modern  geography. 

Certain  otlier  works  of  reference  are  of  great  importance  to  the 
student  of  history.    Smith's  "  Dictionary  of  Antiquities"  is  of  uu- 


UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  6S( 

surpassed  excellence,  as  is  also  tlie  same  author's  "  Classical  Dic- 
tionarj^"  both  of  which  are  published  iu  voluminous  form  in 
London,  and  in  abridged  form  in  London  and  New  York,  As  a 
work  of  reference  on  the  subject  of  general  biography,  Thomas's 
"Biographical  Dictionary"  is  the  best.  Haydn's  "Dictionary  of 
Dates"  is  a  work  which  the  student  will  find  of  the  greatest 
conv'enience.  The  sixteenth  edition  was  revised  and  greatly 
enlarged  by  Benjamin  Vincent,  one  of  the  Secretaries  of  the 
Royal  Institution  of  Great  Britain,  and  brought  down  to  1878. 
A  work  entitled  "The  World's  Progress,"  made  up,  for  the 
most  part,  from  Haydn,  and  adapted,  by  certain  abridgments 
and  alterations,  to  the  American  market,  is  published  in  New 
York,  For  the  use  of  a  student  of  general  history,  Haydn  is 
superior. 

Students  pursuing  special  lines  of  historical  work  will  often  re- 
ceive great  assistance  from  some  of  the  best  of  the  library  cata- 
logues. The  most  useful  of  these  are  Noyes's  "  Catalogue  of  the 
Brooklyn  Mercantile  Library,"  Dr,  Cutter's  "  Catalogue  of  the  Li- 
brary of  the  Boston  Athenaeum,"  and  the  "  Bulletins  "  of  the  "  Bos- 
ton Public  Library  "  and  of  the  "  Library  of  Harvard  University," 
The  Catalogue  of  the  Boston  Athenanim  is  especially  worthy  of 
note.  It  contains  references  not  only  to  very  many  of  the  most 
valuable  books  on  the  subjects  named,  but  also  to  the  most  con- 
spicuous articles  in  the  journals  and  reviews.  Another  character- 
istic that  adds  greatly  to  the  usefulness  of  this  catalogue  is  the 
fact  that  it  contains  a  list  of  all  of  the  publications  of  the 
principal  learned  societies  in  different  parts  of  the  world.  Of 
this  most  admirable  bibliographical  work,  the  fourth  volume,  that 
including  the  letter  S,  appeared  in  1881.  The  Brooklyn  Cata- 
logue is  complete  in  one  large  volume,  but,  notwithstanding  its 
less  voluminous  form,  it  is  a  model  of  bibliographical  thorough- 
ness and  excellence.  The  Bulletins  above  referred  to  contain 
more  specific  information  on  limited  periods  and  subjects.  The 
"  Catalogue  of  Books  in  the  Classes  of  History,  Biography,  and 
Travel"  of  the  Boston  Public  Library,  contains  not  only  titles  of 
the  most  important  books  on  the  history  of  literature,  art,  politics, 
geography,  manners,  and  customs,  etc.,  but  also  valuable  sugges- 
tions and  notes  for  readers.  A  similar  catalogue,  entitled  "  Class 
List  of  English  Prose  Fiction,"  gives  the  titles  of  the  most  im- 


70  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

portant  works  of  fiction  in  our  language,  and  arranges  them  in 
such  a  manner  that  the  reader  can  readily  ascertain  what  novels 
liave  been  written  on  any  particular  subject  or  period.  The  work 
also  contains  notes  for  readers,  intended  to  point  out  for  parallel 
reading  the  historical  sources  of  works  of  fiction. 

Of  recent  works  of  importance  the  following  are  most  worthy 
of  note: 

Herrman  von  Oesterley's  "  Wegweiser  durch  die  Literatur  der 
Urkundensammlungen  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1885-6)  is  an  avowed 
attempt  to  do  for  documents  what  Potthast  has  done  for  the  chron- 
icles. The  first  volume  has  reference  chiefly  to  Germany ;  the 
second  to  the  other  countries  of  Europe.  Heilprin's  "Historical 
Reference  Book"  (New  York,  8vo,  1885)  is  comprehensive  and 
remarkable  for  its  general  accuracy.  Droysen's  "  Allgemeiner 
historischer  Handatlas"  (Leipzig,  1886)  pertains  to  ancient,  me- 
diaeval, and  modern  history,  and  but  for  its  present  lack  of  index 
would  be  the  most  convenient  and  valuable  of  the  historical  at- 
lases. Bartholomew's  "  Handy  lieference  Atlas  of  the  World  " 
is  a  stout  12mo  volume,  with  excellent  double-page  maps,  geo- 
graphical statistics  down  to  1887,  and  an  index  of  15,000  names. 
Labberton's  "  Historical  Atlas  "  was  greatly  enlarged  and  improved 
in  the  edition  of  1886.  It  still,  however,  contains  anachronisms 
and  errors.  Ottokar  Lorenz's  "Die  Geschichtswissenschaft  in 
Uauptrichtungen  und  Aufgabcn"  (8vo,  Berlin,  1886)  is  a  critical 
examination  of  the  methods  of  leading  modern  historians.  Dunck- 
cr's"  Abhandlungen  aus  der  neuesten  Geschichte"  (Leipzig,  1887) 
is  a  series  of  ten  very  valuable  essays,  several  of  them  on  important 
events  in  modern  history.  Stubbs's  "  Seventeen  Lectures  on  the 
Study  of  Mediaeval  and  Modern  History"  (8vo,  Oxford,  1886) 
shows  the  remarkable  recent  development  of  historical  studies  in 
the  English  universities,  and  abounds  in  valuable  suggestions  for 
the  student.  Especially  important  is  the  part  devoted  to  Henry 
YH.  and  Henry  YHL  Freeman's  "  Methods  of  Historical  Study  " 
(Svo,  London,  1886)  is  an  elaborate  plea  for  care  in  the  study  of 
sources  and  for  the  importance  of  mediieval  history.  Jastrow's 
"  Jahresbcrichtc  der  (Jeschichtswissenschaft"  is  a  valuable  annual 
publication,  intended  to  give  an  account  of  the  important  histori- 
cal works  of  the  year. 


UNIVERSAL  HISTORIES.  71 

On  the  philosopliy  of  liistory  a  number  of  additional  works 
may  be  noted:  \V.  Adam's  "Inquiry  into  tlie  Tlieories  of  His- 
tory" (8vo,  London,  1862),  A.  Romberg's  "Die  Erliebung  der 
Gescliichte  zum  Range  einer  Wissenscbaft "  (.Svo,  Wien,  1883), 
R.  Rocliol's  "Die  Philosopbie  der  Gescbicbte, — Gekrohnte  Preis- 
scbrift"  (Svo,  Gottingcn,  1878),  O.  Lorenz's  "Die  Gescbicbtswis- 
senscbaft"  (Svo,  Berlin,  1886),  \V.  Maurenbrecber's  "  Ueber  Me- 
tbode  und  Aufgabe  der  bistoriscben  Forscbung"  (Svo,  Bonn, 
1868),  H.  Floto's  "Ueber  bistoriscbe  Kritik"  (Svo,  Basel,  1856), 
E.  Bernbeim's  "  Gescbicbtsforscbung  und  Gescbicbtspbilosopbie" 
(Svo,  Gottingen,  1880),  II.  B.  Adams's  "  Tbe  Study  of  History  in 
American  Colleges  and  Universities"  (Svo,  Wasbington,  Govern- 
ment Printing-office,  1887),  A.  D.  White's  "European  Scbools  of 
History  and  Politics "  (Jobns  Hopkins  University  Studies,  5tb 
series.  No.  XII.;  Baltimore,  1887),  P.  Fredericq's  "Tbe  Study  of 
History  in  England  and  Scotland,"  F.  11.  Foster's  "  Tbe  Seminary 
Metbod  of  Original  Study  in  tbe  Historical  Sciences,  Illustrated 
from  Early  Church  History  "  (l2rao.  New  York,  1888).  Ranke's 
"  Weltgescbicbte "  (8  vols.,  Berlin),  though  broken  off  in  1886 
by  the  author's  death,  is  the  most  important  of  recent  contribu- 
tions to  our  knowledge  of  universal  history.  It  ends  with  the 
Crusades,  but  it  is  luminous  with  new  and  valuable  ideas  and  sug- 
gestions. Oncken's  "  Allgemeine  Gescbicbte  in  Einzeldarstellun- 
gen"  (Berlin,  1877-87),  of  which  twenty-seven  volumes  and  sev- 
eral parts  have,  in  1888,  been  issued,  is  a  collection  of  tbe  first 
importance.  The  several  writers  have  been  selected  with  due  ref- 
erence to  their  special  fitness ;  and,  though  there  is  much  differ- 
ence in  the  merits  of  the  several  works,  the  volumes  may  generally 
be  relied  on  as  embodying  the  results  of  the  most  recent  research 
and  thought.  The  series  divides  itself  into  four  parts,  or  "  Haupt- 
abtheilungen,"  and  includes  the  following  works :  "  I.  Hauptab- 
theilung,"  continued  by  Edward  Meyer;  Diimicben,  "  Ges.  des 
alten  Aegyptens  ;"  Hommel,  "  Ges.  Babyloniens  und  Assyriens  ;" 
Lefmann,  "  Ges.  des  alten  Indiens ;"  Justi,  "  Ges.  des  alten  Per- 
siens;"  Hertzberg,  "Ges.  von  Hellas  und  Rom;"  Stade,  "Ges. 
des  Volkes  Israel."  The  second  "  Hauptabtbeilung  "  embraces 
the  following  :  Hertzberg,  "Ges.  der  romischen  Kaiserzeit ;"  Dabn, 
"  Urgcsch.  der  gerraanischcn  u.  romaniscben  Volker;"  A.  Miillerj 


72  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

"Der  Islam  ira  Morgen-  und  Abendland ;"  Kugler,  "Gcs.  dcr 
Kreuzziige  ;"  Pnitz,  "  Staatenges,  des  Abendlands  im  Mittelalter ;" 
Hertzberg,  "  Ges.  der  Byzantiner  und  des  Osmanisclien  Reichs;" 
Geiger,  "  Renaissance  u.  Humanismus,  in  Italien  u.  Deutschland  ;" 
Ruge,  "Ges.  des  Zeitalters  der  Entdeckung;"  Scbiemann,  "  Russ- 
land,  "  Polen  u.  Livland  bis  ins  17.  Jahrb. ;"  Winckelinann,  "  Ges. 
der  Angelsachsen  bis  zum  Tode  Konig  Alfreds."  The  tliird 
"Hauptabtheilung"  contains  the  following:  Bczold,  "Gcs.  der 
deutschen  Reformation ;"  Pliilippson,  "  Westeuropa  im  Zeitalter 
von  Philip  II.,  Elizabeth  u.  Ileinrich  IV.;"  Kugler,  "Ges.  des 
Dreisigjahrigen  Krieges ;"  Stern,  "  Ges.  der  Revolution  in  Eng- 
land;" Philippson,  "Das  Zeitalter  Ludwigs  XIV.;"  Briickner, 
"Peter  der  Grosse ;"  Oncken,  "Das  Zeitalter  Friedrichs  des  Gros- 
sen ;"  Wolf  u.  Zwiedineck-Siidenhorst,  "  Oesterreich  unter  Maria 
Theresia,  Joseph  II.  u.  Leopold  II.;"  Bruckner,  "  Katherina  die 
Zweite."  The  fourth  "Hauptabtheilung"  contains  the  following : 
Oncken,  "  Das  Zeitalter  der  Revolution,  des  Kaiserreiclies  u.  dor 
Befreiungskriegc ;"  Flathe,  "  Das  Zeitalter  der  Restoration  u. 
Revolution  ;"  Hopp,  "  Bundesstaat  u.  Bundoskrieg  in  Nordame- 
rika."  Four  other  subjects  are  announced,  but  the  names  of  the 
authors  are  not  yet  made  public. 

Of  the  recent  hand-books  the  following  are  the  most  impor- 
tant: Andrews's  "  Institutes  of  General  History  "  (12mo,  Boston, 
1887)  will  be  found  particularly  valuable  for  the  bibliographical 
notes  preceding  the  several  chapters.  Fisher's  "  Outlines  "  (8vo, 
New  York,  1885)  also  contains  lists  of  books  for  tlie  most  part 
without  characterization.  Tillinghast's  edition  of  Ploetz  is  prob- 
ably the  most  valuable  of  the  single  volumes  for  reference.  More 
readable  than  either  of  the  others  are  P.  V.  N.  Myers's  "Outlines 
of  Ancient  History"  and  "Outlines  of  Mediaeval  and  Modern 
History"  (2  vols.,  12mo,  Boston,  1885-87).  Fisher's  "History 
of  the  Christian  Church"  (8vo,  New  York,  1887)  is  at  once 
tlie  most  readable  and  the  most  valuable  work  of  its  kind  in 
one  volume.  Of  exceptional  value  is  tlic  Appendix  contain- 
in"'  a  very  full  bibliography  of  the  general  subject  of  church 
history.  Putnam's  "Story  of  the  Nations"  (l2mo.  New  York, 
1882-88)  is  a  successful  and  valuable  series  of  small  volumes  for 
popular  reading.     One  volume  is  devoted  to  each  country  or  peo- 


UNIVERSAL   HISTORIES.  73 

pic,  and  the  collection  as  a  whole  is  of  considerable  popular  im- 
portance. 

Of  recent  histories  of  civilization  the  following  are  worthy  of 
mention  :  Rocholl,  "  Philosophie  der  Gescbichte :  Darstellung  und 
Kritik  derVcrsuche  zu  cineni  Aufban  derselben"  (8vo,  Giittingen, 
1878)  ;  lIcnne-am-Rliyn,  "  Allgemeine  Kulturgcschichte  "  (9  vols., 
Leipzig,  1870-78),  of  which  three  volumes  relate  to  ancient  his- 
tory, three  to  modern,  and  three  to  the  history  of  Switzerland; 
Hellwald,  "  Ciiltnrgeschichte  in  ihrer  natiirlichen  Entwickelung  bis 
znr  Gegenwart"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  2te  sehr  vermchrte  Aufl.,  Augsburg, 
1876-77);  Klemm,  "Allgemeine  Ciilturgeschichte  der  Mensch- 
heit"  (10  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1843-52);  Kolb,  "  Culturgeschichte 
der  Menschheit"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  2te  Autl.,  Leipzig,  1872-73); 
Wachsmuth,  "Allgemeine  Culturgeschichte"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Leip- 
zig, 1850-52) ;  Devaux,  "Etudes  politique  sur  I'histoire  ancienne 
et  moderne  et  sur  I'influence  de  I'etat  de  guerre  et  de  I'etat  de 
paix"  (8vo,  Bruxelles,  1875). 

Of  histories  of  special  subjects  the  following  may  be  noted : 
Dr.  H.  Gratz's  "Gescbichte  der  Juden  von  den  altesten  Zeiten  bis 
auf  die  Gegenwart"  (11  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1853-75)  is  a  work 
of  standard  authority.  Of  kindred  importance  is  Jost's  "Ge- 
scbichte der  Israeliten  seit  der  Zeit  der  Macchabiier  bis  auf  nnsere 
Tagc,"  with  a  continuation  entitled  "  Neucre  Gescbichte "  and 
"Znr  neueren  Gescbichte"  (in  all  12  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1820-47). 
Schonberg's  "  Handbuch  der  Politischen  Oekonomie"  (3  vols.,  Gr. 
8vo,  2d,  much  enlarged,  edition,  Tubingen,  1885)  is  a  work  of 
invaluable  merit,  prepared  by  some  twenty  of  the  most  eminent 
specialists.  Griisse's  "  Lehrbuch  einer  allgemeinen  Literaturge- 
schichte  aller  bekannten  Volker  der  Welt  von  der  altesten  bis  auf 
die  neueste  Zeit"  (4  vols.,  8vo,  Dresden,  1837-59)  is  the  most 
important  work  on  the  subject.  Heron's  "  Introduction  to  the 
Study  of  Jurisprudence"  (8vo,  London,  2d  ed.,  1868)  and  "Prin- 
ciples of  Jurisprudence"  (8vo,  London,  1873)  are  largely  histori- 
cal in  character.  Tide's  "Outlines  of  the  History  of  Religion  to 
the  Spread  of  the  Universal  Religions"  (translated  from  the  Dutch 
by  J.  E.  Carpenter,  3d  ed.,  8vo,  London,  1884)  ;  Baudrillart's  "  His- 
toire  du  Luxe  prive  et  public  depuis  I'Antiquite  jusqu'  a  no9 
Jours"  (4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1878-30);    Du  Scin's  "Ilistoire   de 


74  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

la  Marine  de  touts  les  Peuples  depuis  les  Temps  les  plus  recules 
jusqu'  a  nos  Jours."  S.  S.  Laurie's  "  Lectures  on  the  Rise  and 
Early  History  of  Universities"  (12ino,  London,  1886)  gives  no 
evidence  of  original  research,  but  contains  in  convenient  form  not 
a  few  important  facts. 


HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY.  75 


Chapter  III. 

HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY. 
I.    GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Duncker,  Max. — Gescbiclite  dcs  Alterthums.  Fiinfte,  vcrraehrte 
und  verbesserto  Anflage.  9  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1878-86;  also, 
in  English,  6  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1878-82. 

For  many  years  the  writings  of  Duncker  have  given  him  rank 
in  Germany  as  an  authority  of  standard  value.  Since  its  first  pub- 
lication, in  1852,  his  work  has  frequently  been  revised  to  adapt  it 
to  the  requirements  of  advancing  scholarship.  Thus  it  has  received 
such  new  light  as  special  explorers  have  thrown  upon  special  sub- 
jects. It  is  now  the  best  general  history  of  antiquity  we  have. 
The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  Egyptians  and  the  great  powers 
that  had  their  abode  in  the  Valley  of  the  Euphrates.  The  second 
is  descriptive  of  the  Assyrian  empire ;  the  others  constitute  one 
of  the  best  of  our  histories  of  Greece. 


Heeren,  A.  H.  L. — Historical  Researches  into  the  Politics,  Inter- 
course, and  Trade  of  the  Principal  Nations  of  Antiquity. 
Translated  from  the  German.     6  vols.,  8vo,  Oxford,  1833. 

These  volumes,  at  the  time  of  their  appearance,  were  received 
with  great  favor,  not  only  in  Germany,  but  also  in  France  and  in 
England.  The  great  ability  of  the  author,  his  skill  as  a  writer, 
and  his  thorough  researches  into  the  manners  and  customs  of  an- 
tiquity united  with  the  importance  of  the  subject  in  giving  to  the 
history  great  value.  The  work  might  have  been  called  a  Political, 
International,  and  Commercial  History  of  the  Nations  on  the  Med- 
iterranean.    Though   great  advances  in   the  study  of  antiquity 


76  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

have  been  made  since  Heeren  wrote,  the  importance  of  these  vol- 
umes is  still  very  considerable. 

The  first  three  volumes  are  devoted  to  the  Asiatic  nations,  the 
fourth  and  fifth  to  the  nations  of  Africa,  and  the  sixth  to  Greece, 
The  portions  relating  to  Asia  and  Africa  are  by  far  the  most  val- 
uable, not  only  on  account  of  their  greater  fulness,  but  also  on 
account  of  the  paucity  of  information  on  the  subject  to  be  de- 
rived from  other  authors. 


Lenonnant,  Francois,  et  Chevalier,  E.  —  A  Manual  of  the  An- 
cient History  of  the  East  to  the  Commencement  of  the  Median 
Wars.  2  vols.,  12mo,  London  and  Philadelphia,  1871  ;  2  vols, 
bound  in  one,  12mo,  New  York,  1875. 

The  authors  rank  among  the  first  of  living  Orientalists.  Though 
the  work,  when  first  published,  was  criticised  with  some  severity, 
it  was  thoroughly  revised  for  the  English  translation,  so  that  the 
English  version  is  to  be  preferred  to  the  early  editions  of  the 
original.  As  a  hand-book  for  the  use  of  teachers,  advanced  pu- 
pils, and  intelligent  readers,  it  is  probably  superior  to  any  other 
on  the  subject.  It  confines  its  attention  strictly  to  the  Orient, 
giving  no  account  of  Greece  and  Rome  whatever. 


Niebuhr,  B.  G. — Lectures  on  Ancient  Ilistoiy,  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  Taking  of  Alexandria  by  Octavius;  comprising 
the  History  of  Asiatic  Nations,  the  ligyptians,  Greeks,  Mace- 
donians, and  Carthaginians.  Translated  from  the  German  of 
Dr.  Marcus  Niebulir,  by  Dr.  Leonhard  Schmitz.  3  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1852. 

After  the  author's  death  these  volumes  were  compiled  by  his 
son  Marcus  from  his  posthumous  notes  and  the  notes  of  two  or 
three  of  his  students.  The  work  owes  its  importance  not  so 
much  to  its  intrinsic  merits  as  to  the  author's  great  fame.  It  is 
unquestionably  the  work  of  a  genius,  but  not  of  a  genius  at  his 
best.     His  oj)inions  are  always  entitled  to  a  most  respectful  con- 


lilSTOlilES   OF   ANTIQUITY.  77 

slderation;  but  his  name  is  no  longer  a  guarantee  for  tlic  correct- 
ness of  opinions  advanced.  The  volumes  cannot  be  said  to  be 
without  value,  and  vet  they  show  no  such  thoroughness  of  re- 
search as  do  the  works  of  the  same  author  on  the  history  of 
Rome.     Duncker's  work  is  of  much  greater  importance. 


Rawlinson,  George. — A  Manual  of  Ancient  History,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  P^all  of  the  Western  Empire.  Comprising 
the  History  of-Chaldaja,  Assyria,  Media,  Babylonia,  Lydia,  Phoe- 
nicia, Syria,  Judsea,  Egypt,  Carthage,  Persia,  Greece,  Macedonia, 
Parthia,  and  Rome.     8vo,  London;  12mo,  New  York,  1871. 

A  manual  built  up  on  the  German  type  of  excellence,  and 
adapted  to  the  wants  of  a  student  rather  than  to  those  of  a  gen- 
eral reader.  Its  peculiar  excellence  is  in  the  full  bibliographical 
notes  interspersed  throughout  the  volume.  The  best  authorities 
on  ancient  history  are  named,  and  generally  characterized.  The 
text  is  somewhat  dry,  but  it  was  written  with  care^  and  is  general- 
ly founded  on  good  authority.  It  has  a  good  table  of  contents, 
but  no  index. 

In  the  hands  of  a  successful  teacher,  the  book  may  be  very  use- 
ful ;  in  the  hands  of  an  instructor  who  simply  hears  a  recitation 
from  its  pages,  it  is  likely  to  give  discouraging  results.  It  is  a 
good  guide,  but  no  substitute  for  brains  in  a  teacher.  It  is  a 
book  of  facts  more  than  a  book  of  ideas.  Its  general  accuracy 
makes  it  useful  for  the  purposes  of  reference.  As  a  guide  to  a 
student  in  the  thorough  study  of  ancient  history,  it  has  no  equal 
in  our  language.  It  differs  from  Lenprmant  in  that  it  deals  with 
the  history  of  Greece  and  of  Rome  as  well  as  with  that  of  the 
Orient. 


Rollin,  M. — The  Ancient  History  of  the  Egyptians,  Carthagini- 
ans, Assyrians,  Babylonians,  Medes,  Persians,  Grecians,  and  Mac- 
edonians.    Translated  from  the  French.     Many  editions. 

A  most  extraordinary  illustration  of  the  vitality  there  is  even  in 
a  poor  book  when  it  is  well  written.     It  has  had  an  enormous 


78  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

sale,  and  it  is  still  to  be  found  on  the  shelves  of  nearly  every 
bookstore.  But  it  has  scarcely  a  single  merit  to  recommend  it. 
The  author  was  ignorant  and  careless;  and  he  appears  to  have 
adopted  as  the  rule  of  his  composition  that  a  plausible  fiction  well 
told  is  as  good  as  the  truth.  No  scholar  will  now  mention  the 
book  but  to  condemn  it. 


Smith,  Philip.  —  The  Ancient  History  of  the  East,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  Conquest  by  Alexander  the  Great.  In- 
cluding Egypt,  Assyria,  Babylonia,  Media,  Persia,  Asia  Minor, 
and  Phoenicia.     12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1871. 

One  of  the  best  books  for  the  use  of  a  student  of  classical  his- 
tory and  literature.  The  allusions  throughout  the  classics  to  the 
Eastern  nations  are  so  numerous  that  an  outline,  at  least,  of  Ori- 
ental history  is  indispensable  to  successful  study.  The  necessary 
information  for  such  a  background  can  well  be  gained  from  this 
volume.  Not  dealing  with  Greece  and  Eome,  it  is  fuller  and 
more  readable  than  Rawlinson,  and,  for  the  purposes  of  the  gen- 
eral reader,  superior  to  the  work  of  Lenormant  and  Chevalier, 
though  as  a  guide  for  the  most  thorough  study  it  is  inferior. 


Smith,  Philip. — A  History  of  the  World,  from  the  Earliest  Rec- 
ords to  the  Present  Time.  Illustrated  by  Maps,  Plans,  and  En- 
gravings. Ancient  History,  3  vols.,  large  8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  1866. 

These  volumes  embody  the  results  of  many  years  of  arduous 
and  conscientious  study.  The  work,  in  some  respects,  is  inferior 
to  the  great  German  history  by  Duncker;  but  if  is  fully  entitled 
to  be  called  the  ablest  and  most  satisfactory  book  on  the  subject 
written  in  our  language.  The  authors  methods  are  dignified  and 
judicious,  and  he  has  availed  himself  of  all  the  recent  light  thrown 
by  philological  research  on  the  annals  of  the  East.  In  political 
sympathies  Mr.  Smith  is  always  to  be  found  on  the  side  of  human 
liberty. 

The  first  volume  carries  the  history  to  the  accession  of  Philip 


HISTORIES   OF  ANTIQUITY.  V9 

of  Macedon  ;  the  second,  to  the  Roman  conquest  of  Carthage;  the 
third,  to  the  fall  of  the  Roman  Empire. 

The  volume  is  well  supplied  with  maps,  and  is  entitled  to  rank 
as  the  production  of  a  careful  and  judicious  investigator. 


II.    SPECIAL    HI8TOKIE8. 

Birch,  S. — Records  of  the  Past ;  being  English  Translations  of 
the  vVssyrian  and  Egyptian  Monuments.  Published  under  the 
sanction  of  the  Society  of  Biblical  Archaeology.  11  vols., 
16mo.  2d  ed.,  London,  1875-78.  The  second  edition  con- 
tains revisions  of  considerable  importance. 

This  series  of  volumes,  edited  by  an  eminent  Oriental  scholar, 
contains  translations  of  the  most  important  inscriptions  found  in 
the  valleys  of  the  Euphrates  and  the  Nile.  The  translations  were 
made  by  gentlemen  selected  on  account  of  their  especial  qualifi- 
cations for  the  work,  and  the  renderings  are  accompanied  with 
such  notes  as  are  necessary  to  clear  up  any  obscure  allusions  in 
the  text.  For  the  study  of  early  Oriental  civilization  thcT  are  of 
great  importance. 


Brugsch  Bey,  Henry — A  History  of  Egypt  under  the  Pharaohs. 
Derived  entirely  from  the  Monuments.  Translated  from  the 
German  by  the  late  Henrys  Dabney  Seymour.  Completed  and 
edited  by  Philip  Smith.  To  which  is  added  a  Memoir  on  the 
Exodus  of  the  Israelites  and  the  Egyptian  Monuments.  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1879.     Second  edition,  London,  1881. 

Since  Young  and  Champollion  discovered  the  key  to  the  vast 
treasures  of  contemporaneous  records  still  extant  in  Egypt,  those 
records  have  been  gradually  giving  up  their  secrets  to  the  scholars 
engaged  in  exploring  them.  One  of  the  most  able  and  successful 
of  these  scholars  is  the  author  of  the  volumes  before  us.  His 
object  in  this  work  has  been  nothing  less  than  to  bring  together 
the  results  of  all  modern  researches  of  monumental  remains.  No 
information  at  second-hand  has  been  accepted,  and  hence  the  vol- 


80  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

unies  may  be  regarded  as  the  ripest  fruit  and  latest  expression  of 
Egyptian  exploration.  The  book  is  of  surpassing  interest  and 
importance  from  beginning  to  end. 

In  an  appendix,  the  author  has  published  an  address  delivered 
before  the  International  Congress  of  Orientalists  in  1874,  on 
"The  Exodus  and  Egyptian  Monuments,"  in  which  he  shows  the 
light  brought  to  bear  on  the  Scriptural  account  by  monumental 
inscriptions.  The  argument,  is  founded,  in  the  language  of  the  au- 
thor, "  on  the  one  hand,  upon  the  texts  of  Holy  Scripture,  in  which 
I  have  not  to  change  a  single  iota ;  on  the  other  hand,  upon  the 
Egyptian  monumental  inscriptions,  explained  according  to  the 
laws  of  a  sound  criticism,  free  from  all  bias  of  a  fanciful  char- 
acter." 


Ewald,  Heinrich. — The  History  of  Israel.  Translated  from  the 
German.  Edited,  with  a  Preface  and  Appendix,  by  Russell 
Martineau.  Third  edition.  Thoroughly  revised  and  corrected. 
8  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1876-86. 

One  of  the  great  monuments  of  recent  German  ability  and  in- 
dustry. The  author  was  long  known  as  a  scholar  of  high  rank 
among  the  foremost  Hebraists  of  his  day.  His  intimate  acquaint- 
ance with  every  portion  of  the  Scriptures,  his  familiarity  with  the 
whole  range  of  the  secular  as  well  as  the  sacred  literature  of  the 
Hebrews,  and  his  loving  and  reverential  studies  of  each  individual 
character  have  won  universal  respect,  even  from  those  who  do  not 
assent  to  all  of  his  conclusions.  Renan  and  Stanley  equally  ac- 
knowledge their  indebtedness  to  him.  '  The  first  volume  the  au- 
thor calls  "  preliminary,"  but  it  traces  the  history  as  far  as  to 
the  migration  into  Egypt;  the  second  begins  with  "The  Theoc- 
racy ;"  and  the  fifth  ends  with  the  establishment  of  Roman  su- 
premacy. 


Josephus,  Flavius.— The  Works  of  Flavins  Josephus,  containing 
The  Antiquities  of  the  Jews,  and  The  Jewish  War.  Translated 
by  William  Whiston.  The  translation  of  Whiston  is  the  best; 
and  the  edition  in  4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1825,  is  superior  to  the 
others. 


HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY.  81 

Joscplms  was  a  learned  Jew  wlio  lived  in  the  latter  half  of  the 
first  century  of  our  era.  At  Rome  lie  early  made  a  favorable  im- 
pression on  the  imperial  government.  Returning  to  Jerusalem, 
he  endeavored  to  dissuade  his  countrymen  from  their  intended 
revolt  against  Roman  authority ;  but,  failing  in  his  efforts,  he 
joined  the  war  party,  pe  was  made  a  general,  and  was  intrusted 
with  the  defence  of  Galilee ;  but,  after  a  desperate  resistance,  was 
betrayed  to  the  Roman  commander.  Long  held  as  a  prisoner,  he 
was  present  at  the  siege  of  Jerusalem,  where  he  was  suspected  of 
being  a  traitor  by  both  the  Jews  and  the  Romans.  At  the  close 
of  the  war  he  went  to  Rome,  was  presented  with  the  freedom  of 
the  city,  an  annual  pension,  and  a  house  that  had  formerly  been 
the  residence  of  an  imperial  family.  The  remainder  of  his  life 
he  gave  up  to  literary  pursuits. 

His  first  work  was  his  history  of  the  "Jewish  War,"  a  struggle 
that  extended,  witli  some  interruptions,  from  B.C.  170  to  A.D.  71. 
The  author  shows  a  constant  pride  in  tlie  ancient  glories  of  the 
nation,  a  tendency  to  flattery  of  the  Flavian  dynasty,  a  large  share 
of  personal  vanity,  and  considerable  power  as  a  descriptive  writer. 
The  history  entitled  "  Jewish  Antiquities "  was  published  some 
eighteen  years  after  the  completion  of  the  former  work.  It  is 
more  voluminous,  less  interesting,  but  not  less  valuable  than  its 
predecessor.  Divided  into  nineteen  books,  it  covers  the  whole 
period  from  the  Creation  to  the  outbreak  of  the  Roman  wars. 

The  works  of  Josephus,  as  a  whole,  therefore,  cover  the  entire 
history  of  the  nation  to  the  fall  of  Jerusalem.  As  an  authority, 
they  have  undoubted  value,  though  they  are  probably  less  accu- 
rate than  they  would  have  been  if  the  author,  at  the  time  of  writ- 
ing, could  have  had  access  to  the  Jewish  records  at  Jerusalem. 


Milman,  Henry  Hart.— The  History  of  the  Jews,  from  the  Earli- 
est Period  down  to  Modern  Times.  Reprinted  from  the  newly 
revised  and  corrected  London  edition.  3  vols.,  12mo,  New 
York,  1870.  The  first  edition  was  published  as  early  as  1829  ; 
but  the  edition  from  which  the  American  is  a  reprint  contained 
the  author's  careful  revisions  down  to  about  1859. 

A  popular  presentation,  making  no  pretence  to   equality  with 


82  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  great  work  of  Ewald,  but  striving  to  bring  together  into  read- 
able form  the  results  reached  by  the  best  scholarship  of  the  day. 
It  is  written  in  the  author's  well-known  style,  which  is  remarkable 
for  the  smooth-flowing  stream  of  its  continuous  narrative. 

The  work  is  a  civil  and  military,  rather  than  a  theological,  his- 
tory of  the  Jews.  The  author  subjects  Jewish  history  to  the  same 
canons  of  criticism  as  those  to  which  all  other  histories  should 
be  subject.  He  plants  himself  on  Paley's  ground,  and  does  not 
accept  what  is  commonly  known  as  plenary  inspiration  of  the  Old 
Testament.  Beyond  "  the  things  necessary  to  salvation,"  he  con- 
ceives that  "  all,  not  only  in  science,  but  also  in  history,  is  an  open 
field."  This  position  awakened  much  opposition  among  Mil- 
man's  fellow-churchmen ;  but  it  was  a  position  which,  to  the  au- 
thor's credit,  he  never  abandoned. 


Rawlinson,  George. — The  Five  Great  Monarchies  of  the  Ancient 
Eastern  World ;  or.  The  History,  Geography,  and  Antiquities 
of  Chalda^a,  Assyria,  Babylon,  Media,  and  Persia.  Collected 
and  Illustrated  from  Ancient  and  Modern  Sources.  With  Maps 
and  650  Wood-cuts.  4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1862-67.  A  new 
and  revised  edition  was  published  in  3  vols.,  Svo,  1878. 

A  book  of  conspicuous  merits  and  serious  faults.  The  author 
has  unquestionably  been  a  very  industrious  student,  and  lias 
availed  liimself  of  the  most  easily  accessible  materials.  But  he 
has  not  much  gift  for  the  skilful  grouping  of  details,  and  has  very 
little  descriptive  power.  He  attaches  great  importance  to  the 
Scriptures  as  historical  authority,  but  does  not  show  that  he  is  well 
versed  in  the  results  of  recent  Biblical  interpretation.  In  many 
parts  of  the  work  he  wearies  the  reader  with  needless  details,  and 
the  book  is  not  without  frequent  and  obvious  mistakes.  But  in 
spite  of  these  faults,  some,  but  not  all,  of  which  have  been  re- 
moved by  revision,  the  work  has  unmistakable  merits.  It  is  a 
reservoir  of  an  enormous  number  of  facts,  and  it  gives  a  picture, 
doubtless  generally  correct,  of  the  peculiar  but  Avonderful  civiliza- 
tion that  existed  in  the  valley  of  the  iMiphratcs.  The  illustrations 
appear  to  be  well  chosen,  and  are  admirably  executed. 


HISTORIES   OF  ANTIQUITY.  83 

Rawlinson,  George. — The  Sixth  Great  Oriental  Monarchy ;  or,  The 
Geography,  History,  and  Antiquities  of  Parthia.  Collected  and 
Illustrated  from  Ancient  and  Modern  Sources.  8vo,  London, 
1873. 

A  continuation  of  the  "  Five  Great  Monarchies,"  with  the  same 
general  characteristics.  Its  value  is  in  its  delineation  of  a  country 
that  was  brought  into  notice  by  its  long-continued  opposition  to 
Roman  encroachments.  The  book,  therefore,  has  to  do,  in  great 
part,  Avith  the  establishment  of  Roman  domination  in  the  East. 


Rawlinson,  George. — The  Seventh  Great  Oriental  Monarchy ;  or, 
The  Geography,  History,  and  Antiquity  of  the  Sassanian  or 
New  Persian  Empire.     8vo,  London,  1876. 

A  further  product  of  the  author's  studies  of  Western  Asia. 
The  work  embraces  the  period  from  the  third  to  the  seventh 
century.  The  author  has  succeeded  in  placing  himself  at  an  Ori- 
ental point  of  view,  has  had  access  to  numerous  Arabian  sources 
of  information,  and  has  received  the  assistance  of  many  Oriental 
scholars.  The  book,  however,  has  the  same  defects  as  Rawlin 
son's  other  works. 


Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn. — Lectures  on  the  History  of  the  Jewish 
Church.  Part  I.  Abraliam  to  Samuel.  Part  II.  From  Samuel  to 
the  Captivity.  Part  III.  From  the  Captivity  to  the  Christian  Era. 
New  edition.     3  vols.,  small  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1884. 

These  volumes  embody  the  substance  of  lectures  delivered  in 
the  chair  of  ecclesiastical  history  at  Oxford.  The  work  is  a  pop- 
ular presentation  of  the  results  reached  by  modern  scholarship. 
It  makes  no  claim  to  the  merits  of  original  research.  While  the 
author  has  used  the  results  of  labors  like  those  of  Ewald,  he  has 
fully  acknowledged  his  indebtedness.  The  peculiar  merits  of  the 
book,  therefore,  are  not  the  merits  of  an  original  authority ;  but 
ratber  those  of  an  unusually  attractive  presentation.  Clearness, 
grace,  and  fluency  of  style  are  most  noteworthy  characteristics  o-f 
these  admirable  and  unusually  attractive  volumes. 


84  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Wilkinson,  Sir  J.  Gardner. — The  Manners  and  Customs  of  the 
Ancient  Egyptians,  including  their  Private  Life,  Government, 
Laws,  Arts,  Manufactures,  Religion,  and  Early  History,  derived 
from  a  Comparison  of  Monuments  still  existing,  with  an  Account 
of  Ancient  Authors.  Illustrated  by  numerous  engravings.  A 
new  edition,  revised  and  corrected  by  Samuel  Birch.  3  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1878. 

Ever  since  the  first  appearance  of  this  work,  in  1837,  it  has 
been  recognized  as  having  a  classical  value.  The  author  was 
a  patient  and  conscientious  scholar  and  a  good  draughtsman  ;  and 
for  these  reasons,  notwithstanding  the  great  advances  of  Oriental 
scholarship,  the  importance  of  his  volume  has  not  materially  di- 
minished. The  modern  editor,  Dr.  Birch,  is  a  prominent  Egyptolo- 
gist, and  be  has  greatly  improved  the  work  by  correcting  those 
portions  which  recent  scholarship  has  shown  to  be  defective. 

The  author's  chronology  has  generally  been  regarded  as  having 
very  little  value ;  indeed,  in  the  opinion  of  most  scholars,  it  is 
hopelessly  wrong.  But  the  work,  in  spite  of  some  defects  of  this 
nature,  is  of  so  much  importance  that  no  student  of  ancient  Egypt 
can  afford  to  neglect  it.  As  a  representation  of  the  manners  and 
customs  of  the  Egyptians,  it  has  no  superior. 


III.  HISTOKIES    OF    CIVILIZATION    AND   PEOGEESS. 

Clarke,  James  Freeman.  —  Ten  Great  Religions;    an  Essay  in 
Comparative  Theology.     12mo,  Boston,  1871. 

An  attractive  and  scholarly  account  of  the  most  important  re- 
ligious systems  that  have  appeared.  The  volume  describes  Con- 
fucianism, Brahminism,  Buddhism,  the  Religion  of  Zoroaster, 
the  Religious  System  of  Greece,  the  Religious  System  of  Rome, 
the  Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  Religions,  the  Religion  of  the 
Jews,  and  the  Religion  of  Mohammed  and  Islam.  The  volume 
closes  with  an  Essay  on  the  Relations  of  the  Ten  Religions  to 
Christianity. 


Cox,  George  W. — The  Mythology  of  the  Aryan  Nations.      New 
and  revised  edition,  2  vols.,  Bvo,  London,  1870. 


HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY.  85 

A  book  that  no  one  who  pretends  to  speak  with  the  sliglitest 
authority  on  the  subject  of  general  mythology  can  afford  to  neg- 
lect. Tlie  author  adopts,  in  the  main,  the  theories  first  promul- 
gated by  3'rofessor  Max  Miiller,  and,  by  elaborating  them,  sliows 
that  the  epic  poems  of  the  Aryan  nations  are  simply  different  ver- 
sions of  the  same  story,  and  that  this  story  had  its  origin  in  the 
phenomena  of  the  natural  world.  He  shows  that  the  mythology 
of  the  Vedic  and  of  the  Homeric  poems  contains  the  germs  of 
almost  all  the  stories  of  the  Seandinavian,  Teutonic,  and  Celtic 
folk-lore.  This  common  stock  of  materials  has  been  shaped  into 
an  infinite  variety  of  forms  by  the  story-tellers  of  ancient  and 
modern  times. 

The  first  book  is  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  the  origin,  de- 
velopment, and  diffusion  of  myths  in  general.  The  second  aims 
to  show  that  the  ethereal  heavens,  the  light,  the  fire,  the  winds, 
the  waters,  the  clouds,  the  earth,  the  underworld,  and  the  dark- 
ness are  the  origin  of  those  impersonations  which  first  took  shape 
in  Greece,  and  have  since  been  disseminated  in  modified  form  in 
all  modern  literature. 

In  a  very  rare  degree  the  author  unites  learning  and  literary 
capability.  The  style  of  the  writer  does  very  much  to  make  the 
work  entertaininof. 


Dollinger,  J.  J. — The  Gentile  and  the  Jew  in  the  Courts  of  the 
Temple  of  Christ.  An  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Chris- 
tianity. Translated  from  the  German  by  A.  Darnell.  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1862. 

An  authority  entitled  to  very  high  consideration  on  the  part  of 
the  student.  It  is  probably  the  ablest  and  most  trustworthy  sur- 
vey of  the  religions  of  the  ancients.  The  volumes  are  in  every 
way  admirable  and  scholarly,  and  worthy  of  the  author's  gTeat 
reputation.  The  beliefs  held  by  the  ancient  Oriental  nations  are 
passed  in  review,  and  the  decaying  condition  of  all  religious  be- 
liefs at  the  time  of  the  advent  of  Christ  is  made  very  obvious. 


Lubbock,  Sir  John.— Prehistoric  Times,  as  Illustrated  by  Ancient 


86  HISTORICAL   LITERzYTURE, 

Ilemains,  and  the  Manners  and  Customs  of  Modern  Savages. 
Fourth  edition,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1878. 

This  is,  perliaps,  the  best  summary  of  the  evidence  now  in  our 
possession  concerning  the  general  character  of  Prehistoric  Times. 
"  The  Bronze  Age,"  "  The  Stone  Age,"  "  The  Tumuli,"  "  The 
Lake  Inhabitants  of  Switzerland,"  "  The  Shell  Mounds,"  "  The 
Cave  Men,"  and  "  The  Antiquity  of  Man  "  are  the  titles  of  the 
most  important  chapters.  The  work  may  be  regarded  as  intro- 
ductory to  the  same  author's  "  Origin  of  Civilization." 


Lubbock,  Sir  John. — The  Origin  of  Civilization,  and  the  Primi- 
tive Condition  of  Man.  Menial  and  Social  Condition  of  Sav- 
ages.    Fourth  edition,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1881. 

The  spirit  and  purpose  of  this  work  are  not  unlike  those  of 
Tylor,  as  shown  in  that  author's  "  Early  History  of  Mankind."  Of 
especial  interest  is  the  portion  relating  to  the  state  of  existing 
inferior  races,  and  to  the  mental  and  social  condition  of  savage 
tribes.  The  most  important  part  of  the  volume  is  grouped  under 
the  heads  "  Art  and  Ornaments,"  "  Marriage  and  Relationship," 
"  Religious  Character  and  Morals,"  "  Language  and  Laws." 


McLennan,  John  Ferguson. — Studies  in  Ancient  History.  Com- 
prising a  Reprint  of  Primitive  Marriage ;  an  Inquiry  into  the 
Origin  of  the  Form  of  Capture  in  Marriage  Ceremonies.  New 
edition,  8vo,  London,  1880. 

A  book  of  extensive  and  curious  learning.  It  throws  much 
light  on  the  habits  of  early  society  and  the  beginnings  of  civil- 
ization. It  has  to  deal  with  a  limited  subject ;  but  a  thorough 
investigation  of  that  subject  has  revealed  many  most  interesting 
characteristics  of  primitive  life.  It  is  not  merely  a  collection  of 
facts,  but  it  abounds  in  generalizations  and  opinions  of  the  most 
scholarly  and  interesting  character. 


HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY.  87 

Maine,  Sir  Henry  Sumner. — Ancient  Law.  Its  Connection  with 
the  Early  History  of  Society,  and  its  Relation  to  Modern  Ideas. 
With  an  Introduction  by  Theodore  W.  Dvviglit.  Third  Amer- 
ican, from  Fifth  London  Edition.  8vo,  London  and  New  York, 
1877.     Ninth  edition,  London,  1883. 

Probably  no  more  accurate  and  profound  researches  and  gener- 
alizations in  the  field  of  jurisprudence  have  ever  been  made  than 
those  incorporated  in  this  volume.  The  object  of  Sir  Henry 
Maine  has  been  "  to  indicate  some  of  the  earliest  ideas  of  man- 
kind as  they  are  reflected  in  Ancient  Law,  and  to  point  out  the  re- 
lation of  those  ideas  to  modern  thought."  The  work  consists  of 
ten  chapters,  the  first  four  of  which  are  devoted  to  the  philosophy 
of  legal  history ;  the  remaining  six  to  an  account  of  the  origin 
and  progress  of  the  most  important  rules  in  legal  science. 

The  most  distinguishing  merit  of  the  work  is  in  the  great  abil- 
ity and  learning  of  those  generalizations  by  which  the  author 
shows  "  the  steady  progress  of  mankind  from  an  age  of  formali- 
ties and  ceremonies  to  an  era  of  simplicity  and  symmetrical  de- 
velopment." He  demonstrates  the  continuity  of  the  human  race, 
and,  as  Professor  Dwight  has  happily  remarked,  permits  us  "  to 
feel  nearly  every  link  of  the  chain  which  binds  the  men  of  our 
day  to  the  nations  of  the  remotest  antiquity."  It  is  a  book  not 
for  novices,  but  for  the  most  schohirlv  and  advanced  students. 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  Sumner. — Lectures  on  the  Early  History  of 
Institutions.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1875. 

A  work  properly  to  be  regarded  as  supplementary  to  the  same 
author's  volume  on  Ancient  Law.  The  lectures  are  of  especial 
interest  to  the  student  of  early  legal  forms  and  methods.  The 
subject  which  to  most  students  will  be  newest,  and  perhaps  most 
interesting,  is  a  description  of  the  native  institution  of  Ireland 
known  as  the  Brehon  Law.  At  the  close  of  Chapter  HI.  is  an  in- 
teresting account  of  the  author's  view  of  the  early  organization  of 
an  Irish  tribe. 


Maine,  Sir  Henry  Sumner. — Village  Communities   in  the  East 


88  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

and  "West.     Six  Lectures  delivered  at  Oxford.     8vo,  London, 
1871;  New  York,  1876. 

For  tlie  general  student  this  is  one  of  the  most  valuable,  and 
quite  the  most  interesting,  of  Sir  Henry  Maine's  works.  It  is  not 
onlv  written  in  the  judicious  spirit  always  characteristic  of  the 
author,  but  it  is  also  the  fruit  of  special  study  and  observation. 
The  author  has  availed  himself  of  the  profound  and  minute  re- 
searches of  Von  Maurer,  and  has  turned  to  good  account  his  own 
extensive  observations  and  studies  in  India. 

Among  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  chapters  are  those  on 
"  The  Process  of  Feudalism  "  and  "  The  Early  History  of  Price 
and  Kent."     That  on  Feudalism  is  especially 'to  be  commended. 


Morgan,  Lewis  H. — Ancient  Society  ;  or.  Researches  into  the 
Lines  of  Human  Progress  from  Savagery  through  Barbarism 
to  Civilization.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

The  most  important  work  of  one  of  the  most  distinguished 
American  ethnologists.  The  book  is  divided  into  four  general 
parts — "  The  Growth  of  Intelligence  through  Inventions  and  Dis- 
coveries," "The  Growth  of  the  Idea  of  Government,"  "The 
Growth  of  the  Idea  of  Family,"  and  "  The  Growth  of  the  Idea  of 
Property."  The  author  is  in  hearty  sympathy  with  the  theory 
that  the  human  race  has  ascended  from  very  primitive  beginnings, 
rather  than  descended  from  a  condition  of  superior  morality  and 
intelligence. 


Tylor,  Edward  B. — Researches  into  the  Early  History  of  Mankind 
and  the  Development  of  Civilization.  8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  1805. 

This  was  the  first  very  important  contribution  of  Mr.  Tylor  to 
the  literature  of  a  subject  which  liis  subsequent  writings  have 
done  so  much  to  enrich.  It  is  an  introductory,  but  a  valuable, 
survey  of  a  field  which  is  much  more  fully  explored  in  the  au- 
thor's later  work  on  "Primitive  Culture."  All  of  his  books  are 
of  great  importance,  though  this  is  somewhat  less  important  than 
the  later  work. 


HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY.  gg 

Tylor,  Edward  B. — Primitive  Culture :  Researcbes  into  the  De- 
velopment of  Mytliology,  Philosophy,  Religion,  Art,  and  Cus- 
tom.    2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1871. 

Of  the  numerous  recent  explorers  in  the  earliest  records  and 
history  of  the  race,  Tylor  has  unquestionably  been  one  of  the  most 
successful.  His  productions  are  clear  in  style,  rich  in  learning, 
and  methodical  in  arrangement.  The  doctrine  of  the  survival  of 
culture,  the  bearing  of  the  use  of  directly  expressive  language 
and  of  the  invention  of  numerals  on  the  advancement  of  early 
civilization,  the  place  of  myth  in  the  early  history  of  the  human 
mind,  the  development  of  the  animistic  philosophy  of  religion, 
and  the  origin  of  rites  and  ceremonies  are  some  of  the  subjects 
that  receive  treatment  at  his  hands. 

It  is  not  altogether  fortunate  that  the  least  attractive  part  of 
these  volumes  is  the  first.  The  most  interesting,  and  probably 
the  most  valuable,  portion  of  the  work  is  that  on  Animism,  or  the 
doctrine  of  spiritual  existence. 


Wallou,  Henri  Alexandre. — Histoire  de  I'Esclavage  dans  I'Anti- 
quite.  3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1847-48 ;  2®  ed.  corrigee,  3  vols.,  8vo, 
Paris,  1879. 

The  author  has  for  many  years  maintained  a  high  and  respon- 
sible position  among  the  literary  men  of  France,  As  professor  of 
history  in  the  Sorbonne,  he  was  one  of  the  colleagues  of  Guizot ; 
and  more  recently,  as  Minister  of  Public  Instruction,  he  has  had 
direction  of  the  reorganization  of  the  French  school  system  under 
the  republic. 

The  "History  of  Slavery"  was  crowned  by  the  Institute  soon 
after  its  publication  ;  and  not  much  later,  it  came  everywhere  to  be 
recognized  as  a  work  of  much  learning  as  well  as  of  conspicuous 
ability  and  good  judgment.  It  is  the  object  of  the  work  to  trace 
the  growth  of  slavery  in  the  several  nations  of  antiquity,  to  show 
its  characteristics  and  methods,  and  the  causes  of  its  decline.  Its 
abolition  the  author  attributes  chiefly  to  the  influence  of  Chris- 
tianity, On  the  subject  of  which  it  treats  it  has  neither  equal 
nor  rival. 


90  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 


IV.   SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    READERS. 

1.  A  valuable  brief  survey  of  Oriental  history  may  be  made  by 
reading  either  Lenormant  and  Chevalier's  or  Smith's  "  History  of 
the  East."  The  former  is  founded  on  more  thorough  personal 
knowledge ;  the  latter  is  more  skilfully  written.  By  way  of  en- 
livenment,  Rawlinson's  edition  of  Herodotus  may  be  found  valua- 
ble, though  it  should  always  be  read  with  the  recollection  that  it 
is  partly  history  and  partly  fable.  Wheeler's  "  Life  and  Travels 
of  Herodotus"  is  a  good  book,  and,  without  being  strictly  histor- 
ical, is  designed  to  take  the  reader  into  the  life  and  stir  of  the 
countries  visited  by  Herodotus.  Brugsch  Bey's  "  Egypt "  will  in- 
terest and  instruct. 

2.  For  a  longer  course,  either  Duncker's  "  History  of  Antiquity  " 
or  the  three  published  volumes  of  Smith's  "History  of  the  World  " 
may  be  read.  Heercn  traces  with  freshness  and  spirit  the  politics, 
intercourse,  and  trade  of  the  ancient  Asiatic  nations.  Rawlinson's 
*'  Five  Monarchies  "  may  be  consulted,  and  selected  chapters  read. 
Valuable  information  may  be  gained  on  the  same  subject  from 
the  JVorth  British  Revieio  for  January,  1870,  and  from  the  Edin- 
hurcjk  Review  for  January,  1870.  On  the  civilization  of  the  na- 
tions in  the  valley  of  the  Euphrates,  the  works  of  George  Smith 
are  of  the  first  importance.  Baldwin's  "  Prehistoric  Nations  "  was 
written  to  prove  that  the  Phoenicians,  Chaldajans,  and  Egyptians 
were  descended  from  the  Cushites  of  Arabia.  On  the  early  civ- 
ilization of  Egypt,  Wilkinson  and  Brugsch  Bey  are  the  best  au- 
thorities. Egyptian  life  and  manners  are  portrayed  in  the  novels 
of  George  Ebers,  an  author  who  is  not  merely  an  entertaining 
writer  of  fiction,  but  also  an  eminent  Egyptologist. 

3.  Works  on  the  early  civilization  of  mankind  have  recently 
become  numerous  and  important.  Evidence  concerning  prehis- 
toric man  has  been  summarized  in  Figuier's  "  I'rimitivc  Man  "  and 
in  Ly ell's  "Antiquity  of  Man."  Lubbock,  in  his  "  Prehistoric 
Times"  and  in  liis  "Origin  of  Civilization,"  aims  to  show  that 
civilization  lias  arisen  from  original  barbarism,  and  that  barbarism 
is  not  the  result  of  degeneration.  This  view  is  also  taken  by 
Tylor  in  his  "  J'rimitive  Culture"  and  in  his  "Early  History  of 
Mankind."     Whatcly,  in  his  "Origin  of  Civilization,"  takes  the 


HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY.  gj 

opposite  view,  as  docs  also  Argyll  in  his  "  Primeval  Man."  Win- 
ehell's  "  Preadamites "  aims  to  show  not  so  much  the  great  an- 
tiquity of  man  as  that  the  human  family  was  divided  into  dis- 
tinct races  at  a  period  much  earlier  than  has  usually  been  sup- 
posed. Morgan's  "  Ancient  Society  "  is  a  very  scholarly  effort  to 
trace  the  lines  of  human  progress  from  savage  life  through  bar- 
barism up  to  civilization.  McLennan's  "  Primitive  Marriage" 
treats,  in  an  interesting  manner,  of  early  domestic  ceremonies  and 
relations.  Coulanges's  "  Ancient  City  "  throws  a  flood  of  light  on 
the  organization  of  early  society,  but  the  Avork  pertains  chiefly  to 
the  earliest  history  of  Greece  and  Rome.  Maine's  "  Ancient 
Law,"  and  the  same  author's  "  Early  History  of  Institutions,"  are 
of  the  highest  value  in  showing  the  origin  of  many  modern  cus- 
toms. The  series  of  volumes  edited  by  Dr.  Birch  entitled  "  Rec- 
ords of  the  Past "  are  worthy  of  examination  in  a  study  of  early 
Oriental  history. 

For  a  more  careful  study  of  Oriental  history,  the  following 
works  may  be  used  with  advantage :  George  Smith's  "  Assyria 
from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Fall  of  Nineveh  ;"  the  same  au- 
thor's "History  of  Babylonia,"  Birch's  "History  of  Egypt  from 
the  Earliest  Times  to  B.C.  300,"  AV.  S.  W.  Vaux's  "Persia  from 
the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Arab  Conquest,"  Gaston  Maspero's 
"  Histoire  ancienne  des  Peuples  de  I'Orient,"  J.  A.  de  Gobineau's 
"  Histoire  des  Perses  d'apres  les  MSS.  orientaux  inedits,"  Joachim 
Menant's  "  Annales  des  Rois  d'Assyrie  traduites  et  miscs  en 
ordre  sur  le  text  assyrien,"  Jules  Oppert's  "Histoire  des  Empires 
de  Chaldee  et  d'Assyrie,"  and  George  Rawlinson's  "  History  of 
Ancient  Egypt." 

Recent  works  of  importance  :  Professor  Daniel  Wilson's  "  Pre- 
historic Man"  was  enlarged  and  improved  in  the  third  edition 
(2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1876).  C.  F.  Keary's  "  The 
Dawn  of  History.  An  Introduction  to  Prehistoric  Study  "  (l2mo, 
London  and  New  York,  n.  d.)  is  a  work  of  unquestionable  merit. 

E.  Ledrain's  "L'Histoire  d'Israel,  avec  une  appendice  par  Jules 
Oppert"  (2  vols.,  8vo  and  12mo,  Paris)  brings  the  history  to  the 
revolt  in  the  time  of  Adrien,  A.D.  135,  and  is  one  of  the  best  of 
historical  manuals.  The  "Transactions  of  the  Society  of  Bib- 
lical Archaeology,"  of  which  the  first  seven   volumes,  Svo,  have 


92  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

been  published,  arc  of  the  first  importance.  Ignatz  Goldziber's 
"  Mythology  among  the  Hebrews  and  its  Historical  Develop- 
ment," translated  by  Russel  Martineaii  (8vo,  London,  1877).  Er- 
nest Renan's  "  Histoire  du  Penple  d'Israel,"  of  which  the  first 
volume  appeared  in  1887,  is  to  be  in  five  volumes,  and  is  designed 
to  form  an  introduction  to  the  same  author's  "  History  of  Chris- 
tianity." Vol.  I.  brings  the  narrative  to  the  establishment  of  Je- 
rusalem as  the  capital  of  King  David. 

Pertaining  to  other  peoples  in  the  Orient  the  following  works 
may  be  noted  :  George  Rawlinson's  "  Egypt  and  Babylon  from 
Scriptures  and  Profane  Sources"  (8vo,  London,  1885),  Jules  Op- 
pert's  "  Histoire  des  Empires  de  Chaldee  et  d'Assyrie  d'apres  les 
monuments,  depuis  I'etablisseraent  definitif  des  Semites  en  Meso- 
potamie  jusqu'aux  Sehicides,  B.C.  2000-A.D.  150"  (8vo,  Paris, 
1866),  Van  den  Berg's  "Petite  Histoire  ancienne  des  Peuples  de 
rOrient "  (12mo,  3d  ed.,  Paris,  1883)  is  prepared  with  great  care 
from  recently  discovered  sources.  W.  C.  Taylor's  "  Student's  Man- 
ual of  Ancient  History"  (crown  8vo,  London,  1882)  is  a  good 
presentation  of  the  political  history  and  social  state  of  the  prin- 
cipal nations  of  antiquity.  Delattre's  "  Le  Peuple  et  I'Empire  des 
Medes"  (4to,  Bruxelles,  1883)  makes  use  of  all  recent  researches 
and  inscriptions,  and  was  crowned  for  its  excellence  by  the  Bel- 
gian Royal  Academy.  Vaux's  "  Persia  from  the  Earliest  Period 
to  the  Arab  Conquest"  (12mo,  London,  1875)  continues  to  be 
the  best  sketch  in  English,  though  the  most  important  authority 
on  Persian  history  is  J.  A.  de  Gobineau's  "  Histoire  des  Perses 
d'apres  les  auteurs  orientaux,  grecs,  et  latins  et  particuliercment 
d'apres  les  monuments  orientaux  inedits,  etc."  (8  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1869).  The  works  of  George  Smith — "  The  History  of  Babylon, 
edited  by  A.  IL  Sayce,"  "  Assyria,  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  tlic 
Fall  of  Nineveh,"  and  "Assyrian  Discoveries  during  1873-74" 
(7th  ed.,  3  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1883) — are  the  work  of  a  very 
superior  scholar.  Lenormant's  "  Histoire  ancienne  de  I'Orient 
jusqu'aux  guerrcs  mediques,  continue  par  Ernest  Babelon  "  (9th 
ed.,  4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1881-85)  is  a  work  of  the  first  importance. 
Vol.  L  is  devoted  to  races  and  languages;  Vol.  H.  to  the  Egyp- 
tians; Vol.  in.  to  the  civilization,  customs,  and  monuments  of 
the  Egy[)liaus  ;  Vol.  IV.  to  the  Assyrians  and  Cliald.^ans.  G. 
Ebcrs's  "yEgypten  in   Bild  uud  Wort"  (2  vols.,  4to,  Stuttgart, 


HISTORIES  OF  ANTIQUITY.  93 

1879-80),  L.  Menard's  "  llistoire  des  anciennes  Pcuples  de  I'Ori- 
ent"  (12mo,  Paris,  1882).  Ptagozin's  "The  Story  of  Chaldiea" 
(12rao,  New  York,  1887)  is  an  excellent  little  volume  in  the 
"  Story  of  the  Nations  Series." 

Of  the  general  histories  of  antiquity  Diincker's  not  only  con- 
tinues to  be  the  best,  but  has  greatly  increased  in  reputation  as 
time  has  advanced.  Six  volumes  of  an  English  translation  (8vo, 
London)  have  already  appeared.  Perrot  et  Chipiez's  "L'Histoirc 
dc  I'Art  dans  Antiquite,"  of  which  Vol.  IV.,  4to,  appeared  in  1886, 
is  the  most  important  and  elaborate  work  on  the  subject  of  an- 
cient art.  L'Amiral  Serre's  "  Les  Marines  de  Guerre  de  I'Anti- 
quite  et  du  Moyen  Age"  (8vo,  Paris,  1886)  is  the  most  valuable 
work  on  naval  affairs  and  methods  with  the  ancients,  Dahn's 
"  Urgeschichte  der  Griechisclien  und  Eomanischen  Vcilker"  is  of 
much  geographical  and  ethnological  importance.  Falke's  "  Hellas 
und  Rom ;  cine  Culturgeschichte  des  Classischen  Alterthums " 
(folio,  Stuttgart,  1878-80)  is  illustrated  with  numerous  engrav- 
ings of  exceptional  interest  and  value. 


94  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Chapter   TV. 

HISTORIES    OF    GREECE. 
I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Cox,  George  W.— A  General  History  of  Greece  from  the  Earliest 
Period  to  the  Death  of  Alexander  the  Great.  With  a  Sketch 
of  the  Subsequent  History  to  the  Present  Time.  12mo,  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1876.     New  edition,  8vo,  London,  1S83. 

One  of  the  best  of  the  smaller  histories  of  Greece.  The  style 
is  unusually  attractive,  and  the  book  is  well  supplied  with  maps 
and  tables.  The  volume  is  somewhat  better  adapted  to  the  wants 
of  a  general  reader  than  to  those  of  a  special  student.  Perhaps 
the  most  striking  peculiarity  of  the  work  is  the  importance  the 
author  attaches  to  mythology  as  a  key  to  the  characteristics  of 
early  civilization.  With  the  mythology  of  the  Greeks  as  a  guide, 
he  is  confident  that  he  can  trace  the  sources  of  Grecian  culture 
to  the  earliest  Aryan  civilization.  He  even  goes  so  far  as  to  be- 
lieve he  can  detect  the  circumstances  Avhich  led  the  lonians  to 
soften  the  cxclusiveness  of  ancient  society,  and  the  Dorians  to 
keep  it  alive.  In  these  theories  he  follows  Curtius  and  rejects 
Grote. 


Cox,  George  W. — A  History  of  Greece.     Vols.  i.  and  ii.,  Svo,  Lon- 
don, 1874;  new  edition,  1879. 

These  volumes  treat  of  the  history  of  Greece  to  tlie  end  of  the 
Peloponnesian  war.  The  author  announces  liis  intention  to  carry 
the  narrative  in  the  third  and  fourth  volumes  down  to  the  revolu- 
tion that  ended  in  the  reign  of  King  Otho, 

Tiic  work  lias  the  merit  of  being  written  with  rare  literary 


HISTORIES  OF   GREECE. 


95 


skill,  but  it  can  liardly  claim  to  be  founded  on  any  such  thorougli 
Greek  scholarship  as  that  which  characterizes  the  histories  of 
Grote,  Curtius,  and  Thirlwall.  On  the  contrary,  it  follows,  for 
the  most  part,  the  investigations  of  previous  laborers  in  the  same 
field.  The  author  attaches  little  importance  to  traditions,  regard- 
ing them  generally  as  solar  myths  or  etymological  legends.  He 
therefore  indulges  in  no  confident  portrayal  of  early  Greek  life. 

Of  all  the  histories  of  Greece,  it  is  perhaps  the  one  best  calcu- 
lated to  interest  the  general  reader.  It  is  Grecian  history  made 
easy  through  the  charm  of  a  delightful  style.  Though  it  lacks 
the  qualities  of  originality  that  give  to  the  works  of  Curtius  and 
Grote  their  importance,  it  has  the  advantage  of  a  greatly  superior 
literary  workmanship.  

Curtiu?;  Ernst. — The  History  of  Greece.  Translated  by  A.  AY. 
Ward.  5  vols.,  12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1871-74.  The 
Gth  German  cd.,  of  which  vol.  I.  appeared  in  1887,  is  improved 
and  enlarged. 

The  author  is  probably  more  familiar  with  the  climate,  re- 
sources, and  physical  characteristics  of  Greece  than  is  any  other 
writer  on  Grecian  history.  As  an  archfeological  and  historical 
investigator,  he  travelled  over  and  examined  all  parts  of  the  Greek 
peninsula.  With  classical  literature  he  is  also  very  familiar;  and 
he  seems  to  have  a  special  gift  for  the  work  of  interpreting  it. 
These  qualifications  doubtless  go  far  towards  justifying  a  manner 
of  treating  the  subject  which  in  a  scholar  of  less  general  and 
special  information  would  have  been  very  unsatisfactory.  With- 
out taking  the  time  and  space  to  indicate  his  authorities,  the 
author  contents  himself  with  advancing  his  theories  and  indicat- 
ing his  conclusions.  As  he  differs  on  many  points  from  the  high 
authority  of  Grote,  it  would  afford  great  satisfaction  to  the  care- 
ful student  of  Greek  history  to  see  the  reasons  for  the  author's 
views.  This  absence  of  all  references  to  authorities  is  the  most 
unsatisfactory  feature  of  the  work,  though  the  explanation  is  that 
the  volumes  were  not  so  much  intended  for  the  use  of  scholars  as 
for  the  use  of  general  readers. 

In  his  treatment  of  political  questions  the  author  resembles 
Thirlwall  and  Mitford  more  nearly  than  he  resembles  Grote.  His 
sympathies  arc  monarchical,  and,  therefore,  he  attaches  far  less 


96 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


importance  than  does  Grote  to  the  characteristics  of  self-govern- 
ment as  an  inspiring-  influence.  He  also  differs  from  Grote  in  re- 
gard to  the  origin  and  movements  of  the  early  Hellenic  races. 
Former  historians  have  found  no  connecting  thread  till  after  the 
Dorian  migrations.  But  Curtius,  taking  the  myths  as  the  foun- 
dation, and  bringing  to  his  assistance  the  results  of  modern  philo- 
logical research,  has  built  up  a  theory  which  he  puts  forward  with 
considerable  confidence.  He  even  goes  so  far  as  to  describe  the 
manner  in  which,  as  he  believes,  the  ancestors  of  the  lonians  sep- 
arated from  the  ancestors  of  the  Dorians.  The  author's  views, 
however,  are  accepted  by  very  few  scholars,  and  are  not  in  accord 
with  the  most  recent  philological  theories. 


Felton,  C.  C. — Greece,  Ancient  and  Modern.     Lectures  delivered 

before  the  Lowell  Institute.      2  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1867;  also 
in  1  vol.,  8vo,  Boston,  1880. 

These  entertaining  volumes  consist  of  four  courses  of  lectures, 
prepared  for  audiences  of  the  cultivated  people  of  Boston.  The 
first  course  was  entitled  "  The  Greek  Language  and  Poetry ;"  the 
second,  "  The  Life  of  Greece  ;"  the  third,  "  The  Constitutions  and 
Orators  of  Greece ;"  and  the  fourth,  "  Modern  Greece." 

For  the  purposes  of  a  general  student  who  would  get  an  insight 
into  the  activities  of  Greek  life  and  culture,  these  volumes  are  of 
the  first  importance.  The  lectures  not  only  give  the  results  of 
an  ardent  enthusiasm  and  a  thorough  scholarship,  but  they  also 
present  their  results  with  rare  literary  art.  On  the  whole,  they 
give  to  the  general  reader  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  picture 
of  Greece  we  yet  have.  The  object  of  the  author  was  not  criti- 
cal intpiiry,  but  a  popular  presentation  of  the  subject. 

On  some  points  modern  scholarship  has  somewhat  changed  its 
position  since  these  lectures  were  prepared.  For  example,  on  the 
subject  of  the  unity  of  Homer  the  author  did  not  hesitate  to  say, 
"  No  person  of  common-sense  would  ever  suspect  while  reading  the 
Iliad  or  Odyssey  a  want  of  unity,  coherence,  or  completeness." 
But,  in  spite  of  an  occasional  extravagance  of  this  sort,  the  au- 
thor's judgments  are  generally  trustworthy,  and  his  opinions  arc 
entitled  to  the  highest  respect. 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  97 

Grote,  George. — History  of  Greece.  12  vols.,  12mo,  New  York, 
1851-50.  Tlie  American  reprint  of  this  great  work  embodies 
the  important  revisions  prepared  by  the  author  for  the  second 
London  edition.  Tiie  changes  in  the  third  and  fourth  editions 
were  of  very  slight  importance,  though  the  best  London  edition 
is  the  fourth,  that  of  1872,  in  10  vols.,  Svo. 

No  one  of  the  great  historical  works  produced  in  the  course  of 
this  century  has  received  more  general  or  more  hearty  commen- 
dation than  has  the  work  of  Grote.  It  possesses  nearly  every 
quality  of  an  historical  work  of  the  very  highest  order  of  meiit. 
In  extent  of  learning,  in  variety  of  research,  in  power  of  combina- 
tion, in  familiarity  with  the  byways  as  well  as  the  higbways  of 
Grecian  literature,  it  leaves  nothing  whatever  to  be  desired.  Al- 
most the  only  regret  one  feels  in  making  use  of  this  noble  work 
is  that  the  author  never  acquired  a  mastery  of  an  easy,  correct, 
and  graceful  English  style.  His  sentences  are  often  involved  and 
awkward,  and  sometimes  obscure  and  ungrammatical.  This,  to 
be  sure,  is  a  small  drawback,  when  placed  in  comparison  with  the 
great  merits  of  the  work ;  but  it  is  sufficient  to  drive  many  read- 
ers from  its  pages. 

The  work  may  with  some  propriety  be  called  a  constitutional 
history.  The  author  was  a  decided  Liberal  in  politics ;  and  in  his 
work  he  exerts  a  manifest  effort  to  counteract  the  influence  of 
such  historians  as  Mitford.  One  of  the  obvious  motives  of  Grote 
was  to  display  the  inspiring  influence  of  political  freedom  on  the 
actions  of  human  intelligence.  In  dealing  with  Athenian  politi- 
cal affairs,  as  distinguished  from  the  affairs  of  other  Grecian  states, 
he  had  the  amplest  of  opportunities. 

Like  the  chapters  of  Gibbon,  each  of  this  author's  chapters  is 
in  some  sense  a  monograph  complete  in  itself.  And  some  of 
these  chapters  are  among  the  most  admirable  specimens  of  histor- 
ical work  ever  produced.  The  last  volume  closes  with  the  loss  of 
Athenian  liberty  under  Macedonian  rule,  at  the  period  when  the 
history  of  Greece  became  merged  in  the  history  of  surrounding 
nations.  For  accounts  of  the  Achaian  League,  therefore,  the  stu- 
dent must  rely  on  other  authorities. 


Mitford,  William. — The  History  of  Greece,  from  the  Earliest  Ac- 

7 


98  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

counts  to  the  Death  of  Philip,  King  of  Macedon.  No  edition 
before  the  seventh  is  to  be  recommended  ;  as  for  that  edition — 
8  vols,,  8vo,  London,  1838 — the  work  was  thoroughly  revised 
and  greatly  improved. 

As  Grote's  is  the  groat  Liberal  history  of  Greece,  so  this  is  the 
great  Tory  history  of  the  same  country.  Before  the  appearance 
of  Thirl  wall,  it  was  the  history  most  often  consulted.  In  the 
use  of  terse  and  cogent  English,  Mitford  was  superior  to  his  suc- 
cessors. He  could  praise  tyrants  and  abuse  liberty  in  a  manner 
that  was  sure  to  interest  his  readers ;  and  even  his  constant  par- 
tialities and  frequent  exhibitions  of  anger  give  flavor  to  his  narra- 
tion. He  hated  the  popular  party  of  Athens,  as  he  hated  the 
Whigs  of  England.  These  characteristics  give  spirit  to  a  book 
which,  with  all  its  labor  and  learning,  is  merely  a  huge  party 
pamphlet.  Though  it  has  had  much  influence  in  England,  it  is 
no  longer  of  any  considerable  importance. 


Smith,  William. — A  History  of  Greece,  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Roman  Conquest.  With  Supplementary  Chapters  on 
the  History  of  Literature  and  Art.  12mo,  New  York;  8vo, 
Boston,  18G5.  The  Boston  edition  contains  a  chapter  on  Mod- 
ern Greece  that  adds  somewhat  to  the  value  of  the  work.  In 
the  carefulness  of  its  editing  and  proof-reading  it  is  also  su- 
perior. 

First  published  in  1854,  this  is  still  one  of  the  best  summaries 
in  our  language  of  the  ancient  history  of  Greece  for  the  use  of 
schools  and  colleges.  It  follows  Grotc  as  an  authority,  many  of 
its  parts  being  chiefly  an  abridgment  of  that  distinguished  histo- 
rian. To  the  general  reader  it  will,  perhaps,  be  found  less  inter- 
esting than  the  work  of  Cox ;  but  its  conclusions  are  probably 
quite  as  trustworthy,  and,  on  that  account,  its  intrinsic  merits 
are  somewhat  greater.  The  maps  and  illustrations  are  good  and 
abundant. 


Thirlwall,  Bishop  Connop. — The  History  of  Greece.     Several  edi- 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  99 

tions^  of  whicli  tlie  best  arc  those  of  London,  1845-52,  and 
1855,  8  vols.,  8vo,  The  American  edition  in  2  vols,  is  a  re- 
print of  one  of  the  earlier  London  editions. 

A  work  which,  as  a  whole,  is  not  perhaps  to  be  compared  fa- 
vorably with  that  of  Grote,  but  which  still  has  some  points  of 
great  advantage.  It  shows  learning,  sagacity,  and  candor ;  but  it 
falls  far  short  of  Grote  in  that  power  of  combination  and  gener- 
alization which  lias  made  the  later  work  so  justly  famous.  The 
English  of  Thirlwall  is  superior  to  that  of  Grote,  although  the 
style  of  neither  of  them  is  entitled  to  very  high  praise. 

Thirlwall's  sympathies  are  aristocratic  rather  than  democratic — 
the  exact  opposite  of  the  sympathies  of  Grote.  The  books,  there- 
fore, may  well  be  read  at  the  same  time,  in  order  that  conflicting 
views  may  be  compared  and  weighed.  Another  difference  be- 
tween the  two  works  is  that  while  Grote  is  especially  strong  on 
the  earlier  liistory  of  Greece,  Thirlwall  is  strong  on  the  later  his- 
tory. Perhaps  the  best  portion  of  Thirlwall's  book  is  that  which 
relates  to  the  age  beginning  with  the  period  at  which  Grote  ends. 


II.    HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

Benjamin,  S.  G.  W. — Troy,  its  Legend,  History,  and  Literature. 
With  a  Sketch  of  the  Topography  of  the  Troad  in  the  Light 
of  Recent  Investigation.  With  Map.  16mo,  London  and  New 
York,  1880. 

This  little  volume  is  an  attempt  to  tell  the  Trojan  story  in  the 
light  of  recent  discoveries  and  explorations.  The  story  is  pleas- 
antly narrated,  and  is  perhaps  as  near  the  truth  as  any  other  ac- 
count in  our  possession.  As  a  preliminary,  or  as  an  accompani- 
ment to  the  reading  of  the  works  of  Homer,  or  of  Dr.  Schlie- 
mann,  the  volume  may  be  of  some  value.  It  must  be  remembered, 
however,  that  it  rests  upon  no  very  firm  historical  basis. 


Mliller,  C.  0. — The  History  and  Antiquities  of  the  Doric  Race. 


100  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Translated  from  the  German  by  Henry  Tupnell  and  Geo.  Corn- 
wall Lewis.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Oxford,  1830. 

On  the  appearance  of  this  work  it  was  greeted  as  one  of  the 
most  scholarly  of  modern  time.  It  is  still  entitled  to  high  praise, 
though  the  archaeological  studies  of  the  past  twenty-five  years 
have  shown  that  some  of  the  author's  positions  are  untenable. 
His  theories  concerning  the  early  life  of  the  Dorians  are  essen- 
tially the  opposite  of  those  held  by  Curtius  and,  probably,  by  a 
majority  of  modern  scholars.  The  second  volume  is  devoted  to 
the  political  institutions  of  the  Dorians,  and  still  retains  its  great 
importance.  The  characteristics  of  the  Spartan  government  and 
society  have  nowhere  been  more  satisfactorily  presented,  unless 
it  be  in  the  recent  work  of  Jannet. 


Cox,  George  W. — The  Greeks    and   the   Persians.      With  Five 
Colored  Maps.     16mo,  New  York,  187G. 

The  design  of  this  little  volume  is  to  give  a  history  of  that 
great  struggle  between  the  despotism  of  the  East  and  the  free- 
dom of  the  West,  which  came  to  an  end  in  the  final  overthrow 
of  the  Persians  at  Plataia  and  Mykale.  The  aim  of  the  author  is 
to  show  how  much  of  the  history  and  traditions  is  trustwoi'thy, 
rather  than  how  much  is  to  be  set  aside  as  untrue.  It  is  a  narra- 
tive rather  than  a  critical  account,  and  is  a  clear  exposition,  not  only 
of  the  great  conflict  which  it  is  the  more  especial  object  of  the 
volume  to  describe,  but  also  of  the  political  and  military  institu- 
tions of  the  Persians  and  of  the  several  Grecian  states.  The  au- 
thor's studies  preliminary  to  his  larger  work  had  admirably  fitted 
him  for  the  preparation  of  this.  The  style  is  clear  and  interest- 
ing.    The  maps  are  admirable. 


Cox,  George  W. — The  Athenian  p]mpirc.    With  Five  Maps.    1 6mo, 
New  York,  1877. 

An  account  of  Greek  history  from  the  rebuilding  of  the  walls 
of  Athens  at  the  close  of  tlie   Tcrsian  invasions  to  the  surrender 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  101 

of  the  city  at  the  end  of  the  I'duponncsiiin  war.  The  autlior 
shows  this  period  to  have  been  one  of  struggle  not  only  between 
two  cities,  but  also  between  two  contending  elements  of  society. 
Opinions  favorable  to  the  extension  of  popular  liberty  were  ar- 
rayed against  those  desiring  to  establish  the  narrow  and  exclu- 
sive power  of  an  oligarchy.  The  success  of  Sparta  is  attributed 
in  great  part  to  the  fact  that  the  Peloponnesians  were  powerfully 
aided  by  members  of  the  haughty  Eupatrids  in  Athens.  The 
woi'k  is  a  reproduction,  in  more  popular  form,  of  much  of  the 
second  volume  of  the  author's  larger  history. 


Herodotus. — A  New  English  Version.  Edited,  with  Notes  and 
Essays,  Historical,  Ethnographical,  and  Geographical,  by  Canon 
Rawlinson,  Sir  H.  Rawlinscn,  and  Sir  J.  G.  Wilkinson.  With 
Maps  and  Wood-cuts.  4  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York, 
1859. 

This  must  be  considered  as  by  far  the  most  valuable  version  of 
the  works  of  "The  Father  of  History."  The  writings  of  the 
author  are  illustrated  by  the  editors  from  all  the  most  recent 
sources  of  information.  Copious  liistorical  and  ethnographical 
results  are  embodied  in  the  illustrative  notes.  The  superior  schol- 
arship in  Eastern  history  of  Sir  Henry  Rawlinson  and  Sir  J.  G. 
Wilkinson  gives  great  impoi'tance  to  the  essays  furnished  by  these 
gentlemen  and  published  as  an  appendix. 

The  history  of  Herodotus  was  probably  not  written  until  near 
the  end  of  his  life — it  is  certain  that  he  had  been  collecting  ma- 
terials for  it  during  many  years.  There  was  scarcely  a  city  of 
importance  in  Greece,  Asia  Minor,  Syria,  Persia,  Arabia,  or 
Egypt  that  he  had  not  visited  and  studied;  and  almost  every 
page  of  his  work  contains  results  of  his  personal  inquiries  and 
observations.  He  visited  the  sites  of  all  the  great  battles  between 
the  Greeks  and  Persians ;  followed  the  line  of  Xerxcs's  march ; 
went  to  nearly  all  of  the  Greek  islands ;  visited  the  tribes  on  the 
Black  Sea;  went  to  Babylon,  Ecbatana,  and  Susa ;  made  excur- 
sions into  Arabia  ;  saw  with  his  own  eyes  the  wonders  of  Egypt ; 
travelled  as  far  south  as  Elephantine,  and  as  far  west  as  Cyrene. 


102  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  object  of  these  extensive  journeyings  was  to  procure  infor- 
mation for  his  account  of  the  struggles  between  the  Greeks  and 
the  Persians.  It  will  be  seen  that  he  brought  to  Lis  work  certain 
remarkable  qualifications.  His  purpose  was  to  sketch,  in  a  man- 
ner that  would  interest  as  well  as  instruct,  the  long  struggle  which 
extended  from  the  time  of  the  first  dispute  in  Asia  Minor  between 
the  colonists  to  the  final  repulse  of  the  Persians  and  the  perma- 
nent establishment  of  Grecian  authority.  The  history  is  a  kind 
of  prose  epic,  into  which  the  author  has  wrought,  with  remarkable 
skill,  the  varied  and  interesting  results  of  his  inquiries  and  obser- 
vations. It  abounds  in  episodes  and  digressions ;  but  these  arc 
given  in  organic  connection  with  the  other  parts  in  such  a  way 
as  not  seriously  to  impair  the  unity  of  the  whole.  The  work  is 
woven  together  in  a  style  so  charming  as  to  give  at  least  plausi- 
bility to  the  story  of  Lucian  that  when  the  author,  in  his  old 
age,  recited  his  history  at  Olympia,  the  youthful  Thucydides  was 
moved  to  tears,  and  the  assembled  Greeks,  in  their  enthusiasm, 
gave  to  the  books  of  the  history  the  names  of  the  nine  muses. 

As  an  authority,  the  work  of  Herodotus  must  be  used  Avith 
discretion.  Care  must  be  taken  to  discriminate  between  what 
came  under  the  author's  own  observation  and  what  he  relates  as 
having  been  received  from  others.  The  stories  related  to  liim 
by  priests  are  to  be  received  as  of  little  or  no  historical  value. 
But  recent  researches  in  the  East  have  tended  to  confirm  the  au- 
thority of  the  author  in  all  matters  that  came  under  his  personal 
observation.  Many  things  laughed  at  for  centuries  as  impossible 
arc  now  found  to  have  been  described  in  strict  accordance  with 
truth.  As  a  narrator  of  his  own  observations,  he  is  now  seen  to 
have  been  a  model  of  truthfulness  and  accuracy. 


Xenophon. — The  Whole  Works  of.  Translated  by  Ashley  Coo- 
per, Sptlman,  Smith,  Fielding,  and  others.  Large  8vo,  New 
York,  1801.  Also  traiislatt'd'by  J,  S.  Watson  and  II.  Dale.  2 
vols.,  crown  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1857.  Of  these  trans- 
lations, the  former  is  more  complete  and  elegant;  the  latter 
more  literal  and  scholarly. 

Xenophon   is  doubtless  entitled  to  high  praise  as  a  writer  of 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  103 

simple,  clear,  and  unaffected  style.  His  numerous  histories  are 
to  be  regarded  as  remarkable  for  their  literary  qualities,  liowever, 
rather  than  for  their  great  historical  merits.  His  mind  was  not 
adapted  to  the  deepest  insight  into  political  affairs,  and  therefore 
liis  worlv  is  not  for  a  moment  to  be  compared  with  that  of  Thu- 
cydides.  The  "  Anabasis  "  and  the  "  Hellenica  "  are  the  works 
of  greatest  importance  from  an  historical  and  literary  point  of 
view.  The  "Cyropaidia"  is  a  political  romance,  of  no  historical 
value  whatever.  The  author's  purpose  in  this,  as  in  several  of  his 
other  works,  seems  to  have  been  to  represent  what  a  state  might 
be,  and  ought  to  be,  in  contrast  with  the  actual  turbulent  condi- 
tion of  Athens.  It  is  evident  that  he  preferred  the  aristocratical 
institutions  of  Sparta  to  the  more  democratic  methods  of  Attica. 
Even  the  "  Cyropaidia,"  though  of  no  historical  consequence,  is  of 
some  importance  as  showing  the  political  opinions  of  an  intelli- 
gent observer.  Throughout  his  works  Xenophon  shows  that  he 
had  no  faith  whatever  in  the  extreme  tendencies  to  absolute  de- 
mocracy that  prevailed  at  Athens. 


Thucydides.— The  History  of  the  Peloponnesian  War.  A  New 
and  Literal  Version,  from  the  Text  of  Arnold,  collated  with 
Bekker,  GoUer,  and  Poppo,  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Dale.  Crown 
8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1855.  Also  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, with  Introduction,  Marginal  Analysis,  Notes,  and  Index,  by 
B.  Jowett.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1881.  Of 
Jowett's  work  the  first  volume  contains  the  translation ;  the 
second,  the  Notes,  Essays,  and  Dissertations. 

By  all  critics  in  all  ages  this  has  been  considered  one  of  the 
most  remarkable  pieces  of  historical  composition  ever  produced. 
It  is  no  exaggeration  to  say  that  the  author  has  given  us  a 
more  exact  and  a  more  complete  history  of  a  long  and  eventful 
period  than  we  have  of  any  modern  period  of  equal  length  and 
importance.  From  beginning  to  end,  the  work  shows  the  most 
scrupulous  care  in  the  collection  of  facts,  and  the  utmost  exact- 
ness in  statements  of  chronology.  Occasionally  the  author  has  a 
chapter  of  political  and  moral  observations,  showing  the  keenest 
perception  and  the  deepest  insight  into  human  nature.     He  sel- 


104 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


dom  pauses  to  make  reflections  in  the  course  of  his  narrative.  He 
relates  liis  facts  in  the  fewest  possible  words,  without  parade  of 
ornament  or  of  personal  impression.  Some  of  the  events  he  de- 
scribes he  himself  witnessed,  others  he  became  acquainted  with 
throuo-h  the  most  painstaking,  and  often  difficult,  investigations. 
But  throughout  the  whole  work  there  is  the  moderation  and  self- 
restraint  that  evinces  a  great  mind  and  a  lofty  purpose.  It  is 
said  that  Macaulay  read  the  work  oftener  than  any  other  histori- 
cal production,  and  was  accustomed  to  say  that  though  he  might 
sometimes  hope  to  rival  any  other  work  with  which  he  was  ac- 
quainted, he  could  never  hope  to  rival  the  seventh  book  of  Thu- 
cydides. 

Plutarch's  Lives. — Translated  from  the  Original  Greek,  with 
Notes,  Historical  and  Critical,  and  a  Life  of  Plutarch,  by  John 
Lan^horne  and  William  Langhorne.  There  are  many  editions, 
one  of  the  best  being  that  of  London,  6  vols.,  8vo,  1819;  re- 
published in  America  in  one  large  Bvo  volume.  The  transla- 
tion known  as  Drydcn's,  though  really  made  by  other  persons, 
was,  not  long  since,  carefully  revised  and  edited  by  Arthur 
Hugh  Clougii,  and  is,  on  the  whole,  preferable  to  Langhorne's 
version.  This  edition  is  republished  in  Boston,  5  vols.,  Bvo, 
1875;  also  in  1  vol.,  large  8vo.  A  new  translation  by  Stewart 
and  Long  appeared  in  4  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1880-82. 

This  writer,  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  antiquity,  lived  in  the 
first  century  of  our  era.  The  work  that  has  immortalized  his 
name,  and  made  him  a  favorite  with  wise  men  and  promising 
youth,  is  the  lives  of  forty-six  Greeks  and  Romans.  These  lives 
lie  wrote  in  pairs,  portraying  one  Greek  and  one  Roman,  and  then 
drawing  a  comparison  between  them. 

The  author  has  often  been  criticised  for  his  peculiarities  of 
style,  for  some  mistakes  in  antiquities,  and  for  an  apparent  par- 
tiality for  the  Greeks,  But  whatever  criticisms  of  a  minor  nature 
may  be  made,  it  is  still  true  that  I'lutarch's  Lives  are  among  the 
most  delightful  sketches  ever  written.  As  an  ultimate  and  con- 
clusive authority  they  cannot  be  accepted.  But  they  arc  able  to 
inspire,  to  charm,  and  to  instruct.  They  take  the  reader  into  the 
li(n)ic,  stir  of  Roman  and  (Grecian  life.  They  do  more  than  that; 
they  raise  the  (inn'k  and  Roman  heroes  from  the  dead,  and  clothe 
them  again  with  flesh  and  blood. 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE- 


105 


Lloyd,  William  Watkiss. — The  Ag-e  of  Pericles,  A  History  of 
the  Politics  and  Arts  of  Greece,  from  the  Persian  to  the  Pelo- 
ponnesian  War.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1875. 

A  work  that  endeavors  to  give  a  broader  view  of  Greek  life  and 
culture  than  had  before  been  given  by  any  English  author..  It 
aims  to  represent  the  Greek  mind,  not  only  in  its  political,  but 
also  in  its  artistic  activity.  The  nature  of  the  book  may  be  cor- 
rectly inferred  from  the  following  titles  of  chapters :  "  Athenian 
Democracy  as  Administered  by  Pericles ;"  "  Poetry,  Lyric  and 
Dramatic,  in  the  Age  of  Thcmistocles ;"  "  Painting,  Rudimentary 
and  Advanced  ;"  "  Music  in  the  Age  of  Pericles."  To  this  breadth 
of  method  the  author  has  brought  thoughtful  and  scholarly  re- 
search, and  a  judgment  usually  sound.  Unfortunately,  the  merits 
of  the  book  are  in  some  measure  counterbalanced  by  one  serious 
drawback.  The  author  does  not  add  to  the  abundance  of  his 
good  and  strong  qualities  the  graces  of  a  literary  artist.  In  his 
preface  he  gives  expression  to  his  contempt  for  "  writers  only  on 
the  lookout  for  opportunities  to  be  smart,  in  the  first  place,  and, 
in  the  second,  picturesque ;"  and  this  clause,  l)oth  by  its  sentiment 
and  by  its  awliward  method,  conveys  a  correct  intimation  of  the 
author's  entire  lack  of  appreciation  of  a  good  English  style.  His 
modes  of  expression  are  so  awkward  that  the  reader  often  finds 
his  attention  put  to  a  severe  strain  to  understand  liis  meaning. 
Long  sentences  sometimes  appear  to  have  been  transferred  from 
the  German  almost  without  transposing  a  single  word.  This  very 
serious  drawback  must  limit  the  use  of  what  is,  nevertheless,  a 
very  useful  and  excellent  book. 


Schafer,  Arnold. — Demosthenes  und  seine  Zeit,     Zweite  revidirte 
Ausgabe.      2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1885-86. 

A  very  scholarly  work,  that  gives  an  admirable  representation  of 
the  state  of  Grecian  affairs  at  the  time  of  the  decline  of  Athenian 
independence  and  the  establishment  of  Macedonian  ascendency. 
The  book,  on  its  publication,  immediately  took  rank  among  works 
of  the  first  importance  on  Grecian  history,  and  tinje  has  not  dimin- 
ished its  reputation.     The  great  part  played  by  the  greatest  of 


106  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

orators  lias  nowhere  else  been  so  well  described.  Another  valua- 
ble feature  of  the  work  is  the  representation  it  gives  of  the  fatal 
malady  of  the  Greeks :  namely,  the  jealousies  of  the  several  states, 
and  the  impossibility  of  uniting  them,  even  for  the  purposes  of 
defence. 


Curteis,  Arthur  M. — Rise  of  the  Macedonian  Empire.     With 
Eight  Maps.     16mo,  New  York,  1878. 

A  rapid  but  a  clear  and  graphic  picture  of  Macedonian  power 
from  its  earliest  development  to  the  death  of  Alexander  the  Great. 
The  special  quality  of  the  book  is  to  be  found  in  its  judicious 
omission  of  encumbering  details  and  its  agreeable  admixture  of 
narrative  and  comment.  While  it  is  a  book  of  facts,  it  is  also  a 
book  of  ideas.  The  most  important  events  are  described  in  such 
a  way  as  to  convey  a  clear  impression  of  their  peculiar  signifi- 
cance and  importance.  At  the  beginning  is  a  short  but  sugges- 
tive cliapter  on  the  influence  of  geographical  peculiarities  on 
the  character  of  Grecian  history.  It  is  by  far  the  best  short 
history  of  Alexander  we  have. 


Droysen,  Joh.  Gust. — Geschichte  des  Hellenism  us.  Erster  Theil : 
Geschichte  Alexanders  des  Grossen.  Zweitcr  Theil :  Geschichte 
der  Diadochen.  Dritter  Theil :  Geschichte  der  Epignotcn. 
Zweite  Auflage.  6  vols.,  Svo,  Gotha,  1877-78.  The  second 
edition  contains  corrections  and  additions  of  great  importance. 

The  first  edition  of  this  work  was  published  as  early  as  1836, 
and  (li<l  much  to  establish  that  rcj)utation  which  the  author  has 
now  for  many  years  enjoyed.  Its  importance  was  at  once  uni- 
versally acknowledged.  Thougli  it  was  the  production  of  a  very 
young  scholar,  it  was  seen  to  be  the  best  history  of  the  period  of 
Alexander  tlie  (ireat. 

The  first  two  volumes  describe  the  growth  of  Macedonian  pow- 
er up  to  the  time  of  the  death  of  Alexander.  Tliis  is  perhaps 
the  most  important  portion  of  the  work;  but  the  remaining  vol- 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  107 

umcs  are  not  without  value,  as  they  describe  a  period  which,  at 
the  hands  of  most  historians,  has  received  very  inadequate  treat- 
ment. The  work,  as  a  whole,  maybe  regarded  as  the  best  history 
we  have  of  the  century  following  the  advent  of  Alexander. 


Polybius — The  General  History  of.     Translated  from  the  Greek 
by  Mr.  Hampton,     Fifth  edition,  2  vols.,  8vo,  Oxford,  1823. 

Beyond  question,  the  writings  of  Polybius  arc  among  the  most 
important  that  have  come  down  to  us  from  antiquity.  Not  many 
historical  works,  either  ancient  or  modern,  have  more  numerous 
or  more  striking  excellences.  He  not  only  records,  with  great 
accuracy  and  precision,  his  impressions  of  what  he  describes,  but 
he  shows  that  he  had  studied  the  social,  constitutional,  and  politi- 
cal institutions  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans  with  great  care.  In 
his  methods  there  are  some  striking  peculiarities.  He  wrote  with 
a  manifest  contempt  for  rhetorical  graces,  evidently  striving  to 
impart  instruction  rather  than  entertainment.  He  shows  also  an 
almost  entire  absence  of  imagination ;  and  this  peculiarity  is  the 
most  conspicuous  weakness  of  his  writings.  Originally  the  his- 
tory consisted  of  forty  books,  covering  the  whole  of  the  period 
from  B.C.  220  to  B.C.  146.  It  was  divided  into  two  parts,  the 
first  having  for  its  object  the  work  of  showing  how  it  was  that  in 
the  short  period  of  fifty -three  years  the  Romans  hac^  succeeded  in 
conquering  the  greater  part  of  the  world ;  and  the  second,  the 
work  of  describing  the  important  events  between  the  conquest  of 
Perseus  and  the  fall  of  Corinth.  A  considerable  part,  however, 
has  been  lost,  though  the  portions  we  still  have  throw  invaluable 
light  on  the  second  and  third  Punic  wars  and  on  the  Achaian 
League.  Much  of  Livy's  account  of  the  wars  with  Carthage  is 
but  a  literal  translation  from  the  Greek.  Polybins  himself  was 
actively  engaged  in  many  of  the  scenes  he  describes.  He  was 
seventeen  years  in  Italy,  and  was  with  Scipio  at  the  destruction 
of  Carthage.  Though  the  work  of  Polybius  is  quite  as  impor- 
tant an  authority  in  Roman  as  in  Grecian  history,  it  is,  neverthe- 
less, of  the  greatest  value  in  the  study  of  Greek  confederations, 
from  the  Macedonian  supremacy  to  the  fall  of  Corinth. 


108 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Freeman,  Edward  A.— History  of  Federal  Government,  from  the 
Foundation  of  the  Achaian  League  to  the  Dissohition  of  the 
United  States.  Vol.  I.  General  Introduction,  and  History  of 
Greek  Federations.      8vo,  London,  1863. 

Whether  the  learned  author  despairs  of  being  able  to  complete 
the  formidable  task  announced  in  this  title,  we  are  left  to  conject- 
ure. It  is  only  certain  that  he  has  not  yet  published  more  than 
the  first  volume  of  the  series. 

For  this  fragment,  however,  every  student  of  Grecian  history 
and  every  student  of  political  institutions  should  be  grateful.  It 
is  devoted  to  a  period  subsequent  to  those  dealt  with  by  Grote ; 
but  the  events  it  describes  were  among  the  most  important  in 
Grecian  history.  The  relations  of  the  states  to  one  another  and 
the  forms  and  characteristics  of  the  several  confederated  govern- 
ments are  expounded  with  the  author's  well-known  powers  of  in- 
sight and  generalization.  The  American  student  of  the  work  will 
find  it  one  of  absorbing  interest,  and  will  often  be  surprised  by  the 
striking  similarities  between  certain  features  of  federal  government 
in  Greece  and  certain  features  of  federal  government  in  the  United 
States  of  America. 


Finlay,  George. — A  History  of  Greece,  from  the  Conquest  by  the 
Romans  to  the  Present  Time.  Edited  by  H.  F.  Tozer.  Re- 
vised edition,  7  vols.,  8vo,  Oxford,  1877. 

• 
This  is  a  new  and  improved  edition  of  a  work  on  the  Byzan- 
tine Empire  and  Greece,  the  several  volumes  of  which  appeared 
under  separate  titles  as  they  were  completed.  The  edition  of 
1877  received  the  careful  revisions  of  the  author,  and  has  been 
edited  by  a  competent  and  judicious  hand. 

It  is  no  empty  compliment  to  compare  this  work  witli  that  of  the 
historian  of  the  "Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire."  While 
some  of  the  qualifications  of  Gibbon  are  notably  absent,  others 
that  Gibbon  did  not  possess  are  conspicuously  present.  The  au- 
thor carried  on  his  investigations  in  the  very  heart  of  the  country 
whose  turbulent  vicissitudes  he  describes.  Sj)cn(ling  a  large  por- 
tion of  his  life  in  his  library,  immediately  beneath  the  Acropolis, 
he  had  the  good  fortune  not  only  to  complete  his  great  work,  but 


HISTORIES   OF  GREECE.  109 

also  to  subject  it  to  such  careful  revision  as  the  criticism  of  recent 
scholarship  had  made  necessary. 

The  most  prominent  characteristics  of  the  work  are  learning, 
accuracy,  and  fidelity.  In  addition,  it  may  be  said  that  the  au- 
thor is  severely  critical.  He  is  inclined  to  desponding  views  of 
those  about  hira.  This  shows  itself  not  only  in  the  severity  of 
his  criticisms  of  Greek  statesmen,  but  also  in  his  judgments  of 
English  ministers  who  have  had  to  deal  with  Greek  affairs.  He 
finds  it  not  difficult  to  criticise  the  policy  of  Lord  John  rtu»sell, 
or  even  that  of  Mr.  Gladstone.  He  says  of  his  book  that  "  it  has 
been  its  melancholy  task  to  record  the  errors  and  the  crimes  of 
those  who  governed  Greece,  much  oftener  than  their  merits  or 
virtues." 

The  last  two  volumes  are  devoted  to  a  history  of  the  Greek 
Levolution,  and  of  Grecian  affairs  during  the  last  twenty  years. 
As  a  help  to  those  who  would  become  acquainted  with  the  history 
of  the  East,  these  learned  and  eloquent  volumes  have  no  equals. 
They  are  worthy  to  stand  by  the  side  of  those  of  Grote. 


III.    HISTOEIES    OF    CIVILIZATION    AND    PEOGRESS. 

Bliimner,  Hugo. — Technologic  und  TerminoMgie  der  Gewerbe 
und  Kiinste  bei  Griechen  und  Romern.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig, 
1875-8(5. 

The  first  effort  that  has  been  made  to  give  a  full  and  compre- 
hensive account  of  what  it  is  possible  to  know  of  the  industries 
of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  The  volumes  have  about  a  hundred 
and  fifty  illustrations.  Each  subject  is  treated  both  descriptively 
and  historically.  The  author  has  made  constant  use  of  original 
authorities,  and  these  appear  to  have  been  studied  with  conscien- 
tious diligence  and  thoroughness.  The  book  is  fundamentally  dif- 
ferent from  those  of  Boeckh  and  Guhl  and  Koner;  but  it  throws 
light  on  several  subjects  not  elsewhere  so  well  treated. 


Boeckh,  Augustus. — The  Public  Economy  of  the  Athenians;  with 
Notes  and  a  Copious  Index.     Translated  from  the  second  Ger- 


110  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

man  edition  by  Antliony  Lamb.  8 vo,  Boston,  1857.  The  third 
German  edition,  2  vols.,  8vo,  1886,  edited  by  Max  Frankel,  is 
much  enlarged  and  improved. 

The  author  of  this  remarkable  book  was  for  many  years  recog- 
nized throughout  the  world  as  the  foremost  living  scholar  in 
Greek  antiquities.  He  has  here  brought  together  the  results  of 
all  his  investigations  and  thoughts ;  and  though  many  books  on 
Grecian  antiquities  have  since  appeared,  the  importance  of  that  of 
Boeckh  has  not  been  diminished.  It  is  essentially  a  financial  his- 
tory. "  Interest,"  "  Public  and  Private  Revenues,"  "  Public  Build- 
ings," *'  Fleets,"  "  Markets,"  "  Mines,"  "  General  Expenses,  Public 
and  Private,  in  Peace  and  in  War,"  are  some  of  the  subjects 
brought  under  treatment.  Every  nook  and  corner  of  Greek  liter- 
ature was  ransacked  for  contributions  to  the  work.  The  result  is 
a  book  which  investigators  find  indispensable,  and  which  every 
student  of  Grecian  affairs  will  find  as  interesting  for  its  methods 
as  it  is  remarkable  for  its  scholarship. 


Coulanges,  Fustel  de.— The  Ancient  City.  A  Study  on  the  Re- 
ligion, Laws,  and  Institutions  of  Greece  and  Rome.  Translated 
from  the  latest  French  edition  by  Willard  Small.  12mo,  Bos- 
ton, 1874. 

Whatever  is  written  by  Coulanges  is  w^orthy  of  the  student's 
most  thoughtful  attention.  He  possesses  the  rare  gift  of  uniting 
a  very  profound  and  broad  scholarship  with  a  spirited  and  enter- 
taining literary  style.  Any  one  at  all  interested  in  Greek  and  Ro- 
man institutions  will  be  enticed  by  a  glance  at  the  table  of  con- 
tents, and  will  not  be  disappointed  when  he  puts  the  body  of  the 
work  to  the  test  of  perusal. 

In  no  other  book  has  the  organization  of  the  ancient  family 
been  so  briefly  and  clearly  described ;  and  nowliere  else  have  the 
peculiarities  of  the  Greek  and  Roman  religious  systems  been  so 
well  prescntcil.  It  will  be  u  favorite  book  with  every  scholar  that 
possesses  it.  

Jebb,  R.  C. — Jlomcr.  An  Introduction  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey, 
li'ino,  Boston,  1887. 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  11 1 

A  successful  attempt  to  bring  witliin  reasonable  compass  the 
arguments  for  and  against  the  unity  of  the  Homeric  poems. 
The  volume  is  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  discussion  of  the 
subject  accessible  to  the  English  reader.  The  author  reviews  all 
the  questions  involved  in  the  study  of  the  poems,  and  treats 
them  in  the  light  of  the  most  recent  investigations.  The  book 
is  thus  a  complete  reference  manual. 


Gladstone,  W.  E.  —  Studios  on  Ilomcr  and  the  Homeric  Age. 
3  vols.,  8vo,  Oxford,  1858. 

One  would  suppose,  in  looking  over  these  volumes,  that  the  dis- 
tinguished premier  had  abandoned  the  arts  of  statesmanship  for 
the  vocation  of  a  professor  of  Greek.  From  the  beginning  to  the 
end  of  these  three  huge  octavos,  the  author's  familiarity  with  the 
most  minute  details  of  Greek  learning  is  curiously  obvious.  To 
the  historical  student  the  third  volume  is  the  only  one  to  be  of 
especial  interest.  Of  this  volume  the  first  chapter,  that  on  the 
Politics  of  the  Homeric  Age,  will  amply  reward  the  student's  ex- 
amination.    In  other  respects  the  work  is  chiefly  technical. 


Goll,  Hermann.  —  Kulturbilder  aus  Hellas  und  Rom.  Dritte, 
berichtigte  und  vermehrte  Auflage.  2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig, 
1878. 

These  admirable  little  volumes  were  designed  to  take  the  reader 
into  the  life  and  stir  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans.  They  are  es- 
pecially adapted  to  the  wants  of  college  and  university  students. 
The  plan  and  scope  of  the  work  is  well  indicated  by  the  titles  of 
a  few  of  the  chapters.  "  Popular  Education  ;"  "  Professors  and 
Students  under  the  Roman  Empire  ;"  "  Travelling  in  Antiquity  ;" 
"Physicians;"  "The  Police;"  "The  Greek  and  Roman  Dress;" 
"The  Book  Trade;"  "The  Social  Position  of  Women  ;"  "  Wine 
and  Beer;"  are  the  titles  of  some  of  the  chapters.  The  pages 
are  not  encumbered  with  references  to  original  authorities,  al- 
though they  everywhere  bear  evidence  of  having  been  prepared 
with  great  care.     The  several  chapters  are  to  be  regarded  as  de- 


112  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

scriptive  rather  than  critical,  and  therefore  may  be  read  with  profit 
as  well  as  interest  by  every  master  of  easy  German. 


Guhl,  E.,  and  Koner,  W.— The  Life  of  the  Greeks  and  Romans, 
described  from  Antique  Monuments.  Translated  from  the  third 
German  edition  by  F.  Ilueffcr.  "With  five  hundred  and  forty- 
three  Illustrations.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

The  result  of  careful  and  unwearied  research  in  every  nook  and 
cranny  of  ancient  learning.  Nowhere  else  can  the  student  find 
so  many  facts  in  illustration  of  Greek  and  Roman  methods  and 
manners.  Any  one  in  the  least  desirous  of  becoming  acquainted 
with  the  ways  of  antique  life  will  find  that  this  work  is  as  inter- 
esting as  it  is  informing.  The  illustrations  are  admirable,  and 
the  book  is  made  easy  of  use  by  a  good  index. 


Jannet,  Claudio. — Les  Institutions  Sociales  et  le  Droit  Civil   a 
Sparte.     Deuxieme  edition.     Svo,  Paris,  1880. 

The  first  edition  of  this  monograph  was  published  in  1873,  and 
was  received  with  general  favor.  In  preparing  the  revised  form 
here  published,  the  author  took  advantage  not  only  of  the  reviews 
and  criticisms  to  which  the  work  had  been  subjected,  but  also  of 
such  other  studies  on  the  subject  as  had  appeared  in  France  and 
Germany.  It  is  now  probably  the  best  account  we  have  of  the 
social  institutions  of  Sparta.  It  deals,  first,  with  the  division  into 
classes,  then  with  the  distribution  of  lands,  the  peculiarities  of  the 
constitution,  the  transformation  of  the  constitution,  and,  finally, 
with  the  struggle  between  the  rich  and  the  poor.  The  work 
throughout  rests  on  the  basis  of  original  authorities  and  of  the 
most  advanced  modern  criticism. 


MahafFy,  J.  P. — A  History  of  Greek  Literature.     2  vols.,  12mo, 
Luiidoii  ;ind  New  York,  1880. 

We  here  find  the  same  excellent  characteristics  as  in  the  author's 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  H3 

other  works.  From  beginning  to  end  it  lias  the  flavor  of  the 
open  field  and  of  fresh  breezes.  It  is  somewhat  more  descriptive 
and  less  critical  than  the  Avork  of  Miiller  and  Donaldson,  doubt- 
less for  the  reason  that  it  is  designed  for  a  less  mature  class  of 
scholars.  But  though  the  author  has  written  for  pupils  in  the 
schools,  he  compliments  the  robust  scholarship  of  young  England 
and  Ireland  by  giving  the  illustrative  quotations  exclusively  in  the 
original  (^reek.  Mr.  Mahaffy,  in  common  with  a  large  number 
of  modern  German  scholars,  has  abandoned  the  belief  in  the  unity 
of  Homer.  In  support  of  his  position  on  this  point  he  has  intro- 
duced as  an  appendix  to  his  first  volume  an  essay  by  Professor 
Sayce,  who  presents  with  great  cogency  the  reasons  that  have  led  a 
very  large  number  of  modern  critics  to  give  up  the  doctrine  of 
unity.  The  essayist  says  that  "  a  close  examination  of  Homer 
shows  that  it  is  a  mosaic,"  and  that  "  in  its  present  form  it  can- 
not be  earlier  than  the  seventh  century  before  the  Christian  era." 
The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  poets  ;  the  second,  to  the 
writers  of  prose.     It  is  furnished  with  a  full  index. 


Mahafiy,  J.  P. — Social  Life  in  Greece,  from  Homer  to  Menander. 
12mo,  London,  1874.  Third  edition,  revised  and  enhirged,  8vo, 
London,  1879.  Also,  Greek  Life  and  Thought,  from  the  Age 
of  Alexander  to  the  Roman  Conquest.     8vo,  London,  1887. 

A  very  interesting  and  successful  attempt  to  portray  the  every- 
day life  of  the  Greeks.  The  author  visits  them  in  their  homes, 
in  their  temples,  in  their  assemblies,  and  on  their  journeys.  Every 
person  in  the  least  interested  in  the  characteristics  of  ancient  life 
and  manners  will  read  the  book  with  profit  and  delight.  It  is  as 
interesting  as  it  is  scholarly. 


Mahaflfy,  J.  P. — Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece.     Second  edition, 
revised  and  enlarged,  12mo,  London,  1876. 

A  delightful  little  book  by  one  who  is  no  enthusiast  about  the 
Greeks,  ancient  or  modern,  but  who  thinks  that  while  the  whole 

8 


114  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

world  is  busying  itself  about  the  Slavs  and  Bulgars,  the  modern 
Greeks  liave  failed  to  receive  their  due  share  of  attention.  The 
author  is  a  Greek  scholar,  whose  sympathies  run  to  Greek  litera- 
ture and  life  rather  than  to  Greek  philology.  He  rambles  into 
different  parts  of  Hellas,  and  records  with  rare  literary  art  the 
result  of  his  observations  and  impressions.  While  the  book  has 
largely  to  do  with  modern  life,  it  never  loses  the  delightful  aroma 
of  an  antique  scholarship. 


Miiller,  K.  0.,  and  Donaldson,  J.  W. — A  History  of  the  Literature 
of  Ancient  Greece.     New  edition.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1868. 

For  most  students  this  will  be  found  to  be  one  of  the  most  cora^ 
plete  and  satisfactory  accounts  of  Greek  literature.  It  is  much  less 
exhaustive  in  its  treatment  of  the  earliest  period  than  is  the  great 
work  of  Colonel  Mure ;  but  it  has  the  advantage  of  covering  a 
much  longer  period  of  time.  Li  matters  of  literary  judgment, 
moreover,  it  is  probably  quite  as  trustworthy  as  the  larger  work. 
The  concluding  chapters  are  devoted  to  Greek  literature  during 
the  Middle  Ages,  and  the  work  closes  with  the  taking  of  Con- 
stantinople by  the  Turks. 


Mure,  V/illiam. — A  Critical  History  of  the  Language  and  Lit- 
erature of  Ancient  Greece.  5  vols.,  8vo,  London,  2d  ed., 
1854-57. 

This  great  work  of  Colonel  Mure  was  the  result  of  a  long,  ear- 
nest, and  thorough  study,  as  well  as  of  a  profound  admiration  of 
the  noble  literature  of  which  it  treats.  The  volumes  are  addressed 
principally  to  the  classical  scholar.  They  occupy  ground  which 
liad  scarcely  been  trodden  by  any  English  predecessor,  and  there- 
fore at  once  on  their  publication  they  were  felt  to  supply  a  seri- 
ous want.  They  are  the  scholar's  history.  To  the  general  reader 
they  will  probably  be  somewhat  tiresome,  on  account  of  the  ex- 
ceeding fulness  with  which  each  author  is  treated.  The  five  vol- 
umes bring  the  history  down  only  to  the  death  of  Xenophon. 
On  some  j)oints  the  author's  judgments  have  not  met  with  gen- 
eral favor  from  scholars ;  but  these  are  exceptional  cases,  and  the 


HISTORIES   OF  GREECE.  115 

great  value  of  the  work,  as  a  whole,  has  been  everywhere  ac- 
knowledged. 


Overbeck,  J. — Geschichte  der  griechisclien  Plastik.  Dritte  unigear- 
bciteto  und  vermehrte  Auflage.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1880-82. 

For  more  than  twenty  years  this  work  has  been  the  highest 
authority  on  the  plastic  arts  of  Greece.  It  is  the  production  of 
a  specialist,  and  is  much  more  elaborate  than  the  books  of  Liibke 
and  Winckclmann.  In  matters  of  Grecian  sculpture,  therefore, 
it  is  to  be  regarded  as  of  the  greatest  importance.  The  latest 
edition  is  much  to  be  preferred,  as  it  is  pm-gcd  of  previous  er- 
rors, and  is  fortified  by  references  to  the  results  of  recent  ex- 
plorations and  discoveries. 


Schomann,  G.  F. — The  Antiquities  of  Greece.  Translated  from 
the  German  by  E.  G.  Hardy  and  J.  S.  Mann.  8vo,  London, 
1880. 

The  work  of  Schomann,  of  which  the  first  volume  is  now  pub- 
lished in  translation,  is  in  Germany  one  of  a  scries  of  manuals  de- 
signed to  spread  among  a  wider  circle  a  vivid  knowledge  of  an- 
tiquity. The  book  was  designed  for  a  class  of  educated  readers 
who  have  not  made  a  special  investigation  into  the  characteristics 
of  the  ancient  world.  The  present  volume,  entitled  "  The  State," 
is  to  be  followed  by  a  second  on  "  The  Greek  States  in  their  Re- 
lations witli  one  Another,"  and  "  The  Religious  System  of 
Greece."  The  work,  it  will  be  seen  from  the  title,  is  chiefly  po- 
litical in  its  character ;  and,  as  such,  it  occupies  a  distinctive 
place  among  books  on  Grecian  antiquities.  While  Boeckh  deals 
chiefly  with  financial  questions,  and  Guhl  and  Koner  with  social 
ones,  Schomann  discusses  with  similar  insight  and  thoroughness 
the  afEairs  of  politics.  Nowhere  else  is  there  to  be  found  so  good 
an  account  of  the  political  assemblies,  and  of  their  significance  in 
the  life  of  the  State.  The  work  is  written  in  a  scholarly  and  at- 
tractive style,  and  the  translation  is  excellent. 


IIQ  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Schomann,  G.  F. — Atbenian  Constitutional  History.     Translated 
by  B.  Bosanquet.     8vo,  London,  1878. 

By  far  tlie  most  interesting,  and  probably  tbe  niost  valuable, 
part  of  the  work  is  that  in  which  he  discusses  the  reforms  of  Solon, 
Cleisthenes,  and  Pericles.  On  these  reforms,  like  most  of  the  Ger- 
man authorities,  he  joins  issue  with  Grote.  Schomann  argues  his 
cause  with  great  force,  and  all  who  are  familiar  with  the  recent 
researches  into  the  characteristics  of  primitive  society  must  admit 
that,  aside  from  positive  evidence,  his  view  seems  the  more  prob- 
able.    The  translation  of  the  work  is  unusually  good. 


Winckelmann,  John. — The  History  of  Ancient  Art.  Translated 
from  the  German  by  G.  Henry  Lodge,  M.D.  4  vols,  in  2,  8vo, 
Boston,  1880. 

Winckelmann  was  doubtless  the  most  skilful  and  delightful 
connoisseur  of  ancient  art  that  has  ever  written.  It  is  more  than 
three  fourths  of  a  century  since  the  original  of  the  work  was  pre- 
pared ;  but  these  volumes  are  by  no  means  yet  superannuated. 
The  numerous  illustrations  are  exquisite,  and,  what  is  remarkable, 
are  far  better  in  the  translation  than  in  the  original.  The  au- 
thor's spirit  may  be  gathered  from  his  canon  of  criticism  :  "  Seek 
not  to  detect  deficiencies  and  imperfections  until  you  have  learn- 
ed to  recojrnize  and  discover  beauties." 


Becker,  W.  A. — Chariklcs.  Bilder  altgriechischer  Sitte  zur  genau- 
eren  Kenntniss  dcs  griechischcn  Privatlcbens.  Neu  bcarbeitct 
von  Hermann  Giill.     8vo,  Berlin,  1877. 

Soon  after  this  work  was  issued  it  was  translated  into  English, 
and  publislied  in  several  editions.  It  has  been  greatly  improved 
by  subsequent  revision,  and  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  most  com- 
plete and  trustworthy  picture  of  the  social  life  of  the  Greeks. 
The  narrative  is  in  the  form  of  a  Greek  romance,  but  the  most 
important  part  of  the  volume  consists  of  the  very  abundant  ex- 
planatory notes. 


HISTORIES  OF  GREECE.  n^ 


IV.    SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS    AND   KEADEKS. 

1.  Perhaps  the  most  interesting  work  in  our  language  on  Grecian 
history  is  Felton's  "  Ancient  and  Modern  Greece."  Smith's  "  Stu- 
dent's History"  and  Cox's  "General  History"  are  excellent  books 
for  a  summary  of  the  growth  of  Greek  civilization  and  power. 
The  political  life  of  Greece  is  best  described  by  Schomann  ;  the 
social  life  by  Mahaffy  ;  and  the  literary  life  either  by  Mahaffy 
or  by  Miiller  and  Donaldson.  Chapters  from  Grote's  "  History," 
selected  according  to  need  or  taste,  may  be  read  with  great 
profit.  The  series  of  works  under  the  title  of  "Epochs  of  An- 
cient History"  is  worthy  of  high  commendation,  especially  for 
the  general  reader.  The  volumes,  read  in  the  order  of  the  events 
they  respectively  describe,  would  form  one  of  the  best  short 
courses. 

2.  Grote  should  be  the  basis  of  study  for  a  longer  course.  On 
the  earlier  periods  the  bold  theories  of  Curtius  and  the  profound 
learning  of  Miiller  should  not  be  neglected.  The  much  disputed 
Homeric  Question  is  expounded  in  Geddes's  "Homeric  Question," 
where  the  subject,  from  opposite  points  of  view,  is  fairly  present- 
ed. In  Mahaffy's  "Greek  Literature"  is  also  a  valuable  paper 
on  the  same  theme.  Gladstone's  "Homer"  advocates  the  theory 
of  Homeric  unity;  and  the  same  author's  "  Juventus  Mundi"  aims 
to  show  the  conditions  of  life  in  Homeric  days.  Lloyd's  "Age 
of  Pericles"  is  the  best  monograph  on  Greece  at  its  most  brilliant 
period.  Bui wer's  "  Rise  and  Fall  of  Athens"  is  a  descriptive 
work,  showing  many  of  the  author's  best  characteristics.  Holm's 
"Geschichte  Siciliens  im  Alterthum"  is  the  most  important  au- 
thority on  the  condition  of  Sicily  under  Greek  rule  and  in- 
fluence. Schafer's  "  Demosthenes,"  for  one  who  commands  Ger- 
man, is  an  invaluable  portrayal  of  Grecian  difficulties  in  tlie  pe- 
riod of  decline.  Droysen's  "  Hellenismus"  is  also  of  the  first 
importance.  Freeman's  "  Greek  Federations"  is  a  very  scholarly 
and  a  very  interesting  portrayal  of  the  efforts  made  to  bind  the 
several  states  into  a  single  nationality,  and  of  the  difliculties  that 
beset  these  efforts.  For  an  American  scholar  it  is  one  of  the 
best  of  books.  For  the  subsequent  history  of  Greece  Finlay  has 
no  equal,  and,  indeed,  no  rival.      The    last  half   of  Duncker's 


118  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

"History  of  Antiquity"  is  a  History  of  Greece  of  acknowledged 
excellence. 

3.  " PliitarcTi's  Lives"  are  a  wonderful  source  of  inspiration  for 
bright  boys,  though  somewhat  too  heroic  and  exaggerated  for 
mature  scholars.  Landor's  "  Imaginary  Conversations"  have  a 
delightful  flavor  of  antique  and  refined  scholarship.  Especially  to 
be  commended  is  the  volume  on  "  Pericles  and  Aspasia."  As 
works  of  reference,  Smith's  "  Classical  Dictionary,"  and  the  same 
author's  "Dictionary  of  Greek  and  Roman  Antiquities,"  either  in 
the  larger  or  in  the  abridged  form,  are  of  supreme  value.  On 
social  life  in  Greece,  Mahaffy  is  the  most  readable  book ;  but 
Guhl  and  Koner's  is  the  great  work  of  reference.  The  religion  of 
the  Greeks  is  well  treated  in  Clarke's  "  Ten  Great  Religions,"  in 
Max  Miiller's  "  Chips,"  and  best  of  all  in  Coulanges's  "  Ancient 
City."  Cox's  "  Mythology  "  is  the  latest  and  best  English  author- 
ity, though  Bulfinch's  "Age  of  Fable"  is  designed  for  more  pop- 
ular use.  In  the  North  American  Review  for  July,  1869,  is  a 
valuable  discussion  of  the  relations  of  the  religion  of  ancient 
Greece  to  her  mythology.  On  Grecian  art,  Winckelmann  and 
Overbeck  are  the  great  authorities ;  but  Miiller's  "  Ancient  Art 
and  its  Remains,"  and  Taine's  "  Art  in  Greece,"  are  better  adapt- 
ed to  the  -wants  of  the  general  reader.  In  the  Atlantic  Monthly 
for  June  and  July,  1861,  are  two  interesting  and  suggestive  papers, 
by  Henry  Van  Brunt,  on  "  Greek  Lines."  Grecian  landscape  has 
been  treated  with  characteristic  force  by  Ruskin  in  vol.  iii.  of  his 
"  Modern  Painters."  Woltmann  and  Woermann's  "  History  of 
Painting"  deals  with  Grecian  painting  in  a  most  fresh  and  satis- 
factory manner.  Schlegel's  "Dramatic  Literature"  presents  an 
admirable  review  of  the  Greek  dramatists,  and  gives,  especially  in 
its  account  of  Aristophanes,  some  very  striking  comments  on  the 
comic  poets  as  sources  of  historic  information.  Jebb's  "Attic 
Orators"  is  a  scholarly  but  somewhat  technical  work.  Macaulay's 
essay  on  the  Athenian  Orators  is  in  the  author's  enthusiastic 
vein.  Brougham's  paper  on  Demosthenes  is  plainly  the  work  of 
a  genius ;  but  it  is  exceedingly  immature  and  uncritical,  and  is  a 
good  illustration  of  Brougham's  habit  of  talking  like  an  authority 
on  subjects  of  which  he  knew  comparatively  little.  The  essay  on 
Demosthenes  in  Legare's  collected  writings  is  vastly  better,  and 
is,  perhaps,  the  most  liriiliaut  and  scholarly  summary  in  our  Ian- 


HISTORIES  OF  GKEECE.  Ug 

guage  of  the  great  orator's  work.  In  MilFs  "  Dissertations"  is  to 
be  found  a  suggestive  review  of  Grote,  The  physical  character- 
istics of  Greece  are  delightfully  shown  in  Mahaffy's  "Rambles" 
and  in  Christopher  Coleridge's  finely  illustrated  work.  Still  more 
minute  information  may  be  gained  from  Barthelemy's  "Ana- 
charsis,"  a  book  of  imaginary  travels  in  the  ripest  days  of  Greek 
civilization.  The  great  original  authority  on  the  subject  is  Pau- 
sanias,  whose  travels  and  observations  were  translated  into  English, 
and  pubhshed  in  three  volumes  in  London  in  1824.  Becker's 
"Charicles"  is  a  dull  novel,  designed  to  present  the  fruits  of 
Greek  scholarship  in  a  form  that  would  least  tax  the  powers  of 
the  reader.  On  all  financial  matters  Boeckh  is  not  only  the  great 
authority,  but  is  a  marvel  of  comprehensive  scholarship.  Wachs- 
muth's  "Antiquities  of  Greece"  and  Hermann's  "Political  An- 
tiquities" have  each  been  translated  into  English,  and  were  pub- 
lished in  Oxford  in  the  early  part  of  this  century.  When  they 
appeared,  they  were  of  the  first  importance ;  but  at  the  present 
time  they  arc  somewhat  antiquated.  Life  among  the  Alexandrian 
Greeks  is  portrayed  in  a  very  striking  manner  by  Kingsley  in  his 
novel  of  "  Hypatia."  Blackic's  "  lIora3  Hellenicai,"  published  in 
1874;  Abbott's  "  Hellenica,"  published  in  1880;  and  Newton's 
"Art  and  Archaeology,"  also  published  in  1880,  are  each  volumes 
of  interesting  and  valuable  discussions  of  subjects  on  Greek  po- 
etry, philosophy,  history,  archaeology,  art,  and  religion.  Schlie- 
mann's  "Troy  and  its  Remains,"  London  and  New  York,  1875; 
"Mycenae,"  London  and  New  York,  1878;  and  "  Ilios,"  London 
and  New  York,  1880,  are  illustrated  octavo  volumes,  describing 
the  results  of  the  recent  discoveries  by  the  author. 

During  the  past  few  years  scholarship  has  been  especially  active 
in  its  efforts  to  elucidate  the  customs  and  institutions  as  well  as 
the  history  of  Greece.     A  few  recent  works  are  worthy  of  note. 

The  most  complete  and  convenient  hand-book  of  information 
on  the  sources  of  ancient  history  is  Schiifer's  "  Abriss  der  Quel- 
lenkunde  der  griech.  u.  rom.  Geschichte  ;"  2  vols.,  published  sep- 
arately. The  "  L  Abtheilung  "  is  devoted  to  "  Griech.  Gesch.  bis 
auf  Poly  bios"  (3d  ed.,  Leipzig,  1882).  For  one  who  would  in- 
vestigate the  original  sources,  the  work  is  invaluable.  By  far 
the  most  important  chronological  work  is  C.  Peter's  "  Zeittafeln 


120  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

der  Griechischen  Geschichte"  (6th  ed.,  Halle,  1886).  The  foot- 
notes give  the  chief  sources  of  information  concerning  each 
event. 

On  the  history  of  institutions  J.  Miiller's  "  Ilandbuch  der  Clas- 
sischen  Alterthumswissenschaft  in  systematischer  Darstellung " 
(4  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1876-86)  is  one  of  the  most  important  and 
valuable.  Volumes  III.  and  IV.  are  eacli  in  two  parts  (part  II.  of 
Vol.  III.  not  vet  published),  pertain  especially  to  history,  and  have 
to  do  with  some  of  the  most  difficult  as  well  as  the  most  impor- 
tant questions  of  Greek  antiquity.  The  volumes  embrace  the  fol- 
lowino-  special  titles :  Hommel's  "  Abriss  der  Gesch.  der  vorder- 
asiatischen  Kulturvolker  und  ^gyptus  bis  auf  die  Zeit  der  Perser- 
kriege,"  LoUing's  "Geographic  und  Geschichte  des  Griechischen 
Alterthums,"  Busolt's  "  Griechische  Staats-  und  Rechts-Alterthii- 
mer,"  Bauer's  "  Griescliische  Kriegsalterthiimer,"  Miiller's  "  Grie- 
chische Privatalterthiiiner,"  Schiller's  "  Romische  Staats-  u.  Rechts- 
alterthiimer,"  Schiller's  "Romische  Kriegsalterthiimer,"  Voigt's 
"Romische  Privatalterthiimer  und  Knlturgeschichte." 

Gilbert's  "  Ilandbuch  der  Griechischen  Staatsalterthiimer "  (2 
vols.,  Leipzig,  1881-85)  is  a  new  and  standard  work  on  the  sub- 
ject. Vol.  I.  treats  of  the  Lacedaemonians  and  Athenians;  Vol. 
II.  of  the  smaller  states.  The  second  volume  deals  with  entirely 
fresh  material. 

K.  F.  Hermann's  "  Lehrbuch  der  Griechischen  Antiquitaten," 
which  has  long  been  an  important  authority  on  the  subject,  has 
been  revised  and  enlarged  under  the  editorial  direction  of  H. 
Blumcr  and  W.  Dittenberger  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Freiburg,  1882-86). 
The  last  volume  is  entirely  new,  and  is  devoted  to  the  important 
subject  of  "Biihnenaltcrthiimer." 

Ch.  Daremberg  and  Edm.  Saylis,  "  Dictionnaire  des  Antiquites 
Grequos  ct  Romains."  This  great  work  is  issued  in  parts,  and 
had  advanced  only  so  far  as  the  letter  C,  completing  Vol.  I.,  in 
1887.  The  first  volume,  4to,  contains  1703  pages  in  double  col- 
umns, and  is  illustrated  with  more  thau  6000  cuts.  As  a  work 
of  reference  it  is  invaluable. 

On  special  topics  the  following  are  of  importance :  Solomon 
Reitiach's  "  Traito  d'Kpigraphie  Groipie  "  (8vo,  I'arls,  1 885).  Mar- 
tin's "Les  Cavaliers  Atlicnicns"  (8vo,  Paris,  1885)  is  full  of  facts 
ruid  ideas,  and  cm  hardly  be  too  much  praised  for  the  extent  and 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  121 

accuracy  of  its  learnini^.  J.  P.  Mahaffy's  "  Greek  Life  and  Tlioiiirlit, 
from  Alexander  to  the  Roman  (>on(]uo<st"  (8vo,  London,  1887). 
J.  Belocli's  "  Die  Attische  Politik  seit  Pcrikles "  (8vo,  Leipzig, 
1884)  is  a  compact  and  valuable  little  book,  but  severely  antago- 
nistic to  the  democratic  spirit.  A.  Pierron's  "Ilistoire  de  la  Lit- 
te'rature  Greque  "  (3d  ed.,  Paris,  1887).  G.  Busolt's  "  Die  Lake- 
daimonier  und  ihrc  Bundesgenossen  "  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1878)  is  of 
great  importance,  though  Vol.  L  reaches  only  to  the  time  of  the 
maritime  supremacy  of  Athens.  Julius  Schvarcz's  "  Die  Derao- 
cratie  von  Athen  "  (8vo,  2te  Auf.,  Leipzig,  1884)  is  the  first  of  six 
volumes  announced  to  be  published  on  the  history  of  Athenian 
democracy.     It  is  written  from  an  unsympathetic  point  of  view. 

T.  T.  Timayenis's  "History  of  Greece"  (2  vols.,  12rao,  New 
York,  1881)  is  a  brief  account  of  the  whole  period  of  Grecian 
history.  K.  Mendclssohn-Bartholdy's  "  Geschichte  Griechenlands 
von  der  Erobcrung  Konstantinopels  durch  die  Tiirken  bis  auf 
unsere  Tage  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1870-74)  is  of  value  chiefly 
for  comparison  with  the  work  of  Finlay.  C.  F.  Hertzberg's  "Die 
Geschichte  Griechenlands  unter  der  Ilerrschaft  der  Homer,  nach 
den  Quellen  dargestellt"  (8vo,  Halle,  1875)  is  a  careful  and  im- 
portant study  of  a  difficult  and  neglected  period.  The  same  au- 
thor's "Geschichte  von  Hellas"  and  "Geschichte  der  Byzantiiier 
und  des  Osmanischen  Reichs  "  are  important  works  embodying 
careful  researches  on  the  more  modern  periods.  Gustave  Gilbert's 
"Beitrage  zur  innern  Geschichte  Athens  im  Zeitalter  des  Pelopon- 
nesischen  Krieges"  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1877)  is  characterized  by  the  au- 
thor's well  known  learning.  Max  Duncker's  "  Abhandlungen  aus 
der  Griechischen  Geschichte"  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1886)  are  seven  aca- 
demic essays  of  much  importance.  Evelyn  Abbott's  "  History  of 
Hellas,  from  the  Earliest  Time  to  the  Death  of  Alexander  the 
Great"  (2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1888)  is  intended  for  the  upper 
classes  in  the  preparatory  schools.  Victor  Durny's  "L'Histoire 
des  Grecs,"  of  which  Vol.  L  appeared  in  1886,  is  modelled  on 
the  plan  of  the  same  author's  "  Histoire  des  Remains." 


122  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Chapter  Y. 

HISTORIES   OF  ROME. 
I.    GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Ampere,  J.  J. — Histoire  Romaine  a  Rome.     3  vols.,  8vo,  4^  ed., 
Paris,  1871. 

An  attempt  to  reconstruct  Roman  history  from  Roman  monu- 
ments. The  result  is  therefore  largely  conjectural,  and  not  by 
any  means  conclusive.  The  main  argument  is  fallacious.  The 
author  appears  to  hold  that  Romulus  and  Remus  and  their  succes- 
sors, as  far  as  to  the  younger  Tarquin,  were  historical  characters, 
because  the  works  which  historical  tradition  attributes  to  them 
were  standing  at  the  beginning  of  historical  times.  A  fatal  ob- 
jection to  this  position,  as  an  argument,  is  the  simple  fact  that  the 
very  existence  of  the  monuments  called  for  some  explanation,  and 
that  the  necessity  thus  existing  may  have  been  the  origin  of  the 
traditions  concerning  the  kings.  To  the  period  of  the  kings  the 
author  has  devoted  the  first  half  of  the  whole  work.  It  is  chiefly 
valuable  as  a  somewhat  interesting,  but  not  very  convincing,  effort 
of  literary  ingenuity. 


Duruy,  Victor. — Histoire  des  Remains  depuis  les  temps  les  plus 
recult's  jusqu'n  I'lnvasion  dos  Barbares.  Nouvelle  edition,  re- 
vue, augmentee  et  enrichee  d'apres  2500  gravures  designees 
d'apres  I'antique  et  de  100  cartes  ou  plans.  7  vols.,  royal  8vo, 
Paris,  1879-85,     Also  in  English,  6  vols.,  London,  1883-86. 

This  sumptuous  work,  of  which  the  first  volume  brings  the  his- 
tory to  the  close  of  the  Second  I'unic  War,  and  the  second  to  the 
First  Triumvirate,  is  designed  to  collect  under  one  title  and  within 
moderate  space  the  established  results  of  the  most  recent  research. 


HISTORIES  OF  KOME.  2  23 

Tlic  first  hundred  and  fifty  pages  are  devoted  to  an  attempt  to 
give  a  description  of  Italy  before  the  estabUshmcnt  of  Roman 
power.  Though  this  effort  is  hirgely  speculative,  the  author  has 
obviously  endeavored  to  keep  within  the  spirit  of  legitimate  his- 
torical methods.  The  book  is  adorned  with  a  vast  array  of  well- 
selected  and  well-executed  illustrations. 

Duruy,  for  many  years  the  Minister  of  Instruction  in  France, 
was  a  devoted  historical  scholar,  and  of  his  many  books  this  one, 
though  not  the  most  important,  is  the  most  elaborate  and  com- 
plete. It  is  founded  very  largely  on  original  research,  or  at  least 
on  the  immediate  results  of  such  researcli;  but  it  is  very  attrac- 
tive in  form,  and  is  well  adapted  to  the  wants  of  such  general  read- 
ers as  command  Frencli.  As  a  popular  history  of  Rome,  the 
work,  in  the  present  edition — a  great  improvement  on  the  former 
one — has  no  superior,  and  perhaps  no  equal.  The  English  edition 
is  edited  by  Mahaffy. 

Dyer,  Thomas  H. — A  History  of  Rome,  its  Structures  and  its  Mon- 
uments, from  the  Foundation  to  the  End  of  the  Middle  Ages. 
8vo,  London,  1865. 

A  history  that  is  archaeological  rather  than  political.  It  is  a 
guide  to  the  study  of  Roman  antiquities  rather  than  to  the  study 
of  Roman  institutions.  The  author  is  exceedingly  credulous  in 
regard  to  the  definitencss  of  early  Roman  history,  and  accordingly 
he  criticises  with  considerable  severity  the  scepticism  of  writers 
like  Niebuhr  and  Sir  George  C.  Lewis.  But  as  soon  as  his  work 
reaches  what  may  be  called  historic  times  his  methods  become 
judicious  and  trustworthy.  He  skilfully  breaks  up  his  material 
into  masses,  and  he  carries  the  student  over  each  of  the  periods 
from  the  time  of  the  development  of  the  Republic  to  the  final  ex- 
tinction of  the  Western  Empire.  Except  in  his  treatment  of  the 
earliest  history,  he  shows  sagacity,  research,  and  good  judgment. 


Ihne,  William.— Tlie  History  of  Rome.  English  edition.  5  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1871-82.  Of  the  German  edition,  Vol.  VL  was 
published  in  1886. 

This  history  differs  in  one  important  respect  from  all  other 


124  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

histories  of  Rome  in  our  language.  The  writer,  simply  sitting  in 
the  capacity  of  a  judge,  examines  all  the  evidence  and  sifts  it, 
shows  the  reader  what  is  fact  and  what  is  conjecture,  and  then 
leaves  him  to  form  his  own  judgment. 

There  is  much  to  be  said  in  favor  of  this  method  of  studying 
the  early  history  of  Rome.  Before  the  time  of  Pyrrhus  the  facts 
uf  Roman  history  are  not  attested  by  a  single  contemporary 
writer.  They  had  been  shaped  and  reshaped  in  the  interests  of 
various  patrician  families  until  they  were  an  inextricable  confu- 
sion of  inconsistencies  and  contradictions.  Niebuhr,  Arnold,  and 
Mommsen  have  each  endeavored  to  construct  a  history  out  of 
these  materials,  but  at  best  the  results  of  their  labors  stand  upon 
a  foundation  of  nothing  but  ingenious  inference  and  conjecture. 
Ihne,  on  the  contrary,  lias  adopted  the  method  of  laying  before 
the  reader  simply  the  facts,  bringing  out  with  clearness  those  cir- 
cumstances Avhich  have  adequate  proof,  but  refusing  steadily  to 
build  on  mere  hypothesis.  He  never  indulges  in  special  pleading. 
The  result  is  that  on  the  early  history  of  Rome  no  more  satisfac- 
tory study  has  ever  been  made.  The  great  merits  of  the  work 
are  also  scarcely  less  apparent  when  the  author  comes  to  the  con- 
sideration of  questions  to  be  investigated  in  the  light  of  what 
may  more  strictly  be  called  original  evidence. 

As  the  book  maintains  in  all  its  parts  a  strictly  judicial  atti- 
tude, it  is  far  less  entertaining  than  the  brilliant  advocacy  of 
Mommsen  ;  but  for  this  very  reason  it  is  to  be  held  as  a  safer 
authority,  and  it  is  far  more  likely  to  establish  a  firm  and  en- 
lightened conviction  in  the  mind  of  the  reader.  The  followers  of 
Ihne  will  not  be  swept  along  by  any  undue  enthusiasm,  but  they 
will  at  all  times  feel  that  they  are  in  the  hands  of  a  safe  guide. 

The  political  morality  of  the  author  is  also  of  a  higher  tone 
than  that  of  Mommsen.  After  picturing  in  a  masterly  way  tlie 
manner  in  which  the  Romans  destroyed  Carthage,  Ihne  character- 
izes the  course  of  the  conquerors  by  saying  that  "  it  was  the  most 
shameful  and  fiendish  perfidy  of  which  any  nation  was  ever  the 
victim."  Mommsen,  on  the  other  hand,  describes  the  destruction 
of  the  city  as  a  just  punishment,  because  the  Carthaginians  had 
"  tried  to  deceive  their  enemies  in  true  Phoenician  style." 

One  of  the  best  portions  of  Ihne's  work  is  that  part  of  the 
tliird  volume  in  wliich  he  describes  tlie  various  conflicts  after  the 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  125 

Panic  wars  by  which  the  Romans  gained  control  of  the  whole  of 
the  Mediterranean.  Pie  presents  in  a  powerful  light  also  the  be- 
setting weakness  of  the  Greeks — "  an  abuse  of  power,  and  a  dis- 
regard for  the  rights  of  others." 

The  general  purpose  of  the  author  cannot  but  command  the  re- 
spect of  every  scholar.  Still,  in  its  execution  it  is  not  quite  satis- 
factory. For  the  specialist  the  references  are  not  sufBciently  nu- 
merous to  allow  of  verification,  and  for  the  general  reader  the 
discussions  are  sometimes  too  abstruse  to  be  of  interest.  The 
consequence  is  that  it  does  not  quite  supply  the  needs  of  either 
the  one  class  of  readers  or  the  other,  since  the  specialist  wants 
to  inspect  every  proof,  and  the  general  reader  desires  to  be  told 
what  he  is  to  believe.  For  these  reasons  the  book,  with  all  its 
great  merits,  probably  never  can  be  a  very  popular  one. 

The  English  version,  though  prepared  by  the  author  himself, 
would  have  done  no  discredit  to  an  Eno-lish  scholar.  ^ 


Leighton,  R.  F.— A  History  of  Rome.     Amply  Illustrated  with 
Maps,  Plans,  and  Engravings.     4th  ed.,  12mo^  New  York,  1880. 

The  most  satisfactory  of  the  numerous  small  histories  of  Rome. 
It  was  prepared  by  a  scholar  who  is  familiar  with  the  results  of 
recent  German  researches,  and  who  has  made  judicious  use  of 
these  results  in  the  preparation  of  his  work.  Though  the  volume 
was  intended  primarily  for  the  use  of  schools,  it  will  be  found 
more  interesting  to  the  general  reader  than  any  of  the  other  small 
volumes  on  the  subject.  As  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  growth  and 
development  of  Roman  greatness,  it  has  no  superior.  The  maps 
and  illustrations  are  of  unusual  excellence. 


Liddell,  Henry  G.— A  History  of  Rome,  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Establishment  of  the  Empire.  With  Chapters  on  the 
History  of  Literature  and  Art.  Illustrated  with  numerous 
Maps  and  Wood-cuts,     12mo,  London, 1856;  New  York,  1857. 

A  book  as  full  of  facts  as  an  egg  is  of  meat.     It  is  liable,  there- 


126  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

fore,  to  be  considered  hard  and  dry.  Tlic  author  was  a  careful 
scholar,  to  whom  the  exact  nature  of  facts  in  themselves  was  a 
matter  of  great  importance.  The  relations  of  facts  to  one  anoth- 
er, and  the  exact  connection  of  cause  and  effect,  were  not  so  high- 
ly appreciated.  These  somewhat  detracting  characteristics  are  all 
that  can  properly  be  said  against  the  work.  It  is  a  storehouse  of 
accurate  information  ;  but  its  pages  are  so  full  and  compact  that, 
except  under  the  guidance  of  a  most  judicious  instructor,  they  are 
liable  to  discourage  rather  than  inspire. 


Livy,  T. — The  History  of  Rome.  Translated  from  the  Original, 
with  Notes  and  Illustrations,  by  George  Baker.  A  new  edition, 
carefully  revised  and  corrected.  2  vols.,  large  8vo,  New  York, 
1861  ;  also  translated  by  D.  Spillan,  C.  Edmonds,  and  W.  A. 
M'Devitte,  in  4  vols.,  12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1864. 

Of  the  one  hundred  and  forty-two  books  written  by  Livy  on 
the  history  of  Rome,  only  thirty-five  have  come  down  to  modern 
times.  The  first  ten  books,  embracing  the  history  from  the 
foundation  of  Rome  to  the  year  B.C.  294,  we  have  entire.  The 
third  decade,  comprehending  the  period  of  the  Second  Punic  War, 
from  219  to  201,  is  also  preserved.  The  fourth  decade  and  the 
first  half  of  the  fifth,  books  thirty-one  to  forty -five,  are  entire.  Of 
the  other  books  only  summaries  have  been  preserved. 

The  books  that  have  come  down  to  us  Livy  did  not  write  as  a 
contemporary,  nor  as  an  investigator.  He  seems  to  have  been 
content  to  make  use  of  such  evidence  as  came  easily  to  his  hand, 
to  have  compared  conflicting  accounts,  and  to  have  adopted  an 
opinion  in  accordance  with  the  weight  of  probabilities.  His  aim 
was  not  to  construct  what  we  should  call  a  critical  history,  but 
simply  to  produce  a  pleasing  and  popular  narrative.  He  seems 
never  to  have  attempted  to  test  the  accuracy  of  the  authorities 
that  came  before  him.  It  is  certaiu  that  he  never  read  the  "  Laws 
of  the  Kings,"  the  *'  Commentaries  of  Servius  Tullius,"  or  even 
the  "Licinian  Rogations."  These  important  documents,  as  well 
as  the  treaties,  the  decrees  of  the  Senate,  and  the  ordinances  of 
the  assemblies,  were  all  accessible  at  the  time  of  his  writing;  but 
he  thought  it  not  worth  the  trouble  to  examine  them.     As  the 


HISTORIES  OF   ROME.  127 

work  was  written  piecemeal,  it  is  not  strange  tliat  it  abounds  in 
inconsistencies  and  contradictions.  Its  great  merits  arc  not  those 
of  an  accurate  historical  authority,  but  arc  simply  those  of  an 
extraordinary  historical  narrative.  As  a  master  of  style,  Livy 
has  been  thought  by  all  lovers  of  pure  Latinity,  ancient  and 
modern,  to  be  nearly  fauUIess.  The  story  flows  on  in  a  rich 
and  strong  current  that  has  been  admired  by  critics  of  all  ages. 
In  his  effort  to  produce  a  narrative  that  should  at  once  gratify 
the  taste  and  compliment  the  national  vanity  of  the  Romans, 
he  achieved  an  extraordinary  success;  but  his  work  must  be  used 
with  a  constant  remembrance  of  the  methods  and  circumstances 
under  which  it  was  written. 


Merivale,  Charles. — A  General  History  of  Rome,  from  the  Foun- 
dation of  the  City  to  the  Fall  of  Augustulus,  B.C.  753-A.D. 
476.     12mo,  London,  1875;  New  York,  1876. 

The  history  of  Rome  presents  so  vast  an  amount  of  material 
for  the  historian  that  the  author  wlio  tries  to  represent  it  within 
the  limits  of  a  single  volume  has  a  difficult  task  before  him.  lie 
must  either  omit  mention  of  many  subjects  altogether,  or  he 
must  say  so  little  on  those  subjects  touched  upon  as  to  make  his 
production  a  mere  bundle  of  diy  bones.  Merivale  has  been  con- 
tent to  pursue  the  former  course.  The  result  is  that  he  has  made 
an  interesting  volume.  He  shows  a  masterly  grasp  of  materials, 
and  he  has  the  rare  gift  of  knowing  what  it  is  best  to  omit.  The 
book  is  one  of  conclusions  rather  than  one  of  evidences;  but  the 
conclusions  are  those  of  a  scholar  Avho,  in  his  larger  works,  has 
given  abundant  evidence  for  the  positions  which  he  holds.  As 
an  authority  intermediate  between  Leighton  and  Mommsen  or 
Ihne,  Merivale  is  the  most  satisfactory  we  have. 


Michelet,  J. — History  of  the  Roman  Republic.     Translated  from 
the  French  by  William  Hazlitt.     12mo,  New  York,  1847. 

A  little  volume  of  conspicuous  merits  and  of  somewhat  seri- 
ous defects.     On  every  page  it  shows  the  genius  of  the  author 


128  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

in  the  skill  and  acumen  with  which  it  interprets  the  events  it  de- 
scribes. Its  most  striking  cliaractcristics  are  its  brilliancy  and 
its  ingenuity.  The  defects  of  the  book  are  the  obscurity  of  many 
of  the  author's  rhetorical  figures,  and  a  lack  of  thorough  infor- 
mation on  some  important  points  of  Roman  history.  It  is  also 
worthy  of  note  that  the  translation  is  very  inaccurate. 


Mommsen,  Theodor. — The  History  of  Rome.  Translated  with 
the  author's  sanction,  and  Additions  by  W.  P.  Dickson.  New 
edition.     4  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1868;  New  York,  1869. 

It  is  worthy  of  note  that  this  work,  which  has  very  generally 
become  the  scholar's  favorite  history  of  Rome,  was  not  prepared 
especially  for  scholars,  but  for  intelligent  general  readers.  It  is, 
however,  by  no  means  an  elementary  book.  Indeed^  it  is  impos- 
sible to  derive  full  advantage  from  it,  except  after  some  previous 
acquaintance  with  Roman  history.  It  is  a  series  of  historical  dis- 
quisitions rather  than  a  history  according  to  the  common  accept- 
ance of  the  term.  The  nature  and  the  scope  of  the  produc- 
tion may  be  correctly  inferred  from  the  titles  of  the  chapters 
on  "The  Government  and  the  Governed;"  "The  Management  of 
Land  and  Capital ;"  "  Faith  and  Manners ;"  and  "  Literature  and 
Art."  It  is  pre-eminently  a  constitutional  history.  It  endeavors 
to  describe  the  growth  of  the  State.  It  cares  far  less  for  remark- 
able feats  of  valor  than  for  the  strategic  and  political  movements 
by  which  feats  of  valor  are  turned  to  account. 

The  author's  greatest  pow^r  is  shown  in  his  grouping  and 
generalizations.  His  chapter  on  "The  Old  Republic  and  the 
New  Monarchy"  is  perhaps  the  most  striking  illustration  of  the 
manner  in  which  he  at  once  dazzles  his  readers  by  his  brillian- 
cy and  overwhelms  them  by  his  impetuosity.  He  shows  also  a 
masterly  gift  in  the  delineation  of  character,  though  his  deline- 
ations arc  entertaining  rather  than  convincing.  Cato  he  regards 
as  the  model  citizen.  Caesar  was  the  one  great  man  of  a  thou- 
sand years — the  one  who  perfectly  understood  the  needs  of  the 
State,  and  who,  but  for  his  death,  would  have  rescued  the  coun- 
try from  all  its  threatening  ills.  For  Cicero  he  has  little  but  con- 
tempt. 


HISTOEIES   OF  EOME.  129 

But  this  history,  with  all  its  bi'illiaiit  qualities,  rests  on  two 
foundations,  neither  of  which  ought  to  bo  regarded  as  perfectly 
secure.  It  relies,  first,  on  the  results  of  philological  research, 
and,  secondly,  on  monumental  inscriptions.  Tlie  consequence  is 
that  the  final  conclusions  are  at  best  only  conjectural  and  prob- 
able. Monimsen's  method  of  constructing  his  history  is  essentially 
the  same  as  Niebuhr's ;  the  chief  difference  being  that  he  uses 
a  different  class  of  materials,  and,  what  is  a  notable  defect  of  the 
work,  does  not  inform  the  reader  whence  his  materials  are  derived. 
While  his  pages  abound  in  most  ingenious  tteories,  and  glow 
with  the  fervor  and  brilliancy  of  a  great  advocate,  his  partisanship 
is  so  obvious  that  his  authority  on  any  disputed  point  cannot  be 
regarded  as  conclusive. 


Niebuhr,  B.  G. — History  of  Rome.  Volumes  i.  and  ii.  Trans- 
lated by  J.  C.  Hare  and  C.  Thirlwall ;  Volume  iii.  by  W.  Smith 
and  L.  Schmitz.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1859. 

The  first  edition  of  tlie  original  of  Niebuhr's  great  history  was 
published  in  1812.  A  translation  of  it  into  English,  by  F.  A. 
Walter,  appeared  in  1827.  The  author  subsequently  not  only  re- 
vised the  volumes  throughout,  but  adopted  many  changes  of  fun- 
damental importance.  The  earlier  German  editions  and  Walter's 
translation  are  therefore  of  very  little  value. 

Of  all  modern  historians,  probably  Niebuhr  has  had  the  greatest 
influence.  His  methods  are  still  followed,  even  by  those  who  re- 
ject his  conclusions.  By  far  the  most  important  of  his  writings  is 
his  "  History  of  Rome."  Its  publication  was  hailed  as  a  literary 
event  in  Germany  ;  and  in  England  more  than  seven  thousand 
copies  were  almost  immediately  sold.  The  work,  for  a  time  at 
least,  completely  revolutionized  the  views  of  scholars  on  Roman 
history.  The  author's  great  erudition,  his  extraordinary  mem- 
ory, his  vivid  imagination,  and  his  tireless  research,  seemed  to  ren- 
der him  capable  of  restoring  from  oblivion  even  the  minutest  de- 
tails of  Roman  affairs.  Dr.  Arnold  immediately  became  his  dis- 
ciple in  England,  paid  him  unquestioning  homage,  and  almost 
without  exception  adopted  his  conclusions. 

Before  very  long,  however,  Niebuhr's  intuitions  and  combina- 

9 


130  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tions  began  to  be  distrusted.  In  Germany  Schwegler,  and  in  Eng- 
land Sir  George  Cornwall  Lewis,  subjected  the  work  to  an  ex- 
amination, before  which  several  of  the  author's  positions  gave  way. 
He  held,  for  example,  that  the  early  history  of  Rome  could  be 
reconstructed  out  of  the  remains  of  the  early  Roman  ballads. 
Snatches  of  these  songs  he  discovered  here  and  there  in  Roman 
literature  and  history,  though  none  of  them  had  been  perfectl}' 
preserved.  From  these  stray  materials  he  built  up  a  structure, 
and  called  it  the  early  history  of  Rome.  In  the  light  of  modern 
criticism,  the  edifice,  though  unmistakably  a  work  of  genius, 
has,  in  most  of  its  parts,  been  condemned.  Historians  are  more 
and  more  inclined  to  take  the  ground  that  historical  evidence  is 
like  other  kinds  of  evidence ;  and  that  intuitions  and  conjectures, 
however  ingenious,  can  establish  nothing  more  than  a  probability. 
Speculations  may  be  interesting  and  valuable,  but  they  are  not 
history.  Another  theory  of  Niebuhr's,  now  generally  rejected, 
is  that  the  Roman  patricians  were  the  descendants  of  a  domi- 
nant race,  while  the  plebeians  were  the  remains  of  a  conquered 
people.  His  theory  in  regard  to  the  Pelasgi  has  also  been  com- 
pletely demolished  by  the  researches  of  Schwegler. 


Niebuhr,  B.  G.  —  Lectures  on  the  History  of  Rome,  from  the 
Earliest  Times  to  the  Fall  of  the  Western  Empire.  Edited  by 
Leonhard  Schmitz.  Third  edition,  greatly  improved.  3  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1852. 

The  great  fame  that  Niebuhr's  "History  of  Rome"  had  ac- 
quired in  Germany,  and  perhaps  even  more  especially  in  England, 
made  students  of  ancient  history  impatient  for  the  publication  of 
every  scrap  of  historical  writing  that  could  be  accredited  to  him. 
Accordingly,  after  the  great  historian's  death,  some  copies  of 
students'  notes  of  his  lectures  were  procured,  and  from  such  ma- 
terials these  volumes  were  made  up.  As  the  present  value  of 
Niebuhr  is  chiolly  in  his  method,  these  volumes  cannot  be  con- 
sidered as  having  much  importance. 


HISTORIES  OF   ROME.  131 

Peter,  Carl. — Romische  Geschichte  in  kurzcrer  Fassung.     Zweite 
verbesserte  Auflagc.     8vo,  llalle,  1881. 

A  book  prepared  for  advanced  gymnasia  students  and  general 
readers.  The  author  has  long  been  recognized  as  an  authority 
in  Roman  chronology  and  history,  and  his  work  is  probably  the 
best  of  the  numerous  short  accounts  of  Rome  in  Germany.  The 
discussions  of  disputed  points  are  brief,  and  aim  to  present  the 
nature  of  the  questions  at  issue  rather  than  to  advocate  either 
side.  Subjects  on  which  historians  are  substantially  agreed  are 
described  with  greater  fulness. 


Schwegler,  Dr.  A. — Romische  Geschichte.     3  vols.,  Svo,  Tubin- 
gen, 1853-58.     Continued  by  Octavius  Clason,  1873. 

Since  the  death  of  Niebuhr,  no  student  of  Roman  history  in 
Germany  has  acquired  greater  fame  as  a  specialist  than  Professor 
Albert  Schwegler.  Thougli  he  died  at  the  early  age  of  thirty- 
eight,  he  had  already  acquired  the  great  distinction  of  completely 
overthrowing  several  of  the  most  important  conclusions  adopted 
by  his  great  predecessor  nearly  half  a  century  before. 

Nothing  could  be  more  strictly  scientific  than  Schwegler's 
method.  His  effort  was  twofold.  First,  he  subjected  to  exami- 
nation all  the  historical  material  left  by  antiquity  that  Avould 
throw  any  light  on  the  history  of  Rome.  In  the  second  place,  he 
examined  judicially,  in  the  light  of  these  authorities,  the  works  of 
all  the  more  important  investigators  since  the  time  of  Niebuhr. 
By  no  other  writer  has  so  comprehensive  a  study  of  the  sources 
of  Roman  history  been  attempted. 

The  first  hundred  and  fifty  pages  are  devoted  to  a  critical  ex- 
amination of  authorities.  In  the  light  of  these  the  author  then 
proceeds  to  a  systematic  survey  of  the  period  extending  to  the  Li- 
cinian  Rogations.  In  extent  of  knowledge,  in  calmness  of  judg- 
ment, in  grasp  of  details,  and  in  comprehensiveness  of  view  the 
work  leaves  little  to  be  desired.  While  it  has  very  few  of  the 
elements  of  a  general  popularity,  it  possesses  those  qualities  which 
will  long  make  it  a  favorite  history  with  historians.     It  is  an  au- 


132  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tbority  whicli  the  special  investigator  in  Roman  history  will  find 
peculiarly  advantageous. 

In  the  light  of  Schweglcr's  examinations,  many  of  Niebuhr's 
theories,  as  already  intimated,  have  to  be  rejected.  The  most  im- 
portant of  these  are  the  ballad  theory,  the  theory  of  the  Pelasgi, 
and  the  theory  of  the  early  relations  of  the  patricians  and  plebei- 
ans. 

The  continuation  by  Clason  promises  to  be  not  unworthy  of 
the  companionship  of  the  first  three  volumes.  In  imitation  of 
Schwegler,  he  begins  by  a  critical  examination  of  the  works  of 
modern  historians  of  Rome.  This  part  of  the  work  is  done  with 
admirable  method  and  spirit. 


Stoll,  H.  W. — Geschichte  der  Romer  bis  znm  Untergange  der  Re- 
publik.     Dritte  Auflage.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Hanover,  1879. 

Two  delightful  little  volumes  for  one  who  desires  in  easy  Ger- 
man a  popular  presentation  of  the  growth  of  the  Roman  power. 
The  book  makes  no  pretences  to  original  research,  but  is  merely 
a  portrayal  of  what  recent  investigations  have  revealed.  It  was 
designed  for  popular  reading,  and  it  has  been  deservedly  success- 
ful.   

Stoll,  H.  W.  —  Die  Helden  Roms  im  Krieg  und  Friedcn.  Ge- 
schichte der  Romer  in  biographischer  Form,  fiir  Schulen  und 
die  rcifere  Jugend.     12mo,  Lcipsic,  1872. 

An  admirable  book  for  boys  and  girls  of  sixteen  that  have  the 
ability  to  read  easy  German,  and  the  disposition  to  read  some- 
thing better  than  a  novel.  The  author's  method  is  modelled  after 
Plutarch.  Thirty-eight  representative  Romans,  noteworthy  either 
in  peace  or  in  war,  form  the  subjects  of  the  work. 


Taine,  H. — Essai  sur  Titc  Live.     Ouvragc  couronno  par  TAcade- 
mic  Fran^aise.     12mo,  Paris,  1856. 

A  critical  study  of  Livy,  undertaken  for  the  purpose  of  ascer- 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  I33 

taining  "in  what  conditions  of  light  and  liberty"  this  historian 
wrote.  The  design  of  the  author  involved  not  only  an  examina- 
tion of  the  essential  traits  of  Roman  society  in  the  age  of  Augus- 
tus, but  also  an  inspection  of  the  sources  of  information,  and  a 
study  of  the  interpretations  put  upon  these  sources  by  the  most 
prominent  of  modern  historians.  lie  thus  has  occasion  to  ex- 
amine not  simply  the  work  of  Livy,  but  also  the  works  of  Machia- 
velli,  Montesquieu,  Beaufort,  and  Niebuhr. 

The  essay  consists  of  two  parts:  the  first  is  devoted  to  "His- 
tory Considered  as  a  Science ;"  the  second,  to  "  History  Consider- 
ed as  an  Art."  Under  each  of  these  divisions  of  the  subject  the 
author  discusses  the  works  of  the  writers  named,  and  he  treats 
them  with  all  that  acutencss  of  insight  and  brilliancy  of  method 
so  characteristic  of  his  later  productions. 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  feature  of  the  work  is  the  promi- 
nence the  author  gives  to  the  writings  of  Beaufort.  In  the  opin- 
ion of  Taine,  Beaufort's  "  Dissertation  sur  I'lncertitude  des  cinque 
premiers  Siecles  de  Rome"  contained  the  most  important  of  the 
ideas  and  methods  that  have  made  Niebuhr's  name  so  famous. 


Wagner,  Dr.  Wilhelm.— Rom.  Anfang,  Ausbreitung,  und  Ver- 
fall  des  Weltrcichs  der  Romer.  Fiir  Freunde  des  klassischen 
Alterthums,  insbesondere  fiir  die  deutsche  Jugend.  Fiinfte  ver- 
besscrte  Auflage.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1876. 

Of  the  numerous  efforts  to  restore  the  Roman  State  to  life,  this 
is  one  of  the  most  successful.  It  is  not  designed  for  those  who 
are  already  scholars,  but  rather  for  those  who  desire  to  become 
such.  The  illustrations  are,  for  the  most  part,  judiciously  selected 
from  the  works  of  those  modern  artists  who  have  attempted  to 
reproduce  ancient  Roman  life.  If  the  work  is  not  fully  abreast 
of  modern  scholarship,  it  is  owing  to  the  peculiarity  that  the 
mythological  period  is  described  with  the  same  confidence  as  the 
historical.  For  strictly  popular  uses,  it  is  doubtful  whether  any 
modern  work  on  any  country  excels  it.  Its  great  merit  is  in  its 
strong  presentation  of  the  picturesque  side  of  Roman  life  in  such 
a  manner  as  to  awaken  a  lively  interest  in  the  subject. 


134  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


II.    HISTOEIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

Ihne,  W. — Ear]y  Rome.     From  the  Foundation  of  the  City  to  its 
Destruction  by  the  Gauls.     16mo,  New  Yorlv,  1878. 

This  little  volume,  by  one  of  the  most  eminent  German  histo- 
rians of  Rome,  is  the  result  of  an  attempt  to  embody  in  readable 
form  the  fruits  of  modern  criticism  and  research  on  the  earliest 
period  of  Roman  history.  Though  the  book  is  intended  for  pop- 
ular use  rather  than  for  the  use  of  specialists,  it  may  yet  be  said 
that  the  most  thorough  student  will  profit  by  reading  what  so 
eminent  an  investigator  of  Roman  history  has  to  say  upon  a  sub- 
ject of  which  he  has  made  an  especial  study.  The  volume  con- 
tains no  references  to  sources,  but  we  have  the  author's  assurance 
that  no  statement  has  been  made  that  does  not  rest  on  the  basis 
of  an  original  authoritv. 


Lewis,  Sir  George  Cornwall. — An  Inquiry  into  the  Credibility  of 
Early  Roman  History.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1855. 

Though  tlie  author  of  these  volumes  was  actively  engaged  in 
political  life,  yet  his  recreations  from  the  severe  duties  of  his  of- 
fice were  feats  of  scholarship  of  which  any  English  writer  might 
not  be  ashamed.  This  work  is  a  most  scholarly  attempt  to  sub- 
mit early  Roman  history  to  the  same  tests  of  credibility  as  are 
commonly  employed  in  modern  historical  and  judicial  investiga- 
tions. Applying  these  tests,  the  author  objects  to  all  efforts  to 
build  up  an  histoiical  theory  founded  on  a  narrative  wholly,  or 
even  in  part,  legendary.  lie  holds  that  conjectural  omissions, 
additions,  alterations,  and  transpositions  can  lead  at  best  to  noth- 
ing but  a  purely  conjectural  result.  Ilis  fundamental  maxim  was, 
"  In  order  that  the  truth  so  perceived  should  recommend  itself  to 
the  convictions  of  others,  it  is  a  necessary  condition  that  it  should 
admit  of  proof  which  they  can  understand."  In  the  application 
of  this  maxim  to  the  examination  of  Niebuhr's  positions,  he  finds 
that  several  of  them  rest  on  no  adequate  foundation.  Finally,  he 
concludes  that,  as  there  is  no  contemporaneous  evidence  what- 


HISTORIES  OF  EOME.  I35 

ever,  all  further  efforts  to  elucidate  early  Roman  history  will  be 
time  and  energy  thrown  away. 


Arnold,  Thomas. — History  of  the  Roman  Commonwealth.  New  cd., 
2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1882  ;   1  vol.,  royal  8vo,  New  York,  1856. 

Dr.  Arnold  lived  to  complete  his  history  only  as  far  as  to  the 
end  of  the  Spanish  Campaign  in  the  Second  Punic  War.  The 
work,  therefore,  breaks  off  just  after  its  distinguishing  merits 
began  to  be  conspicuously  manifest.  The  portion  of  the  work 
that  had  to  deal  with  the  early  periods  of  Roman  history  was 
founded  on  the  investigations  of  Niebuhr,  in  whose  genius  as  a 
guide  Arnold  placed  implicit  trust.  The  consequence  inevitably 
was  that  as  Niebuhr's  conclusions  one  after  another  came  to  be 
rejected,  those  of  Arnold  fell  with  them.  But  from  the  time  of 
Pyrrhus  the  author  emerges  upon  ground  where  independent  re- 
search becomes  possible  and  fruitful.  His  account  of  the  First 
Punic  War,  and  of  the  Second,  as  far  as  to  the  return  of  Scipio 
from  Spain,  is  the  most  satisfactory  yet  written  in  English.  It 
has  all  the  qualities  of  a  great  history.  But  the  work  is  to  be  re- 
garded only  as  a  fragment,  and  one  of  which  the  last  part  only 
is  of  great  value.  ♦ 


Beesly,  A.  H.  —  The  Gracchi,  Marius,  and  Sulla.     With  Maps. 
16mo,  New  York,  1878. 

In  the  preparation  of  this  work  the  author  made  constant  use 
of  original  authorities,  though  he  relied  for  guidance  chiefly  on 
Long's  "  History  of  the  Decline  of  the  Roman  Republic,"  and  on 
Mommscn's  "  History  of  Rome."  On  some  points  he  has  not 
hesitated  to  differ  from  these  high  authorities.  The  social  diffi- 
culties that  led  to  the  attempts  of  the  Gracchi  at  reform  are  ad- 
mirably described.  The  meaning  of  the  civil  wars,  and  the  final 
triumph  of  Sulla,  are  shown  in  strong  light.  The  most  striking 
characteristic  of  the  book  is  the  spirited  style  in  which  it  is 
written. 


136  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Merivale,  Charles.— The  Fall  of  the  Roman  RepnWic  A  Short 
History  of  the  Last  Century  of  the  Commonwealth.  Second 
edition.     12mo,  London,  1853. 

Written  before  the  same  author's  history  of  "  The  Romans  un- 
der the  Empire,"  this  volume  may  be  regarded  as  introductory  to 
the  larger  work.  It  gives  a  graphic  account  of  the  decline  of 
republican  institutions  and  of  the  consequent  preparation  of  the 
way  for  Julius  Caesar.  Though  it  covers  nearly  the  same  ground 
as  the  liistory  by  Long,  it  is  much  briefer,  and,  through  the  greater 
merits  of  its  literary  workmanship,  is  more  interesting.  The  pict- 
ure of  the  struggles  of  the  Gracchi  is  especially  worthy  of  note,  as 
it  brings  out  into  a  very  strong  light  one  of  the  most  fatal  tenden- 
cies of  the  time.  In  his  estimate  of  Julius  Caesar,  Merivale  is  not 
essentially  different  from  Mommsen,  though  he  is  more  temperate 
in  his  methods  of  expression. 


Long,  George. — The  Decline  of  the  Roman  Republic.     5  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1864-74. 

As  its  title  indicates,  this  is  an  account  of  only  a  limited  por- 
tion of  Roman  history.  The  author  begins  his  work  with  a  de- 
scription of  the  Republic,  and  of  the  several  provinces  at  the  end 
of  the  Punic  wars,  and  concludes  it  with  the  final  establishment 
of  imperial  power  in  the  hands  of  Augustus  Ca?sar. 

This  is  not  a  work  of  genius,  but  is  the  production  of  a  very 
industrious  and  painstaking  scholar.  It  does  not  attempt  to  in- 
struct by  brilliant  sketches,  broad  generalizations,  or  profound  po- 
litical aphorisms.  The  author  obviously  has  no  desire  for  dis- 
play, and  he  shows  no  inclination  to  establish  opinions  on  the 
foundation  of  mere  conjecture.  lie  has  a  distinct  theory  that  to 
study  history  with  promise  of  good  results  is  a  work  of  labor, 
and  that  no  adequate  knowledge  of  Roman  liistory  can  be  ac- 
quired simply  by  reading  fine  dissertations  and  eloquent  delinea- 
tions of  men  and  manners.  lie  believes  that  the  influence  of 
these  is  to  deceive  the  reader  into  believing  that  he  knows  what 
he  docs  not. 

A   book   constructed   on   the   basis   of  such   a  theory  cannot 


HISTORIES   OF   ROME.  I37 

receive  any  such  popular  favor  as  that  given  to  Moinmsen  and 
Niebulir.  But  it  may  be  a  much  safer  guide,  for  the  reason  that 
it  is  much  less  subjective.  Though  Long  has  made  use  of  all 
accessible  material,  he  is  often  undecided  in  his  conclusions  when 
Momnisen  is  positive.  But  the  student  may  as  well  be  told  that 
the  author  is  true  to  his  theory,  and  has  made  his  book  hard  read- 
ing. He  uses  the  plainest  and  simplest  words;  indeed,  his  style 
approaches  absolute  baldness.  The  facts  authorized  by  the  sources 
are  given,  but  not  a  sentence  is  added  to  impart  vigor  or  color  to 
the  story.  The  reader  is  often  compelled  to  regret  that  the  au- 
thor does  not  give  the  opinions  to  which  his  studies  have  led  him. 
The  best  portion  of  the  work  is  that  devoted  to  the  earliest  pe- 
riod. This  has  largely  to  do  with  Roman  law,  a  subject  in  which 
Mr.  Long  was  especially  at  home.  In  treating  of  Julius  Caesar, 
he  shows  nothing  of  the  "blood  and  iron"  so  characteristic  of 
Mommsen.  Though  he  commends  Caesar  and  points  out  the 
weaknesses  of  Cicero,  he  does  not,  like  the  great  German  author, 
deify  the  one  and  vilify  the  other. 


Merivale,  Charles.  —  The  Roman  Triumvirates.     With   a  Map. 
16mo,  New  York,  1878. 

Though  this  is  an  independent  production,  it  begins  where  that 
of  Professor  Beesly  ends.  The  author,  by  his  long  study  of  Roman 
history  in  the  preparation  for  his  other  works,  no  less  than  by  his 
general  accomplishments  as  a  scholar  and  writer,  was  admirably 
qualified  for  his  task.  He  begins  by  showing  the  strong  reaction 
against  Sulla,  and  the  consequent  rise  of  Pompey  into  power. 
He  then  passes  in  review  the  consulship  of  Cicero ;  the  trium- 
virate of  Csesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus ;  the  growth  of  Ctesar's 
])ower ;  the  rupture  between  Cassar  and  the  Senate ;  the  Civil 
AVar;  the  death  of  Caesar;  the  establishment  of  the  second  tri- 
umvirate; and  the  advancement  of  Octavius  to  the  mastery  of  the 
State.  The  book  is  written  in  that  graceful  and  lucid  style  always 
characteristic  of  the  author. 


138  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Trollope,  Anthony. — The  Life  of  Cicero.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1880  ;  2  vols.,  12uio,  New  York,  1881. 

An  exceedingly  vivid  portrayal  of  the  life  of  the  great  orator. 
No  one  of  the  nuiucrons  biographers  of  Cicero  has  succeeded  so 
completely  in  transplanting  him  and  his  surroundings  into  our 
own  days.  The  reader  is  almost  led  to  forget  that  the  events  of 
which  he  is  reading  were  history  before  the  advent  of  Christian- 
ity.    They  are  made  to  seem  like  the  events  of  to-day. 

The  most  essential  peculiarity  of  the  work  is  that  it  is  written 
from  what  may  be  called  Cicero's  point  of  view.  While  Momm- 
sen,  Froude,  Merivale,  and  others  have  looked  at  the  condition 
and  the  necessities  of  the  State,  and  have  censured  Cicero  for  not 
comprehending  the  nature  of  the  situation,  Trollope  had  studied 
the  problem  with  a  view  to  ascertaining  and  showing  how  it  must 
have  appeared  to  Cicero  himself.  Thus  the  volumes  become  very 
largely  a  personal  rather  than  a  political  life. 

Whatever  may  be  the  reader's  views  of  Cicero's  political  course, 
he  cannot  fail  to  be  charmed  by  the  picture  here  given  of  the 
orator's  personal  characteristics.  His  exalted  affection  for  son 
and  daughter,  his  unfailing  geniality  and  wit,  his  boundless  stores 
of  the  most  entertaining  knowledge,  the  lavish  generosity  of  his 
heart  and  his  purse,  and,  above  all,  the  charming  companionship 
of  his  friendship,  are  presented  in  so  skilful  a  manner  that  the 
reader  forgets  that  in  these  same  qualities  were  to  be  found  the 
sources  of  both  the  strength  and  the  weakness  of  the  orator's 
character.  The  work  may  well  be  read  in  connection  with  the 
volumes  by  Froude  and  Beesly.  Trollope  will  charm  even  those 
whom  he  is  unable  to  convince. 


Forsyth,  William.  —  Life   of   Marcus   Tnllius   Cicero.     2  vols., 
l2nio,  New  York,  2d  ed.,  1865;  2  vols,  in  1,  New  York,  1871. 

A  book  that  may  well  be  examined  by  the  general  student  of 
this  period.  While  the  author  has  no  such  profound  knowledge 
of  Roman  affairs  as  Mommscn,  Ihne,  and  some  of  the  other  Ger- 
man scholars,  he  has,  nevertheless,  made  of  this  period  a  special 
study,  and  is  therefore  entitled  to  a  considerate  hearing.    lie  may 


HISTORIES   OF  HOME.  139 

be  regarded  as  the  modern  champion  of  Cicero ;  and  the  work, 
therefore,  is  in  strong  contrast  with  the  contemptuous  treatment 
bestowed  upon  the  orator  by  Mommsen.  Forsyth  admires  Cicero, 
but  his  admiration  is  not  bhnd.  The  book,  in  the  way  of  con- 
trast, may  well  be  read  in  connection  witli  Froude's  Cajsar.  It  is 
less  interesting  than  the  recent  work  of  Trollope,  but  has  the  qual- 
ities of  solid  merit. 


Boissier,  Gaston.  —  Ciceron  et  ses  Amis.      12mo,  3*^  ed.,  Paris, 
1875. 

A  delightful  picture  of  the  society  by  which  Cicero  was  sur- 
rounded. The  book  received  the  high  favor  in  France  of  being 
crowned  by  the  French  Academy.  It  may  well  be  read  by  the 
student  in  connection  with  Froude's  "  Sketch  "  of  Ca;sar,  though 
the  author  deals  with  the  literary  rather  than  with  the  political 
side  of  Cicero's  career.  The  view  is  calculated  to  raise  the  read- 
er's esteem  for  the  c-rcat  orator. 


Beesly,  Edward  Spencer. — Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius.    1 2mo, 

London,  1S78. 

A  collection  of  essays  published  originally  in  the  Fortnightly 
Review.  The  importance  of  the  work  is  in  the  picture  it  gives  of 
the  common  people  of  Rome  during  the  revolutionary  period. 
Its  argument  is  that  the  lower  orders  of  Rome  loved  and  trusted 
Catiline,  exhibited  a  constant  and  determined  hostility  to  Cicero, 
who  had  hunted  their  hero  to  death  to  please  the  oligarchy,  and 
consequently  that  they  seized  the  first  opportunity  to  visit  the 
orator  with  condign  punishment.  The  arraignment  of  Cicero  is 
very  severe,  and  it  may  well  be  read  with  Forsyth  or  Trollope. 


Arnold,  Thomas. — History  of  the  Later  Roman  Commonwealth 
to  the  Time  of  Cscsar  and  the  Reign  of  Augustus.  With  a 
Life  of  Trajan.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1849. 

A  collection  of  papers,  made  up  some  years  after  Dr.  Arnold's 


140 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


death,  containing  the  articles  contributed  by  him  on  Roman  his- 
tory to  the  "  Encyclopsedia  Metropolitana."  They  derive  their 
importance  cliiefly  from  the  interesting  methods  and  the  great 
name  of  the  author.  Since  the  publication  of  Merivale's  elabo- 
rate history  these  essays  seem  somewhat  vague  and  unsatisfactory. 
The  opinions  of  such  a  scholar  and  author  as  Thomas  Arnold, 
however,  will  never  cease  to  be  of  interest. 


Froude,  James  Anthony.  —  Casar.      A   Sketch,      8vo,  London 
and  New  York,  1879. 

Though  this  volume  bears  a  modest  title,  it  is  one  of  great 
popular  interest.  Few  persons  at  all  interested  in  ancient  history 
will  find  themselves  willing,  after  getting  a  taste  of  the  book,  to 
put  it  down  until  they  have  completed  it. 

It  would  be  easy  for  a  severe  critic  to  point  out  faults  in  the 
work.  But  its  faults  are  not  those  of  a  dangerous  kind.  It  is 
at  least  something  to  have  written  a  book  on  a  great  subject 
which  many  people  will  be  interested  in  reading.  The  author's 
point  of  view  is  essentially  the  same  as  Mommsen's.  He  believes 
that  the  nation  was  in  a  hopeless  state  of  demoralization,  and 
that,  if  recovery  was  possible,  it  was  possible  only  through  the 
efforts  of  Julius  Csesar.  He  is  more  temperate  in  his  condemna- 
tion of  Cicero,  but  the  facts  he  presents  are  much  more  effective 
than  Mommsen's  harsh  words.  In  the  opinion  of  Froude,  "  Nat- 
ure half  made  a  great  man  and  left  him  incomplete."  With 
"  magnificent  talents,  high  aspirations,  and  a  true  desire  to  do 
right,"  Cicero  united  "an  infirmity  of  will,  a  passion,  a  cunning, 
a  vanity,  and  an  absence  of  manliness  and  veracity."  On  the 
whole,  the  picture  of  Cicero  is  probably  one  of  the  best  ever 
drawn  in  few  words. 


Napoleon  III. — History  of  Julius  Cresar.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London 
and  New  York,  1865.  With  very  valuable  Maps,  on  separate 
sheets. 

It  cannot  be  denied  that  this  is  a  history  of  some  importance, 
in  spite  of  the  questionable  object  for  which  it  was  written.    The 


HISTORIES  OF  ROxME.  141 

author  liimself  declares  that  it  was  prepared  "  for  the;  purpose  of 
proving  that  when  Providence  raises  up  such  men  as  Cjcsar,  Char- 
lemagne, and  Napoleon,  it  is  to  trace  out  to  peoples  the  path  they 
ought  to  follow  ;  to  stamp  with  the  seal  of  their  genius  a  new  era ; 
and  to  accomplish  in  a  few  years  the  work  of  many  centuries." 
The  object  of  the  author  seemed  to  have  been  accomplished 
when  he  had  justified  the  course  of  Cfesar  up  to  the  beginning 
of  the  Civil  War.  It  is  maintained  that  the  condition  of  the 
State  and  the  action  of  his  enemies  made  the  war  inevitable. 
Cffisar  was  the  only  person  who  fully  understood  the  needs  of  the 
nation.  The  views  held  are  not  essentially  different  from  those 
presented  by  Mommsen  and  Froude,  but  the  argument  is  much 
more  elaborate.  As  Book  I.  is  introductory,  and  Book  II.  is  de- 
voted to  the  Gallic  campaigns,  Books  III.  and  IV.  contain  the  gist 
of  the  author's  purpose  in  explaining  the  political  condition  of 
affairs.  The  work  was  prepared  with  the  utmost  care — a  care 
which  extended  in  some  instances  to  special  surveys,  to  insure 
perfect  accuracy  in  the  descriptions,  as  well  as  in  the  maps  and 
illustrations. 


Tacitus,  C.  Cornelius— The  Works  of.     The  Oxford  translation, 
revised.     2  vols.,  crown  Svo,  London  and  New  York,  1854. 

These  works,  in  many  respects  the  most  important  historical 
productions  of  antiquity,  consist  of  four  parts.  Arranged  in  the 
order  of  their  composition  by  the  author,  they  were  as  follows : 
"  The  Life  of  Agricola,"  "  The  Histories,"  "  The  Annals,"  "  The 
Manners  and  Peoples  of  Germany."  "  The  Life  of  x\gricola " 
has  always  been  prized  as  a  remarkable  specimen  of  biographical 
writing.  It  is  of  great  value,  for  its  masterly  qualities  not  only  as 
a  work  of  literary  art,  but  also  as  a  portrayal  of  the  life  and  char- 
acter of  one  of  the  most  illustrious  of  Romans.  In  all  litera- 
ture there  is  no  grander  monument  to  the  memory  of  an  able 
commander,  a  just  administrator,  and  a  good  man.  "  The  His- 
tories" originally  comprehended  the  period  extending  from  the 
accession  of  Galba,  A.D.  68,  to  the  death  of  Domitian,  in  96.  But 
of  this  invaluable  production  nearly  the  whole  is  lost.  We  have  no 
portion  complete  excepting  the  first  four  books,  which  cover  only 


142  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  period  of  one  year.  In  this  work  Tacitus  treated  of  events 
that  had  transpired  in  his  own  time  and  largely  under  his  own 
observation.  The  "  Annales  "  comprise  a  description  of  the  pe- 
riod extending  from  the  death  of  Augustus,  A.D.  14,  to  the  death 
of  Nero,  in  C8.  The  portions  describing  the  whole  of  Caligula's 
reign,  the  five  years  of  the  reign  of  Claudius,  and  the  last  two  of 
the  reign  of  Nero  are  lost.  The  treatise  upon  the  Germans  has 
been  variously  estimated,  but  its  importance  is  unquestionable. 
Though  its  geographical  descriptions  are  of  no  value,  all  subse- 
quent investigations  have  tended  to  confirm  the  author's  accounts 
of  the  political  institutions,  the  religion,  and  the  social  habits  of 
the  various  German  tribes. 

The  most  obvious  qualities  of  this  historian  arc  his  moral  dig- 
nity, the  evident  integrity  of  his  purpose,  his  inflexible  love  of 
truth,  his  extraordinary  insight  into  the  motives  of  human  con- 
duct, and  his  power  in  the  portrayal  of  dramatic  scenes  and  start- 
ling catastrophes.  His  style  is  elaborated  with  the  greatest  care, 
and  is  stripped  of  every  superfluity.  Often  a  single  word  has  the 
effect  not  simply  of  a  sentence,  but  of  a  picture. 

The  Oxford  translation  contains  many  notes  of  great  value  to 
the  reader,  and  is  probably  the  best  rendering  of  the  Latin  into 
English.  The  translation  of  Murphy,  also,  is  one  that  has  long 
enjoyed  a  high  reputation  for  scholarship  as  well  as  for  elegance 
of  style. 


Suetonius,  C.  Tranquillus. — The  Lives  of  the  Twelve  Caesars, 
to  which  are  added  the  Lives  of  the  Grammarians,  Rhetoricians, 
and  Poets.  The  Translation  of  Alexander  Thomson,  revised 
and  corrected  by  T.  Forester.  Crown  8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  187C. 

Suetonius  was  born  about  the  year  75  A.D. ;  was  the  intimate 
friend  of  the  younger  Pliny,  and  held  a  high  office  under  the  Em- 
peror TIa<Irian.  The  work  he  has  left  is  a  collection  of  memoirs, 
rather  than  a  history  in  the  {)ropcr  sense  of  the  term.  He  does 
not  attempt  to  philosophize  on  the  causes  of  political  changes, 
but  rather  relates  the  personal  history  of  those  of  whom  he  writes. 
The  work  is  not  a  landscape,  but  a  gallery  of  statues  and  pictures. 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  143 

It  abounds  in  anecdotes.  As  a  portrayal  of  character  and  as  a 
picture  of  manners  and  customs,  it  has  been  regarded  by  all  his- 
torians and  critics  as  having  great  importance. 

The  translation  by  Thomson  Avas  made  nearly  a  century  ago, 
and  was  very  diffuse  and  inaccurate ;  but  it  has  been  carefully  re- 
vised and  improved  by  Forester. 


Capes,  W.  W. — The  Early  Empire.  From  the  Assassination  of 
Julius  Cjcsar  to  that  of  Domitian.  With  two  Maps.  16mo, 
New  York,  1877. 

The  first  eleven  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  eleven  emperors, 
from  Augustus  to  Domitian.  The  scope  of  the  remainder  of  the 
work  is  indicated  by  the  following  titles :  "  The  Position  of  the 
Emperor,"  "The  Rights  of  Roman  Citizenship,"  "Life  in  the 
Provinces,"  "  The  State  of  Trade,"  "  The  Growing  Population  of 
Italy  and  Greece,"  "  The  Frontiers  and  the  Army,"  "  The  Moral 
Standard  of  the  Age,"  "The  Revival  of  Religious  Sentiment." 
The  author's  style  is  at  once  spirited  and  graceful.  No  one  can 
read  the  last  two  chapters  of  the  volume  without  being  impressed 
with  the  acumen  and  the  judicial  impartiality  of  his  methods 
of  treatment. 


Capes,  W.  W. — The  Roman  Empire  of  the  Second  Century  ;  or, 
The  Age  of  the  Antonines.     16mo,  New  York,  1877. 

This  volume  has  the  same  admirable  characteristics  as  its  pred- 
ecessor. It  is  everywhere  marked  by  that  breadth  of  view  which 
a  long  and  critical  study  of  Roman  history  has  given  to  the  au- 
thor's works.  All  of  the  chapters  are  excellent ;  but  especially 
Avorthy  of  note  are  those  on  the  attitude  of  the  empire  towards 
the  early  Christians,  on  the  characteristics  of  the  state  of  relig- 
ion, and  on  the  administrative  forms  of  the  imperial  government. 
The  last  chapter,  read  in  connection  Avith  Arnold's  "  Provincial 
Administration,"  will  give  an  excellent  view  of  the  somewhat  dif- 
ficult subject  of  administrative  methods. 


144  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Boissier,  Gaston. — L'Opposition  sous  les  Cesars.    Second  edition. 
8vo,  Paris,  1885. 

All  the  books  of  this  author  are  worthy  of  the  student's  atten- 
tion. This  one  is  a  picture  of  the  various  attempts  that  were 
made  to  organize  opposition  to  the  newly  established  Roman  em- 
pire. It  is  a  presentation  from  a  neglected  point  of  view,  and 
the  volume  will  be  found  a  fruitful  source  of  valuable  informa- 
tion. 


Curteis,  A.  M. — History  of  the  Roman  Empire  from  the  Death 
of  Theodosins  the  Great  to  the  Coronation  of  Charles  the 
Great,  395-800.     12mo,  Philadelphia,  1875. 

A  good  bridge  over  the  dark  gulf  that  separates  the  Roman 
Empire  from  the  new  nationalities.  The  volume  contains  not 
very  much  that  is  new,  but  it  is  an  attractive  presentation  of  con- 
clusions judiciously  drawn  from  a  study  of  Gibbon,  Milman,  and 
Thierry.  It  is  probably  the  most  readable  account  we  have  of 
the  darkest  and  most  obscure  portion  of  mediteval  history.  It 
would  form  a  valuable  accompaniment  to  Lecky's  larger  work 
on  the  same  period. 


Merivale,  Charles. — A  Ilistoi-y  of  the  Romans  under  the  Empire. 
7  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1872. 

A  work  that  has  justly  taken  high  rank  in  the  historical  litera- 
ture of  modern  England.  The  author  is  not  a  genius  of  the  first 
rank,  but  for  the  writing  of  such  a  history  he  has  many  splendid 
qualities.  He  is  endowed  with  a  love  of  research,  a  fervid  imagi- 
nation, and  descriptive  powers  of  a  high  order.  Some  of  his 
chapters  must  long  be  regarded  as  admirable  specimens  of  elegant 
literary  workmanship.  The  author's  portrayal  of  character  is  also 
generally  excellent.  Julius  Caesar  he  regards  as  the  champion  of 
what  was  best  in  the  State.  He  holds  that  Cicsar's  opponents 
were  laboring  in  the  interests  of  an  aristocracy,  the  ascendency  of 
which  would  have  been  surely  and  rapidly  fatal  to  the  nation. 
Corruption  everywhere  prevailed  to  such  an  extent  that  Cassar  had 
never  known  an  election  held  or  a  law  enacted  that  had  not  been 


HISTORIES  OF  HOME.  I45 

the  result  of  fraud  and  bribery.  The  great  triumvir  had  a  distinct 
object  before  liiiii,  and  liis  first  measures  were  prompt  and  deci- 
sive. His  action  was  prolific  in  wise,  just,  reformatory,  and  benef- 
icent measures. 

In  one  respect  Merivale  is  slightly  open  to  criticism.  The  con- 
tinuity of  his  narrative  is  somewhat  too  frequently  broken.  In 
describing  provincial  affairs,  for  example,  he  allows  the  links  which 
bind  all  to  Rome  to  be  lost  sight  of.  lie  deals  somewhat  too 
much  in  disquisitions  and  discussions,  and  thus  fails  to  keep  the 
whole  picture  before  the  reader's  eye.  Though  the  individual 
parts  of  the  work  are  almost  always  admirable,  what  may  perhaps 
be  called  its  architecture  is  not  so  worthy  of  commendation.  It 
is  in  this  respect  more  especially  than  in  any  other  that  the  work 
of  Merivale  falls  short  of  that  of  Gibbon. 

The  author  begins  his  history  Avith  the  gradual  transfer  of  the 
old  Republic  to  the  imperialism  of  the  Caesars,  and  ends  it  with 
the  age  of  the  Antonines.  It  therefore  exactly  fills  the  gap  be- 
tween Mommsen  and  Gibbon. 


Ammianus  Marcellinus  —  The  Roman  History  of,  during  the 
Reigns  of  the  Emperors  Constantius,  Julian,  Jovianus,  Valen- 
tinian,  and  Valens.  Translated  by  C.  D.  Yongc.  Crown  8vo, 
London  and  New  York,  1862. 

Of  the  historical  writings  of  this  author  there  were  originally 
thirty-one  books,  embracing  the  history  from  the  accession  of 
Nerva,  A.D.  96,  to  the  death  of  Valens,  in  378.  As  the  narrative 
began  at  the  period  when  the  works  of  Tacitus  and  Suetonius 
ended,  it  was  regarded  as  in  some  sense  a  continuation  of  the  works 
'of  those  authors.  But  the  first  thirteen  books  are  lost,  and  the 
portions  preserved  embrace  only  the  period  between  353  and  378. 
This,  however,  is  the  most  important  portion  of  the  history,  as  it 
is  a  record  of  events  that  occurred  during  the  years  of  the  author's 
active  life.  All  historians  and  critics  agree  as  to  the  general  accu- 
racy, fidelity,  and  impartiality  of  the  author's  writings.  They  are 
not  only  a  valuable  record  of  events,  but  they  are  an  instructive 
commentary  on  the  institutions  and  manners  of  the  time.     The 

10 


146  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

merit  of  the  work  owes  nothing  to  the  qnaUty  of  the  author's 
style,  which  indeed  is  harsh  and  inflated.  Gibbon  attached  great 
importance  to  liis  authority,  and  parted  witli  his  guidance  with  an 
earnest  expression  of  regret. 


Gibbon,  Edward.— The  History  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Empire.  Of  the  numerous  editions,  Milman's,  6  vols., 
12mo,  is  the  most  common.  A  much  better  edition  is  that 
edited  by  Dr.  Smith,  published  irr  London  in  1854,  and  re- 
printed in  New  York  in  1880.  The  superiority  of  this  edition 
is  very  great,  not  simply  in  its  material  appearance,  but  also  in 
its  more  essential  characteristics.  It  has  excellent  maps,  and  it 
embodies  the  notes  of  Milman,  Guizot,  and  Wenck,  as  well  as 
the  results  of  later  researches  brought  together  by  Dr.  Smith. 
The  best  London  edition  is  in  8  vols.,  8vo ;  the  best  New  York 
edition  in  6  vols.,  8vo. 

Though  Gibbon's  history  was  completed  nearly  a  century  ago, 
its  great  importance  lias  not  declined,  and  it  is  probably  still  en- 
titled to  be  esteemed  as  the  greatest  historical  work  ever  written. 
The  period  embraced  extends  from  the  middle  of  the  second  cen- 
tury of  our  era  to  the  fall  of  Constantinople,  in  1453.  The  author 
did  not  pursue  a  strict  chronological  order,  but  massed  his  mate- 
rials and  arranged  them  in  accordance  with  their  moral  and  politi- 
cal significance.  The  completed  work,  therefore,  has  somewhat 
the  appearance  of  a  succession  of  monographs,  each  one  of  which 
is  perfect,  or  very  nearly  perfect,  in  itself.  These  individual  parts, 
each  finished  with  extraordinary  skill,  are  formed  together  in  so 
admirable  a  manner  that  the  architecture  of  the  work  is  one  of  its 
most  conspicuous  merits. 

The  minuteness  and  comprehensiveness  of  Gibbon's  historical 
knowledge  are  somewhat  appalling  to  the  scholarsiiip  of  the  pres- 
ent day.  For  twenty-two  vears  before  the  appearance  of  his  first 
volume  lie  was  a  prodigy  of  steady  and  arduous  application.  His 
investigations  extended  over  almost  the  whole  range  of  intellectual 
activity  for  nearly  fifteen  hundred  years.  And  so  thorough  were 
his  methods  that  the  laborious  investigations  of  German  scholar- 
siiip, the  keen  criticisms  of  theological  zeal,  and  the  steady  re- 
searches of  a  century  have  brought  to  light  very  few  important 


HISTORIES  OF  HOME.  I47 

errors  in  the  results  of  liis  labors.  But  it  is  not  merely  the  learn- 
ing of  the  work,  learned  as  it  is,  that  oives  it  character  as  a  his- 
tory. It  is  also  that  ingenious  skill  by  which  the  vast  erudition, 
the  boundless  range,  the  infinite  variety,  and  the  gorgeous  magnif- 
icence of  the  details  are  all  wrought  together  into  a  symmetrical 
whole. 

Two  objections  to  Gibbon's  history  have  often  been  urged. 
The  one  is  to  the  stately  magnificence  of  his  style,  the  other  to 
his  strong  bias  against  Christianity.  In  both  of  these  objections 
there  is  considerable  reason.  The  majestic  periods  with  which 
the  author  describes  even  the  least  important  events  are  a  source 
either  of  annoyance  or  of  amusement  to  nearly  every  modern  reader. 
The  other  characteristic  not  only  leads  the  author  to  describe  the 
origin  and  growth  of  Christianity  without  sympathy,  but  it  throws 
a  gloomy  hue  over  the  whole,  and  gives  to  events  as  they  pass  be- 
fore the  reader  something  of  the  melancholy  pomp  of  a  funeral 
procession.  But  whatever  objections  different  minds  may  raise, 
either  to  the  unbending  stateliness  of  his  style  or  to  the  stinging 
sarcasms  of  his  spirit,  these  peculiarities  will  prevent  no  genuine 
scholar  from  studying  the  work  and  profiting  by  it. 


Gregorovius,  Ferdinand. — Geschichte  der  Stadt  Rom  im  Mittel- 
alter,  vom  V.  bis  XVI.  Jahrhundert.  3te  verb.  Anflage,  8  vols., 
8vo,  Stuttgart,  2d  ed.,  1875-82.     4te  Aufl.,  Vol.  L,  1886. 

Though  Gregorovius  would  seem  to  traverse  the  ground  trod- 
den by  Gibbon,  yet  he  had  a  very  different  object,  and  wrote  from 
a  very  different  point  of  view.  His  design  was  to  describe  not 
the  imperial  government  so  much  as  the  city  in  its  relations  with 
the  empire,  the  papacy,  and  the  exterior  world.  The  author,  in 
early  life,  was  professor  of  history  at  the  University  of  Konigs- 
berg,  but,  with  rare  devotion  to  his  subject,  gave  up  his  position 
and  went  to  Rome,  where  he  carried  on  his  researches  for  more 
than  twenty-five  years.  The  result  of  his  labors  has  been  the 
completion  of  a  history  that  does  honor  to  the  author  and  to 
German  scholarship.  The  work  is  permeated  Avith  evidence  of 
deep  philosophical  insight  and  great  critical  ability.     In  addition 


148  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

to  its  minute  and  varied  learning,  it  has  the  rare  merit  among 
German  books  of  abounding-  in  sharp  and  picturesque  deUnea- 
tions  of  character  and  in  graphic  descriptions  of  events  and  places, 
Thouoh  the  author  thinks  like  a  German,  he  writes  with  some- 
thing of  the  clearness  and  the  spirit  of  a  Frenchman. 

The  work  has  a  copious  index  ;  and,  therefore,  for  the  pur- 
poses of  reference  as  well  as  for  the  general  reader  it  is  of  the 
highest  value.  The  last  volume  ends  with  a  description  of  the 
fall  of  Rome  in  1527,  and  with  an  eloquent  passage,  written  in 
1872,  and  inspired  by  the  complete  re-establishment  of  Italy  under 
Victor  Emmanuel.  Whether  considered  as  an  historical  authority 
or  as  a  work  of  literary  art,  it  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  produc- 
tions of  modern  German  scholarship. 


III.    HISTORIES    OF    CIVILIZATION    AND    PEOGEESS. 

Arnold,  W.T. — The  Roman  System  of  Provincial  Administration 
to  the  Accession  of  Constantine  the  Great.  Being  the  Arnold 
Prize  Essay  for  1879.     12mo,  London,  1879. 

A  very  scholarly  and  admirable  essay.  The  author  had  at  his 
command  all  the  more  important  of  those  numerous  recent  works 
in  German  and  French  which  throw  light  on  the  subject  of  which 
he  treats.  The  greatness  of  the  Romans  in  the  administration  of 
provincial  affairs  is  nowhere  represented  in  so  accessible  and  con- 
venient a  form.  While  it  is  a  book  that  every  student  of  history 
may  study  with  profit,  it  has  altogether  exceptional  value  for  the 
special  student  of  political  institutions. 


Bahr,  Johann  Christian  Felix. — Gescliichte  der  romischen  Lite- 
ratiir.  X'icrtc,  \(  rbrsscrtc  und  vcrmehrte  Auflage,  4  vols., 
8vo,  Carlsruhf,  1HG8-73. 

A  work  of  comprehensive  design  and  of  the  most  thorough 
and  conscientious  execution.  It  is  everywhere  recognized  as  hav- 
ing a  standard  value.     The  author  begins  with  an  Introduction  of 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  I49 

one  luindrccl  and  forty-eight  pao-es  on  the  g-eneral  characteristics 
of  Roman  literature.  The  remainder  of  the  first  volume  is- de- 
voted to  the  history  of  Roman  poetry.  Tlie  subjects  are  treated 
in  the  order  of  "  Tragedy,"  "  Comedy,"  "The  Epos,"  "  Narrative 
Poetry,"  "Didactic  Poetry,"  "Satire,"  "Bucolics,"  "Fables," 
"  Epigrams,"  "  Lyrics  and  Elegiacs."  Each  of  these  varieties  of 
poetry  is  traced  historically  from  the  earliest  to  the  latest  his- 
tory. Of  the  second  volume,  about  three  hundred  pages  are  de- 
voted to  the  subject  of  "  History,"  and  they  include  not  only  a 
description  and  analysis  of  the  more  important  historical  works, 
but  also  an  account  of  such  fragments  and  other  original  sources 
of  information  as  the  writers  of  Roman  history  must  rely  upon. 
Some  two  hundred  and  fifty  pages  are  given  to  "  Oratory."  The 
remainder  of  the  second  volume  and  the  whole  of  the  third  are 
given  to  the  various  other  branches  of  literature.  The  table  of 
contents  is  very  full,  and  is  so  arranged  as  to  make  the  work  easy 
of  use.  For  a  student  who  would  make  an  exhaustive  study,  per- 
haps the  most  helpful  feature  of  the  work  is  the  fulness  of  the 
references  to  modern  literature.  Not  only  at  the  end  of  each 
chapter,  but  even  at  the  end  of  each  paragraph,  is  a  very  compre- 
hensive account  of  what  has  been  written  on  the  subject  by  other 
authors.  The  fourth  volume  is  devoted  to  the  Christian  poets 
and  historians. 


Becker,  Wilhelm  AdoJph.  —  Ilandbuch  der  romischen  Alterthur 
mer  nach  den  Quelleu  bearbeitet.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1843. 

A  monumental  work,  long  considered  indispensable  to  the  spe- 
cialist. The  first  volume  is  devoted  exclusively  to  a  discussion 
of  tlie  sources  of  information  and  to  the  geography  of  the  State. 
The  second  is  of  more  general  interest,  as  it  is  taken  up  with  the 
consideration  of  the  Roman  Constitution.  It  considers,  with  the 
utmost  care,  all  questions  that  can  arise  concerning  the  organiza- 
tion and  methods  of  the  government.  Within  the  past  few  years 
its  influence  has  declined  before  the  success  of  the  more  volumi- 
nous works  of  Marquardt  and  Mommsen.  For  bibliographical 
purposes,  however,  it  still  continues  to  be  consulted  with  great 
profit. 


150 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Boissier,  Gaston. — La  Religion  Roinaine  d'Auguste  aux  Antonins. 

3^  ed.,  2  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1878. 

The  object  of  the  author  is  to  trace  the  causes  and  the  char- 
acter of  that  great  religious  revolution  which  took  place  at  Rome 
between  the  days  of  Cicero  and  the  days  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 
That  this  was  a  real  revolution  Boissier  abundantly  shows.  In 
the  time  of  Cicero  religion  was  disbelieved,  and  was  looked  upon 
as  having  been  everywhere  dethroned.  Those  who  even  occupied 
tliemselves  with  religious  things  hardly  believed  in  the  existence 
of  the  gods.  But  in  the  time  of  Marcus  Aurelius  a  great  change 
had  taken  place.  The  philosophers  were  all  religious,  not  to  say 
superstitious.  They  scarcely  formed  a  project  without  adding 
"  if  the  gods  will."  They  gave  thanks  for  returning  health  be- 
fore all  the  altars  and  beneath  all  the  sacred  trees.  The  cause  of 
this  change  the  author  finds  in  the  influence  of  the  government 
and  of  the  national  literature.  Augustus  was  ambitious  to  build 
on  the  ruins  of  the  republic  a  durable  political  structure.  In  the 
Roman  religion  lie  saw  a  conservative  power  of  great  force.  He 
determined  to  re-establish  the  religious  faith,  and  consequently  he 
caused  for  that  purpose  temples  to  be  reconstructed  in  all  parts 
of  the  empire.  So,  too,  with  the  literature.  Virgil  had  most 
universal  influence,  and  Virgil  was  essentially  a  religious  poet. 

Among  the  most  interesting  parts  of  this  very  interesting  and 
valuable  book  are  those  which  treat  of  the  condition  of  the  infe- 
rior classes  and  the  organization  of  popular  associations.  The 
chapter  on  slavery  is  one  of  the  best  brl^f  descriptions  of  the 
subject  we  have. 


Cruttwell,  Charles  Thomas.  —  A  History  of  Roman  Literature 
frdiii  llic  Miilicst  Tcriod  to  the  Deatli  of  Marcus  Aurelius. 
AVitli  Chronological  Tables,  etc.,  for  the  Use  of  Students.  8vo, 
London  and  New  York,  1878. 

In  form  and  spirit  this  work  is  the  very  opposite  of  Biihr's 
and  Tcuffers,  though  the  author  has  laid  his  great  German  mas- 
ters under  constant  contiibiition  for  his  facts.  The  book  before 
us  is  one  for  general  readers,  and,  though  it  has  very  little  of  that 
j'icturesfjue   freshness   which   is   the    characteristic   of   Mahaffy's 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  151 

"  History  of  Greek  Literature,"  yet  it  is  presented  in  a  style  tliat 
a  person  of  Roman  tastes  will  have  no  difHculty  in  reading. 


Hadley,  James. — Introduction  to  Roman  Law.     In  Twelve  Aca- 
demical Lectures.     12mo,  New  York  and  London,  1873. 

« 
This  admirable  course  of  lectures  is  the  most  valuable  sliort  ac- 
count we  have  of  the  nature  and  importance  of  the  body  of  Ro- 
man law.  As  the  lectures  were  prepared  for  undergraduate  stu- 
dents, they  arc  free  from  embarrassing  technical  details,  while  at 
the  same  time  they  are  sufficiently  elaborate  to  give  a  definite 
idea  of  the  nature  and  the  greatness  of  the  subject. 

In  the  first  chapter  the  author  explains  the  composition  and 
character  of  the  Corpus  Juris  Civilis,  as  well  as  the  circumstances 
under  which  it  was  prepared.  In  the  second,  he  points  out  the 
part  played  by  the  Roman  law  in  the  course  of  the  Middle  Ages 
and  in  modern  times.  The  third  lecture  is  devoted  to  a  general 
account  of  the  Roman  law  before  the  time  of  Justinian,  while 
the  fourth  traces  its  progress  during  the  Republican  period.  In 
the  fifth  the  author,  having  completed  what  may  be  called  the 
historical  introduction,  comes  to  a  discussion  of  the  various  char- 
acteristics of  the  Roman  law  itself.  In  the  course  of  the  lectures 
that  follow,  the  status  of  family  and  of  family-relations,  the  law 
of  property,  the  law  of  obligations,  and  the  law  of  inheritance 
receive  admirable  trefftment  at  the  hands  of  this  excellent  teacher 
and  writer.  The  style  is  remarkable  for  its  perspicuity  and  sim- 
plicity. 


Kuhn,  Emil. — Vcrfassuag  der  Stadte  des  romischen  Reichs.     8vo, 
Leipsic,  1874. 

The  constitution  and  organization  of  the  cities  of  the  Roman 
empire  unquestionably  had  much  to  do  with  the  readiness  with 
which  the  empire  yielded  to  assaults  from  without.  Since  Gui- 
zot's  famous  essay  on  the  subject,  scholars  have  been  in  the  hab- 
it of  attributing  the  weakness  of  the  empire  to  the  comparative 


152  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

independence  of  the  cities.  The  subject,  therefore,  is  of  much 
importance,  and  the  book  named  is  the  most  learned  and  exhaust- 
ive treatment  of  it.  It  may  Avell  be  studied  in  connection  with 
Arnold's  briefer  work  on  "  Provincial  Administration.'" 


Lange,  L. — Romische  Altertli^mer.    4  vols.,  8vo,Leipsic,  1862-78. 

A  presentation  of  the  interior  development  of  the  life  of  Rome 
from  its  beginning  to  the  establishment  of  the  imperial  mon- 
archy. The  most  distinctive  feature  of  the  work  is  the  great 
stress  the  author  lays  on  the  family  as  the  foundation  of  the  State. 
He  holds  that  the  early  division  of  the  State  into  communes  was 
but  the  natural  result  of  the  family  system.  The  positions  taken 
are  fortified  with  a  vast  number  of  authorities,  by  which  an  exam- 
ination of  the  author's  views  is  made  possible,  if  not  easy. 


Mackenzie,  Lord.  —  Studies  in  Roman  Law,  with  Comparative 
Views  of  the  Laws  of  France,  England,  and  Scotland.  8vo,  5th 
ed.,  London,  1880. 

To  the  non-professional  student  this  is  one  of  the  most  satisfac- 
tory expositions  of  the  spirit  and  significance  of  Roman  law.  It 
may  be  found  somewhat  too  technical  for  the  general  reader,  but  in 
no  other  book  are  the  essential  characteristics  of  Roman  jurispru- 
dence traced  with  more  spirit  and  clearness.  The  author  was  one 
of  the  judges  of  the  Court  of  Session  in  Scotland,  and  he  availed 
himself  freely  not  only  of  the  best  English  works  on  the  subject, 
but  also  of  the  more  famous  Continental  authorities.  It  is  less 
elementary  than  Iladlcy's  book,  and  for  that  reason  is  likely  to  be 
less  interesting  to  the  general  reader. 


Marquardt,  Joachim. — Riunische  Staatsverwaltnng.  3  vols.,  8vo, 
Leipzig,  I  s7;5-80.  Das  I'rivatlcbcn  dcr  Romcr.  2te  Aufl.,  8vo, 
1886.' 

Marquardt  first  came  into  the  conspicuous  notice  of  scholars 


HISTORIES  OF  KOME. 


153 


through  his  continuation  of  Becker's  "Handbook"  in  1851,  His 
work  was  received  Avith  so  much  favor  that  lie  was  encouraged  to 
go  forward  with  his  researches,  and  the  vohimcs  before  us  are  the 
result.  The  masterly  manner  of  his  treatment  will  best  be  appre- 
ciated by  those  who  have  had  occasion  to  know  something  of  the 
difficulties  of  the  subject.  While  he  shows  great  original  talent, 
he  also  brings  together  the  fruits  of  all  recent  explorations  in  the 
field  of  Roman  antiquities.  lie  chose  the  topical  rather  than  the 
chronological  method.  Although  there  are  necessarily  still  many 
obscurities,  owing  to  the  imperfections  of  the  Roman  records,  yet 
the  student  is  likely  to  find  a  mor(^  satisfactory  answer  to  his  con- 
stitutional queries  in  Marquardt  than  in  any  other  author. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  an  account  of  the  organization 
of  the  government  in  Rome  and  in  the  provinces ;  the  second,  to 
the  financial  and  military  systems.  Religious  and  social  questions 
remain  to  be  treated  in  subsequent  volumes.  The  account  of  the 
political  economy  of  the  Romans  is  the  most  thorough  and  schol- 
arly ever  published.  The  sources  of  income,  the  systems  of  ex- 
change, and  especially  the  methods  of  taxation  are  treated  with  a 
fulness  and  comprehensiveness  that  leave  little  to  be  desired.  It 
is  the  nearest  approach  we  yet  have  to  Boeckh's  "Public  Econ- 
omy of  the  Athenians."  The  volume  on  the  private  life  of  the 
Romans  is  the  highest  of  all  authorities  on  the  subject. 


Mommsen,  Theodor.*— Romische  Forscbungen.    2  vols.,  8vo,  Ber- 
lin, 1864-78. 

The  great  value  of  this  series  of  papers  is  in  the  fact  that  the 
author  has  here  presented  the  grounds  of  many  of  the  peculiar 
positions  taken  in  his  history.  Those  who  have  regretted  that 
the  text  of  Mommsen's  famous  work  affords  no  clew  to  the  rea- 
sons for  his  differences  from  other  writers  Avill  generally  find  in 
these  papers  all  needed  explanation.  The  Roman  patrician  fami- 
lies, the  respective  rights  of  patricians  and  plebeians,  the  various 
assemblies,  and  the  Roman  clients  are  some  of  the  subjects  dis- 
cussdfl,  and  will  serve  to  indicate  the  scope  of  the  work. 


154  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Mommsen,  Theodor. — Romisclies  Staatsrecht.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Leip- 
sic,  2d  ccl,  1876. 

Published  with  that  of  Marquardt,  under  the  title  of  "  Hand- 
bucli  der  romischen  Alterthiiuier,"  this  treatise  is  especially  de- 
voted to  Roman  constitutional  law.  It  is  perhaps  the  most  im- 
portant of  all  works  on  the  subject.  It  belongs,  however,  to  the 
province  of  the  specialist,  and  is  not  likely  to  interest  the  general 
student  of  Roman  history. 


Pierron,  Alexis. — Histoire  de  h.  Litterature  Romaine.     12  mo,  2*= 
ed.,  Paris,  1857. 

One  of  the  excellent  series  of  books  published  under  the  direc- 
tion of  M.  Duruy.  It  is  the  work  of  a  learned  professor  in  one  of 
the  French  lycees,  and  is  admirably  adapted  to  the  uses  of  a  stu- 
dent. While  it  is  especially  serviceable  as  a  book  of  reference,  it 
is  also  eminently  readable.  It  covers  the  whole  ground  of  Roman 
literature,  but,  as  it  was  intended  for  pupils  more  than  for  teach- 
ers, it  is  not  to  be  compared  for  comprehensiveness  and  thorough- 
ness with  the  works  of  Biihr  and  Teuffel. 


Sellar,  W.  Y.— The  Roman  Poets  of  the  Republic.  The  Roman 
Poets  of  the  Augustan  Age.  2  vols.,  Sva,  London  and  Edin- 
burgh, 18G3-77.  Vol.  I.  revised  and  enlarged,  1881.  Also,  The 
Roman  Poets  of  the  Augustan  Age.     2d  ed.,  8vo,  1883. 

Of  the  several  books  in  our  language  on  Roman  literature  this 
is  one  of  the  most  agreeable  and  scholarly.  It  aims  at  once  to 
describe  the  works  of  the  most  important  of  the  poets,  and  to  ex- 
tract from  them  the  peculiar  flavor  of  their  literary  qualities. 
The  general  method  may  be  inferred  from  the  titles  of  the  four 
(•liapters  on  Lucretius.  These  are,  "  Personal  Characteristics," 
"  The  Philosophy,"  "  The  Moral  Teaching,"  and  "  The  Poetical 
Style  and  Genius." 

The  volume  already  published  on  the  "Augustan  Age  "is  de- 
voted exclusively  to  Virgil.  The  "  dcej)  and  tranquil  charm  "  of 
this  poet  has,  perhaps,  never  been  discussed  with  more  judicious 
discrimination. 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  155 

The  author  expresses  the  hope  of  treating  of  Iloracc  and  the 
Ele2:iac  Poets  in  the  third  and  conchidino-  volume. 


Teuffel,  W.  S.  —A  History  of  Roman  Literature.  Translated,  with 
the  author's  sanction,  by  William  Wagner.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1873. 

A  work  of  great  erudition,  but  one  not  intended  for  the  gen- 
eral reader.  The  purpose  of  the  author  appears  to  have  been  to 
supply  the  largest  possible  amount  of  information  within  the 
briefest  possible  space.  The  result  is  a  history  that  is  invaluable 
for  the  use  of  the  special  investigator,  but  one  which,  at  the  same 
time,  to  the  general  reader  will  not  fail  to  be  dry,  heavy,  and  un- 
interesting. It  is  universally  recognized  in  Germany  as  a  text- 
book of  great  accuracy  and  comprehensiveness.  Li  point  of  style 
it  is  exceedingly  awkward,  and  the  awkwardness  of  the  original  is 
imitated  with  painful  fidelity  in  the  translation.  But,  notwith- 
standing these  characteristics  of  form,  the  volumes  arc  a  mine  of 
wealth  from  which  every  special  student  of  Roman  literature 
will  be  glad  to  profit. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  period  of  the  Republic,  the 
second  to  the  days  of  the  Empire. 


Thierry,  Amedee.— Tableau  de  FEmpirc  Remain,  depuis  la  Fon- 
dation  de  Rome  jusqu'a  la  Fin  du  Gouvernement  Lnperial  en 
Occident.     12mo,  Paris,  revised  edition,  1862. 

A  small  book  of  the  greatest  importance.  The  first  edition  of 
it  was  published  as  early  as  1840,  and  was  introductory  to  the 
author's  "  History  of  the  Gauls."  The  design  of  the  volume  is  a 
portrayal  of  the  influence  of  Rome  as  a  civilizing  power  at  the 
head  of  universal  society.  It  is  its  great  merit  that  it  gives  a 
more  adequate  idea  than  has  ever  been  given  elsewhere  in  brief 
space  of  the  consummate  greatness  of  the  Roman  political  organ- 
ization.    The  author  combines  in  the  happiest  manner  powers  of 


156  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

vivid  description  and  broad  generalization.  He  shows  not  only 
great  learning,  but  also  great  ability,  in  grasping  and  using  the 
materials  at  hand.  The  work,  on  its  first  appearance,  was  hailed 
as  one  of  the  highest  merit,  and  in  no  subsequent  book  have  the 
mutual  influences  of  civilization  and  barbarism  on  each  other 
been  more  successfully  pointed  out.  It  will  probably  long  be  a 
favorite  volume  with  every  thoughtful  student  of  Roman  history. 


IV.    SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    HEADERS. 

1,  Merivale's  "General  History," as  far  as  to  the  times  of  the 
Gracchi,  is  one  of  the  best  books  for  a  short  sketch.  The  same 
work  may  be  continued ;  but,  from  this  period,  events  are  so  im- 
portant that  it  is  better  to  take  up  the  same  author's  "  Fall  of  the 
Roman  Republic."  This  should  be  followed  by  the  two  small 
volumes  by  Capes,  and  these,  in  turn,  by  Curteis.  Froude's 
"  Caesar  "  and  Trollopc's  "  Cicero  "  will  be  sure  to  interest  the  in- 
tellio-ent  reader.  In  connection  with  these  works,  it  would  be 
well  to  read  selected  chapters  from  Mommsen  for  a  more  com- 
plete idea  of  the  organization  of  the  Roman  government;  and 
selected  chapters  from  the  same  author  and  from  Merivale's 
"  Romans  under  the  Empire  "  for  admirable  descriptions  of  Ro- 
man life  and  manners,  and  Roman  art.  The  best  bird's-eye  view 
is  that  of  Leighton.  The  "  Epochs  of  History  "  series,  beginning 
with  Ihne,  will  also  afford  a  good  short  course. 

2.  Mommsen  and  Ihne  may  well  be  read  together,  the  former 
for  his  brilliant  theories  and  striking  conclusions,  the  latter  for 
the  critical  severity  of  his  judgment.  If  the  reader  is  master  of 
German,  Schwegler  and  Clason  sliould  be  read  with  care ;  if  not, 
Lewis's  "Credibility  of  Early  Roman  History"  may  be  used  with 
good  results.  Arnold  has  given  the  most  satisfactory  account  of 
the  earlier  portion  of  the  Second  Punic  War.  Long's  "Decline 
of  the  Roman  Republic"  has  much  historical  though  but  little 
literary  merit.  Fronde,  in  his  "  Sketch  of  Cajsar,"  makes  a  strong 
plea  in  favor  of  his  hero,  and,  at  the  same  time,  succeeds  in  per- 
suading the  reader  to  despise  the  vacillating  character  of  Cicero, 
liefore  finally  making  uj)  his  mind,  the  reader  should   examine 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  157 

TroIIopc's  or  Forsyth's  "  Cicero."  From  this  period  the  great 
authorities  are  Merivale's  "  Romans  under  the  Empire  "  and  Gib- 
bon's "Decline  and  Fall."  Arnold's  "  Roman  Provincial  Admin- 
istration "  and  Kuhn's  "  Verfassung  der  romischen  Stadte  "  throw 
much  light  on  certain  elements  which  at  once  extended  and  hast- 
ened the  fall  of  the  Roman  power. 

3.  The  works  illustrative  of  Roman  history  are  very  numerous. 
Dyer  has  a  dissertation  on  the  sources  of  early  Roman  history  in 
which  he  takes  a  view  precisely  the  opposite  of  that  of  Sir  George 
Cornwall  Lewis.  Michelet,  in  an  appendix  to  his  "  Roman  Repub- 
lic," discusses  the  same  question.  Schwegler,  in  his  first  volume, 
enumerates  the  authorities  for  and  against  the  theories  of  Niebuhr. 
The  so-called  ballad  theory  is  explained  by  Macaulay  in  his  Intro- 
duction to  the  "  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome."  Essentially  the  same 
position,  but  from  another  point  of  view,  is  taken  by  Dyer  in  his 
"  History  of  the  City  of  Rome,"  in  which  an  effort  is  made  to 
show  that  authentic  materials  for  history  existed  in  the  times  of 
the  first  annalists.  The  same  ground  is  taken  by  Ampere,  who 
argues  that  the  discoveries  resulting  from  recent  excavations  con- 
firm the  traditional  theory.  Taine's  "  Tite  Live  "  is  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  and  one  of  the  most  suggestive  books  on  Roman 
history.  George  Dennis's  "  Cities  and  Cemeteries  of  Etruria," 
published  in  London,  1878,  are  two  volumes  of  valuable  informa- 
tion on  Etruscan  archaeology.  On  the  archaeology  of  Rome  the 
several  volumes  of  monographs  by  J.  H.  Parker,  with  numerous 
photographic  illustrations,  are  the  most  important.  Beesly's 
"Gracchi"  is  a  good  monograph  in  English,  though  less  carefully 
wrought  out  than  the  German  works  of  Lau  and  Nitzsch  on  the 
same  subject.  Li  a  study  of  the  Carthaginian  wars,  Heeren's 
"Politics,  Intercourse,  and  Trade  of  the  Carthaginians"  and  F. 
W.  Newman's  "  Defence  of  Carthage  "  rnay  be  read  with  profit. 
Bancroft's  essay  on  "  The  Decline  of  the  Roman  People,"  pub- 
lished in  that  author's  "  Miscellanies,"  gives  a  good  picture  of  the 
destructive  tendencies  of  Roman  slavery.  The  same  subject  may 
be  followed  out  in  great  detail  in  Wallon's  "Esclavage."  Lau's 
"Cornelius  Sulla"  depicts  the  character  and  legislation  of  that 
leader.  The  orations  and  letters  of  Cicero  are,  perhaps,  the  most 
important  contributions  we  have  to  a  knowledge  of  the  times  be- 
tween Sulla  and  Auo-ustus.     Middlcton's  "  Cicero  "  is  an  old  but 


158  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

a  still  valued  antliorit}-.  Forsyth's  "  Cicero  "  is  one  of  the  most 
successful  attempts  to  defend  the  great  orator  against  the  tenden- 
cies of  modern  writers  to  denounce  him.  Trollope's  "Cicero" 
has  a  similar  purpose  and  is  more  readable.  Thierry's  "  Tableau 
de  I'Empire"  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  and  charming  books 
ever  written  on  Roman  affairs.  Montesquieu's  "  Grandeur  and  De- 
cav  of  the  Romans "  is  written  with  the  author's  well  -  known 
grasp  and  ability,  but  is  somewhat  loose  in  its  statements  of  facts. 
For  the  best  picture  of  the  city  of  Rome  under  the  Empii'e, 
chapters  xxx.-xxxiv.,  xl.,  and  xli.  of  Merivale's  "Romans  under 
the  Empire"  are  perhaps  the  best.  Wey's  "Rome"  is  a  large 
and  sumptuous  volume,  with  hundreds  of  cuts  illustrative  of  the 
city  at  different  periods  of  its  history.  Burn's  "Rome  and  the 
Campagna"  is  designed  especially  to  connect  the  early  traditions 
of  Rome  with  individual  localities.  The  most  important  author- 
ity on  Roman  chronology  is  Peter's  "  Zeittafeln  der  romischen 
Geschichte,"  the  fifth  edition  of  which  was  published  in  1875. 
A  work  that  has  long  had  great  reputation  is  Bergier's  "  Histoire 
des  Grands  Chemins  de  I'Empire  Romain,"  published  in  two  vol- 
umes, 4to,  at  Brussels,  in  1728. 

For  a  description  of  Rome  at  a  later  period,  selected  chapters 
from  Gregorovius's  "  Geschichte  der  Stadt  Rom  "  and  Part  VI. 
of  Hiibner's  "  Life  of  Sixtus  V."  will  be  found  most  useful.  On 
the  religion  of  Rome,  Boissier's  "La  Religion  Romaine"  and  Cou- 
langes's  "Ancient  City"  are  the  most  comprehensive;  though 
Clarke,  in  his  "  Ten  Great  Religions,"  has  treated  the  subject  in  a 
manner  for  the  most  part  satisfactory.  Maurice,  in  liis  volume 
"Learning  and  Working,"  has  given  four  lectures  on  "The  Re- 
ligion of  Rome"  that  show  the  author's  genius  at  its  best.  The 
political  institutions  of  Rome  are  most  fully  described  by  Mar- 
(juardt,  tliougli  individual  chapters  in  Mommsen,  Ihne,  Merivale, 
and  Gibbon  will  be  found  very  useful.  Gibbon's  chapter  xliv.  is 
a  masterly  thougli  a  brief  account  of  the  growth  and  character 
of  Roman  law.  Sellar  and  Cruttwell  give,  perhaps,  the  best  brief 
accounts  of  the  growth  and  cliaracter  of  Roman  literature.  De 
(^uinccy's  essay  on  "The  IJarbarism  of  the  Empire  "and  Seeley's 
"Roman  Lnperialism"  are  worthy  of  careful  study.  Winckcl- 
mann  and  Miiller  arc  the  best  authorities  on  the  technical  details 
(jf  Roman  art;  but  for  scholarship  and  artistic  enthusiasm  com- 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  I59 

bined  consult  Ampere's  "  L'Histoire  Roinaine  a  Rome,"  Wolt- 
mann  is  now  the  great  authority  on  painting.  Domestic  life  is 
portrayed  in  Becker's  "  Gallus,"  in  Gu-lil  and  Koner's  "  Life  of  the 
Greeks  and  Romans,"  in  Dezobry's  "  Imaginary  Journey  to  Rome 
in  the  Time  of  Augustus,"  and  in  Landor's  "  Imaginary  Conver- 
sations." On  the  same  subject,  see  also  Harper's  Monthhj  for 
1872-3.  Story's  "  Roba  di  Roma,"  Hare's  "  Walks  about  Rome," 
and  Valery's  "  Historical,  Artistic,  and  Literary  Travels "  are 
chiefly  descriptive  of  modern  Italy ;  but  they  all  endeavor,  with 
considerable  success,  to  connect  the  present  condition  of  Rome 
with  the  past  history  of  tlie  city.  Of  works  of  fiction  having  his- 
torical significance,  Macaulay's  "  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,"  Shake- 
speare's "Julius  Ca3sar"  and  "Antony  and  Cleopatra,"  Dryden's 
"All  for  Love,"  Ben  Jonson's  "Sejanus,"  Bulwer's  "Pompeii," 
Ware's  "  Zenobia,"  Ware's  "  Aurelian,"  Moore's  "The  Epicurean," 
Mrs.  Charles's  "  Conquering  and  to  Conquer,"  and  Wiseman's 
"  Fabiola  "  arc  the  most  noteworthy. 

The  following  are  recent  works  of  importance :  Otto  Gilbert's 
"Geschichte  und  Topographic  der -Stadt  Rom  ira  Alterthum  "  (2 
vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1885)  is  learned  in  the  results  of  modern  topo- 
graphical research.  J.  G.  Curios  "  Vorgeschichte  Roms,"  of  which 
the  first  part,  "Die  Kelten,"  was  published  in  8vo,  Leipzig,  1878, 
notwithstanding  its  importance,  remains  only  a  fragment.  Benj. 
Aube's  "  Les  Chretiens  dans  I'Empire  Remain  de  la  fin  des  An- 
tonins  jnsqu'au  mileau  du  HP  Siecle"  (Svo,  Paris,  1881);  also 
"L'Eglise  et  I'Etat  dans  le  Seconde  Moitie  du  IIP  Siecle"  are 
continuations  of  the  author's  "  History  of  the  Persecutions."  E. 
Renan's  "  Histoire  des  Origines  du  Cliristianisme  "  (8  vols.,  Svo, 
Paris,  1887)  is  a  work  of  brilliant  and  varied  learning,  but  is  per- 
vaded by  an  unsympathetic  spirit.  Theodore  Mommsen's  "The 
Provinces  and  People,  from  .Ca3sar  to  Diocletian,  translated  by 
W.F.Dickson"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  London  and  New  York,  1886),  is 
invaluable  for  the  study  of  later  Roman  history. 

In  the  field  of  constitutional  history  and  political  institutions, 
modern  scholarship  has  been  peculiarly  prolific.  Marquardt  and 
Mommsen's  great  work  on  "Roman  Institutions"  is  now  in  proc- 
ess of  translation,  and  is  promised  in  fourteen  volumes.  Bouche- 
Leclercq's  "  Manuel  des  Institutions  Remains"  (8vo,  Paris,  1886), 


160  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tlioiigb  brief,  is  an  admirable  hand-book,  characterized  by  much 
learning,  originality,  and  power.  P.  Wilhelm's  "  Le  droit  Public 
Romain,  ou  les  Institutions  de  Rome  depuis  I'Origine  de  la  Villc 
jusqu'a  Jnstinien"  (8vo,  5®  ed.,  Louvain,  1883)  has  long  been  rec- 
ognized as  a  work  of  the  first  importance.  The  same  author's 
"  Le  Senat  de  la  Republique  Romaine  "  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1879- 
85)  is  a  work  of  acknowledged  originality  and  authority.  G. 
Block's  "Les  Origines  da  Senat  Romain"  (8vo,  Paris,  1883)  is 
also  a  book  of  great  merit.  Mispoulct's  "Les  Listitutions  Poli- 
tiques  des  Romains"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1882-83)  is  an  excellent 
book,  though  less  important  than  those  of  Wilhehns  and  Bouche- 
Leclercq.  Emile  Marlot's  "Precis  des  Institutions  Politiques  de 
Rome"  (l2mo,  Paris,  1886)  is  designed  for  students  rather  than 
scholars.  Otto  Hirschfeld's  "  Untersuchungen  auf  dern  Gebiete  der 
romischen  Verwaltungsgeschichte,"  of  which  the  first  volume  only 
has  been  published,  is  scarcely  inferior  to  the  works  of  Marquardt 
and  Mommsen.  Paul  Guirand's  "  Le  Difiercnd  entre  Cesar  et  le 
Senat"  (8vo,  Paris,  1878)  is  a  work  of  much  ability,  written  from 
a  point  of  view  opposite  to  that  of  Mommsen.  Joseph  Klein's 
"Die  Verwaltungs-Beampten  der  Provinzen  des  romischen  Reichs 
bis  auf  Diocletian"  (8vo,  Berlin,  1878)  is  important,  though  this 
volume  is  confined  to  Sicily  and  Sardinia.  E.  Person's  "  Essai 
sur  I'Administration  des  Provinces  Romaines  sous  la  Republique" 
(8vo,  Paris,  1878)  contains  valuable  matter,  mingled  with  not  a 
few  errors  in  minor  details,  J.  N.  Madvig's  "  Verfassung  und 
Verwaltung  des  romischen  Staats"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1881- 
82)  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  all  books  on  the  subject.  The 
first  volume  relates  to  the  Constitution  ;  the  second  to  Admin- 
istration. E.  Desjardins's  "Geographic  Historique  et  Adminis- 
trative de  la  Gaulc  Romaine"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1876-85) 
abounds  in  maps  and  plans,  and  is  the  best  work  on  the  subject. 
A  fourth  volume  is  promised.  W.  Soltan's  "  Uebcr  Entstehung 
und  Zusammcnsctzung  der  altromischcn  Volkcrversammlungen  " 
(Svo,  Berlin,  1880)  is  the  most  thorough  study  of  this  important 
subject.  II.  Lenormier's  "  Etude  IIistoriq\ic  sur  la  Condition  Pri- 
vuc  des  AiTranchis"  (8vo,  Paris,  1887)  is  the  most  successful  ac- 
count of  the  frccdmcn.  P.  F.  Girard's  "  Essai  sur  les  Finances  et 
la  Comptabilile  I'ublicjue  chez  les  Romains"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  1886) 
is  probably  the  best  work  on  Roman  finances.     A.  Esmcin's  "  Mo- 


HISTORIES  OF  ROME.  161 

langcs  d'llistoirc  dii  droit  et  de  Critique"  (8vo,  Paris,  1887)  con^ 
sists  of  five  important  essays,  for  the  most  part  on  the  laws  of 
marriage. 

On  subjects  of  a  less  political  nature  the  following  may  be 
named  :  L.  Fricdlander's.  "  Darstellungcn  aus  der  Sittengeschichte 
lioras"  (3  vols.,  5th  ed.,  Leipzig,  1881)  is  one  of  the  most  impor- 
tant books  on  the  subject.  M.  I.  Miiller's  "  Ilandbuch  der  Klas- 
sischen  Alterthumswissenschaft "  contains  Scliillcr''s  "Die  roini- 
schen  Staats-,  Eechts-,  und  Kricgcs- Alterthumswissenschaft " 
(1881),  M.  Voigt's  "Die  romischen  Privatsalterthiimcr  und  ri)- 
mische  Kulturgeschichte  "  (8vo,  1887),  B.  Niese's  "  Abriss  der  ro- 
mischen Geschichte"  (Svo,  1888),  and  J.  Jung's  "Geographic  und 
Geschichte  des  romischen  Alterthums  "  (8vo,  1 888).  W.  li.  Inge's 
"Society  in  Rome  under  the  Cajsars "  (8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  1888).  Sellar's  "  Eoman  Poets  of  the  Republic  "  (8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1882)  treats  especially  of  Ennius,  Plautus,  Terence,  Lucretius, 
Lucilius,  and  Catullus.  G.  A.  Simcox's  "  History  of  Latin  Liter- 
ature, from  Ennius  to  Boethius"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1883).  J. 
Revllle's  "La  Religion  in  Rome  sous  les  Severes"  (Svo,  Paris, 
1880)  is  a  forcible  and  brilliant  presentation  of  a  study  carried 
on  in  a  scientific  sj)irit.  Babelon's  "  Description  Ilistorique  et 
Chronologique  des  Monnaies  de  la  Republique "  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
1885-»86).  Gustavo  Criichon's  "Les  Banques  dans  I'Antiquite  " 
(8vo,  Paris,  1879)  is  of  interest  and  importance.  J.  Overbeck's 
"Pompeii"  (Lex.  8vo,  Leipzig^  1884)  continues  to  be  the  most 
important  work  on  the  subject.  Thomas  H.  Dyer's  "Pompeii, 
its  History,  Buildings,  and  Antiquity  "  (8vo,  London,  new  ed., 
1875),  though  less  important  than  the  work  of  Overbeck,  is  schol- 
arly, and  has  the  advantage  of  being  in  English.  E.  von  Hnde- 
mann's  "Geschichte  des  romischen  Postwesens  wahrend  der  Kai- 
serzeit"  (l2mo,  Berlin,  1878). 

11 


162  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Chapter  YI. 

HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES. 
I.    GENERAL    HISTOKIES. 

Dunham,  S.  Astley. — History  of  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages. 
4  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1833-36. 

These  volumes,  though  the  production  of  a  learned  and  judi- 
cious writer,  are  no  longer  of  very  great  importance.  Dr.  Dunham 
wrote  before  the  profound  researches  of  the  last  twenty-five  years 
had  been  made,  and,  consequently,  many  of  his  inferences  and 
conclusions  are  now  known  to  be  erroneous.  At  the  time  the 
work  was  written,  however,  it  was  one  of  the  most  satisfactory 
accounts  of  medieval  events  in  our  language.  Perhaps  it  would 
not  be  easy  even  now  to  name  a  book  in  English  on  the  general 
history  of  the  Middle  Ages  containing  a  smaller  number  of  serious 
defects  or  blemishes.  But  in  the  light  of  modern  investigations, 
it  leaves  much  to  be  desired,  especially  on  the  subject  of  the 
growth  and  organizations  of  institutions. 


Duruy,  Victor. — Tlistoire  du  Moyen  Age,  depuis  la  chute  de  I'Em- 
jurt;  (r(J(;cidcnt  jusqu'au  milieu  du  xv''  sieclc.  12mo,  Paris, 
8^-  ed.,  1875. 

Probably  the  best  work  in  a  single  volume  on  the  general  his- 
tory and  character  of  the  Middle  Ages.  All  the  books  of  this 
author  arc  vahiablc ;  and  this  is  one  of  the  best  of  them.  Duruy 
was  at  one  time  Minister  of  l*iiblic  Instruction  in  France,  and  not 
the  least  of  his  service  was  the  work  of  j)roviding  a  most  valuable 
series  of  historical  books  for  the  use  of  schools  of  different  grades. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  163 

These  were  all  prepared  iimler  his  superintendence,  and  several  of 
tlieni  were  written  by  his  own  hand.  They  are  presented  in  clear 
and  attractive  style,  are  supplied  with  excellent  maps  and  tables 
and  other  means  of  illustration,  are  very  accurate,  and,  as  a  whole, 
probably  form  the  most  valuable  series  of  historical  text-books 
ever  published. 

The  work  on  the  Middle  Ages  deals  with  causes  and  effects 
rather  than  with  details  of  events,  and  gives  clear  views  of  the 
general  movements  of  tendencies  of  society.  The  description 
of  the  rise  and  essential  character  of  feudalism  is  one  of  the  best 
brief  accounts  anywhere  to  be  found.  The  growth  of  the  papal 
power,  and  the  relations  of  the  early  Church  with  the  temporal 
authorities,  are  also  admirably  presented. 


Hallam,  Henry. — View  of  the  State  of  Europe  during  the  Middle 
Ages.  The  first  edition  appeared  as  early  as  1818,  but  the  work 
was  subjected  to  thorough  revision  in  1848,  when  much  new 
and  important  matter  was  added.  The  issues  in  a  single  vol- 
ume both  in  England  and  America  are  generally  reprints  of  one 
of  the  first  English  editions,  and  are,  therefore,  of  greatly  in- 
ferior value.  The  best  editions  are  those  in  3  vols.,  Svo,  Lon- 
don, and  3  vols.,  12aio,  New  York. 

Hallam  weighed  all  the  materials  that  came  into  his  hand  with 
the  utmost  care  and  impartiality.  He  also  showed  great  industry 
and  patience  in  the  prosecution  of  his  researches.  But  at  the 
time  he  wrote,  knowledge  of  the  Middle  Ages,  even  with  the  most 
thorough  students,  was  very  imperfect  compared  with  what  it  is 
at  the  present  day.  Researches  in  France  and  Germany  during 
the  past  twenty-five  years  have  added  so  much  to  the  accessible 
information  concerning  various  phases  of  mediaeval  history  that 
very  little  of  what  was  written  more  than  thirty  years  ago  can 
now  be  safely  regarded  as  conclusive  authority.  By  those  students, 
therefore,  who  are  able  to  make  free  use  of  French  and  German, 
Hallam  will  be  not  very  highly  esteemed.  Even  the  best  of  his 
chapters,  those  on  "  The  Constitutional  History  of  England  "  and 
"  The  State  of  Society  in  the  Middle  Ages,"  have  been  superseded 
by  the  more  successful  investigations  of  Stubbs,Guizot,  and  others. 


^gj  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  literary  qualities  of  the  work  are  not  such  as  to  attract  the 
general  reader,  though  the  author's  unfailing  impartiality  cannot 
but  secure  the  respect  of  every  thoughtful  student. 


Kingsley,  Charles. — The  Roman  and  the  Teuton.  A  Series  of 
Lectures  delivered  before  the  University  of  Cambridge.  8vo, 
London.     New  edition,  1879. 

The  characteristics  of  this  entertaining  volume  are  well  indi- 
cated by  the  subjects  of  the  lectures.  These  are :  "  The  Forest 
Children  ;"  "  The  Dying  Empire ;"  "  The  Human  Deluge ;"  "  The 
Gothic  Civilizer;"  "Dietrich's  End;"  "The  Nemesis  of  the 
Goths;"  "Paulus  Diaconus;"  "The  Clergy  and  the  Heathen;" 
"The  Greek  a  Civilizer;"  "The  Lombard  Laws;"  "The  Popes 
and  the  Lombards  ;"  "  The  Strategy  of  Providence." 

These  lectures  throw  no  light  upon  any  of  the  difficult  and  dis- 
puted points  in  the  history  of  the  Middle  Ages.  But  this  fact 
does  not  detract  from  their  value.  They  were  intended  not  as  a 
history,  but  rather  as  a  commentary  on  the  significance  and  influ- 
ence of  historical  events.  They  are  to  be  judged,  therefore,  simply 
as  the  speculations  of  a  remarkably  ingenious  and  interesting 
mind ;  and,  as  such,  they  form,  for  the  general  reader,  one  of  the 
most  stimulating  volumes  ever  written  on  this  somewhat  dreary 
period.  Every  lecture  shows  the  fertility  of  imagination,  the  ex- 
uberance of  fancy,  and  the  ingenuity  of  expression  that  have 
made  Kingslcy's  writings  so  delightful  to  a  large  number  of  read- 
ers. Few  persons  will  read  the  book  without  being  aroused  and 
stimulated  to  new  trains  of  thought. 


Koch,  M. — Tableau  des  Revolutions  dc  I'Europe,  depuis  le  Boule- 
versement  do  TEmpirc  Romain  en  Occident  jusqu'a  nos  Jours; 
precede  (Fuiie  Introthietion  sur  FHistoirc,  et  orne  dc  Cartes 
geographi(HU's  et  Tables  genealogicjues  et  chronologiques. 
Nouvelle  edition,  corrigec  et  augnientee.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1814. 

Though  written  in  the  early  part  of  the  century,  these  volumes 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  105 

were  the  result  of  an  unusual  amount  of  special  labor,  and  they 
are  still  not  without  considerable  value.  We  are  assured  that  the 
author  devoted  thirty  years  to  their  preparation  and  completion. 
In  style  the  work  is  not  elegant,  but  it  is  concise  and  clear;  and 
the  descriptions  and  statements  are  generally  accurate.  On  ac- 
count of  these  qualities,  it  long  stood  unrivalled  as  a  general  sur- 
vey of  mediaeval  and  modern  history.  It  was  originally  designed 
for  the  use  of  young  men  preparing  themselves  especially  for 
political  life.  In  1828  an  English  version  of  the  body  of  the 
work  appeared,  but,  as  it  lacked  the  maps  and  tables,  it  was  of 
much  less  value  than  the  original.  The  third  and  fourth  vol- 
umes are  devoted  to  maps,  tables,  and  charts.  The  maps  are 
excellently  engraved,  and  are  so  numerous  as  to  throw  light  on 
all  the  most  important  events  described. 


Kceppen,  Adolphus  Louis. — The  World  in  the  Middle  Ages :  an 
Historical  Geography,  with  accounts  of  the  Origin  and  Develop- 
ment, the  Institutions  and  Literature,  the  Manners  and  Customs, 
of  the  Nations  of  Europe,  Western  Asia,  and  Northern  Africa, 
from  the  Close  of  the  Fourth  to  the  Middle  of  the  Fifteenth 
Century.  Accompanied  by  complete  Historical  and  Geographi- 
cal Indexes,  and  six  colored  Maps  from  the  Historical  Atlas  of 
Charles  Spruner,  LL.D.,  Captain  of  Engineers  in  the  Kingdom 
of  Bavaria.     Folio,  New  York  and  London,  1854. 

The  author's  purpose  was  to  present  in  this  volume  an  accurate 
geographical  description  of  the  world  during  the  different  periods 
from  the  ultimate  division  of  the  Roman  empire,  at  the  death  of 
Theodosius  the  Great,  down  to  the  conquest  of  Constantinople  in 
the  East,  and  the  discovery  of  America  in  the  West.  He  has 
made  ample  use  of  the  best  geographical  authorities,  and  has 
brought  together  a  vast  amount  of  minute  information  on  sub- 
jects that  are  often  very  obscure.  The  way  in  which  geographi- 
cal changes  were  brought  about  is  generally  explained  with  suflB- 
cient  minuteness  and  accuracy.  The  historical  portion  of  the 
work  is  not  very  important,  except  in  so  far  as  it  serves  to  account 
for  geographical  changes.  The  maps  are  excellent,  though  they 
are  not  so  complete  as  those  in  the  great  historical  atlas  of  Spruner- 


166  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Mencke.  The  book  will  be  found  too  dry  for  a  general  reader; 
but  for  a  student  in  want  of  geograpliical  details  it  has  great  value. 
By  means  of  the  indexes  the  geographical  history  of  any  country 
or  province  can  generally  be  traced  without  diificulty.  To  the 
recently  published  work  of  Freenaan  on  "  The  Historical  Geog- 
raphy of  Europe"  it  is  generally  inferior,  though  it  often  gives 
minute  and  useful  details  where  Freeman  contents  himself  with 
giving  the  reasons  for  such  changes  as  were  made,  without  indi- 
cating very  minutely  what  the  changes  were. 


Potthast,  August. — Bibliotheca  Ilistorica  Medii  Aevi.  Wegwei- 
ser  durch  die  Geschichtswerke  des  europaischen  Mittelalters, 
375-1500.  8vo,  Berlin,  1862.  Also,  supplementary  vol.,  8vo, 
Berlin,  1868. 

A  book  of  no  interest  to  the  general  reader,  but  of  great  value 
to  the  special  student  of  the  Middle  Ages  in  general,  and  of  the 
German  states  in  particular.  It  not  only  contains  the  titles  and 
brief  descriptions  of  "  all  the  historical  works  produced  in  Eu- 
rope between  375  and  1500  which  have  ever  appeared  in  print," 
but  it  also  gives  the  contents  of  the  leading  modern  collections  of 
these  sources.  In  an  appendix  the  author  gives  a  brief  title  of 
the  important  original  authorities  for  the  history  of  each  of  the  dif- 
ferent European  nations.  The  book  is  most  comprehensive  in  plan, 
and  most  scholarly  in  execution.  The  supplementary  volume  con- 
tains, besides  other  valuable  matter,  a  "  Complete  List  of  the  Saints." 


Robertson,  William. — A  View  of  the  Progress  of  Society  in  Eu- 
r(»pe,  from  the  Subversion  of  the  Roman  Empire  to  the  Begin- 
ning of  the  Sixteenth  Century.  8vo,  Edinburgh,  1818.  This 
volume  is  properly  an  introduction  to  the  author's  "History  of 
the  Itcign  of  the  Emperor  Charles  V.,"  and  is  usually  to  be 
found  in  the  various  editions  of  that  w-ork. 

This  was  perhaps  the  first  really  philosophical  view  of  the 
Middle  Ages  ever  written.  In  calmness  of  judgment,  in  breadth 
of  scholarshi]>,  and  in  comprehensiveness  of  treatment  it  still  has 
no  superior  among  the  shorter  treatises  on  the  Middle  Ages. 

It  is  divided  into  three  sections.     The  first  is:  a  View  of  the 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  i67 

Progress  of  Society  in  Europe  "  with  respect  to  Interior  Govern- 
ment, Laws,  and  Manners ;"  the  second :  "  with  respect  to  the 
Command  of  the  National  Force  Requisite  in  Foreign  Operations  ;" 
and  the  third:  "with  respect  to  the  Political  Constitution  of  the 
I'rincipal  States  in  Europe  at  the  Commencement  of  the  Six- 
teenth Century." 

The  "proofs  and  illustrations"  form  nearly  a  half  of  the  whole 
volume,  and  are  not  the  least  important  and  interesting  portion  of 
the  work.  They  abound  in  facts  of  the  utmost  interest  and  im- 
portance. It  is  difBcult  to  discriminate  against  any  portion  of 
this  excellent  piece  of  historical  writing;  but  the  first  and  the 
third  section  will  be  found  by  most  students  more  interesting,  if 
not  more  valuable,  than  the  third. 


Savigny,  F.  C. — Geschichte  dcs  romischen  Rechts  im  Mittelalter, 
7  vols.,  8vo.  Zvveite  Auflage,  Heidelberg,  1850-51.  A  French 
version  was  published  in  Paris  in  1839,  5  vols.  The  first  vol- 
ume alone  has  been  published  in  English. 

The  author  was  one  of  that  remarkable  galaxy  of  teachers  and 
writers  brought  together  at  the  new  University  of  Berlin  in  1811. 
After  that  date  the  successive  volumes  appeared  from  time  to  time, 
until  the  last  was  published  in  1831. 

The  author's  purpose  was  the  difficult  task  of  showing  the 
influence  of  Roman  law  on  the  laws,  customs,  and  institutions 
of  the  Germanic  nations  and  races  during  the  Middle  Ages.  Be- 
fore the  appearance  of  this  work,  it  had  generally  been  supposed 
that,  until  the  discovery  of  the  Pandects  at  Amalfi  in  the  twelfth 
century,  the  Roman  law  had  exerted  no  influence  in  shaping  in- 
stitutions north  of  the  Alps.  But  Savigny  completely  revolution- 
ized public  opinion  on  the  subject.  He  proves  that  the  Justinian 
Code  had  been  studied,  and  had  exerted  its  influence,  from  the 
time  of  its  first  promulgation  down  through  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  work  has  two  very  striking  characteristics.  It  shows  at 
once  an  almost  phenomenal  affluence  of  learning,  and  a  very  un- 
usual power  of  interpretation  and  generalization.  In  point  of 
style,  it  is  unpicturesque  and  uninteresting.     While,  therefore,  its 


168  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

use  will  be  confined  to  tlic  few,  it  is  a  source  from  wliich  even  the 
most  learned  scholar  may  derive  large  additions  to  his  knowl- 
edge. 


Sheppard,  John  G.— The  Fall  of  Rome  and  the  Rise  of  the  New 
Nationalities.  A  Series  of  Lectures  on  the  Connection  between 
Ancient  and  ISIodern  History.  8vo,  London  and  New  York, 
1861. 

One  of  the  best  manuals  for  the  use  of  a  student  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  Perhaps  its  most  striking  characteristic  is  in  its  large  de- 
pendence on  original  authorities,  and  in  the  stress  which  it  lays 
on  the  use  of  such  authorities  in  the  study  of  the  period  under 
examination.  It  also  has  the  merit  of  bringing  out  with  great 
clearness  the  way  in  which  the  new  nationalities  were  evolved  out 
of  the  confusion  resulting  from  the  invasions  and  the  breaking-up 
of  the  old  empire.  The  author's  religious  point  of  view  is  the 
opposite  of  Gibbon's,  his  pages  revealing  a  constant  desire  to  im- 
press upon  his  readers  the  principle  of  the  "  fatherhood  of  God 
and  the  brotherhood  of  man." 


Sullivan, William. — Historical  Causes  and  Effects;  from  the  Fall 
of  the  Roman  Empire,  A. D.  476,  to  the  Reformation,  A. D.  1517. 
12mo,  Boston,  1838. 

As  a  general  introduction  to  the  study  of  modern  history,  this 
little  book  still  remains  one  of  the  best.  It  was  written  by  a 
scholar,  and  its  contents  are  well  selected  and  arranged.  In  point 
of  style  the  volume  is  clear  and  interesting.  The  account  of  the 
feudal  age  is  the  least  satisfactory  part  of  the  work. 


White,  Rev.  James. — The  Eighteen  Christian  Centuries.     12mo, 
London  an<l  New  York,  2d  ed.,  1SG2. 

This  book,  at  the  time  of  its  publication,  was  received  with 
raucli  favor  both  in  England  and  in  America.     It  is  an  attempt 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  169 

to  picture  the  prevailing  characteristics  and  tendencies  of  each  of 
the  centuries.  Its  merit  is  in  the  fact  that  the  spirit  of  each  age 
is  generally  well  apprehended  and  correctly  represented;  while  its 
weakness  shows  itself  in  what  must  be  considered  an  altogether 
artificial  division  of  history  into  exact  periods  of  a  hundred  years 
each.  The  author's  style  is  at  all  times  bright  and  vigorous, 
thougli  it  has  the  fault  of  descending  occasionally  to  the  use  of 
jocose,  if  not  even  vulgar,  expressions. 


II.   HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS    AND    OF    INSTITUTIONS. 

Alzog^,  John. — Manual  of  Universal  Church  History.  Translated, 
witli  Additions  from  the  ninth  and  last  German  edition,  by  F. 
J.  Pabisch  and  Thomas  S.  Byrne.  3  vols.,  roy.  8vo,  Cincinnati, 
1874-78.     The  tenth  German  edition  was  puUlished  in  1882. 

The  latest  and  by  far  the  most  important  of  Roman  Catholic 
authorities  on  the  general  history  of  the  Church.  It  is  put  forth 
with  the  official  imprimatur,  and  it  is  regarded  by  high  authority 
as  a  book  Avithout  a  rival.  The  author  was  one  of  the  most  in- 
fluential of  German  professors  of  ecclesiastical  history,  and  his 
standing  in  the  Church  is  indicated  by  the  fact  that  he  was  called 
to  Rome  in  18G9  to  assist  in  the  preparatory  work  of  the  Vati- 
ican  Council.  In  his  labors  of  preparation  Dr.  Alzog  made  use 
of  Protestant  and  infidel,  as  well  as  of  Roman  Catholic,  authori- 
ties. The  bibliographical  notes  at  the  beginning  of  each  chapter 
are  of  much  value.  The  volumes  may  be  consulted  with  profit, 
especially  on  the  period  of  the  Reformation.  The  views  of  the 
author  in  regard  to  Wycliffe,  Huss,  and  Luther  are  put  forth 
with  moderation,  but  with  distinctness.  In  point  of  literary  work- 
manship the  volumes  leave  little  to  be  desired.  The  work  is  not 
free  from  dogmatism,  and  it  not  unfrequently  puts  forth  views 
which  will  startle  the  Protestant  reader.  A  good  example  is  his 
saying  of  Alexander  VI.,  that  he  "  never  lost  sight  of  the  essential 
duties  of  the  head  of  the  Church." 


170  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Aub6,  M. — Histoire  des  Persecutions  de  I'Eglise.      8vo,  Paris, 
1875. 

One  of  the  most  scholarly  as  well  as  one  of  the  latest  produc- 
tions on  the  persecutions  of  the  early  Christians.  The  most  strik- 
ing fact  brought  out  by  the  book  is  the  real  attitude  towards  the 
Christians  of  Marcus  Aurelius.  The  author  shows  that  this  em- 
peror was  no  more  guilty  than  were  Hadrian  and  Antoninus  Pius. 
The  fact  is  demonstrated  that  neither  of  these  emperors  cared 
enough  for  Christianity  to  reverse  the  decisions  of  his  own  offi- 
cial subordinates.  The  author  shows  that  the  mob  was  always 
ready  to  rise  up  against  Christianity,  but  that  the  Christians  en- 
joyed the  almost  constant  toleration  of  public  law.  The  empe- 
rors above  named  neither  softened  nor  aggravated  the  rescript  of 
Trajan.  The  book  is  an  interesting  study  of  the  early  relations 
of  Christianity  to  the  Empire. 


Balmes,  Rev.  James. — European  Civilization.  Protestantism  and 
Catholicity  Compared  in  their  Effects  on  the  Civilization  of  Eu- 
rope.    Svo,  16th  ed.,  Baltimore,  1850. 

This  famous  work,  by  a  learned  Spanish  Catholic  ecclesiastic, 
was  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  counteracting  the  influence  of 
Guizot's  lectures  on  European  civilization,  and  "  to  neutralize  the 
facilities  offered  under  the  regime  of  Espartero  for  the  success  of 
a  Protestant  propagandism  in  Spain."  The  American  editor,  in 
describing  the  work,  says  of  the  author :  "  He  does  not  say  that 
nothing  has  been  done  for  civilization  by  Protestantism  ;  but  he 
asserts  and  proves  that  Protestantism  has  been  greatly  unfavorable 
and  even  injurious  to  it."  This  is  a  fair  statement  of  the  object 
aimed  at  by  the  work.  From  beginning  to  end  the  book  is  con- 
troversial ;  but  it  is  very  able,  and  is  well  worth  looking  into,  as 
the  strongest  presentation  of  what  most  Americans  have  reason 
to  consider  as  the  other  side.  Chapters  xxxiv,  to  xxxviii.  treat  of 
"  Tolerance  in  Matters  of  Religion,"  of  "The  Right  of  Coercion," 
and  of  *'  The  Inquisition  in  Spain."  These  chapters  contain  the 
gist  of  the  whole  argument,  and,  even  if  the  book  is  not  read  as  a 


HISTORIES   OF  THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  171 

wliole,  may  well  be  exainined  for  the  explanation  tlicy  give  of 
the  methods  by  which  the  Church  defends  the  most  questionable 
part  of  its  policy. 


Baring-Gould,  S. — Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Aoes.     12mo, 
London,  18GG  ;  New  York,  1880  ;  new  edition,  London,  1884. 

An  interesting  volume,  devoted  to  the  work  of  describing  and 
demolishing  some  of  the  most  important  traditional  stories  rife  in 
the  Middle  Ages.  The  subjects  brought  before  the  reader  are, 
" The  Wandering  Jew  ;"  " Prcster  John  ;"  "The  Divining-rod;" 
"  The  Seven  Sleepers ;"  "  William  Tell ;"  "  The  Dog  Gellert ;" 
"  Tailed  Men  ;"  "  Antichrist  and  Pope  Joan  ;"  "  The  Man  in  the 
Moon;"  "The  Mountain  of  Venus;"  "Fatality  of  Numbers;" 
and  "  The  Terrestrial  Paradise."  The  stories  of  Tell  and  of  Pope 
Joan  are  of  most  interest  and  consequence  to  the  historical  stu- 
dent. The  author  destroys  the  personality  of  the  Swiss  hero,  and 
does  it  without  use  of  the  ponderous  and  superfluous  learning 
brought  to  the  same  service  by  recent  German  critics.  The  faults 
of  the  volume  are  an  all-pervasive  flippancy,  and  a  tendency  to 
drift  into  occasional  attempts,  not  altogether  successful,  at  fine 
writing.  The  book  is  instructive,  but  it  entertains  and  amuses 
even  more  than  it  instructs. 


Bulfinch,  Thomas. — Age  of  Chivalry,  or  Legends  of  King  Arthur. 
Legends  of  Charlemagne,  or  Romance  of  the  Middle  Ages.  2 
vols.,  12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1863. 

A  successful  effoi-t  to  present  the  most  important  legends  of 
the  Middle  Ages  in  a  form  adapted  to  modern  taste.  While  they 
throw  considerable  pleasant  light  on  the  life  and  manners  of  the 
times,  they  guide  the  reader  through  that  treasure-house  of  mod- 
ern mythology  from  which  modern  poets  of  all  countries  have 
drawn  so  much  of  their  material.  The  work  will  be  of  more  in- 
terest and  value  to  the  student  of  romantic  literature  than  to  the 
student  of  historv. 


172  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Church,  R.  W.  —  The  Beginnings  of  the  Middle  Ages.     With 
three  Maps,     16mo,  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

A  worthy  introduction  to  the  series  of  vokimes  known  as 
"  Epochs  of  Modern  History."  Though  a  small  book,  it  embod- 
ies many  of  the  fruits  of  recent  scholarship,  and  is  one  of  the  best 
brief  accounts  of  events  from  the  fall  of  Rome  to  the  breaking-up 
of  the  Carlovingian  empire.  A  rapid  but  graphic  accoun,t  is  given 
of  the  relations  of  the  Franks  to  the  Church  ;  of  the  peculiar  civ- 
ilization of  the  Lombards ;  of  the  work  in  religion  and  govern- 
ment of  Gregory  the  Great  and  of  Charlemagne ;  and,  best  of  all, 
of  the  methods  by  which  the  way  was  prepared  for  the  union  of 
the  Church  and  the  empire  under  Otto  the  Great. 


Cox,  George  W. — The  Crusades.     With  a  Map.     16mo,  London 
and  New  York,  1878. 

This  little  volume  is  written  with  the  author's  well-known 
thoroughness  of  knowledge  and  brilliancy  of  style.  It  makes  no 
pretence  to  original  research,  but  it  embodies  in  admirable  form 
the  results  of  the  most  recent  investigations.  The  book  begins 
with  an  account  of  the  causes  of  the  general  impulse  towards  the 
East;  continues  with  a  description  of  the  nine  crusades;  and  ends 
with  what  the  author  calls  "  The  Sequel  of  the  Religious  Wars." 
Interspersed  are  chapters  on  "The  Council  of  Clermont,"  " The 
Latin  Kingdom  of  Jerusalem,"  "The  Loss  of  Jerusalem,"  and 
"  The  Latin  Empire  of  Constantinople." 

For  a  student  who  would  investigate  the  period  thoroughly,  the 
book  has  very  little  value  except  by  way  of  suggestion ;  but  for 
the  general  reader  it  is  probably  the  most  interesting  and  satis- 
factory brief  account  of  the  Crusades  yet  produced  in  English. 


Cox,  George  W.,  and  Jones,  E.  H.— Popular  Romances  of  the  Mid- 
dle Agi's.  l''irst  American,  from  the  second  London,  edition. 
12mo,"  New  York,  1880. 

I'robablv  the  most  valuable  of  the  several  manuals  on  the  sub- 


HISTORIES   OF   THE   MIDDLE   AGES.  173 

ject  of  the  folk-lore  of  Europe.  It  contains  all  the  more  impor- 
tant of  the  tales  that  enter  so  largely  into  the  romantic  literature 
of  modern  times.  The  move  prominent  of  the  authors  has  de- 
voted liimsclf  for  many  years,  with  o-i-cat  assiduity,  to  the  system- 
atic study  of  mythology,  and  the  fruits  of  his  learning  are  here 
brought  together.  The  book,  therefore,  is  valuable  alike  to  the 
student  of  literature  and  the  student  of  historv. 


Dollinger,  Johann  Joseph. — The  First  Age  of  Christianity.    Trans- 
lated by  II.  N.  Oxenham.   3d  edition,  2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1877. 

Dr.  Dollinger  has  long  been  held  as  one  of  the  ablest  historians 
in  the  Roman  Catholic  Church ;  and  this  work  may  be  regarded 
as  the  most  successful  representation  of  the  early  history  of  the 
Church  from  the  Catholic  point  of  view.  The  subject  is  one  of 
the  most  important  in  the  whole  range  of  ecclesiastical  history,  for 
the  reason  that  the  authority  claimed  by  the  Church  rests  largely 
upon  the  nature  of  its  early  organization.  Dollinger  should  be 
studied  by  every  student  interested  in  the  Roman  Catholic  view 
of  the  subject. 


Fisher,  George  P. — The  Beginnings  of  Christianity,  with  a  View 
of  the  State  of  the  Roman  AVorld  at  the  Birth  of  Christ.  8vo, 
New  York,  1877. 

The  chapters  that  go  to  make  up  this  volume  were  first  delivered 
in  a  somewhat  less  amplified  form  as  Lectures  before  the  Lowell 
Institute  in  Boston.  The  author  had  three  purposes  in  view : 
first,  to  give  an  account  of  the  ancient  world,  including  heathen 
and  Jewish  society  ;  second,  to  examine  the  New-Testament  doc- 
trines from  which  our  knowledge  of  the  Christian  religion  must 
be  derived  ;  and,  third,  to  discuss  the  most  important  topics  con- 
nected with  the  life  of  Christ  and  the  apostolic  age. 

The  most  distinctive  features  of  the  work  are  its  views  of  the 
Jewish,  Greek,  and  Roman  religions,  and  its  comparisons  between 
them.     It  represents  extensive  study  of  the  best  literature  on  the 


174  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

subject,  is  without  parade  of  learning,  and  is  written  in  a  style  at 
once  clear  and  refreshinor. 


Geffcken,  Heinrich. — Churcli  and  State;  their  Relations  Histori- 
cally Considered.  Translated  and  edited,  with  the  assistance  of 
the  author,  by  Edward  Fairfax  Taylor.     London,  2  vols.,  8vo, 

1877. 

x\n  excellent  historical  guide-book  for  the  study  of  the  relations 
of  Church  and  State  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  the  present 
day.  An  introductory  chapter  is  devoted  to  definitions  and  state- 
ments of  principles,  after  which  the  author  gives  an  exposition  of 
the  relations  of  Church  and  State  during  the  long  period  under 
review.  The  whole  of  the  second  volume  is  devoted  to  the  period 
since  the  French  Revolution.  The  author  is  a  professor  of  inter- 
national law  in  the  University  of  Strasburg,  is  a  conservative 
Protestant,  and  is  opposed  to  the  recent  harsh  policy  of  the  Prus- 
sian government  in  dealing  with  the  Catholic  question.  For 
knowledge,  acumen,  and  fairness  the  work  is  worthy  of  high 
praise.  Opponents  of  State  churches  can  find  no  better  arsenal 
from  which  to  draw  than  the  vast  array  of  facts  here  presented. 


Gfrbrer,  A.  F. — Pabst  Gregorius  YII.  und  sein  Zeitalter.     7  vols., 
8vo,  SchaShausen,  1859. 

This  ponderous  work  of  some  four  thousand  octavo  pages  is  the 
most  elaborate  portrayal  of  the  great  conflict  between  the  popes 
and  tlie  temporal  powers  in  the  Middle  Ages.  The  author  is  a 
Catholic  historian  of  repute,  is  wedded  to  his  work,  and  is  master 
of  an  attractive  literary  style.  Were  life  not  so  short,  the  book 
might  be  earnestly  recommended.  As  if  to  make  the  use  of  the 
work  impossible,  the  author  gave  it  to  the  world  without  an  index. 
But,  notwithstanding  this  fact,  if  the  student  is  willing  to  enter 
earnestly  upon  the  labor  of  exploring  the  vast  mazes  of  these  vol- 
umes, he  will  find  much  to  reward  his  search.  The  relations  of 
Pope  Gregory  to  the  subordinate  clergy  and  to  the  civil  powers  in 
all  the  different  countries  of  Europe  are  presented  with  the  utmost 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  175 

fulness  and  minuteness.  In  spite  of  the  want  of  an  index,  the 
reader  will  generally  be  able  to  find  in  the  table  of  contents  a 
clew  to  what  he  desires. 


Gieseler,  Dr.  John  C.  L. — A  Text  -  book  of  Church  History. 
Translated  from  tlie  Fourth  Revised  German  Edition,  by  Samuel 
Davidson  and  the  Rev.  John  W.  Hull.  A  New  American  Edi- 
tion, revised  and  edited  l)y  Henry  B.  Smith.  5  vols.,  8vo,  New 
York,  ISSV-TG.     Revised  edition,  1880. 

As  a  text-book  on  the  history  of  the  Church,  this  is  unquestion- 
ably one  of  the  T^est  ever  written.  Its  most  striking  peculiarity  is 
the  admirable  manner  in  which  the  author  has  classified  and  veri- 
fied the  sources  of  information.  The  text  is  admirable  for  the 
ability  and  the  judicious  fairness  with  which  it  is  written,  but  it 
is  perhaps  in  the  notes  that  the  extraordinary  merits  of  the  work 
are  most  conspicuous.  The  fourth  and  fifth  volumes  are  devoted 
to  the  period  since  the  beginning  of  the  Reformation.  This  is 
the  strongest  portion  of  the  work,  as  it  is  the  portion  to  which 
the  author  devoted  his  best  energies.  As  a  description  of  the 
religious  features  of  the  Reformation,  it  is  infinitely  superior,  for 
the  purposes  of  a  scholar,  to  the  better-known  work  of  D'Aubigne. 


Gosselin,  L'Abbe  Jean  Edme  Auguste. — Pouvoir  du  Pape  au 
Moyen  Age,  ou  Rccherches  Historiques  sur  I'Origine  de  la  Sou- 
verainete  Temporelle  du  Saint-Siege  et  sur  le  Droit  Public  au 
Moyen  Age  relativement  a  la  Deposition  des  Souverains ;  pre- 
cedees  d'une  Introduction  sur  les  Honneurs  et  Prerogatives  Tem- 
porelles,  etc.  Nouvelle  edition,  Svo,  Paris,  1845.  An  English 
translation  appeared  in  London  in  1853. 

The  chief  importance  of  this  volume,  the  first  edition  of  which 
appeared  in  1839,  is  in  the  fact  that  its  writer  was  an  ecclesiastic 
of  influence  and  learning,  and  in  some  sense  represented  the  posi- 
tion of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church  on  the  important  subject  of 
which  he  treats.  It  is  not  a  book,  however,  to  be  regarded  as  a 
final  authority. 


l^e  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Guizot,  F. — History  of  the  Origin  of  Representative  Government 
in  Europe.  Translated  by  Andrew  li.  Scroble.  Crown  8vo, 
London,  1860. 

This  attractive  volume  consists  of  fifty  lectures  delivered  as 
early  as  1820,  but  carefully  revised  and  published  after  the  Revolu- 
tion of  1848.  They  have  deservedly  obtained  great  popularity, 
not  only  on  account  of  the  author's  pleasing  method,  but  also  for 
the  clear  insight  they  give  into  the  comparative  conditions  of  the 
several  governments  of  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages. 

The  second  part  is  devoted  exclusively  to  a  consideration  of  the 
growth  of  representative  government  in  England.  It  embraces 
the  period  from  the  Norman  Conquest  to  the  reign  of  the  Tudors. 
Students  of  English  history  will  find  the  observations  of  this  au- 
thor especially  interesting,  though  some  of  his  positions  will  not 
endure  the  examination  of  such  modern  scholarship  as  that  of 
Stubbs  and  Freeman.  His  statements  of  fact  are  occasionally, 
though  very  seldom,  inaccurate,  but  his  generalizations  are  usually 
founded  on  correct  information,  and  they  are  always  able  and 
suggestive.  In  Part  i.,  Lectures  vi.-xxvi.  are  devoted  to  an  ex- 
amination of  the  early  legislative  assemblies  of  continental  Eu- 
rope, and,  for  the  purposes  of  the  general  student  this  will  proba- 
bly be  found  the  most  valuable  portion  of-the  book. 


Hardwick,  Charles. — A  History  of  the  Christian  Church.  2  vols. 
Vol.  i. :  Middle  Ages,  with  Maps  constructed  for  the  work  by 
A.  Keith  Johnston.  Vol.  ii. :  The  Church  during  the  Refor- 
mation.    3d  edition,  8vo,  London,  1873. 

A  book  designed  especially  for  the  use  of  students,  and  one 
well  adapted  to  its  purpose.  While  the  narrative  portion  is  writ- 
ten in  a  very  spirited  style,  the  notes  are  very  full,  and  thus  afford 
abundant  means  of  verificatron.  The  author  is  tolerant  as  well  as 
learned.  He  writes  as  a  representative  of  the  Church  of  England, 
and  he  has,  what  is  not  too  common  with  learned  writers  on  eccle- 
siastical history,  the  art  of  presenting  what  he  has  to  say  in  a  style 
possessing  real  literary  merits. 

The  most  striking  (jualities  of  the  work  are  sliown  in  the  second 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  iV7 

volume.  Chapter  vi.,  on  "  The  Counter-Reformation,"  discusses 
the  subject  under  the  heads  "  The  Mediating  Party,"  "  The 
Council  of  Trent,"  "  The  Inquisition,"  and  "  The  Jesuits." 
Chapter  viii.,  on  "The  Constitution  of  the  Church  and  its  Re- 
lations to  the  Civil  Powers,"  describes  "  The  Roman  Commun- 
ion," "  The  English  Communion,"  "  The  Saxon  Communion," 
and  "  The  Swiss  Communion."  Chapter  ix.  is  an  admirable 
presentation  of  "  The  State  of  Intelligence  and  Piety."  These 
titles  are  enough  to  show  that  the  purpose  of  the  autlior  was  a 
far  higher  one  than  to  present  merely  an  account  of  events  as 
they  occurred. 


Hecker,  J.  F.  C. — Epidemics  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Translated 
from  the  German  by  B.  C.  Babington,  M.D.  8vo,  London, 
1844. 

The  author  first  gives  an  account  of  tlie  pestilence  of  the  four- 
teenth century  called  the  "  Black  Death,"  by  which  it  is  computed 
that  twenty-five  millions  of  people,  or  one  fourth  of  the  population 
of  Europe,  were  destroyed  ;  that  in  a  single  cemetery  alone,  near 
London,  more  than  fifty  thousand  victims  were  buried ;  and  that 
in  Venice  the  number  of  deaths  probably  reached  a  hundred  thou- 
sand. The  consternation  that  seized  the  people  of  all  parts  of 
Europe,  he  assures  us,  was  such  that  many  instances  are  recorded 
of  self-destruction.  In  some  localities  a  feeling  of  torpor  amount- 
ing to  despair  became  general,  so  that  fear  seems  to  have  been 
almost  as  fatal  as  the  pestilence.  The  five  visitations  of  the  sweat- 
ing sickness,  the  last  occurring  in  1551,  are  also  described;  and 
the  author  shows  the  similarity,  though  not  the  identity,  of  this 
disease  with  the  military  fevers  prevalent  at  a  later  day  in  Eu- 
rope. The  importance  of  the  subject  may  be  inferred  from  the 
testimony  of  Sir  William  Petty,  who  said,  "  A  plague  happcneth 
in  London  every  twenty  years,  or  thereabout,  and  doth  constantly 
kill  one  fifth  of  the  inhabitants."  The  number  who  died  of  the 
plague  in  London  in  1665  is  given  at  68,596. 

12 


1^8  HISTOEICAL  LITERATURE. 

Irving,  Washington. — Maliomet   and  his   Successors.      2   vols., 
8vo  and  12mo,  New  York,  1850,  and  many  subsequent  editions. 

One  of  the  most  attractive  accounts  of  the  rise  of  Mohammed- 
anism, and  of  its  development  from  622  to  710.  During  this 
short  period  the  adherents  of  the  new  and  strange  faith  planted 
themselves  firmly  in  Western  Asia,  and  extended  their  empire 
from  east  to  west,  a  distance  of  nearly  four  thousand  miles.  This 
course  of  conquest  is  what  the  work  has  admirably  described.  It 
cannot  be  said  to  contain  any  very  important  additions  to  our 
knowledge  of  Mohammedanism  ;  but,  like  all  of  Irving's  histories, 
it  does  much  to  compensate  for  any  lack  of  profound  research  by 
the  charm  of  an  unusually  attractive  style. 


Johnson,  A.  H. — The  Normans  in  Europe.     "With  Maps.     16mo, 
London  and  New  York,  1877. 

A  good  sketch  of  what  the  author  happily  calls  the  Scandina- 
vian exodus — a  movement  which  began  about  the  year  800  and 
culminated  in  the  conquest  of  England  more  than  two  hundred 
and  fifty  years  later.  During  the  first  century  of  this  period  the 
people  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway  harassed  Europe  with 
their  petty  incursions,  and  formed  more  or  less  definite  settle- 
ments in  England,  Russia,  and  France.  About  a  century  later 
France  became  the  starting-point  from  which  incursions,  on  a 
gigantic  scale,  were  made  into  Spain,  Italy,  and  the  British  Isles. 

More  than  half  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  the  conquest  of  Eng- 
land and  its  influence  on  English  institutions.  This  is  the  most 
meritorious  portion  of  the  book,  though  the  rapid  sketch  of  the 
Normans  in  other  parts  of  Europe  is  not  without  its  value.  ■  The 
weakness  of  the  volume  is  in  the  fact  that  the  account  of  the 
Norman  settlements  in  Sicily  and  Italy  is  altogether  inadequate 
to  the  importance  of  the  subject.  The  whole  account  of  this  very 
important  branch  of  Norman  history  occupies  no  more  than  about 
fifteen  pages. 

Though  this  little  book  has  unquestionable  historical  merits,  in 
point  of  style  it  falls  below  the  average  quality  of  the  "Epochs 
of  History  Series,"  of  which  it  forms  a  part. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  179 

Kremer,  Alfred. — Culturgeschiclite  des  Orients  untcr  den  Cliali- 
fen.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Vienna,  1875. 

The  best  picture  of  that  wonderful  civilization  which  had  its 
centre  at  Bagdad,  and  which  taught  and  studied  Aristotle  and 
Plato,  Euclid  and  Ptolemy,  while  Europe  was  still  in  the  darkness 
of  the  early  Middle  Ages.  The  author  was  long  a  resident  of  the 
Levant,  and  it  was  during  his  residence  there  that  he  collected  the 
materials  of  which  he  has  made  so  good  use.  The  book  will 
prove  a  genuine  revelation,  even  to  those  somewhat  familiar  with 
the  presentations  of  the  same  subject  by  Conde  and  Sismondi. 


Labarte,  Jules. — Histoire  des  Arts  Tndustriels  au  Moycn  Age,  et 
a  Tepoque  de  la  Renaissance.  4  vols.  8vo,  avec  grav.  sur  bois, 
et  deux  albums  in-4to  de  150  planches  cliromo  lithographiques, 
graves  sur  metal.  A  second  edition,  with  the  text  in  three  vols., 
was  published  in  1871;  but  as  the  plates  of  this  edition  are 
slightly  worn,  it  must  be  considered  inferior  to  the  first. 

This  is  a  work  of  great  magnificence,  and,  accordingly,  is  one 
not  to  be  enjoyed  by  many  private  libraries ;  but  it  is  of  great  in- 
terest and  importance  to  a  student  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Its  mi- 
nute descriptions,  as  well  as  its  sumptuous  plates,  make  it  invalu- 
able to  a  student  of  mediaeval  art. 


Lea,  Henry  C. — An  Historical  Sketch  of  Sacerdotal  Celibacy  in  the 
Christian  Church.     8vo,  Philadelphia,  1867. 

As  a  view  of  that  great  struggle  which  resulted  in  the  universal 
prevalence  of  celibacy  among  the  clergy  of  the  Latin  Church,  this 
volume  lias  no  equal.  The  subject  is  traced  in  different  countries 
Avith  extreme  care,  and  the  work  is  enriched  with  a  great  variety 
of  interesting  and  valuable  notes.  Though  the  book  was  written 
from  a  Protestant  point  of  view,  it  has  no  controversial  character; 
indeed,  in  spirit  it  is  as  admirable  as  it  is  in  scholarship. 


180  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Lea,  Henry  C. — Studies  in  Church  History.  The  Rise  of  the 
Temporal  Power ;  Benefit  of  Clergy;  Excommunication.  8vo, 
Philadelphia  and  London,  1869. 

These  three  essays,  the  first  of  which  was  published  in  a  less 
amplified  form  in  the  North  American  Review,  arc  a  presentation 
of  facts  designed  to  show  how  the  Church,  in  meeting  the  succes- 
sive crises  in  its  career,  succeeded  in  establishing  the  absolute  the- 
ocratic despotism  which  diverted  it  so  strangely  from  its  spiritual 
functions.  To  the  general  student  probably  the  essay  on  excom- 
munication will  be  of  most  interest  and  value.  The  practices  and 
penalties  imposed  by  the  .Church  in  different  times  and  countries 
are  clearly  and  fully  presented.  Reference  to  different  topics  is 
made  easy  by  an  analytical  table  of  contents  and  a  very  full  index. 


Lea,  Henry  C. — Superstition  and  Force.  Essays  on  The  Wager 
of  Battle,  The  Wager  of  Law,  The  Ordeal,  Torture.  8vo,  "sd 
ed.,  Philadelphia,  1880. 

In  a  less  amplified  form  these  essays  attracted  great  attention 
in  the  pages  of  the  North  American  Revieio.  The  volume  is  by 
far  the  most  complete  and  satisfactory  account  we  have  in  Eng- 
lish of  what  may  be  called  the  methods  of  administering  injustice 
in  the  Middle  Ages.  The  ability  and  learning  of  the  book  would 
be  creditable  to  the  historical  literature  of  any  language.  No 
more  adequate  view  is  anywhere  given  of  the  slowness  and  diffi- 
culty with  which  modern  institutions  have  been  evolved  out  of 
nicdiieval  confusion. 


Lecky,  William  E.  H. — History  of  European  Morals  from  Augus- 
tus to  Charlemagne.    2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1875. 

A  work  abounding  in  important  facts  and  suggestive  thoughts. 
To  all  but  students  of  philosophy  the  first  chapter,  "The  Natural 
History  of  Morals,"  is  likely  to  be  found  somewhat  tedious, 
though  it  has  great  intrinsic   merits.     One  of  the  most  valuable 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  181 

chapters  is  the  fourth — that  on  the  period  from  Constantino  to 
Charlemagne — in  which,  however,  the  weaknesses  of  the  various 
monastic  orders  are  probably  given  a  somewhat  undue  promi- 
nence. The  second  volume  concludes  with  a  valuable  but  rather 
depressing  chapter  on  the  position  of  woman.  The  work  is  very 
scholarly,  and  may  be  read  with  profit  by  every  student.  It  is, 
however,  subject  to  one  criticism.  In  dealing  with  the  ecclesias- 
tical phases  of  the  period,  the  author  cannot  resist  the  temptation 
to  indulge  in  innuendoes  and  sarcasm.  A  little  less  contempt  or 
pity  for  the  religious  zeal  of  the  early  monks,  and  a  somewhat 
larger  allowance  for  the  turbulence  of  the  times,  would  have  im- 
proved the  work. 


Lacroix,  Paul. — Works  on  the  Middle  Ages,  the  Period  of  the 
Renaissance,  and  the  Eighteenth  Century.  5  vols.,  imperial 
8vo,  London,  1880. 

The  work  of  which  these  five  sumptuous  volumes  are  a  trans- 
lation was  published  in  a  first  edition  at  Paris  some  thirty  years 
ago ;  but  the  importance  of  the  material  brought  together,  the 
skill  of  the  descriptions,  and  the  artistic  execution  of  the  illustra- 
tions have  given  to  it  a  recognized  and  a  permanent  value.  The 
volumes  are  each  embellished  with  about  twenty  chromo-litho- 
graphs  and  from  three  hundred  to  five  hundred  wood  engravings, 
all  executed  with  great  artistic  skill.  The  first  of  the  volumes 
below  mentioned  has  appeared  in  a  new  issue  with  an  additional 
chapter  on  music,  which,  for  the  accommodation  of  owners  of  the 
first  edition,  has  also  been  separately  published. 

The  volumes  are  issued  separately,  and  their  titles  respectively 
are  as  follows :  "  The  Arts  in  the  Middle  Ages  and  at  the  Period 
of  the  Renaissance;"  "Manners,  Customs,  and  Dress  during  the 
Middle  Ages;"  "  Military  and  Religious  Life  in  the  Middle  Ages 
and  at  the  Period  of  the  Renaissance  ;"  "  The  Eighteenth  Cen- 
tury—  its  Institutions,  Customs,  and  Costumes;"  "Science  and 
Literature  in  the  Middle  Ages  and  at  the  Period  of  the  Renais- 
sance." 

The  author  was  for  many  years  curator  of  the  Imperial  Library 
at  the  Arsenal  in  Paris,  and  in  the  preparation  of  these  volumes 


182  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

lie  made  good  use  of  the  vast  storehouse  of   materials  at  bis 
hand. 


Mason,  Arthur  James. — The  Persecutions  of  Diocletian,    An  His- 
torical Essay.     Svo,  Cambridge,  1876. 

The  first  form  of  this  essay  received  in  1874  the  Hulsean  Es- 
say prize.  It  is  founded  largely  upon  original  investigations,  al- 
though the  author  acknowledges  his  great  indebtedness  to  Ger- 
man and  French  writers,  chief  among  whom  are  Hunziger  and 
De  Broglie.  The  aim  and  effect  of  the  book  are  to  exculpate 
Diocletian  from  the  imputations  under  which  he  has  so  long  rest- 
ed. The  author  holds  that  Constantine's  policy,  in  all  essential 
particulars,  was  a  continuation  of  that  of  Diocletian,  and  that 
Diocletian's  persecution  was  modelled  after  that  of  Valerian. 


Michaudj  J.  F. — History  of  the  Crusades.  Translated  from  the 
French  by  W.  Robson.  3  vols.,  London,  1852,  and  New  York, 
1881. 

Though  written  half  a  century  ago,  this  is  the  most  important 
history  of  the  Crusades  yet  produced.  Michaud's  biographer  tells 
us  that  to  the  work  he  sacrificed  "  almost  every  moment  of  twen- 
ty of  the  best  years  of  his  life."  Much  of  this  time  was  spent  in 
visiting  and  examining  places  in  the  East.  The  author  wrote  in 
delightful  style,  and  for  his  work  was  rewarded  with  a  seat  in  the 
Academy.  The  translation,  unfortunately,  is  not  worthy  of  the 
book.  On  this  account  readers  of  French  will  prefer  the  work  in 
the  oriQ:inal  tongue. 


Mills,  Charles. — A  History  of  the  Crusades,  and  the  Recovery 
and  ro.sse.s.si(jn  of  the  Holy  Land.     2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1822. 

A  work  at  one  time  highly  esteemed,  but,  in  reality,  one  that 
is,  in  almost  every  respect,  inferior  to  those  of  Michaud,  Sybel, 
Cox,  and  Gibbon.     Tiie  only  (luality  of  the  book  worthy  of  note 


HISTORIES   OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  183 

is  tlic  fact  tli.it  the  autlior  dwells  quite  largely  upon  what  may  be 
called  the  picturesque  side  of  the  Crusades.  The  spirit  of  the 
moveniont  is  successfully  caught,  but  it  is  questionable  whether 
the  autlior  has  not  magnified  the  sentimental  side  of  the  subject. 


Mills,  Charles. — The  History  of  Chivalry ;  or,  Knighthood  and  its 
Times.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1825. 

A  work  almost  forgotten,  but  written  with  considerable  fidel- 
ity, learning,  and  elegance.  It  is  the  most  useful  of  this  author's 
books,  and  it  presents  in  readable  form  a  history  not  elsewhere 
more  conveniently  brought  together.  The  plan  of  treating  the 
subject  is  to  trace  the  origin,  growth,  and  development  of  chiv- 
alry in  each  of  the  European  nations. 


Milman,  Henry  Hart.  —  The  History  of  Christianity  from  the 
Birth  of  Christ  to  the  Abolition  of  Paganism  in  the  Roman 
Empire.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  and  12mo,  New  York;  new 
and  revised  edition,  1871. 

One  of  the  early  works  by  which  Dean  Milman  laid  the  founda- 
tion for  his  literary  fame.  It  now  stands  as  a  fitting  introduction 
to  the  more  mature  and  more  famous  "  History  of  Latin  Chris- 
tianity." 

In  style  it  shows  the  author's  well-known  qualities,  and  it  is 
marked  by  his  equally  well-known  freedom  from  bondage  to  the 
traditions  of  the  Church.  It  is  liberal  in  spirit,  graceful  in  meth- 
od, and,  if  it  has  not  the  learning  of  Dollinger  and  Neander,  it 
still  is  entitled  to  a  high  rank  among  the  most  scholarly  of  Eng- 
lish works. 


Milman, Henry  Hart, — History  of  Latin  Christianity;  including 
that  of  the  Popes  to  the  Pontificate  of  Nicholas  V.  8  vols., 
8vo,  New  York.     New  London  edition,  9  vols.,  8vo,  1883. 

To  the  student  of  the  Middle  Ages  this  work  is  second  in  im- 


184  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

portance  only  to  that  of  Gibbon.  It  covers  substantially  tlie 
same  period,  and,  although  its  plan  is  much  more  limited,  it  is  in 
its  way  scarcely  less  satisfactory.  Milman  was  a  disliuguished 
divine  of  the  Church  of  England,  yet  his  treatment  of  the  popes 
and  of  their  policy  is  so  liberal  that  his  work  has  received  the  heart- 
iest commendation  of  so  prominent  a  Catholic  as  Cardinal  New- 
man. Of  especial  excellence  is  the  author's  account  of  the  estab- 
lishment and  growth  of  monastic  institutions  and  monastic  orders. 
Worthy  of  note,  also,  is  the  struggle  between  the  pope  and  the 
emperor  in  the  time  of  Gregory  VII.  In  chap.  viii.  of  vol.  viii.  is 
a  skilful  account  of  Christian  architecture.  Of  the  numerous 
works  on  the  history  of  the  Church  in  the  Middle  Ages  this  will 
generally  be  found  at  once  the  most  readable,  the  most  impartial, 
and  the  most  satisfactory. 


Montalembert,  Count  de. — The  Monks  of  the  West,  from  St, 
Benedict  to  St.  Bernard.  Translated  from  the  French.  7 
vols.,  8vo,  Edinburgh  and  London,  1860-70. 

A  very  eloquent  history  of  monasticism,  written  from  a  very 
friendly  point  of  view.  The  author,  at  about  the  time  of  tlie 
completion  of  his  work,  fell  into  disfavor  with  the  Church  in  con- 
sequence of  his  opposition  to  the  dogma  of  papal  infallibility. 
But  until  the  meeting  of  the  Vatican  Council  his  standing  with 
the  officials  at  Rome  was  of  the  best.  The  book,  therefore,  may 
be  regarded  as  having  the  sanction  of  the  highest  Catholic  au- 
thority. It  is  the  ablest  plea  that  has  ever  been  made  for  the 
several  orders  of  monks,  being  at  once  scholarly,  sympathetic,  and 
conscientious. 


Mullinger,  J.  Bass. — The  Schools  of  Charles  the  Great,  and  the 
Jiest(M-ati(jn  of  Education  in  the  Ninth  Century.  8vo,  London, 
1877. 

A  valuable  study  of  a  limited  but  an  important  field  of  inquiry. 
It  is  the  best  account  not  only  of  the  great  attempt  of  Charle- 
magne to  revive  something  like  an  intellectual  life,  but  also  of  the 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  185 

real  nature  of  education  in  the  Middle  Ages.  As  a  picture  of 
that  part  of  Charlemagne's  work  which  probably  exerted  a  more 
enduring  influence  than  his  conquests,  or  perhaps  even  his  laws, 
the  book  has  unique  value.  It  may  well  be  read  in  connection 
with  the  lectures  on  Charlemagne  in  Guizot's  "  History  of  Civili- 
zation in  France." 


Nasse,  E. — On  the  Agricultural  Community  of  the  Middle  Ages ; 
and  Inclosures  of  the  Sixteenth  Century  in  England.  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1871. 

A  book  of  much  learning  and  value.  The  author  has  made  a 
special  study  of  the  subject  for  some  years,  and  his  conclusions 
are  entitled  to  great  consideration.  There  can  be  no  complete 
understanding  of  the  several  systems  of  land-tenure  in  Continental 
Europe  without  some  knowledge  of  the  system  of  communities  in 
the  Middle  Ages.  It  may  well  be  read  as  a  preliminary  study  to 
the  admirable  series  of  essays  on  the  systems  of  local  government 
and  land-tenure  in  modern  Europe  entitled  "  The  Cobden  Club 
Essays  for  1875." 


Neander,  Augustus.— General  History  of  the  Christian  Religion 
and  Church.  Translated  from  the  2d  improved  German  edi- 
tion by  Joseph  Torry.  5  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1854  ;  also  8  vols., 
12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1861. 

On  many  accounts  this  still  remains  the  most  remarkable  history 
of  the  Church  ever  written.  No  Church  historian  has  ever  shown 
so  extensive  learning,  and  no  one  has  ever  used  his  learning  in  a 
more  scholarly  manner.  But  it  is  a  work  that  very  few  people 
can  read.  Its  learning  is  so  prodigious  as  to  be  oppressive;  and, 
for  this  reason,  nearly  all  students  except  those  who  are  makers 
of  books  will  turn  to  histories  of  a  more  readable  kind. 


O'Brien,  John. — A  History  of  the  Mass  and  its  Ceremonies  in  the 
Eastern  and  the  Western  Church.  12mo,  New  York,  4th  edi- 
tion, revised,  1879. 


186  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

This  little  book  bears  the  imprimatur  of  ecclesiastical  authority; 
and,  consequently,  it  may  be  accepted  as  having  the  sanction  of 
the  Catholic  Church.  It  is  not  simply  what  its  title  would  imply, 
but  it  has  to  do  with  all  the  ceremonies  of  worship  in  the  Eastern 
and  Western  churches.  It  treats  historically  of  the  various  sub- 
jects with  which  it  has  to  deal,  and  its  purpose  is  to  show  that 
there  is  a  deep  significance  and  importance  in  all  of  the  author- 
ized ceremonies  of  worship. 


Ockley,  Simon. — The  History  of  the  Saracens;  comprising  the 
Lives  of  Mohammed  and  his  Successors  to  the  Death  of  Abdal- 
melik,  the  Eleventh  Caliph.  With  an  Account  of  their  Remark- 
able Battles,  Sieges,  Revolts,  etc.  Collected  from  the  most  au- 
thentic sources,  especially  Arabic  MSS.  Crown  8vo,  London, 
6th  edition,  1857. 

This  work,  by  a  learned  and  distinguished  professor  of  Arabic 
in  the  University  of  Cambridge,  was  published  as  early  as  IVIB; 
but  it  has  been  carefully  revised  and  improved  by  adapting  it  to 
the  requirements  of  recent  scholarship.  Ever  since  its  publication 
the  book  has  been  regarded  as  remarkable  for  the  amount  of  its 
curious  and  instructive  learning.  Though  written  so  long  ago,  it 
is  still  one  of  the  most  valuable  histories  of  the  eventful  period  it 
describes.  It  is  not  only  learned,  but  by  many  it  will  be  found 
interesting,  and  by  all  it  will  be  regarded  as  a  remarkable  instance 
of  success  in  one  of  the  most  difficult  fields  of  historical  author- 
ship. Ockley  prosecuted  his  labors  to  the  end  with  rare  devotion 
and  perseverance.  Though  he  was  still  a  professor  at  (Cambridge, 
the  last  part  of  his  history  was  written  in  prison,  where  he  was 
confined  for  debt.  Gibbon  made  frequent  use  of  the  work,  and 
spoke  of  the  author  as  "  a  learned  and  spirited  interpreter  of 
Arabian  authorities." 


Ozanam,  A.  Frederic. — History  of  Civilization  in  the  Fifth  Cen- 
tury. Translated  from  the  French  by  Ashley  C.  Glyn.  2  vols., 
12mo,  London  and  I'hiladelphia,  1867. 

A  work  that  for  some  years  has  enjoyed  considerable  favor  in 


HISTORIES   OF  THE   MIDDLE  AGES.  187 

France,  and  that  possesses  not  a  little  real  value.  The  author 
was  a  Liberal  in  politics,  a  Catholic  in  religion.  The  book  is 
made  up  of  what  was  originally  a  course  of  lectures.  The  most 
important  position  of  the  author  is  that  the  Christian  Church  was 
the  only  civilizing  force  that  survived  the  Revolution  and  the  inva- 
sions.    It  is  a  strong  and  learned  presentation. 


Pressense,  E.  de.  —  The  Early  Years  of  Christianity.     4  vols., 
12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1870. 

These  volumes,  the  production  of  a  brilliant  French  Protestant 
divine,  are  among  the  most  eloquent  writings  on  the  early  history 
of  the  Church.  The  subjects  treated  are — "  The  Apostolic  Era," 
"The  Martyrs  and  Apologists,"  "Doctrine  and  Heresies,"  and 
"The  Church  Worship  and  Christian  Life."  They  are  perhaps 
the  most  eminently  readable  books  we  have  on  the  first  centuries 
of  ecclesiastical  history.  The  author's  style  is  peculiarly  epigram- 
matic and  forcible,  a  fact  which  adapts  the  volumes  admirably  to 
popular  use. 


Reuter,  Hermann. — Geschichte  der  religiosen  Aufklarung  im  Mit- 

telalter.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1877. 

The  purpose  of  this  well-known  theologian  is  to  present  a  view 
of  the  various  efforts  made  during  the  Middle  Ages  to  throw 
oS  the  authority  of  dogma  and  establish  the  right  of  indepen- 
dent reason.  The  first  volume  of  the  work  is  divided  into  four 
books — the  first  being  devoted  to  the  age  of  Charlemagne,  the 
second  to  the  tenth  and  eleventh  centuries,  the  third  to  the 
twelfth  century,  and  the  fourth  to  the  age  of  Abelard.  An  ap- 
pendix contains  numerous  proofs  and  illustrations.  The  style  is 
not  altogether  attractive,  but  the  author  is  very  able,  and,  in  spite 
of  some  infelicities  of  form  and  arrangement,  the  work  has  great 
merits. 


1{ 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Roth,  Paul. — Geschichte  cles  Beneficialwesens  von  den  alten  Zei- 
ten  bis  in's  zehnte  Jalirliundert,     8vo,  Eriangen,  1850. 

The  most  notable  value  of  this  volume  is  in  the  great  light  it 
throws  on  the  origin  of  the  feudal  system.  All  modern  writers 
of  authority  agree  that  this  system  sprang  out  of  the  mutual  obli- 
gations imposed  by  the  early  tenure  of  benefices.  What  these 
obligations  were  in  different  countries  and  periods  it  is  the  object 
of  Roth  to  explain.  As  an  authority  the  work  is  entitled  to  great 
weight.  It  may  well  be  used  on  the  study  of  the  feudal  system 
with  Waitz,  Laurent,  and  Secretan. 


Sartorius,  Georg.  —  Geschichte   des    hanseatischen    Bundes.     3 
vols.,  Bvo,  Gottingen,  1802-8. 

As  an  authority  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats,  this  work  is 
one  of  recognized  importance.  Though  it  was  written  before  the 
publication  of  the  works  of  the  Historical  Society  of  the  Hanse- 
atic  Cities,  it  has  not  yet  been  superseded.  As  a  representation  of 
Hanseatic  activity  it  is  inferior  to  the  work  of  Schafer,  but  as  a 
view  of  the  development  and  decline  of  the  League  it  still  has  a 
value  of  its  own.  The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  rise  of  the 
League,  the  second  to  its  prosperity,  and  the  third  to  its  decline 
and  fall.  The  Introduction  is  an  interesting  description  of  the 
way  in  which  the  freedom  of  cities  in  general  during  the  Middle 
Aires  was  established. 


Secretan,  Edouard. — Essai   sur  la   Feodalite :    Introduction   au 
Droit  Feodal  du  Pays  dc  Vaud.     8vo,  Lausanne,  1858, 

One  of  the  most  critical  and  satisfactory  examinations  of  feud- 
alism. After  devoting  somewhat  more  than  a  hundred  pages  to 
the  origin  and  formation  of  the  system,  the  author  discusses  "The 
Feudal  Jlicrarchy,"  "  Tlic  Feudal  Contract,"  and  "Systems  of 
Feudal  Justice."  Each  of  those  subjects  is  treated*  analytically 
and  comprehensively.  J>y  means  of  the  very  full  table  of  con- 
tents at  the  close  of  the  volume,  the  student  will  be  able  to  select 
the  particular  ti)[»ic  he  may  wish  to  examine. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  189 

The  subject  of  the  volume  is  one  of  many  difficulties,  but  the 
Author  has  done  much  to  deprive  it  of  its  obscurities. 


Smith,  Toulmin. — English  Gilds,  The  Original  Ordinances  of 
more  than  one  hundred  Early  Eno-Iish  Gilds.  Edited  with 
Notes.  With  an  Introduction  and  Glossary,  etc.,  by  his  daugh- 
ter, Lucy  Toulmin  Smith  ;  and  a  Preliminary  Essay,  in  five  parts, 
on  the  History  and  Development  of  Gilds,  by  Lujo  Brentano. 
8vo,  London,  1870.   Brentano's  essay  is  also  published  separately. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  the  many  valuable  publications 
of  the  Early  English  Text  Society.  On  the  subject  of  which  it 
treats  it  is  of  far  greater  value  than  any  other  work  in  the  Eng- 
lish language.  The  "  Ordinances "  are  edited  with  the  utmost 
care,  and  the  archaic  forms  of  the  early  English  in  the  text  are 
made  amply  intelligible  by  the  notes. 

The  historical  essay  by  Dr.  Brentano  is  at  .once  scholarly  and 
readable.  To  students  without  an  understanding  of  German  it 
will  be  in  most  respects  an  ample  substitute  for  the  more  com- 
prehensive work  of  Wilda.  The  author  discusses  "  The  Origin  of 
Gilds,"  "  Religious  and  Social  Gilds,"  "  Town  Gilds  or  Merchant 
Gilds,"  "  Ci-aft  Gilds,"  and  "  Trades-unions." 

By  the  study  of  Brentano  and  the  subsequent  use  of  the  "  Or- 
dinances," the  student  will  not  fail  to  arrive  at  a  generally  correct 
understanding  of  the  subject. 


Sommerard,  Alexandre  du. — Les  Arts  an  Moyen  Age  en  ce  qui 
concerne  principalement  le  Paleis  Romain  de  Paris,  THotel  do 
Cluny,  issu  de  ces  mines,  et  les  objets  d'art  de  la  collection 
classee  dans  cet  hotel.  5  vols.,  Bvo,  avec  un  atlas  in-fol.,  510 
planches.     Paris,  1839-46. 

A  sumptuous  work  on  the  arts  of  the  Middle  Ages,  though 
somewhat  less  comprehensive  in  its  scope  than  that  of  Labarte. 
The  plates  are  admirable  illustrations  of  much  of  the  finest  work 
of  the  great  masters  of  design. 


190  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Stanley,  Arthur  Penrhyn. — Lectures  on  the  History  of  the  East- 
ern Church.  With  an  Introduction  on  the  Study  of  Ecclesias- 
tical Historv.  Second  edition,  revised,  8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  1862." 

For  the  purposes  of  a  student  of  general  history  this  is  the 
most  useful  of  Dean  Stanley's  works.  It  not  only  has  to  do  with 
a  subject  of  very  considerable  importance,  but  it  possesses  the 
rare  charm  of  a  graceful,  scholarly,  and  eloquent  method  of  treat- 
ment. It  is  one  of  the  few  ecclesiastical  histories  that  every  genu- 
ine student  of  the  Middle  Ages  will  find  himself  interested  in 
reading. 

The  work  begins  with  three  introductory  lectures  on  the  study 
of  ecclesiastical  history,  in  which  the  author  discusses  the  prov- 
ince, the  methods,  and  the  advantages  of  the  subject.  Then  fol- 
low the  twelve  lectures  that  make  up  the  body  of  the  volume. 
The  subjects  are— "  The  Eastern  Church;"  "The  Council  of  Ni- 
ca2a;"  "The  Emperor  Constantine;"  "  Athanasius ;"  "  Mahoraet- 
anism  in  its  Relations  to  the  Eastern  Church  ;"  "  The  Russian 
Church;"  "The  Russian  Church  in  the  Middle  Ages;"  "The 
Patriarch  Xicon  ;"  and  "  Peter  the  Great  and  the  Modern  Church 
of  Russia."  On  the  Council  of  Nica3a  four  lectures  are  given,  in 
the  course  of  which  the  author  describes,  with  admirable  skill  and 
spirit,  the  general  condition  of  the  Church  in  the  early  part  of  the 
fourth  century.  The  lectures  on  the  Russian  Church  arc  also  of 
great  importance  and  interest. 

The  volume  has  a  very  full  analytical  table  of  contents,  and 
closes  with  an  index. 


Sybel,  Henry  von. — The  History  and  Literature  of  the  Crusades. 
From  the  Gorman.  Edited  by  Lady  Dufif  Gordon.  12mo, 
London,  18G1. 

Von  Sybel's  studies  of  the  period  of  the  Crusades,  begun  while 
he  was  still  a  student  at  the  university,  were  carried  on  until  he 
became  the  foremost  living  authority  on  the  subject,  llis  inves- 
tigations were  especially  directed  to  a  critical  examination  of  the 
several   original    writers    on   the  period.     The   results   of  his  re- 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  191 

searches  were  embodied  in  a  number  of  lectures  and  essays,  from 
which  this  voUime  has  been  compiled  and  translated. 

The  first  part,  consisting  of  a  hundred  and  thirty  pages,  is  en- 
titled "  History  of  the  Crusades,"  and  is  the  substance  of  four 
lectures  delivered  at  Munich  in  1855.  It  is  incomparably  the 
ablest  brief  sketch  we  have.  Part  second  is  entirely  devoted  to 
the  "  Literature  on  the  Crusades ;"  a  "  Critical  Account  of  the 
Original  Authorities  and  the  Later  Writers  on  the  Crusades." 
For  a  careful  examination  of  this  period,  this  is,  of  course,  by  far 
the  most  important  part  of  the  volume.  The  translation  is  well 
done.  The  work  is  not  only  very  valuable,  but  is  also  very  at- 
tractive. 


Theiner,  Augustin. — Histoire  des  Institutions  d'Education  Ec- 
clesiastique,  traduite  de  rAlleraand  par  Jean  Cohen.  2  vols., 
8vo,  Taris,  1841. 

Of  the  numerous  historical  and  theological  writings  of  this  au- 
thor, this  is  likely  to  be  of  greatest  value  to  the  student  of  history. 
It  is  an  important  authority  on  the  history  of  educational  institu- 
tions connected  with  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The  author 
represented  at  different  times  in  his  life  nearly  every  phase  of  ec- 
clesiastical opinion,  but  his  instability  in  no  way  affected  the 
character  of  his  labors  on  this  work.  In  an  important  sense  it  is 
a  history  of  all  education  in  the  Middle  Ages,  as  well  as  of  eccle- 
siastical education  in  modern  times. 


Thompson,  R.  W.— The  Papacy  and  the  Civil  Power.     8vo,  New 
York,  1876. 

A  carefully  prepared  account  of  the  growth  of  the  civil  power 
of  the  Roman  See.  It  is  written  from  a  Protestant  point  of 
view  ;  but  the  author  has  used  a  large  number  of  Catholic  authori- 
ties, and  has  used  them  with  considerable  skill.  The  work  is 
hardly  judicial  in  its  character,  but  rather  is  a  powerful  indict- 
ment of  the  temporal  policy  of  the  Catholic  Church.     It  contains 


192  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

several  ecclesiastical  documents  that  enhance  its  value.  While  it 
is  not  of  sufficient  importance  to  be  regarded  as  an  ultimate  au- 
thority, it  is  the  best  easily  accessible  sketch  of  the  subject  of 
which  it  treats. 


Villemain,  Abel  Francois. — Life  of  Gregory  the  Seventh ;  pre- 
ceded by  a  Sketch  of  the  History  of  the  Papacy  to  the  Elev- 
enth Century.  Translated  by  J.  B.  Brockley.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1874.     The  original  was  published  in  2  vols.,  Paris,  1873. 

The  author  long  enjoyed  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the 
most  accomplished  of  French  scholars.  To  the  preparation  of  the 
"Life  of  Gregory"  he  gave  the  closing  years  of  a  long  and  brilliant 
literary  career.  In  the  first  two  hundred  and  thirty  pages  of  the 
book  the  author  surveys  the  men  and  measures  of  the  first  thou- 
sand years  of  our  era.  He  regards  Constantine  as  a  politician 
who  availed  himself  of  the  growing  power  of  Christianity  to  aid 
his  own  ambition,  and  who  finally  convinced  himself  that  he  was 
an  appointed  agent  for  working  out  the  Divine  purpose.  In  the 
second  volume  will  be  found  a  very  clear  exposition  of  the  doc- 
trine of  papal  supremacy  over  the  temporal  power.  "  Can  there 
be  any  doubt,"  says  the  pope,  "  that  the  priests  of  Jesus  Christ 
are  the  fathers  and  masters  of  kings  and  princes  and  of  all  the 
faithful  ?"  The  long  struggle  that  resulted  from  an  attempt  to 
establish  the  principles  here  enunciated  ended,  the  author  thinks, 
first,  in  a  victory  for  the  papacy  at  Worms,  and,  secondly,  in  the 
still  further  pretensions  of  Innocent  the  Third. 

The  translation  contains  an  occasional  ambiguity;  but,  in  the 
main,  it  is  faithful  and  correct. 


Wilda,  Wilhelm  Eduard. — Das  Gildenwesen  im  Mittelaltcr.  Einc 
von  dcr  kouiglich  dJinischcn  GescUschaft  der  Wissenschaften 
zu  Kopeiihagen  gekronte  I'reisschrift.      8vo,  Halle,  1831. 

Ever  since  its  publication  this  volume  has  been  a  work  of  stand- 
ard imptjrtance.  It  is  founded  upon  thorough  research,  and  has 
the  fjualitics  of  a  genuine  scholarship. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE   AGES.  193 

The  plan  of  the  author  is  fourfold.  In  the  first  phice,  he 
treats  of  the  orighi,  growth,  and  dovclopinent  of  the  guilds  of  the 
Middle  Ages ;  then  of  the  different  orders  of  guilds ;  thirdly,  of 
the  peculi:iritics  of  the  guilds  in  different  countries;  and,  lastly, 
of  the  spiritual  orders  and  brotherhoods.  These  divisions  are  sub- 
divided as  the  nature  of  the  subject  seemed  to  require.  The 
method  of  treatment  is  direct  and  well  adapted  to  interest  as  well 
as  instruct.  Though  there  have  been  important  investigations 
since  Wilda  wrote,  yet  the  work  has  by  no  means  become  super- 
annuated. It  continues  to  be  quoted  as  a  high  authority  on  the 
general  subject,  though  on  the  peculiarities  of  guilds  in  individual 
localities  much  additional  light  has  been  thrown  by  subsequent 
investigators.  The  account  of  guilds  in  England,  for  example, 
is  much  inferior  to  that  of  Smith. 


III.   SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    KEADEES. 

1.  If  the  student  hopes  to  find  in  a  single  book  a  satisfactory 
account  of  the  thousand  years  between  the  fifth  century  and  the 
fifteenth,  he  will  be  disappointed.  The  multitudinous  events  of 
this  millennium  do  not  lend  themselves  to  condensed  description. 
The  reader,  therefore,  is  forced  to  the  necessity  either  of  being 
content  with  general  views  or  of  dealing  with  somewhat  volumi- 
nous works.  The  most  successful  general  study  of  this  period  is 
"Robertson's  View  of  the  State  of  Europe  during  the  Middle 
Ages,"  forming  the  Introduction  to  his  "  History  of  Charles  the 
Fifth."  Both  the  text  and  the  "Notes  and  Illustrations"  should 
be  carefully  studied  by  every  student.  Of  the  books  that  attempt 
to  narrate  the  events  of  this  period,  perhaps  Dunham's  "  Middle 
Ages  "  is  still  the  best  in  English.  Duruy's  "  Ilistoire  du  Moyen 
Age  "  is  much  better — indeed,  is  probably  the  most  satisfactory 
single  volume  on  the  Middle  Ages  yet  published.  Ilallam's  well- 
known  work  on  the  same  period  has  not  been  superseded,  though 
for  the  general  reader  it  is  dry,  and  for  the  scholar  it  is  no  longer 
sufficiently  accurate.  A  good  beginning  course  would  be  the  fol- 
lowing works  in  the  order  named:  Church's  "Beginnings  of  the 
Middle  Ages,"  Cox's  "  Crusades,"  Johnson's  "  Norman  Kings  and 

13 


194  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  Feudal  System,"  Stubbs's  "  Early  Plantagenets,"  and  Gaird- 
ner's  "  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York."  Slieppard's  "  Fall  of 
Rome  and  Rise  of  New  Nationalities "  would  be  of  service  in 
binding  all  these  together.  Bryce's  "  Holy  Roman  Empire"  is  in- 
valuable for  clearing  up  the  relations  of  Germany  and  Rome.  The 
"  Students'  Gibbon "  is  a  successful  condensation,  though  very 
many  readers  will  prefer  to  read  selected  chapters  from  the  larger 
work.   Kingsley's  "  Roman  and  Teuton  "  will  interest  every  reader. 

2.  For  a  fuller  study  of  the  period  Gibbon's  "Decline  and 
Fall "  is  still  of  unrivalled  importance,  though  some  of  the  chap- 
ters may  be  omitted  without  serious  loss.  Coulanges's  "Institu- 
tions Politiques  "  is  a  work  of  genius ;  and  though  it  relates  chiefly 
to  the  history  of  France,  it  is  by  far  the  most  successful  descrip- 
tion of  the  relations  of  Romans  and  barbarians.  Notice  espe- 
cially his  account  of  the  different  ways  in  which  the  Germans 
came  to  be  gradually  infused  into  the  Empire.  Lecky's  "  History 
of  Morals,"  of  which  the  first  chapter  may  be  omitted,  is  a  schol- 
arly and,  with  the  limitations  already  noted,  a  helpful  book. 
Bryce  may  always  be  consulted  with  profit,  as  he  throws  light 
on  many  subjects  that  the  historians  have  generally  failed  to 
make  clear.  Geffckeii's  "  Church  and  State  "  is  the  most  satis- 
factory book  on  the  important  subject  of  which  it  treats.  Se- 
lected chapters  from  Milman's  "Latin  Christianity"  will  be 
found  most  valuable  on  ecclesiastical  questions.  The  best  view 
of  tlic  feudal  system  we  have  in  English  is  contained  in  the 
translation  of  Guizot's  "History  of  Civilization  in  France."  The 
fifth  chapter  of  Maine's  "  Village  Communities  "  is  also  of  great 
importance.  In  French,  the  seventh  volume  of  Laurent,  and  the 
"Essai"  of  Sccretan  are  the  best.  Of  the  Crusades,  if  the  ac- 
counts by  Gibbon  and  Cox  arc  not  deemed  adequate,  Michaud 
and  Sybel  should  be  made  the  authority.  For  the  period  subse- 
quent to  the  Crusades  the  works  of  Symonds  and  Burckhardt  are 
of  the  first  importance.  For  a  still  more  comprehensive  view 
Sismondi  is  the  chief  authority  in  French ;  Grcgorovius  and  Leo 
in  German.  Of  course,  anything  like  a  profound  study  of  the 
Middle  Ages  requires  a  study  of  individual  nationalities. 

3.  In  Guizot's  "Essais"  arc  two  very  important  papers — one 
on  the  "Roman  Municipal  Organizations  as  Elements  of  Weak- 
ness," and  one  on  the  "Social  and  l*olitical  Institutions  of  France 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  195 

from  tlie  Fifth  Century  to  the  Tenth."  The  letters  and  essays  of 
Thierry  are  also  of  great  importance,  not  only  for  the  wise  judg- 
ments of  the  author  on  the  political  and  social  characteristics  of 
the  Middle  Ages,  but  also  for  the  information  they  give  on  the 
historians  who  have  treated  the  same  subject.  Smyth's  "  Lectures 
on  Modern  History  "  (lectures  i.  to  ix.)  give  valuable  comments 
on  authorities,  though  the  book  is  now  somewhat  out  of  date. 
Book  iii.  of  Adam  Smith's  "Wealth  of  Nations"  is  worthy  of 
consultation.  The  religious  condition  of  society  may  be  studied 
in  Aube's  "  Histoire  des  Persecutions,"  Gosselin's  "  Power  of  the 
Popes,"  Lea's  "  Studies  in  Church  History,"  and  Lea's  "  Sacerdotal 
Celibacy."  Gicseler,  Neandcr,  Milman,  Ranke,  and  Hardwick  arc 
the  most  valuable  authorities  on  the  Protestant  side ;  DoUingcr, 
Alzog,  Montalembert,  Spalding,  Gfrorer,  and  Balmes  on  the  Ro- 
man Catholic.  Balmes's  "European  Civilization"  is  a  work  of 
the  most  radical  Catholic  type.  Mrs.  Oliphant's  "Francis  of 
Assisi"  is  an  interesting  picture  of  religious  life  in  the  thirteenth 
century.  Sir  James  Stephen's  "Ecclesiastical  Essays"  give  an 
excellent  account  of  the  founding  of  the  chief  religious  orders. 
The  same  subject  is  treated  with  enthusiastic  and  eloquent  ful- 
ness in  Montalcmbert's  "Monks  of  the  AVest."  Professor  Thomas 
Smith's  "History  of  Mediaeval  Missions,"  and  the  Rev.  G.  F. 
Maclear's  "  Apostles  of  Mediaeval  Europe,"  are  standard  modern 
works,  each  in  one  12mo  volume,  written  from  the  Protestant 
point  of  view.  One  of  the  chapters  in  Lecky's  "  Morals  "  gives  a 
striking  description  of  early  asceticism.  Lea's  "  Superstition  and 
Force"  is  the  best  description  in  English  of  mediajval  judicial 
methods;  Wachter  is  a  great  authority  on  the  same  subject  in 
German.  Spalding,  in  his  "  Miscellanea,"  takes  a  rose -colored 
view  of  the  manners  of  the  Middle  Ages.  The  best  pictures  of 
chivalry  are  found  in  Froissart's  "  Chronicles,"  Mills's  "  Chivalry," 
Bulfinch's  "  Age  of  Chivalry,"  Scott's  "  Essay  on  Chivalry  "  and 
"Ivanhoe,"  though  this  author's  pictures  are  to  be  taken  with 
some  allowances.  Life  in  Italy  in  the  fourteenth  century  is  ad- 
mirably depicted  in  Bulwcr's  "  Rienzi."  The  literature  of  the 
Middle  Ages  is  adequately  described  in  Hallam's  "  Litroduction 
to  the  Study  of  Literature,"  and  Sismondi's  "Literature  of  the 
South  of  Europe."  The  second  chapter  of  Sismondi  is  a  graphic 
picture  of  the  literature  and  civilization  of  the  Arabs.     Fauriel  is 


196  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

one  of  the  best  autliorities  on  the  ballad  literature  of  Provence. 
Wrio-ht's  "Essays  on  the  Middle  Ages"  throw  much  light  on  the 
customs  of  the  time,  though  they  appertain  exclusively  to  Eng- 
land. The  great  authorities  on  the  arts  in  the  Middle  Ages  are 
Labarte,  Du  Sommerard,  and  Lacroix.  The  condition  of  the 
common  people  will  be  found  described  with  graphic  and  painful 
realism  in  Bonneraere's  "  Histoire  des  Paysans,"  Sugenheim's 
"  Aufhebung  der  Leibeigenschaft,"  and  Monteil's  "  Ilistoire  des 
divers  Etats."  Hecker's  "Epidemics  in  the  Middle  Ages"  is  a 
book  of  great  interest  on  a  subject  of  no  small  importance. 

For  still  further  hints  on  the  Middle  Ages,  see  "  Suggestions  to 
Students"  in  the  chapters  on  Italy,  Germany,  France,  and  Eng- 
land. 

4.  The  new  aids  in  historical  instruction  known  as  "  Quellen- 
biicher,"  or  collections  of  sources,  have  made  accessible  to  the 
general  reader  many  of  the  most  important  historical  documents, 
and  sifted  out  for  his  use  many  of  the  most  significant  contem- 
porary narratives.  Among  the  best  of  these  are  Schilling's 
"  Qnellenbucli  zur  Geschichte  der  Neuzeit"  (8vo,  Berlin,  1884), 
Oechsli's  admirable  "  Quellenbuch  zur  schweizer  Geschichte,"  and 
Ptichter's  less  scrupulously  edited  "  Quellenbuch  zur  deutschen 
Geschichte."  Akin  to  the  Quellenbiicher  are  the  abridged  trans- 
lations of  the  mediaeval  chroniclers,  which  have,  since  1882,  been 
appearing  in  France  under  the  general  editorship  of  Berthold 
Zeller,  with  the  title  "  L'llistoire  dc  France  racontee  par  les  Con- 
teraporains"  (IGmo,  Paris,  1882- ),  and  more  recently  in  Lon- 
don and  New  York  under  that  of  J.  York  Powell,  in  a  series  en- 
titled "  English  History  from  Contemporary  Writers."  A  valuable 
series  is  also  that  entitled  "Early  Chroniclers  of  Europe,"  pub- 
lished by  the  Society  for  l^romoting  Christian  Knowledge  (12mo, 
London),  namely,  "England,"  by  James  Gairdner,  "France,"  by 
Gustavo  Masson,  and  "Italy,"  by  Ugo  Balzani.  Throughout 
the  scries,  which  is  intended  to  popula^-ize  the  sources  of  medi- 
aeval history,  the  simple  narrative  is  enriched  by  numerous  ex- 
tracts. Balzani's  volume  for  Italy,  which  is  the  first  attempt  in 
its  field,  is  perhaps  the  most  valuable  and  satisfactory  yet  issued. 
The  most  complete  collection  of  the  councils  of  the  Church  to 
the  end  of  the  Middle  Ages  is  Mansi's  "Sacrorum  Conciliorum 
nova  ct  amplissima  Collectio"  (31  vols.,  fol.,  Florence  and  Venice, 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  197 

1757-98,  and  since  1885  in  process  of  reprint  at  Paris) ;  but  this 
breaks  ofi  at  1509,  and  must  be  sup{)leniented  for  the  modern 
era  by  the  earlier  collections  of  Labbe  and  Coleti.  S.  Le  Nain  do 
Tillcmont's  "  Ilistoirc  des  Empcreurs  et  des  Autres  Princes  qui  ont 
Piegne  durant  les  six  Premiers  Siecles  do  rEglise"  (6  vols.,  fol., 
Paris,  1690-]  738),  and  "  Memoires  pour  servir  a  I'Histoire  Eccle- 
siastique  des  Six  Premiers  Siecles"  (fob,  Paris,  1693-1712),  though 
exploited  by  Gibbon,  of  whose  great  work  they  may  be  said  to 
have  formed  the  basis,  are  still  an  almost  exliaustless  mine  upon 
the  period  to  which  they  relate.  G.  P.  Fisher's  "  Discussions  in 
History  and  Theology"  (8vo,  New  York,  1880)  contains  several 
admirable  historical  essays,  notably  one  on  "  The  Influence  of  the 
Old  Roman  Spirit  and  Religion  on  Latin  Christianity."  Those 
on  "The  Temporal  Kingdom  of  the  Popes"  and  "The  Massacre 
of  St.  Bartholomew  "  are  perhaps  the  best  discussions  of  these 
topics  accessible  to  the  English  reader.  Dean  R.  W.  Church's 
"St.  Ansehn"  and  J.  C.  Morison's  "The  Life  and  Times  of  St. 
Bernard  "  are  based  strictly  on  original  sources,  and  give  admi- 
rable views  of  the  true  character  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Philipp 
Jaffe's  "  Regesta  Pontificum  Romanorum,"  re-edited  by  W.  Wat- 
tenbach,  brings  the  work  down  to  1198,  when  it  is  taken  up  by 
Potthast,  and  carried  forward  to  1304.  These  "Regesta,"  or  in- 
dexes, are  the  prime  source  for  the  study  of  the  papal  policy 
throughout  the  Middle  Ages.  The  regesta  of  several  later  popes 
have  been  separately  published.  L.  F.  Alfred  Maury's  "  La  Ma- 
gic et  I'Astrologie  dans  I'Antiquite  et  au  Moyen  Age"  (12mo, 
Paris,  18G3)  is  a  most  learned  and  suggestive  study  upon  the 
history  of  superstition  and  the  continuity  of  popular  thought. 
Charles  Seignobos's  "Histoire  de  la  Civilisation"  (2  vols.,  12rao, 
Paris,  1887),  though  dealing  with  the  whole  field  of  history,  gives 
a  singularly  entertaining  picture  of  the  Middle  Ages.  Gustavo 
Ducondray's  "Histoire  Sommaire  de  la  Civilisation"  ( 12mo, 
Paris,  1886)  is  a  valuable  summary  for  school  use.  Theodor 
Lindner's  "Die  Vemc"  ( 8vo,  Paderborn,  1887)  is  based  on 
wide  original  research,  and  contains  many  valuable  documents 
throwing  light  on  the  obscure  history-  of  this  famous  raediajval 
court. 

No  original  studies  of  the  Middle  Ages  can  be  very  satisfac- 
torily carried  on  without  access  to  several  of  the  great  collections 


198  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

in  Latin.  One  of  the  most  celebrated  of  tbese  is  the  "  Annalcs 
Ecclesiastici "  of  Baronius,  continued  by  Raynaldus  and  Ladev- 
chius.  A  new  edition,  edited  by  Augustin  Theiner,  and  to  be 
brought  down  to  our  time,  is  now  going  through  the  press  in 
Paris,  the  37th  volume  bringing  the  history  well  through  the  si.\- 
teenth  century.  It  has  long  been  the  authoritative  history  from 
the  Church's  side.  The  Abbe  Migne's  "  Patr'ologia  Latina  "  (221 
vols.,  royal  8vo,  Paris,  1844-56)  is  a  carelessly  edited  but  com- 
prehensive and  convenient  collection  of  the  Latin  literature  of  the 
Church  to  the  end  of  the  twelfth  century.  Through  the  four  vol- 
umes of  indexes  the  contents  are  easily  available.  The  "  Patrolo- 
gia  Grfeca,"  collected  also  by  Migne,  embraces  (in  81  vols.,  royal 
Svo)  the  works  of  the  Greek  fathers,  with  parallel  translations 
into  Latin.  The  vast  collection  of  the  Bollandists,  known  as  the 
"Acta  Sanctorum  "  (as  yet  63  vols.,  folio),  contains  all  available  in- 
formation in  regard  to  the  saints  and  their  history.  An  index  vol- 
ume has  recently  appeared  which  makes  the  contents  easily  acces- 
sible. F.  C.  Baur's  "  Geschichte  der  chrisllichen  Kirche  "  (5  vols., 
Svo,  2d  ed.,  Leipzig)  is  entitled  to  consideration  on  account  of 
the  author's  peculiar  scepticism.  Vol.  IIL  has  to  do  "with  the 
material  development  of  the  Church,  and  is  the  most  important. 
K.  R.  nagenbach's  "  Kirchen-Geschichte  von  der  iiltesten  Zeit  bis 
zum  19.  Jahrhundert"  (neu  ges.  Ausg.,  7  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig)  is 
most  valuable  on  the  later  history  of  the  Church.  De  Broglie's 
"  L'Eglise  et  I'Empire  Romain  au  IV.  Siecle"  (6  vols.,  Svo,  Paris, 
2d  ed.,  1857-62).  C.  J.  v.  Ilefele's  "  Concilien-Geschichte  nach 
den  Quellen  bcarbeitet"  (4  vols.,  Svo,  2d  ed.,  Freiburg,  1873-79, 
also  in  Eng.  transl.).  Gerhard  Uhlhorn's  "The  Conflict  of  Chris- 
tianity with  Heathenism"  (transl.  from  the  3d  Germ,  cd.,  12mo, 
New  York,  1879)  is  an  excellent  little  book.  Of  the  history  of  the 
Church  a  very  complete  and  admirable  bibliography  is  given  as 
an  appendix  in  Fisher's  "History  of  the  Christian  Church." 

J.  Burckhardt's  "Die  Zeit  Constantins  des  Grossen"  (Svo,  2tc 
Aufl.,  Leipzig,  1880)  is  a  very  important  authority.  On  Moham- 
medanism the  three  works  of  W.  Muir  are  important,  viz.,  "An- 
nals of  the  Early  Caliphates,  from  Original  Sources"  (Svo,  London, 
1883),  "The  Rise  and  Decline  of  I  shun  "  (8vo,  London,  1883), 
and  "  Tiie  Life  of  Mahomet,  with  Introductory  Chapters  on  the 
Original  Sources"  (4  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1858-61).    Also  in  Eng 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  199 

lisli,  F.  Neale's  "  Rise  and  Progress  of  Islam  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1854),  J.  M.  Arnold's  "Islam:  its  History,  Character,  and 
Relation  to  Christianity"  (3d  ed.,  8vo,  London,  1874),  J.  W.  N. 
Stobart's  "Islam  and  its  Founder"  (8vo,  London,  1877),  E.  A. 
Freeman's  "History  and  Conquests  of  the  Saracens"  (12mo,  2d 
ed.,  London,  1876),  Bosvvorth-Smith's  "Mohammed  and  Moham- 
medanism" (2d  ed.,  8vo,  London,  1870).  Much  better,  however, 
are  Sedillot's  "  Ilistoire  generale  des  Arabes,  leur  Empire,  leur  Civ- 
ilisation, leurs  Ecoles  Philosophiques,  Scientitiqnes  et  Litteraires" 
(2  vols.,  8vo,  2d  ed.,  Paris,  1877),  and  Gustav  Fliigel's  "  Geschichte 
der  Araber  bis  auf  den  Stnrz  des  Califats  von  Bagdad  "  (2te  ura- 
gearb.  u.  verm.  Aufl.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1867),  A.  Sprenger's  "  Das  Le- 
ben  und  die  Lehre  des  Mohammed  "  (2tc  Aufl.,  3  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin, 
1861-69),  A.  Miiller's  "Der  Islam  im  Morgen-  und  Abendland" 
(8vo,  Berlin,  1885).  The  three  works  of  G,  Weil  are  old,  but 
still  have  some  importance,  viz.,  "Mohammed  der  Prophet"  (8vo, 
Stuttgart,  1843),  "Geschichte  der  Califcn"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Mannheim, 
1846-51),  "Geschichte  der  islamitischen  Volker "  (8vo,  Stuttgart, 
1866).  R.  Dozy's  "  Essai  sur  Tllistoire  d'Islamisme  "  (8vo,  Paris, 
1879). 

P.  v.  Roth's  "Feudalitiit  und  Unterthanenverband,"  together  with 
the  same  author's  "  Beneficialwesen,"  may  be  cited  as  still  of  im- 
portance. B.  Kugler's  "  Ges.  der  Kreuzziige  mit  Illustrationen  u. 
Karten"  (8vo,  Berlin,  1880);  H.  Prutz's  "Kulturgeschichtc  der 
Kreuzziige"  (8vo,  Berlin,  1883);  Henne-am-Rhyn,  "Die  Kreuz- 
ziige und  die  Kultur  ihrer  Zeit"  (2te  Aufl.,  4to,  Leipzig,  1886); 
Choiseul  -  d'Aillecourt's  "  De  I'lnfluence  des  Croissades  "  (8vo, 
Paris,  1809)  ;  E.  Pears's  "  The  Fall  of  Constantinople  :  being  the 
Story  of  the  Fourth  Crusade  "  (8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1886). 
W.  Heyd's  "  Ilistoire  du  Commerce  du  Levant  au  Moyen  Age  "  (2 
vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1885-86)  is  much  enlarged  and  improved 
in  the  Frencli  edition.  R.  C.  Trench's  "Lectures  on  Median-a! 
Church  History  "  (8vo,  London,  1877)  is  very  valuable  and  very  in- 
teresting. C.  A.  Hase's  "Kirchengeschichte"  (lite  Aufl.,  8vo, 
Leipzig,  1886)  is  one  of  the  most  compact  and  useful  of  the  Ger- 
man manuals.  J.  H.  Kurtz's  "  Lehrbuch  der  Kirchengeschichte 
fiir  Studierende"  (2  vols.,  9th  ed.,  2  vols,  in  4  pts.,  Leipzig,  18S5). 
J.  Schcible's  "  Das  Kloster,"  "  Das  Schaltjahr,"  "  Dor  Schatzgrii- 
ber"  (25  vols.,  Stuttgart,  1845-49)  continue  to  be  an  inexhaustible 


200  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

but  chaotic  mine  of  erudition.  Adolf  Ebert's  "  Allgemeine  Gc- 
schichte  der  Literatur  des  Mittelalters  im  Abendlande  "  (3  vols., 
8vo,  Leipzig,  1874-87)  is  the  most  thorough  and  satisfactory  of  all 
works  on  the  subject.  Sir  Kenelm  Digby's  "  Mores  Catholici ; 
or  the  Ages  of  Faith,"  is  a  work  of  remarkable  erudition,  and  is 
in  sharp  contrast  with  the  hasty  generalizations  of  Lecky.  R.  B. 
Vaughan's  "  Life  and  Labors  of  St.  Thomas  of  Aquin  "  (2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1881)  is  of  much  importance  in  regard  to  the  early 
history  of  scholasticism.  S.  R.  Maitland's  "  The  Dark  Ages  ;  State 
of  Religion  from  the  Ninth  to  the  Twelfth  Century"  (8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1853)  is  a  delightful  book  tnat  tends  to  sweep  away  much 
narrow-mindedness.  The  Rev.  Joseph  Berington's  "  The  Literary 
History  of  the  Middle  Ages"  (8vo,  London,  1846)  is  a  conven- 
ient but  not  very  meritorious  work,  the  first  edition  of  which  ap- 
peared in  1814.  H.  Clark's  "Concise  History  of  Knighthood" 
contains  the  religious  and  military  orders  which  have  been  insti- 
tuted in  Europe  (2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1884).  Christoph  Meiners's 
"Historische  Vergleichung  der  Sitten,  Verfassungen,  u.  s.  w.,  des 
Mittelalters  mit  denen  unseres  Jahrhundcrts"  (3  vols.,  12mo,  Han- 
nover, 1794).  A.  H.  L.  Heeren's  "Geschichte  der  classischen 
Literatur  im  Mittelalter"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Gottingen,  1822)  forms 
Parts  IV.  and  V.  of  Heeren's  works.  Alphonse  Wauters's  "Les 
Libertes  Communales,  Essai  sur  Icur  Origine,"  etc.  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
Bruxelles,  1878)  is  of  much  importance.  Paul  Fournier's  "Les 
Officialites  au  Moyen  Age  "  (8vo,  Paris,  18S0)  is  an  important  vol- 
ume having  to  do  chiefly  with  the  ecclesiastical  tribunals  in  France 
from  1180  to  1328.  A.  Schultz's  "Das  hofische  Leben  zur  Zeit 
der  Minnesiinger"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1879-80)  is  an  admira- 
ble work  with  plentiful  illustrations.  A.  Giry's  "  Etudes  sur  les 
Institutions  municipales"  has  to  do  chiefly  with  Saint-Omer,  but 
is  an  important  contribution  to  the  history  of  municipal  institu- 
tions before  the  fourteenth  century.  H.  Renter's  "  Geschichte 
der  religiijsen  Aufkliirung  im  Mittelalter"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin, 
1875-77)  is  one  of  the  ablest  histories  of  rationalism.  E.  Miintz's 
"Les  Precurscurs  de  la  Renaissance"  (4to,  Paris,  1881)  and  F. 
Schultze's  "Geschichte  der  Philosophie  der  Renaissance"  (8vo, 
Jena,  1874)  are  also  of  value. 

Many  of  the  most  important  recent  authorities  on  the  Middle 
Ages  are  referred  to  or  described  in  the  chapters  on  Germany, 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  MIDDLE  AGES.  201 

France,  Italy,  and  England.  A  very  considerable  number,  how- 
ever, relate  to  the  general  condition  of  society  between  the  third 
and  the  fifteenth  centuries  of  our  era.  Of  these  the  following 
are  worthy  of  note, 

Ulysse  Chevalier's  "  Repertoire  des  Sources  Historiques  du 
Moyen  Age"  (8vo,  Paris,  1877-86)  was  issued  in  parts,  but  is  now 
completed,  and  is  unquestionably  the  most  valuable  of  all  books 
to  guide  the  student  in  the  study  of  the  historical  authorities. 
Its  most  noteworthy  characteristic  is  the  fulness  of  the  biblio- 
graphical notes  on  each  author  and  subject.  With  the  help  of 
the  book  in  a  good  library,  it  will  be  possible  to  learn  for  the 
most  part  what  has  been  said  about  any  one  mediaeval  author. 
Smith  and  Wace's  "  Dictionary  of  Christian  Biography,  Literature, 
Society,  and  Doctrines  during  the  first  Eight  Centuries"  (4  vols., 
large  8vo,  London,  1880-87)  was  prepared  by  the  most  eminent 
scholars  in  Great  Britain,  and  is  of  great  value.  Jules  Quicherat's 
"Melanges  d'Archeologie  et  d'Histoire"  (2  vols.,  gr.  8vo,  Paris, 
1885)  is  an  invaluable  collection  of  archaeological  materials  on 
the  Middle  Ages.  Hermann  Oesterley's  "  Wegweiser  durch  die 
Literatur  der  Urkundensammlungen"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1885- 
86)  attempts  to  do  for  historical  documents  what  Potthast  has 
done  for  the  chronicles  and  biographies.  Vol.  I.  pertains  to  Ger- 
many ;  Vol.  II.  to  France,  Italy,  Great  Britain,  Scandinavia,  Iberia, 
Hungary,  etc.  Henne-am-Rhyn's  "  Allgcmeine  Kulturgcschichte  " 
(6  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1877)  is  one  of  the  latest  and  most  valu- 
able works  on  the  development  of  civilization. 

E.  Emerton's  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  the  Middle  Ages" 
{12mo,  Boston,  1888)  will  be  found  a  most  valuable  guide  for  the 
student.  It  is,  however,  limited  to  the  period  before  the  death  of 
Charlemagne.  Passmann's  "  Geschichte  der  Volkerwanderung" 
(2  vols.,  8vo,  Gotha,  1863-64)  and  Wietersheim's  "Geschichte 
der  Volkerwanderung,"  though  scholarly  works,  have  been  largely 
supplemented  or  superseded  by  the  later  investigations  of  Dahn 
and  of  Schultze.  Victor  Schultze's  "  Geschicht'e  des  TJntcrganges 
des  griechisch-romanischen  Heidenthums  "  (  8vo,  Jena,  1887) 
promises  to  be  of  much  importance. 

E.  Bourgeois's  "  Le  Capitulaire  de  Kiersy-sur-Oise  (877): 
fitude  sur  I'Etat  et  le  Regime  Politique  de  la  Societe  Carolin- 
gienne  a  la  fin  du   IX*^  Siecle"   (8vo,  Paris,  1885)  touches  all 


202  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  important  questions  of  the  history  of  the  ninth  century,  and 
is  one  of  the  most  noteworthy  of  recent  books  on  the  Middle 
Ages.  IT.  C.  Lea's  "  History  of  tlie  Inquisition  of  the  Middle 
A.o-es"  (Svo,  New  York,  1886-88)  is  a  remarkable  example  of 
erudition  and  good  judgment,  and  is  by  far  the  most  important 
authority  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats. 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  203 


Chapter   YII. 

HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES. 

I.   GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Arnold,  Thomas.  —  Introductory  Lectures  on  Modern  History. 
With  a  Preface  and  Notes  written  by  Professor  Ilenry  Keed. 
12mo,  New  York,  1847.     6th  ed.,  London,  1874. 

These  eiglit  lectures,  thoug-h  forming  Dr.  Arnold's  Inaugural 
Course  at  the  University  of  Oxford,  were  prepared  and  delivered 
in  the  last  year  of  the  author's  life,  and,  consequently,  were  the 
ripe  fruit  of  a  profound  scholarship.  The  author's  object  was 
not  to  impart  historical  knowledge,  but  rather  to  awaken  a  great- 
er interest  in  the  study  of  history.  The  first  lecture  is  devoted 
to  a  definition  of  history  in  general,  and  of  modern  history  in  par- 
ticular ;  while  the  body  of  the  work  is  an  expansion  of  these  defi- 
nitions, and  a  description  of  the  proper  manner  of  studying  the 
external  and  the  internal  life  of  nations. 

The  value  of  the  book  is  considerably  increased,  by  the  schol- 
arly notes  of  Professor  Reed. 


Browning',  Oscar.  —  Historical  Hand  -  books.  Edited  by  Oscar 
Browning.  Now  in  course  of  publication.  Crown  8vo  and 
16mo,  London  and  Philadelphia. 

This  series,  in  purpose,  is  not  very  unlike  that  edited  by  Mr. 
Morris,  and  known  as  the  "  Epochs  of  History." 

Volumes  on  the  following  subjects,  several  of  which  have  al- 
ready appeared,  while  others  are  announced  as  either  in  press  or 
in  a  state  of  preparation,  are  to  form  the  series : 


204  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

"  History  of  English  Institutions,"  by  Philip  V.  Smith  ;  "  His- 
tory of  French  Literature,"  by  M.  Demogeot ;  "  The  Roman  Em- 
pire," by  A.  M.  Curteis;  "History  of  Modern  English  Law,"  by 
Sir  R,  K.  Wilson  ;  "  English  History  in  the  Fourteenth  Century," 
by  Charles  H.  Pearson ;  "  The  Great  Rebellion,"  by  Oscar  Brown- 
ing; "History  of  the  French  Revolution,"  by  Rev.  Frank  Bright; 
"  The  Age  of  Chatham,"  by  Sir  W.  R.  Anson ;  "  The  Age  of 
Pitt,"  by  Sir  W.R.  Anson;  "The  Reign  of  Louis  XL,"  by  F. 
Willert ;  "  The  Supremacy  of  Athens,"  by  R.  C.  Jebb ;  "  The  Ro- 
man Revolution,"  by  H.  F.  Pelham ;  "  History  of  the  United 
States,"  by  Sir  George  Young. 

Of  the  volumes  that  have  appeared,  those  of  Smith  and  Curteis 
are  most  noteworthy. 


Duruy,  Victor.  —  Histoire   des  Temps   Modernes,  depuis   1453 
jusqu'a  1789.     12mo,  Paris,  Vth  ed.,  1875. 

This  excellent  book  was  prepared  by  one  of  the  most  eminent 
and  skilful  of  modern  French  historical  writers.  It  shows  the 
same  general  characteristics  as  the  author's  "  Histoire  du  Moyen 
Age."  It  is  compact,  accurate,  and  interesting.  Its  great  popu- 
larity in  France  is  fully  deserved ;  and  it  is  doubtful  whether  any 
other  single  volume  on  the  period  of  which  it  treats  can  be  of  so 
much  value  to  the  student. 


Dyer,  Thomas  Henry. — The  History  of  Modern  Europe  from  the 
Fall  of  Constantinople  to  the  Close  of  the  War  in  the  Crimea. 
5  vols.,  8vo,  London,  revised  edition,  1878. 

The  value  of  this  work  is  in  the  fact  that  it  is  compactly  writ- 
ten and  is  made  easy  of  consultation  by  full  tables  of  contents 
and  an  excellent  index.  Its  statements  of  fact  are  generally  accu- 
rate, but  its  style  is  heavy  and  unattractive.  On  account  of  the 
author's  lack  of  skill  in  narration,  few  readers  will  have  the  intel- 
lectual energy  to  read  the  book  from  beginning  to  end.  As  a 
work  of  reference,  especially  in  libraries  scantily  provided  with 
books  on  special  subjects,  it  is  of  great  value. 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  205 

Heeren,  A.  H.  L. — Vermischtc  historische  Schriftcn.     3  vols.,  Got- 
tino-eii,  1821-24. 

The  great  ability  of  Heeren  nowhere  appeared  to  better  advan- 
tage than  in  the  essays  and  dissertations  which  form  the  first 
three  volumes  of  his  collected  works.  Several  of  them,  on  sub- 
jects of  great  difficulty,  had  the  lionor  of  winning  prizes  offered 
by  various  learned  societies. 

The  following  are  the  most  important :  "  Entvvickelung  der 
politiscLcn  Folgen  der  Reformation  fiir  Europa ;"  "  Versucb  einer 
historisclien  Entwickelung  der  Entstehung  und  des  Wachsthums 
des  britisclien  Continental-Interesses;"  "  Ueber  die  Entstehung, 
die  Ausbildung,  und  den  practischen  Einfluss  der  politischen 
Theorien  und  die  Erhaltung  des  nionarchischen  Princips  in  dem 
neueren  Europa ;"  "  Versuch  einer  Entwickelung  der  Kreuzziige 
fiir  Europa ;"  and  "  Ueber  den  Einfluss  der  Normannen  auf  fran- 
zijsische  Sprache  und  Literatur." 

The  essay  on  the  Crusades,  at  the  time  of  its  appearance,  was 
greatly  admired  for  its  breadth  of  judgment  and  the  comprehen- 
siveness of  its  learning.  A  translation  of  it  into  French,  by  Ch. 
Villers,  was  published  at  Paris  as  an  octavo  volume  in  1808. 


Heeren,  A.  H.  L. — A  Manual  of  the  History  of  the  Political  Sys- 
tern  of  Europe  and  of  its  Colonies,  from  its  Formation  at  the 
Close  of  the  Fifteenth  Century  to  its  Re-establishment  upon  the 
Fall  of  Napoleon.  Translated  from  the  fifth  German  edition. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  Oxford,  1834  ;  and  London  (Bohn),  1860. 

A  work  written  in  the  midst  of  the  turbulence  occasioned  in 
Westphalia  by  the  Napoleonic  wars.  But  on  its  first  appearance 
in  1809  its  importance  was  at  once  recognized,  and  it  was  very 
soon  translated  into  all  the  more  prominent  languages  of  Europe. 
It  was  several  times  revised,  and  the  edition  of  1830,  the  one  from 
which  the  Oxford  translation  was  made,  embodied  such  correc- 
tions and  improvements  as  had  been  suggested  by  critics  and  re- 
viewers. Its  great  importance  has  not  been  essentially  dimin- 
ished by  any  subsequent  publication.     Of  course  its  references  to 


206  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

authorities  cannot  Include  tlie  important  histories  written  within 
the  last  fifty  years.  It  also  suffers  the  great  disadvantage  of  hav- 
ing been  prepared  before  the  international  relations  of  Europe  had 
been  subjected  to  the  incomparable  scrutiny  of  Ranke.  But 
though  Kanke  has  treated  the  relations  of  individual  countries 
and  governments  with  clearer  insight,  he  has  nowhere  given  so 
general  and  systematic  a  view  as  that  of  Ileeren.  For  the  study 
of  Europe  since  the  Reformation  these  volumes  are  still  among 
the  most  valuable  in  our  language. 


Heeren,  A.  H.  L. — Historical  Treatises:  The  Political  Conse- 
quences of  the  Reformation  ;  The  Rise,  Progress,  and  Practical 
Influence  of  Political  Theories;  The  Rise  and  Growth  of  the 
Continental  Interests  of  Great  Britain.  8vo,  Oxford,  1836.-  and 
London  (Bohn),  1860. 

The  titles  of  these  essays  and  the  great  reputation  of  the  au- 
thor are  enough  to  attract  the  attention  of  the  scholar;  nor  will 
the  expectations  raised  be  disappointed.  The  generalizations  are 
of  the  broadest,  but  they  are  founded  on  the  basis  of  a  very  ex- 
tensive knowledge.  It  was  in  discussion  of  this  kind  that  Heeren 
was  at  his  best.  These  treatises  were  written  in  the  early  part  of 
the  present  century,  but  they  are  still  entitled  to  the  thoughtful 
attention  of  the  historical  student. 


Heeren,  A.  H.  L.,  und  Ukert,  F.  — Geschichte  der  europaischen 
Staatcu.    105  vols.,  including  3  indexes,  8vo,  Hamburg,  1829-88. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  of  the  several  collections  of  historical 
works  issued  in  Germany  in  the  course  of  the  present  century. 
The  .several  productions  forming  the  series  are  prepared  by 
writers  judiciously  selected  by  the  editors,  and,  in  several  instances 
at  least,  they  arc  the  most  inipcutant  histories  yet  published  of 
the  countries  of  which  they  respectively  treat. 

Tlic  list  of  the  works,  of  which  brief  descriptions  will  generally 
be  found   under  the  appropriate   licads,  is  as  follows:  Mailath's 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  207 

"  Gesclilchtc  dcr  Magyaren,"  5  vols. ;  Bottiger's  "  Sachscn,"  2 
vols.  ;  Dalilmann's  "  Danemark,"  3  vols. ;  Geijer  nnd  Carlsson's 
"  Schvveden,"  5  vols. ;  Kampen's  "  Niederliinde,"  2  vols. ;  Lappen- 
bcrg  iind  Pauli's  "  England,"  5  vols. ;  Lembke  iind  Scliafcr's 
"Spanien,"  3  vols.;  Leo's  "Italien,"  5  vols.;  Mailath's  "  Oestcr- 
reich,"  5  vols. ;  Pfister  iind  Billow's  "Geschichte  der  Tcutsclien," 
6  vols. ;  Ropel  und  Caro's  "  Bolen,"  3  vols. ;  Schiifer's  "  Portu- 
gal," 5  vols. ;  Schmidt's  "  Frankreich,"  4  vols. ;  Stenzel's  "  Prens- 
sen,"  5  vols. ;  Stralil  und  Hermann's  "  Russland,"  G  vols. ;  Wachs- 
muth's  "  Revolutions  -  Gescliichte  Frankreichs,"  4  vols. ;  Zinkei- 
sen's  "  Gescliichte  des  osmanischen  Reichs  in  Europa,"  7  vols. ; 
Hcrtzberg's  "  Gescliichte  Griechenland's,"  3  vols. ;  Riezler's  "  Gc- 
schichte  Baiern's,"  2  vols. ;  Brosch's  "  Geschichte  des  Kirchen- 
staates,"  2  vols. ;  Schirrmacher's  "  Geschichte  von  Spanien,"  4 
vols. ;  Reimann's  "  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staats,"  vols,  i.,  ii. ; 
Stalin's  "  Geschichte  Wiirtemberg's,"  vol.  i. ;  Dahn's  "  Geschichte 
der  deutschen  Urzeit,"  vol.  i.  ;  Dove's  "  Zeitalter  Friedrich  des 
Grossen,"  vol.  i. ;  Wenzelburger's  "  Geschichte  dcr  Niederlande," 
2  vols. 


Lord,  John. — A  Modern  History  from  the  Time  of  Luther  to  the 
Fall  of  Napoleon.  For  the  Use  of  Schools  and  Colleges.  8vo, 
Philadelphia,  1860. 


Michelet,  Jules.— Modern  History.  Translated  and  Continued  to 
the  Present  Time  by  M.  C.  AI.  Stimson.  12mo,  London  and 
New  York,  1875. 

Michelet  was  a  monarchist,  a  Roman  Catholic,  and  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  historical  writers  of  his  day.  The  work  is  gener- 
ally accurate,  and,  on  the  whole,  has  many  merits.  Its  fault  is 
that  its  author  was  a  sentimentalist,  and  was  so  fond  of  soaring 
that  it  was  never  quite  easy  for  him  to  keep  his  feet  on  the  solid 
earth.  The  book  has  the  further  fault  of  abounding  in  allusions 
too  obscure  for  the  intelligence  of  common  readers.  For  any 
person  whose  greatest  dread  is  a  dread  of  dulncss,  the  work  is  the 
best  on  the  subject. 


208  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

MorriSj  Edward  E. — Epochs  of  History.  Edited  by  Edward  E. 
Morris.  Many  volumes,  the  number  of  wliich  is  still  increas- 
ing.     16rao,  London  and  New  York. 

A  series  of  concise  and  carefully  prepared  volumes  on  special 
eras  of  history.  Each  is  devoted  to  a  group  of  events  of  such 
importance  as  to  entitle  it  to  be  regarded  as  an  epoch.  Each  is 
also  complete  in  itself,  and  has  no  especial  connection  with  the 
other  members  of  the  scries.  The  works  are  all  written  by  au- 
thors selected  by  the  editor  on  account  of  some  especial  qualifica- 
tions for  a  portrayal  of  the  period  they  respectively  describe.  The 
volumes  form  an  excellent  collection,  especially  adapted  to  the 
wants  of  a  general  reader. 

The  series  at  present  consists  of  volumes  on  the  following  sub- 
jects :  "  The  Era  of  the  Protestant  Revolution,"  by  F.  Seebohm ; 
"  The  Crusades,"  by  Rev.  G.  W.  Cox  ;  "  The  Thirty  Years'  War," 
by  S.  R.  Gardiner ;  "  The  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York,  with 
the  Conquest  and  Loss  of  France,"  by  James  Gairdner;  "The  Age 
of  Elizabeth,"  by  Rev.  M.  Creighton  ;  "  The  Fall  of  the  Stuarts 
and  Western  Europe,"  by  Rev.  E.  Hale ;  "  The  Puritan  Revolu- 
tion," by  S.  R.  Gardiner  ;  "  The  Early  Plantagenets,"  by  Professor 
W.  Stubbs;  "The  Beginning  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  by  R.  W. 
Church;  "The  Normans  and  the  Feudal  System  in  Europe,"  by 
A.  H.  Johnson  ;  "  Edward  the  Third,"  by  Rev.  W.  Warburton'; 
"  The  Age  of  Anne,"  by  Edward  E.  Morris ;  "  Frederick  the  Great," 
by  F.  M.  Longman.  The  volume  on  "  The  French  Revolution,"  by 
William  O'Connor  Morris,  was  not  accepted  by  the  English  editor, 
but  is  published  in  New  York  as  a  part  of  the  series  in  this  coun- 
try.    The  work  has  a  valuable  appendix,  prepared  by  President  A. 

D.  White,  entitled  "  An  Abridged  Bibliography  of  the  French  Rev- 
olution."    The  latest  additions  arc  "The  Early  Hanoverians,"  by 

E.  E.  Morris ;  and  "  The  Epoch  of  Reform,"  by  Justin  McCarthy. 


Priestley,  Joseph. — Lectures  on  History  and  General  Policy.     2 
vols.,  bvo,  London,  1793. 

These  lectures  were  delivered  to  a  class  of  lads,  not  so  much  for 
the  purpose  of  teaching  them  history  as  for  the  purpose  of  show- 
ing them  the  value  of  it,  and  how  to  study  it.     The  form  of  the 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  209 

lectures  is  quaint,  but  their  value  is  still  very  considerable.  They 
abound  in  interesting  practical  suggestions  and  in  scraps  of  the 
most  curious  information.  Many  of  the  books  that  the  author 
recommends  are  no  longer  of  much  value ;  but,  with  some  abate- 
ment of  this  kind,  the  lectures  may  still  be  read  with  real  profit. 


Russell,  Dr. William. — The  History  of  Modern  Europe;  with  a 
View  of  the  Progress  of  Society  from  the  Rise  of  the  Modern 
Kingdoms  to  the  Peace  of  Paris  in  1763,  and  a  Continuation 
of  the  History  to  the  Present  Time,  by  William  .Tones.  With 
Annotations  by  an  American.     3  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1857. 

A  reprint  of  an  old  book,  and  one  of  not  very  great  intrinsic 
value.  It  is  in  the  form  of  letters  written  by  a  good  grandfather 
to  a  good  grandson.  It  has  a  goodish  flavor  that  interferes  some- 
what with  the  enjoyment,  if  not  the  profit,  of  the  reader  of  robust 
intelligence.  But  it  is  genei*ally  accurate  and  judicious ;  indeed, 
is  considerably  better  than  it  seems.  There  are  many  better 
books  on  the  subject  in  French  and  German,  but  not  many  in 
English ;  hence  it  is  worthy  of  note. 


Smyth,  Dr.  William. — Lectures  on  Modern  History,  from  the  Ir- 
ruption of  the  Northern  Nations  to  the  Close  of  the  American 
Revolution.  Third  American  edition,  revised  and  corrected, 
with  Additions,  including  a  List  of  Books  on  American  History, 
by  Jared  Sparks.     8vo,  Boston,  1856. 

The  course  of  lectures  embodied  in  this  volume  was  delivered 
early  in  the  present  century  by  the  professor  of  history  at  the 
University  of  Cambridge. 

The  purpose  of  the  lectures  was  not  so  much  to  teach  history 
as  to  teach  how  and  what  to  read  in  order  to  become  successful 
historical  students.  The  lectures  were  well  adapted  to  their  pur- 
pose. They  may  be  described  as  comments  on  various  authors, 
rather  than  as  descriptions  of  events.  Though  age  has  somewhat 
diminished  the  usefulness  of  the  book,  yet  the  student  will  still 

U 


210  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

find  in  it  much  that  is  of  permanent  value.  Especially  worthy 
of  note  are  the  commentaries  of  the  author  on  the  sources  of  his- 
tory, such  as  memoirs  and  original  documents. 


Yonge,  Charles  Duke.  —  Three   Centuries    of   Modern   History. 
12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1878. 

In  this  volume,  Professor  Yonge,  of  Queen's  College,  Belfast, 
has  produced  a  text-book  of  considerable  merit  and  of  serious 
faults.  The  narrative  is  usually  accurate,  and  the  author  has 
made  use  of  abundant  and  well-selected  materials.  But  while  the 
book  imparts  to  the  student  much  information,  it  does  not  tend 
to  inspire  him  with  any  additional  zeal  for  his  work.  The  au- 
thor's style  is  involved  and  awkward ;  the  general  arrangement  of 
the  material  is  unskilful ;  the  proof-reading  was  careless ;  and  the 
book  gives  too  great  prominence  to  many  unimportant  events. 
But,  in  spite  of  these  faults,  it  is  perhaps  one  of  the  best  single 
volumes  on  the  period  we  have  in  English. 


II.   IIISTOKIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

D'Aubigne,  J.  H.  Merle. — History  of  the  Great  Reformation  of 
the  Sixteenth  Century  in  Germany,  Switzerland,  etc.  5  vols., 
12mo,  New  York,  1846;  and  many  subsequent  editions. 

This  can  hardly  be  called  a  standard  history  of  the  Reforma- 
tion, and  yet  it  is  probably  more  used  by  Protestant  readers  than 
all  other  histories  of  the  Reformation  combined.  The  causes  of 
the  great  popularity  of  the  work  are  the  grace  and  spirit  of  the  au- 
thor's style,  the  enthusiastic  I'rotestantism  of  his  belief,  and  the 
great  skill  with  which  he  has  marshalled  his  evidence. 

D'Aubigne's  dislike  of  the  Catholic  Church  amounted  to  ha- 
tred and  abhorrence.  Though  he  probably  made  an  lionest  en- 
deavor to  be  judicious  in  his  treatment  of  it,  it  was  not  in  his  nat- 
ure to  succeed.      The  work,  therefore,  can  never  be  relied  upon 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  211 

by  a  student  as  ultimate  autliority,  or  even  as  a  safe  guide.  It  is 
simply  one  side  of  a  great  question,  presented  with  great  power 
by  a  skilful  and  brilliant  advocate.  As  a  specimen  of  historical 
pleading  it  has  unsurpassed  merits.  But  no  judgment  should  bo 
rendered  until  the  other  side  has  been  heard.  Bishop  Spalding's 
work  on  the  same  period  may  well  be  examined  in  connection 
with  it. 


D'Aubign^,  J.  H.  Merle. — History  of  the  Reformation  in  Europe 
in  the  Time  of  Calvin.  8  vols.,  12rao,  New  York;  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1864-78. 

This  may  be  considered  as  a  continuation  of  the  author's  "  His- 
tory of  the  Reformation  in  the  Time  of  Luther."  It  partakes  of 
the  same  general  characteristics  as  its  predecessor.  Li  style  it  is 
graphic  and  eloquent ;  in  faith  it  is  ardent  and  one-sided.  Ear- 
nest and  devoted  Protestants  will  find  nothing  in  it  to  weaken 
their  faith,  but  probably  raucli  to  strengthen  it.  The  author 
writes  what  a  majority  of  his  readers  will  be  glad  to  read.  These 
characteristics  make  it  certain  that  the  popularity  of  the  work 
will  always  exceed  its  merits. 


Dollinger,  J.  J. — Die  Reformation,  ihre  innere  Entwickelung  und 
ihre  Wirkungen  im  Umfange  des  lutherischen  Bekentnisses. 
3  vols.,  8vo,  Regensburg,  1846-48. 

This  is  probably  the  most  able  and  most  judicious  of  all  works 
on  the  Reformation,  from  a  Roman  Catholic  point  of  view.  While 
the  author  is  an  energetic  opponent  of  Protestantism,  he  does  not 
hesitate  to  assail  vigorously  the  prevalent  immoralities  of  the 
Church. 

The  work  was  translated  into  French  by  Emile  Perrot,  and  was 
published  in  Paris,  3  vols,,  1847-51.  But  no  translation  of  the 
work  into  English  has  been  made. 


212  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Seebohm,  Frederic— The  Era  of  the  Protestant  Revolution.  Sec- 
ond edition,  with  Notes  on  Books  in  English  relating  to  the 
Reformation,  by  George  P.  Fisher.     16mo,  New  York,  1875. 

This  volume  belongs  to  the  series  published  under  the  general 
title  of  "  Epochs  of  History."  It  is  not  one  of  the  best  of  the 
series,  but  it  is  a  convenient  and  popular  summary  of  events  from 
the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century  to  near  its  close.  AVhile 
the  author  holds  that  the  Protestant  Revolution  was  but  the  be- 
ginning of  the  great  wave  which  broke  over  Europe  at  the  time 
of  the  French  Revolution,  he  limits  his  discussion  to  the  influence 
of  the  events  of  the  sixteenth  century.  The  book  is  less  compre- 
hensive in  scope,  and  less  able  in  manner  of  treatment,  than  the 
work  of  Hausser. 


Fisher,  George  P. — The  Reformation.     Svo,  New  York,  1873. 

A  thorough  piece  of  literary  work,  the  result  of  many  years  of 
study.  The  most  distinct  characteristic  of  the  volume  is  the  at- 
tempt on  the  part  of  the  author  to  interweave  with  the  account 
of  religious  and  theological  affairs  such  secular  and  political 
events  as  had  an  important  influence  in  shaping  the  great  move- 
ment. The  history  of  theological  doctrine  has  received  very  ade- 
quate treatment — perhaps  somewhat  fuller  treatment  than  a  lay- 
man would  have  desired.  If  this  history  is  not  the  best  single 
volume  on  the  Reformation  for  the  use  of  a  student,  its  value  is 
exceeded  only  by  that  of  Hausser. 


Fischer,  Karl. — Gcschichte  der  auswiirtigen  Politik  und  Diplo- 
matic im  Reformationszeitalter,  1485-155G.     Svo,  Gotha,  1874. 

An  interesting  sketch,  designed  to  present  in  strong  light  the 
various  external  and  political  influences  that  tended  to  shape  the 
course  of  the  lieformation. 

The  volume  is  divided  into  two  very  nearly  oijual  parts.  The 
first  is  devoted  to  describing  external  relations ;  the  second,  to 


HISTORIES  OF  MODEKN  TIMES.  213 

giving  an  account  of  the  various  efforts  that  were  made  to  change 
those  relations  by  diploniatic  means  and  methods. 

The  sources  appear  to  have  been  industriously  studied,  though 
very  fe\y  references  are  given.     The  style  is  easy  and  agreeable. 


Hausser,  Ludwig.— The  Period  of  the  Reformation.     1517-1648. 
12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1874. 

A  course  of  fifty  lectures  by  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  popu- 
lar German  professors  of  history.  For  a  thoughtful  student  the 
work  is,  beyond  all  rivalry,  the  best  we  have  on  the  period  in  a 
single  volume.  The  author  has  made  full  use  of  the  researches  of 
Ranke  and  of  other  German  scholars,  and  has  embodied  the  re- 
sults of  these  researches  in  very  attractive  form.  Iliiusser  Avas  a 
conservative  Protestant,  and  his  work  is  entirely  free  from  every- 
thing of  a  controversial  nature.  The  most  distinguishing  merit 
of  the  book  is  the  great  skill  with  which  it  shows  the  intimate 
and  often  subtle  relations  of  political  with  religious  affairs.  This 
characteristic  is  notably  conspicuous  in  the  treatment  of  Philip 
11.  and  the  Netherlands,  and  also  in  the  treatment  of  the  Thirty 
Years'  War.  To  this  latter  subject,  so  difficult  in  itself,  eleven 
lectures  are  given,  which  for  insight,  clearness,  and  comprehensive- 
ness leave  little  to  be  desired.  The  student  will  probably  no- 
where else  find,  within  fifty  pages,  a  better  account  of  the  Thirty 
Years'  War,  and  of  the  peace  by  which  that  great  struggle  was 
concluded. 

The  work  also  gives  a  very  satisfactory  account  of  the  efforts 
at  reform  made  in  Spain,  Italy,  Switzerland,  and  Scandinavia,  as 
well  as  of  the  more  powerful  movement  in  England.  The  book 
ends  with  an  excellent  index. 


Hlibner,  Baron. — The  Life  and  Times  of  Sixtus  the  Fifth.  Trans- 
lated from  the  original  French  by  E.  J.  Jerningham.  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1872. 

When  Ranke  wrote  his  great  "  History  of  the  Popes,"  the  ar- 


214  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

chives  at  Simancas  had  not  yet  been  opened  to  the  inspection  of 
scholars ;  but  the  vast  treasures  of  that  collection  have  been  freely 
used  in  the  preparation  of  this  work  by  Baron  Hiibner.  He  has 
also  been  able  to  find  some  new  sources  of  information  in  Venice, 
Paris,  Vienna,  Florence,  and  the  Vatican.  These  have  enabled 
him  to  correct  a  few  errors  of  detail  into  which  Ranke  had  fallen. 
The  author  is  doubtless  much  more  perfectly  informed  of  the  de- 
tails of  the  life  of  Pope  Sixtus  than  was  his  great  German  prede- 
cessor ;  but  it  is  noteworthy  that  the  judgments  of  the  two  his- 
torians concerning  the  pope  are  not  essentially  unlike.  Hiibner 
writes  as  a  Roman  Catholic,  but  he  has  given  us  a  statesmanlike 
view  of  the  plans  and  achievements  of  the  great  pontifE  who  di- 
rected the  affairs  of  the  Church  during  much  of  the  time  of  Philip 
II.  and  Elizabeth.  The  efforts  of  the  pope  to  direct  the  Spanish 
king  and  to  restore  the  Roman  Catholic  faith  in  England  are 
well  described  ;  and  the  delineations  of  the  pope's  more  prominent 
contemporaries  add  much  to  the  interest  and  value  of  the  work. 
The  pope's  struggle  with  the  Jesuits  is  also  clearly  outlined.  The 
book  contains  admirable  pictures  of  social  life  in  the  sixteenth 
century. 


Praet,  J.  van.— Essays  on  the  Political  History  of  the  Fifteenth, 
Sixteenth,  and  Seventeenth  Centuries.  Edited  by  Sir  E.  Head. 
8vo,  London,  1868. 

Taken  as  a  whole,  these  essays  form  a  very  important  comment 
on  the  modern  history  of  Europe.  The  subjects  around  which 
the  author  has  grouped  his  thoughts  and  coiuments  are,  "  An  In- 
troduction;"  "  Charles  V.;"  "  Philip  II. ;"  "  William  the  Silent;" 
"Cardinal  Richelieu;"  "The  First  English  Revolution;"  and 
"William  HI." 

Van  Praet  was  for  thirty  years  member  of  the  liousehold  to  the 
late  King  of  the  Belgians ;  and  during  that  period  he  had  ample 
opportunities  for  observing  the  methods  of  monarchical  govern- 
ments. His  essays,  therefore,  aim  to  pn^sent  what  might  he  called 
an  interior  view  of  tlie  men  and  tiic  periods  of  which  they  treat. 
The  author  has  far  less  power  in  nari'ation  than  has  Macaulay 
or  even  Motlev  ;  but  while  the  more   famous  writers  have  sue- 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  215 

ceedcd  in  giving  tlie  reader  more  brilliant  pictures  of  their  heroes, 
Van  Praet  has  probably  painted  them  more  nearly  as  they  really 
were.  His  great  efiort  is  to  trace  the  real  springs  that  moved  the 
characters  he  deals  with,  and  to  find  in  them,  if  possible,  some 
explanation  of  tlie  turn  affairs  have  taken.  It  is  in  the  work  of 
critical  historical  portraiture  that  these  essays  excel. 

The  work  of  translation  is  but  indifferently  done.  There  are 
occasional  grammatical  errors,  and  the  French  idiom  is  but  im- 
perfectly concealed. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von. — The  History  of  the  Popes,  their  Church  and 
State,  and  especially  of  their  Conflicts  with  Protestantism  in 
the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries.  Translated  by  E. 
Foster.     3  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1840. 

First  published  as  early  as  1837,  this  great  work  did  more  than 
any  other  to  raise  its  author  to  that  supreme  rank  among  histori- 
ans which  he  has  now  long  enjoyed.  Professor  Ranke  is  a  Prot- 
estant, but  he  carries  forward  all  his  work  with  such  fairness  and 
impartiality  as  to  command  the  general,  if  not  even  the  entire, 
respect  of  his  religious  opponents.  The  work  is  founded  largely 
on  documents  still  in  manuscript,  and  lying  unedited  in  the  libra- 
ries of  Venice  and  Rome.  Selections  from  these  make  up  the 
whole  of  the  third  volume  of  the  work. 

As  a  portrayal  of  the  interior  policy  of  the  Church,  and  of  the 
course  that  led  to  the  reaction  against  the  Reformation,  these  vol- 
umes have  no  equal.  The  distinguishing  characteristic  of  Ranke 
is  the  deep  insight  with  which  he  penetrates  to  the  very  bottom 
of  affairs,  and  brings  the  causes  and  springs  of  action  into  the 
light.  It  is  for  this  reason  that  he  has  long  been  the  favorite  his- 
torian with  historians. 


Spalding,  M.  J.— History  of  the  Protestant  Reformation  in  Ger- 
many and  Switzerland ;  and  in  England,  Ireland,  Scotland,  the 
Netherlands,  France,  and  Northern  Europe.  Various  editions, 
8vo,  Baltimore  and  New  York,  1860. 

This  w^ork,  by  the  eminent  Catholic  archbishop  of  Baltimore, 


216  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

was  first  published  as  a  review  of  the  well-known  history  by  D'Au- 
bigne.  It  is  consequently  too  controversial  to  be  of  the  greatest 
historical  value,  but  it  is  scarcely  more  one-sided  than  the  work  of 
D'Aubigne,  and  it  is  perhaps  the  strongest  presentation  we  liave 
of  the  Catholic  side  of  the  Reformation.  It  is  successful  in  re- 
futing many  of  the  positions  taken  by  the  Protestant  historian. 


Raumer,  Frederick  von. — History  of  the  Sixteenth  and  Seven- 
teeth  Centuries,  Illustrated  by  Original  Documents.  Translated 
from  the  German.     2  vols.,  1 2 mo,  London,  1835. 

To  those  already  somewhat  familiar  with  the  centuries  of  Avhich 
these  volumes  treat,  the  presentation  of  Von  Raumer  is  of  nmch 
interest  and  value.  The  author,  Avhen  engaged  in  exploring  the 
archives  of  Paris  for  his  famous  "  History  of  the  Hohenstaufen," 
found  an  abundance  of  material  illustrating  the  events  of  the  cen- 
turies of  the  Reformation.  From  these  materials  he  has  made  up 
the  useful  volumes  before  us.  They  consist  in  part  of  extracts, 
and  in  part  of  abbreviated  accounts  of  important  state-papers. 
The  papers  examined  are  original  documents  Avritten  by  envoys 
and  others,  and  they  abound  in  curious  comments  on  the  events 
that  happened  under  the  writers'  observation. 

In  vol.  ii.,  letter  li.,  is  a  very  interesting  account  of  the  manners, 
customs,  and  characteristics  of  the  English  in  the  time  of  Edward 
VI.,  by  the  Florentine  Petruccio  Ubaldini.  In  the  same  volume 
letter  Ixi.  gives  also  a  good  account,  from  original  observers,  of 
the  manner  of  James  I.,  and  of  the  causes  of  the  rapid  decline 
of  that  monarch's  popularity. 


Gindely,  Anton. — Geschichtc  des  dreissigjiihrigen  Krieges.  2d 
cd.,  -.i  vols.,  Hvo,  Prague,  1884.  Also,"lIistory  of  the  Tliirty 
Years'  War,  translated  by  Andrew  Ten  Brook.  Complete  in 
2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1884. 

The  first  work,  if  it  were  ever  to  be  completed  on  the  scale 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  217 

begun,  would  transcend  in  importance  all  other  histories  of  tlie 
period.  But  the  author  apparently  despaired  of  finishing  the 
larger  history,  and  therefore  wrote  the  smaller  one,  the  translation 
of  which  is  by  far  the  best  account  of  the  war  we  have. 

Of  the  larger  work  no  volume  has  appeared  since  1880.  The 
mass  of  materials  is  so  enormous,  and  the  struggle  extended  over 
so  large  a  territory  and  was  so  far-reaching  in  its  interests  and 
results,  that  it  is  probable  the  magnitude  of  the  undertaking  will 
prove  too  great  for  a  single  author. 

The  first  two  volumes  are  devoted  to  the  first  year  of  the 
war,  and  Gindely  tells  us  that  the  second  volume  rests  on  the 
substantial  foundation  of  between  5000  and  6000  original  doc- 
uments. 


Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson. — The  Thirty  Years'  War,  1618-48. 
16mo,  London  and  New  York,  1874. 

The  history  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War  is  practically  yet  to  be 
written ;  but  as  a  brief  sketch  of  the  changing  events  of  that  stu- 
pendous conflict  this  account  is  unequalled.  The  chief  merit  of 
the  book  is  in  the  prominence  it  gives  to  the  great  turning-points 
of  the  war.  The  struggle  is  thus  invested  with  an  interest  that 
would  have  been  utterly  wanting  in  the  production  of  a  less  ac- 
complished literary  master.  Especially  noteworthy  is  the  account 
of  the  effects  and  results  of  the  war. 


Schiller,  Friedrich.— History  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  Trans- 
lated by  A.  J.  W.  Morrison.  Crown  8vo,  London,  1841 ;  12mo, 
New  York,  1846. 

For  nearly  a  century  this  history  has  enjoyed  the  reputation 
reflected  upon  it  by  the  name  of  the  author.  But  it  deserves 
to  have  a  place  in  the  history  of  literature  rather  than  in  the  lit- 
erature of  history.  Schiller  was  a  great  writer,  but  he  was  not  a 
great  historian.  The  work  may  still  be  read  in  the  original  as  an 
admirable  specimen  of  German  prose,  but  it  is  no  longer  of  any 
considerable  value  as  a  history.     The  little  book  of  Gardiner, 


218  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

or  the  few  lectures  on  the  war  in  Ilausser's  "  Period  of  the 
Reformation,"  will  give  a  far  more  adequate  idea  of  the  moment- 
ous conflict. 


Noorden,  Carl  von.  —  Europaische  Geschichte  im  achtzehnten 
Jahrhundert.  Erste  Abtheihing:  Der  spanische  Erbfolgekrieg. 
3  vols.,  Svo,  Diisseldorf,  1874-83. 

This  must  be  regarded  as  by  far  the  most  important  contribu- 
tion ever  made  to  our  knowledge  of  the  war  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession. It  rests  upon  a  very  thorough  study  of  the  original 
sources,  not  only  in  London  and  the  Hague,  but  also  in  Berlin 
and  Vienna.  Free  use  has  been  made  of  the  correspondence  of 
all  the  more  prominent  actors  in  the  events  under  consideration. 
Unfortunately,  the  author  did  not  gain  access  to  the  military  ar- 
chives of  France. 

Each  of  the  volumes  is  divided  into  five  books,  the  first  group 
tracing  the  origin  of  the  war,  and  its  progress  to  1704  ;  the  second 
havinir  to  do  with  the  great  events  between  that  year  and  the 
close  of  the  campaigns  of  1706. 

The  author  by  no  means  limits  himself  strictly  to  a  history  of 
the  war.  For  example,  in  the  beginning  of  the  second  volume  he 
gives  a  general  survey  of  the  governments  of  Denmark,  Poland, 
Sweden,  and  Russia;  and  portrays  with  great  skill  the  danger 
which  threatened  the  coalition  through  the  Godolphin-Marlbor- 
ough  ministry  in  England. 

Unfortunately  the  work  is  left  as  a  fragment  by  the  death  of 
the  author. 


Russell,  Lord  John. — History  of  the  Principal  States  of  Europe 
from  the  Peace  of  Utrecht.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1826. 

Though  published  anonymously,  this  work  was  soon  traced  to 
the  hand  of  Lord  John  Russell.  Strictly  speaking,  it  is  a  sketch 
of  only  about  ten  years — 1713-1723.  It  discusses  at  considera- 
ble length  the  treaty  by  which  the  great  war  of  the  Spanish  Suc- 
cession was  brought  to  a  close,  and  portrays  in  an  easy  way  the 
manners  prevailing  during  the  last  days  of  Louis  XIV. 


HISTORIES  OP  MODERN  TIMES.  219 

The  second  volume  gives  a  grapliic  picture  of  the  internal  gov- 
ernment of  France  during  the  Regency,  and  also  presents  a  num- 
ber of  very  curious  anecdotes  illustrative  of  society  while  the 
scheme  of  John  Law  was  monopolizing  attention. 

The  tliird  and  fourth  volumes,  with  which  the  author  intended 
to  bring  the  history  down  to  the  close  of  the  American  war,  never 
appeared. 


Schlosser,  F.  C. — History  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  and  of  the 
Nineteenth  till  the  Overthrow  of  the  French  Empire,  with  Par- 
ticular Reference  to  Mental  Cultivation  and  Progress.  Trans- 
lated, with  a  Preface  and  Notes,  by  D.  Davison,  M.A.  8  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1843-52. 

At  the  time  of  their  first  publication  in  Germany  these  volumes 
met  with  a  success  that  has  seldom  been  surpassed  by  any  histor- 
ical production  of  similar  magnitude.  The  author's  "Universal 
History,"  in  nineteen  volumes,  had  already  been  so  well  received 
that  as  many  as  eighteen  thousand  copies  of  the  complete  work 
had  been  sold.  The  popularity  of  the  "  History  of  the  Eighteenth 
Century,"  however,  even  surpassed  that  of  the  earlier  work. 

In  some  respects  the  book  is  quite  worthy  of  its  fame.  From 
beginning  to  end,  the  author  endeavors  to  excite  a  spirit  of  na- 
tional independence  in  his  countrymen,  to  wean  them  from  their 
unreasoning  imitation  of  other  nations,  to  arouse  them  from 
crouching  servility  to  their  own  miscalled  constitutional  rulers, 
and  to  give  them  the  bearing  of  men  acquainted  with  the  full 
power  of  reason  and  argument. 

A  work  written  for  such  a  purpose  could  not  fail  to  lose  a  por- 
tion of  its  importance  with  the  passage  of  years.  But,  in  spite  of 
this  fact,  whoever  makes  use  of  the  book  at  the  present  time  will 
be  struck  with  the  originality  of  the  thought,  the  extent  of  the 
research,  and  the  suggestiveness  of  the  mode  of  expression.  For 
twelve  years  Schlosser  lectured  on  the  present  century  at  the  L^ni- 
versity  of  Heidelberg,  and  during  the  whole  of  that  time  he  la- 
bored and  spoke  with  an  earnestness  and  devotion  that  made  him 
no  inconsiderable  power  in  the  modern  transformation  of  Ger- 
many. The  study  of  those  years  was  incorporated  into  the  last 
volume  of  this  series. 


220  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Alison,  Sir  Archibald. — History  of  Europe,  from  the  Fall  of  Na- 
poleon, in  1815,  to  the  Accession  of  Louis  Napoleon,  in  1852. 
Numerous  editions. 

The  English  edition,  in  eight  vols.,  8vo,  will  be  found  by  stu- 
dents to  be  the  most  satisfactory,  though  it  contains  some  serious 
errors  on  American  affairs — errors,  too,  that  have  been  corrected 
only  in  the  American  edition.  The  index  published  in  England 
forms  a  separate  volume ;  and,  in  order  that  it  may  be  readily 
used  with  either  edition,  its  references  are  made,  not  to  pages, 
but  to  chapters  and  paragraphs.  There  is  ;dso  to  be  obtained  a 
very  valuable  atlas,  containing  109  maps,  plans  of  sieges,  etc.,  illus- 
trative of  the  work. 

This  history  is  not  only  the  most  valuable  in  our  language  on 
the  period  described,  but,  although  it  is  not  without  faults,  it  is  a 
production  of  many  good  qualities.  It  was  prepared  with  the 
utmost  care,  and  its  descriptions  have  the  merits  of  minuteness 
and  honesty.  It  would  not  be  easy  to  show  that  any  fact  is  sup- 
pressed or  given  less  than  its  true  force  -in  order  to  strengthen  the 
author's  position.  But  while  the  author  obviously  endeavors  to 
be  entirely  fair  in  his  statements  of  facts,  he  allows  his  political 
sympathies,  those  of  a  high  Tory,  to  pervade  every  part  of  the 
production  and  give  color  to  his  interpretations.  His  strong 
prejudices  draw  him  often  into  ardent  political  discussions,  and 
the  work  is  written  in  a  style  that  shows  a  constant  tendency 
to  run  into  exaggerated  and  frothy  declamation.  But  the  thought- 
ful student  has  only  to  keep  these  characteristics  in  mind,  in  or- 
der to  profit  greatly  by  the  work.  As  a  description  of  the  great 
events  that  intervened  between  the  two  Napoleons  there  is  no 
other  book  in  our  language  comparable  with  it.  It  is  admirably 
supplied  with  an  analytical  table  of  contents  and  very  full  mar- 
ginal references. 


Beaumont-Vassy,  E.  F.  Vicomte  de.  —  Ilistoire  des  Etats  Eu- 
ropd'cns  dcpuis  Ic  Congres  dc  Vicnnc.  6  vols.,  Svo,  1813- 
63. 

Not  a  work  of  genius,  but  a  useful  book  for  the  study  of  the 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  221 

first  half  of  the  present  century.  The  various  European  nations 
are  taken  up  in  order.  The  narrative  begins  Avith  a  description 
of  political  affairs  at  the  close  of  the  Napoleonic  wars.  This  is 
followed  by  a  somewhat  rapid,  but  sufliciently  comprehensive, 
account  of  subsequent  events  down  to  the  date  of  publication. 


Gabourd,  Amedee.  —  Histoire  Contemporainc.  Coraprenant  les 
principaux  evenements  qui  se  sont  accomplis  dcpuis  la  Revo- 
lution de  1830  jusqu'a,  nos  jours,  et  resumant,  durant  la  meme 
periode,  le  niouvement  social,  artistiquc  et  litteraire.  12  vols., 
8vo,  Paris,  1863-74. 

The  great  prominence  of  France  in  international  affairs  during 
the  period  treated  is  not  quite  sufficient  reason  for  giving  to  that 
nation  so  large  a  proportion  of  the  space  of  what  purports  to  be 
a  general  history.  The  affairs  of  other  nations  are  not  very  satis- 
factorily described.  The  author  does  not  limit  himself  to  politi- 
cal facts  or  to  the  struggles  of  arms  and  diplomacy,  but  deals 
with  social  events  and  the  history  of  ideas.  Industrial  develop- 
ment, the  progress  of  science,  and  the  manifestations  of  literature 
and  art  receive  a  considerable  share  of  attention. 

The  volumes  are  written  in  pleasing  style,  and  are  pervaded 
with  independence  of  spirit,  and  impartiality  and  calmness  of 
judgment. 


Bulle,  Dr.  Constantin.— Geschichte  der  ncuesten  Zeit,  1815-85. 
4  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  2d  revised  edition,  1886-87. 

No  other  history  conveys  in  moderate  space  so  gocfd  an  idea  of 
the  progress  of  events  in  Europe  down  to  the  close  of  the  Franco- 
German  war.  The  work  is  the  result  of  careful  and  thorough 
study,  and  is  presented  in  attractive  form.  The  author  has  shown 
an  aptness  for  clear  and  suggestive  modes  of  expression,  an  earn- 
estness of  moral  and  patriotic  conviction,  and  an  ability  to  group 
his  materials  in  the  most  effective  manner.  The  book,  there- 
fore, has  merits  of  a  kind  not  often  found  among  German  works. 
It  is  made  useful  for  reference  by  a  good  index. 


222  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Wernicke,  C. — Die  Geschicbte  der  Welt.     6te  Auflage.     6  vols., 
8vo,  Leipzig,  1878-1881. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  ancient  history ;  the  second 
to  the  Middle  Ages;  the  third  and  fourth  to  the  period  be- 
tween the  Reformation  and  the  French  Revolution  ;  the  fifth 
and  sixth  to  the  years  between  1789  and  1871. 

It  is  a  book  of  facts  rather  than  of  opinions.  The  narrative 
flows  on  in  a  tranquil  stream  that  conveys  much  information,  but 
never  arouses  any  very  great  interest.  The  author's  absolute  im- 
partiality seems  often  to  reach  the  point  of  indifference. 


Mackenzie,  Robert. — The    Nineteenth    Century.     A    History. 
12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1880. 

This  volume  might  very  properly  have  been  called  a  sketch,  or 
a  series  of  sketches,  rather  than  a  history.  If  it  is  not  very  sat- 
isfying, it  still  enjoys  almost  a  monopoly  of  the  subject  among 
books  written  in  English.  The  arrangement  is  good,  and  the 
style  is  spirited,  though  often  inelegant.  The  most  serious  fault 
of  the  work  is  a  certain  nonchalant  and  irresponsible  manner  of 
the  writer,  somewhat  tending  to  shake  the  confidence  of  the 
reader.     The  book  is  nnich  inferior  to  Miiller's. 


Fyffe,  A.  C— Ilistory  of  Modern  Europe.     Vol.  i.  (1792-1814). 
8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1880.    Vol.  ii.  (1814-1848).    1886. 

The  most  brilliant  picture  we  have  in  English  of  the  age  of 
revolution.  It  is  a  remarkably  successful  attempt  to  show  the 
fundamental  characteristics  of  the  revolutionary  period,  and  the 
connection  of  Napoleon  with  them.  The  author  liolds  that  the 
emperor  cared  little  for  anything  but  the  establishment  and  in- 
crease of  liis  own  power ;  that  he  felt  a  contempt  for  republican 
dreams  and  aspirations  ;  but  that  at  the  same  time  he  was  at 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  223 

heart  a  Jacobin,  though  a  Jacobin  of  genius.  Thus  lie  makes  it 
appear  that  although  Napoleon  broke  down  the  Revolutionary 
government  and  established  imperialism  in  its  place,  he  was  in 
reality  the  leader  and  representative  of  the  Revolution  itself. 

The  other  important  idea  of  the  volume  is  that  although  Napo- 
leon embodied  in  himself  almost  everything  that  was  bad,  yet  the 
government  he  established  was  better  in  almost  all  essential  char- 
acteristics than  the  governments  by  which  he  was  surrounded 
and  which  he  supplanted.  In  Italy,  in  Switzerland,  and  along  the 
Rhine  he  established  far  better  methods  of  administration  than 
those  which  lie  displaced. 

The  volume  is  both  brilliant  and  suggestive.  No  one  will  read 
it  without  clearer  ideas  of  the  true  nature  of  that  great  struggle 
which  for  vears  drew  all  interests  into  its  vortex. 


Cayley,  Edward  Stillingfleet. — The    European    Revolutions   of 
1848.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1856. 

A  somewhat  entertaining  book  ;  but  it  is  inaccurate,  and  really 
possesses  very  little  historical  value.  It  gives  an  account  of  the 
revolutionary  movements  in  France,  Italy,  Germany,  and  Austria, 
and  closes  with  a  sketch  of  what  the  author  seems  to  regard  a 
revolution  in  England.  It  is  of  the  lurid  kind,  and  its  conclu- 
sions are  quite  worthless.  The  author  evidently  had  no  adequate 
conception  whatever  of  the  causes  of  the  movements  he  desciibes. 
His  pages  abound  in  irrelevant  facts  and  foolish  reflections. 


Cantu,  Cesare. — Les  Trente  Dernieres  Annees  (1848-78).  Edi- 
tion fran^aise,  revue  par  I'Auteur,  precedee  d'un  Essai  Biogra- 
phique  et  Litt6raire  sur  Cesar  Cantu,  et  suivie  de  la  Vie  de 
I'Archiduc  Maximilien  d'Autriche,  Empereur  du  Mexique.  8vo, 
Paris,  1 880. 

The  latest  words  of  an  eminent  scholar  and  writer  of  history  can 
hardly  fail  to  be  of  interest.  But  there  are  special  reasons  why 
the  observations  of  the  venerable  historian  of  Italy  on   recent 


224  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

affairs  should  be  of  value.  He  is  at  once  an  ardent  republican  in 
sympathy  and  a  close  observer  of  the  republican  movements  that 
have  taken  place  during  the  last  half-century.  We  have  had  so 
much  from  the  Germans  and  the  French  that  it  is  interesting  to 
liear  the  story  from  the  Italian  point  of  view.  And  herein,  per- 
haps, is  the  chief  value  of  the  book. 

Tlie  author  is  patriotic,  ardent,  positive,  almost  unquestioning 
in  his  opinions.  He  never  doubts  in  his  history  any  more  than 
in  his  Catholic  faith.  This  peculiarity  gives  to  all  his  writings 
the  interest  of  an  ardent  fervor;  but,  at  the  same  time,  it  takes 
away  from  them  that  judicious  quality  which  is  the  only  sure 
guarantee  of  permanent  interest  and  value.  But,  in  spite  of  this 
characteristic,  the  volume  is  not  without  considerable  importance, 
especially  to  a  student  of  recent  Italian  affairs. 


Mtiller,  Wilhelm.— Political  History  of  Recent  Times,  1816-V5. 
"With  special  reference  to  Germany.  Revised  and  enlarged  by 
the  author.  Translated  with  an  Appendix,  covering  the  period 
from  1876  to  1881,  by  the  Rev.  John  P.  Peters,  Ph.D.  8vo, 
New  York,  1882. 

Professor  Miillcr,  though  a  German,  writes  with  the  vivacity  of 
a  Frenchman.  It  is  almost  needless  to  say,  therefore,  that  he  pro- 
duces a  very  readable  book ;  but  his  book  is  not  only  readable,  it 
is  valuable.  It  is  founded  on  a  good  knowledge  of  events,  and  is 
the  product  of  a  judicious  as  well  as  a  vivacious  mind.  The  work 
does  not  profess  to  throw  new  light  on  political  affairs,  nor,  in- 
deed, to  give  to  them,  in  all  cases,  the  exact  amount  of  attention 
strictly  their  due.  It  is  rather  the  purpose  of  the  author  to  pre- 
sent an  account  of  such  events  as  have  exerted  an  exceptional 
influence  in  shaping  modern  political  affairs.  It  is,  perhaps,  a 
slight  weakness  in  the  book  that  it  tends  to  convey  the  impression 
that  political  affairs  have  an  existence  independent  of  material 
affairs.  As  the  author,  however,  chose  to  limit  his  subject,  per- 
ha])s  this  trittiiig  drawback  is  inherent  in  his  method.  With  this 
slight  qualification,  the  work  may  be  heartily  recommended.  Es- 
pecially noteworthy  is  the  author's  wholesome  hatred  of  Metter- 
nich  and  his  policy.  Tlie  translation  of  Dr.  Peters  is  good,  and  the 
version  in  English  is  somewhat  more  extended  than  the  original. 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN   TIMES.  225 

Muller,  Wilhelm. — Politischc  Gescliichte  der  Gegenwart.      19 
vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1867-86. 

The  successive  volumes  of  this  annual,  as  they  have  appeared 
from  year  to  year,  luive  done  much  to  keep  readers  of  the  Ger- 
man language  informed  on  the  current  political  affairs  of  the 
world.  They  are  written  with  the  skill  and  spirit  characteristic 
of  the  author.  The  discussions  and  descriptions  are  confined 
chiefly  to  political  affairs,  but  they  are  presented  with  so  much 
force  that  the  work  has  justly  attained  great  popularity.  The 
political  movements  of  the  last  twelve  years  are  nowhere  else  so 
well  described. 


The  Annual  Register. — Comprising  a  Record  of  Public  Events 
at  Home  and  Abroad;  a  Retrospect  of  Literature,  Art,  and 
Science  ;  a  Chronicle  of  Remarkable  Occurrences  ;  an  Obituary 
of  Eminent  Persons;  Remarkable  Trials,  Public  Documents, 
and  State-papers.  8vo,  London.  A  volume  has  been  pub- 
lished annually  since  1758. 

The  most  famous,  and  one  of  the  most  useful,  of  the  annual 
publications  on  the  events  of  current  history.  It  was  given  charac- 
ter in  the  last  century  by  the  editing  of  Burke  ;  and  its  reputation 
has  been  well  sustained  down  to  the  present  day.  It  is  much  less 
strictly  political  than  is  the  German  work  of  Muller,  but  it  is  far 
more  comprehensive  in  its  scope,  and  therefore,  to  the  general 
student,  is  even  more  useful. 


III.    HISTORIES    OF    INSTITUTIONS    AND    CIVILIZATION. 

Bonnemere,  Eugene. — Ilistoire  des  Paysans  depuis  la  fin  du  Moyen 
Age  jusqu'a  nos  jours.  1200-1850.  Precedee  d'une  Introduc- 
tion, B.C.  50-A.D.  1200.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1856.  Also  4to, 
illustrated  edition,  Paris,  1876. 

The  purpose  of  the  writer  of  these  important  volumes  is  not 
only  to  describe  the  condition  of  the  peasantry  of  France  during 
the  modern  history  of  the  nation,  but  also  to  show  the  relations 
of  the  peasantry  to  the  nobles  and  the  king. 

15 


226  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  author  begins  his  work  with  a  graphic  account  of  the  rela- 
tions of  kings  and  nobles  during  the  Middle  Ages,  and  then  pro- 
ceeds to  describe  the  circumstances  which  enabled  the  nobles  to 
reduce  the  people  into  serfs. 

The  first  chapters  of  that  portion  of  the  first  volume  which  fol- 
low the  Introduction  are  among  the  most  important.  They  de- 
scribe in  strong  light  the  fatal  influence  of  the  power  given  to  the 
nobility.  While  in  England,  in  order  to  secure  the  support  of 
the  masses,  the  nobles  were  obliged  to  confer  upon  the  people  a 
share  of  those  rights  which  they  had  received  from  the  king,  in 
France  the  nobles  were  strong  enough  to  fight  their  battles  with- 
out the  necessity  of  conferring  political  privileges  on  their  follow- 
ers. While,  therefore,  in  England  the  rights  of  the  people  were 
constantly  increasing,  in  France  they  were  constantly  diminishing. 
The  French  nobles  not  only  became  practically  absolute  in  their 
own  districts,  but  they  became  hereditary  rulers.  It  was  thus 
that  popular  freedom  in  France  practically  disappeared. 

In  the  early  chapters  of  the  second  volume  is  described  the  ter- 
rible condition  of  the  peasantry  in  the  seventeenth  century.  The 
fifth  chapter  of  this  volume  is  especially  noteworthy.  The  book 
as  a  whole  is  entitled  to  the  thoughtfal  attention  of  the  student. 
Few  modern  works  will  be  found  of  greater  interest  or  greater 
value. 


Bossuet,  Bishop  J.  B. — Ilistoire  dcs  Variations  des  Eglises  Pro- 
testantes.  Suivie  de  la  Defense  de  cette  Ilistoire  et  de  la  Cor- 
respondance  entre  Bossuet  et  Leibnitz  sur  un  Projet  de  Reunion 
cntre  les  Catholiques  et  les  Protcstantes.  2  vols.,  12mo,  Paris, 
1844.     Numerous  subsequent  editions. 

The  great  Bishop  of  Mcaux  spent  much  of  his  energies  and 
eloquence  in  controversy.  His  endeavors  to  break  the  force  of 
the  Reformation,  and  to  call  back  to  his  own  Church  all  those  who 
liad  gone  astray,  constituted  no  inconsiderable  part  of  his  work. 
His  attacks  on  the  Protestants  were  sometimes  harsh  and  unjust, 
but  they  wore  always  able  and  olo(|uent. 

The  correspondence  with  Leibnitz  is  of  interest,  as  it  shows  the 
spirit  witii  whidi  a  gi'imine  elfort  to  bring  the  churches  together 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TLMES.  227 

was  carried  on.     These  two  volumes  probably  constitute  the  most 
important  of  the  numerous  works  left  by  Bossuet. 


Dorner,  J.  A. — History  of  Protestant  Theology,  particularly  in 
Germany.  Translated  from  the  German.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Edin- 
burgh, 1871. 

A  book  of  great  ability  as  well  as  of  great  learning.  It  not 
only  describes  the  theological  differences  of  the  various  Protestant 
sects,  but  it  also  points  out  the  causes  of  those  differences.  The 
theological  movements  during  the  present  century  are  traced  with 
remarkable  learning  and  acumen.  It  is  not  a  book  calculated  to 
interest  the  general  reader,  but  for  those  desiring  an  acquaintance 
with  the  subtler  workings  of  theological  thought  it  is  of  great  im- 
portance. 


Hallam,  Henry. — Introduction  to  the  Literature  of  Europe  in  the 
Fifteenth,  Sixteenth,  and  Seventeenth  Centuries.  4  vols.,  Svo 
and  12mo,  London;  4  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  1870.  Origi- 
nally published  in  1837-39,  the  work  was  revised  for  the  edi- 
tions of  1842,  1847,  and  1853.  The  American  issue  in  four 
volumes  embodies  all  the  corrections  and  additions. 

This  was  the  latest  of  the  g)^at  works  on  which  the  literary 
fame  of  Hallam  rests ;  and  it  shows  the  ability  and  the  accom- 
plishments of  the  author  to  better  advantage  than  cither  of  his 
other  productions.  Its  great  qualities  have  been  universally  ac- 
knowledged. It  displays  conscientiousness,  accuracy,  good  judg- 
ment, and  great  familiarity  with  the  vast  subject  of  which  it 
treats.  It  comprehends  within  its  scope  the  literature  of  poetry, 
history,  romance,  natural  science,  mathematics,  physics,  medicine, 
law,  and  theology ;  and  at  all  points  the  author  shows  himself, 
not  merely  a  good  descriptive  writer,  but  also  a  fair  and  compe- 
tent critic.  The  style  is  less  faulty  than  that  of  Hallam's  earlier 
works,  as  it  is  less  involved  and  more  uniform  and  straightforward. 

The  chapters  are  grouped  into  four  parts.  The  first  is  "  On  the 
Literature  of  the  Fifteenth  and  the  first  half  of  the  Sixteenth  Cen- 


228  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tury ;''  tlie  second,  third,  and  fourtli  are  each  devoted  to  one  of 
the  half-centuries  between  1550  and  1700.  Each  part  is  subdi- 
vided into  chapters,  each  chapter  being  devoted  to  some  one  of 
the  numerous  branches  of  literary  activity.  Thus,  all  the  chap- 
ters after  those  of  the  first  part  are  in  some  sense  monographs, 
each  being  complete  and  independent. 

The  arrangement  is  slightly  artificial,  and  may  afford  the  reader 
some  inconvenience,  inasmuch  as  the  different  writings  of  the  same 
author  are  sometimes  treated  in  different  chapters.  But,  on  the 
whole,  the  advantages  of  the  topical  method  far  more  than  coun- 
terbalance the  slight  annoyance  of  occasionally  having  to  turn  to 
other  parts  of  a  volume.  In  spite  of  this  small  drawback,  the  ad- 
mirable qualities  of  the  work  are  so  marked  and  so  numerous 
that  the  lover  of  good  historical  description  and  criticism  will 
scarcely  deem  any  praise  of  it  extravagant. 

The  table  of  contents  and  index  arc  so  full  as  to  make  the  vol- 
umes very  easy  of  use.  ^ 

Honegger,  J.  J. — Grundsteine  einer  allgemeinen  Kulturgeschichte 
der  neuesten  Zeit.  5  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1868-74.  Also  by  the 
same  author  :  Allgemeine  Kulturgeschichte,  vols.  i.  and  ii.,  Leip- 
zig, 1882-86.  To  be  completed  in  5  vols.,  and  to  cover  the 
whole  history  of  human  affairs. 

The  first  work,  the  product  of  years  of  devoted  labor,  is  a  picture 
of  the  advancement  made  in  the  several  branches  of  culture  in  the 
course  of  the  nineteenth  century.'  The  various  subjects  treated  are 
taken  up  topically,  and  are  described  with  admirable  thoroughness 
and  freshness.  Each  topic  is  traced  in  its  course  through  different 
countries  in  such  a  manner  as  to  give  a  very  satisfactory  view  of 
the  progress  of  literature  and  the  arts  in  all  their  manifestations. 

The  fifth  volume  is  devoted  to  a  comprehensive  survey  of  the 
whole  field,  including  politics  and  government.  The  work  ends 
with  a  very  full  index.  

Hurst,  John  F. — History  of  Rationalism  ;  embracing  a  Survey  of 
the  I'resent  State  of  Protestant  Theology.  With  Appendix  of 
Literature.     Hvo,  New  York,  1865. 

A  very  different  book  from  that  of  Lecky,  both  in  spirit  and  in 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  229 

metliod.  It  is  not  so  mucli  a  history  of  the  spirit  of  rationalism 
as  a  history  of  the  spirit  of  rationalists.  A  vast  number  of  piii- 
losophers  are  passed  in  review  for  tl^e  purpose  of  exposing  their 
doctrines.  Tlie  work  shows  unmistakable  learning,  though  it  is 
wanting  in  the  care  and  exactness  of  a  finished  scholarship.  Dr. 
Ilurst  shows  considerable  familiarity  with  the  literature  of  the 
subject ;  but,  unfortunately,  his  work  contains  so  few  references 
to  authorities  that  it  is  often  impossible,  or  at  least  very  difficult, 
to  verify  his  conclusions. 

The  most  obvious  weakness  of  the  work  is  the  extreme  polemi- 
cal spirit  in  which  it  is  written.  The  very  first  words  of  the  book 
are  an  accusing  sentence  from  Bacon  quoted  with  approbation. 
The  result  of  this  method  has  been  to  produce  a  work  that  is 
likely  at  once  to  give  great  satisfaction  to  intense  and  unthink- 
ing religionists,  and  to  disgust  and  repel  those  who  are  in  doubt, 
but  are  seeking  the  truth.  It  may  fortify  those  who  are  already 
strong,  but  it  is  not  likely  to  change  any  man's  opinion. 


Lange,  Fred.  Albert. — History  of  Materialism,  and  Criticism  of 
its  Present  Importance.  Authorized  translation  by  E.  C. 
Thomas.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  Boston,  1880. 

The  author  of  this  book  is  a  scholar  of  unquestionable  ability ; 
and  the  work  itself  is  valuable  both  as  history  and  as  criticisni. 
It  shows  that  with  some  minor  differences  the  positions  of  mod- 
ern materialists  arc  not  essentially  unlike  those  of  Democritus 
and  Lucretius.  As  a  portrayal  of  an  important  phase  of  modern 
thought  the  book  is  worthy  of  the  highest  recognition. 


Lecky,  W.  E.  H. — History  of  the  Rise  and  Influence  of  the  Spirit 
of  Rationalism  in  Europe.  2  vols.,  Svo,  London  and  New 
York,  1865. 

A  very  able  and  interesting  historical  study.  It  is  an  effort 
to  trace  the  historical  development  of  that  method  of  reasoning 
which,  since  the  Reformation,  has  been  steadily  gaining  an  as- 


230  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

cendency  in  Europe.  The  author  defines  his  purpose  as  an  at- 
tempt to  trace  that  spirit  which  "leads  men  on  all  occasions  to 
subordinate  dogmatic  theology  to  the  dictates  of  reason  and  of 
conscience,  and,  as  a  necessary  consequence,  greatly  to  restrict  its 
influence  upon  life" — which  "predisposes  men,  in  history,  to  at- 
tribute all  kinds  of  phenomena  to  natural  rather  than  miraculous 
causes ;  in  theology,  to  esteem  succeeding  systems  the  expres- 
sions of  the  wants  and  aspirations  of  that  religious  sentiment 
which  is  planted  in  all  men  ;  and,  in  ethics,  to  regard  as  duties 
only  those  which  conscience  reveals  to  be  such." 

The  author  traces  the  declining  sense  of  the  miraculous;  the 
a3sthetic,  scientific,  and  moral  developments  of  rationalism;  the 
spirit  of  persecution ;  the  secularization  of  politics;  and  the  in- 
dustrial history  of  rationalism. 

The  work  abounds  in  facts  and  discussions  of  extreme  interest. 
The  author's  style  is  always  attractive.  His  learning  is  extensive, 
though  he  seems  not  to  have  made  much  use  of  the  numerous 
German  authorities  on  the  subject.  His  sympathies  are  obviously 
rationalistic,  though  he  usually  succeeds  in  maintaining  a  moder- 
ate and  judicicus  spirit. 


Llorente,  D.  Jean  Antoine. — The  History  of  the  Inquisition  of 
Spain,  from  the  Time  of  its  Establishment  to  the  Reign  of  Ferdi- 
nand VH.  Composed  from  the  Original  Documents  in  the  Ar- 
chives of  the  Supreme  Council,  and  from  those  of  Subordinate 
Tribunals  of  the  Holy  Office.     8vo,  London,  1826. 

This  is  at  once  a  free  translation  and  an  abridgment  of  the  au- 
thor's voluminous  work  in  Spanish.  Llorente  was  at  one  time 
secretary  of  the  Inquisition  and  chancellor  of  the  University  of 
Toledo.  Some  knowledge  of  the  Inquisition  is  necessary  to  an 
understanding  of  Spanish  history ;  and  of  the  various  works  on 
the  subject,  tliat  of  Llorente  is  probably  the  most  authentic  and 
valuable.  Th(>  recent  work  of  Dr.  Rule  may  well  be  examined  in 
connection  with  it. 


Rule,  William  H.— History  of  the  Inquisition,  from  its  IMablish- 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  231 

ment  in  the  Twelfth  Century  to  its  Extinction  in  the  Nine- 
teenth.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1874. 

Dr.  Rule  is  a  Wesleyan  divine,  and  consequently  writes  from  a 
Protestant  point  of  view.  His  work  is  somewhat  controversial  in 
character,  but  it  is  written  with  general  fairness  and  considerable 
ability.  It  has  also  the  advantage  of  being  the  only  comprehen- 
sive history  of  an  important  subject  in  our  language.  It  may 
well  be  consulted  in  connection  with  a  reading  of  Balmes  and 
Llorente ;  though  the  points  of  view  of  the  three  authors  are  so 
different  that  the  one  hardly  even  tends  to  refute  or  neutralize  the 
other.  If  coercion  is  once  established  as  a  right  and  a  duty,  of 
course  all  questions  as  to  the  manner  of  coercion  are  simply  ques- 
tions of  policy. 


Schaff,  Philip. — The  Creeds  of  Christendom,  with  a  History  and 
Critical  Notes.     3  vols.,  large  Bvo,  New  York,  1877. 

Of  these  volumes,  the  first  contains  the  historical  narrative, 
while  the  second  and  third  contain  the  text  of  the  creeds,  both  in 
the  original  language  and  in  translation.  The  first,  therefore,  is 
to  be  regarded  as  a  history  of  Christian  doctrine,  while  the  others 
are  an  embodiment  of  the  doctrines  themselves.  In  the  second 
volume  are  to  be  found  the  Greek  and  Latin  creeds,  with  trans- 
lations; in  the  third,  the  Evangelical  Protestant  creeds. 


Shedd,  William  G.  T. — A  History  of  Christian  Doctrine.    2  vols., 
8vo,  3d  ed.,  New  York,  1872. 

Though  designed  especially  for  theologians  and  theological 
students,  these  volumes  are  not  without  some  interest  to  the 
student  of  general  history.  The  doctrines  of  the  Church  at  dif- 
ferent periods  are  nowhere  more  clearly  or  accurately  presented. 
As  a  work  of  reference,  therefore,  the  volumes  may  be  heartily 
recommended.  With  the  help  of  a  good  table  of  contents  and 
an  excellent  index,  the  student  will  have  no  difficulty  in  ascertain- 
ing what  the  Church,  or  almost  any  part  of  it,  believed  at  any 
given  time. 


232  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

Sug-enheim,  S. — Gescliichte  der  Aufhebuno;  der  Leibeigenschaft 
mid  Horigkeit  in  Europa  bis  uui  die  Mitte  des  neunzehnten 
Jahrlmnderts.      8vo,  St.  Petersburg,  1861. 

The  best  presentation  of  the  nature  of  serfdom  and  slavery  in 
the  different  countries  of  Europe  during  tlie  Middle  Ages  and 
modern  times.  The  volume  also  conveys  a  striking  impression  of 
the  constant  obstacles  to  the  advancement  of  liberty  imposed  by 
the  minor  barons.  It  was  crowned  by  the  Imperial  Academy  of 
Sciences  at  St.  Petersburg,  in  recognition  of  its  great  and  numer- 
ous merits. 


Tooke,  Thomas,  and  Newmarch,  William. — A  History  of  Prices 
and  of  Paper  Currency  from  1798  to  1837  et  seq.  6  vols., 
London,  1833-1857. 

A  standard  work  of  very  great  value  to  one  who  would  go  to 
the  bottom  of  modern  political  economy.  It  is  a  conscientious 
effort  to  trace  carefully  all  the  causes  that  have  in  any  way  af- 
fected the  subject  under  examination. 

Tlie  value  of  the  book  has  been  greatly  enhanced  by  the  index, 
which  is  so  full  as  to  form  what  is  sometimes  bound  separately  as 
a  seventh  volume. 


IV.    SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    READERS. 

1.  Arnold's  "Lectures"  are  the  best  discussion  of  the  impor- 
tance and  nature  of  modern  history.  Yonge's  "Three  Centuries 
of  Modern  History,"  followed  by  Mignet's  or  Morris's  "French 
Revolution,"  and  these  by  either  Miillcr's  or  Mackenzie's  "  His- 
tory of  the  Nineteenth  Century,"  would  be  a  good  short  course 
of  study.  The  political  and  religious  phases  of  the  great  period 
extending  from  1515  to  1048  are  presented  with  great  ability 
and  acute  discrimination  by  Hausser  in  his  "  Period  of  the  llefor* 
mation."  The  same  age  is  also  well  described,  though  with  less 
conspicuous  ability,  by  Secbohm,  in  his  "  Era  of  the  Protestant 
Ilevolution,"  and  by  Ciardincr,  in  his  "Thirty  Years'  War." 

2.  Dyer's  "  Mo<lern  iMiropc"  covers  the  whole  ground  of  this 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  233 

period ;  and  the  book  is  the  best  we  have  on  the  subject,  though 
the  author's  style  is  somewhat  dry  and  unattractive.  The  best 
books  on  the  Renaissance  are  those  of  Symonds  and  Burckliardt. 
The  religious  condition  of  Italy  just  before  the  Reformation  is 
best  portrayed  in  Villari's  "Savonarola."  In  the  same  connection 
George  EHot's  "  Romola"  may  be  read  with  advantage.  Taine's 
"  Art  in  Italy  "  aims  to  show  that  the  excellence  of  Italian  art 
sprang  from  the  social  and  religious  character  of  the  times.  On 
the  Reformation,  D'Aubigne  is  the  representative  of  ardent  Prot- 
estantism, Spalding  and  Balmes  of  ardent  Catholicism.  Ranke, 
though  a  Protestant,  is  at  once  moderate  and  judicial  in  his  views. 
The  work  of  Fisher  on  the  Reformation  has  a  valuable  list  of  au- 
thorities in  an  appendix.  Gieseler's  *'  Church  History  "  presents 
what  is  probably,  on  the  whole,  the  most  satisfactory  view  of  the 
Reformation.  Ranke's  "  History  of  the  Popes  "  may  still  be  re- 
garded as  this  author's  greatest  work.  Iliibner'^s  "  Life  of  Sixtus 
the  Fifth  "  is  also  of  great  importance.  Of  the  seventeenth  cen- 
tury after  the  Treaty  of  Westphalia  no  good,  comprehensive  view 
has  been  published,  though  Von  Raumer's  is  perhaps  the  least  de- 
fective. The  student,  therefore,  will  be  obliged  to  resort  to  the 
histories  of  individual  nationalities  for  the  best  results.  Van 
Praet's  Essays  are  valuable.  Schlosser's  "  Eighteenth  Century  " 
is  a  work,  for  the  most  part,  deserving  of  its  great  reputation. 
The  strong  and  ever-present  Toryism  of  Alison  makes  his  work 
offensive  to  many  readers  ;  but  it  is  entitled  to  great  praise  for  its 
candor,  its  fulness,  and  the  general  attractiveness  of  its  style.  In 
spite  of  some  faults,  it  has  not  been  equalled  by  any  other  work. 
BuUe's  "Neuestc  Zeit"  and  Muller's  "Politische  Geschichte  der 
neuesten  Zeit "  are  briefer  works,  of  admirable  spirit  and  ability. 
Mackenzie's  "  History  of  the  Nineteenth  Century  "  is  much  less 
valuable  ;  Fyffe,  on  the  other  hand,  is  able  and  excellent.  Mliller's 
"  Politische  Geschichte  der  Gegenwart,"  Martin's  "  Statesman's 
Manual,"  "The  Annual  Register,"  "  Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopa3- 
dia,"  "The  British  Almanac  and  Companion,"  and  Spofford's 
"  American  Almanac  "  are  the  best  annuals  on  current  events. 

3.  A  curious  paper  on  the  first  sources  of  modern  history  is 
given  in  the  first  volume  of  Disraeli's  "Amenities  of  Literature." 
The  "Annual  Register,"  published  from  1758  down  to  the  pres- 
ent time,  is  a  very  valuable  contemporaneous  chronicle,  the  his- 


234  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

torical  portions  of  the  earlier  volumes  having  been  written  by 
Burke.  Cellini's  "  Autobiography  "  is  one  of  the  most  graphic 
pictures  of  life  at  the  beginning  of  the  sixteenth  century.  For 
accounts  of  the  revival  of  art,  Grimm's  "  Michael  Angelo  "  and 
the  works  of  Crowe  and  Cavalcasellc  are  recent  and  standard  au- 
thorities. Erasmus's  "Colloquies"  and  Luther's  "  Table- talk" 
give  important  views  of  the  times  of  the  Reformation.  Father 
Paul  Sarpi's  "  Council  of  Trent''  is  a  work  of  genius,  concerning 
which  see  Dr.  Johnson's  account  in  his  "  Lives  of  Eminent  Per- 
sons," also  a  charming  account  in  Howell's  "Venetian  Life." 
Audin's  "Life  of  Luther"  and  Cobbett's  "Reformation  in  Eng- 
land and  L'eland"  present  the  extreme  Roman  Catholic  view. 
Dollinger's  "Reunion  of  the  Churches"  and  Spalding's  "Miscel- 
lanea" represent  the  more  moderate  views  of  the  same  Church. 
Macaulay's  essays  on  Ranke,  Ilallam,  and  Burleigh  present  very 
striking  views.  Froude,  in  his  "  Short  Studies,"  has  very  inter- 
esting essays  on  "  Erasmus  and  Luther,"  on  the  "  Influence  of  the 
Reformation  on  the  Scottish  Character,"  on  the  '''  Philosophy  of 
Catholicism,"  and  on  "  Calvinism."  Sir  James  Stephen's  essay 
on  Loyola,  published  in  his  "  Ecclesiastical  Essays,"  is  the  best 
brief  account  of  the  rise  of  the  Jesuits.  Carlyle,  in  his  "  Hero- 
worship,"  has  treated  Luther  and  Knox  as  heroes  in  the  priest- 
hood. Macaulay's  essay  on  Ranke  takes  the  ground  that  the 
history  of  the  Jesuits  is  the  history  of  Catholic  reaction ;  and 
Carlyle's  essay  on  Jesuitism,  in  his  "  Latter-day  I'amphlets,"  goes 
so  far  as  to  say  that  the  present  age  should  be  called  the  Age  of 
Jesuitism.  The  Catholic  Inquisition  is  best  described  by  Llorentc, 
is  most  heartily  justified  by  Balmes,  and  most  vigorously  de- 
nounced by  Buckle.  The  recent  histories  by  Stanhoi)e,  Burton, 
and  Wyon  throw  light  especially  on  the  part  of  Marlborough  in 
the  war  of  the  Spanish  Succession,  though  for  a  full  history  of 
that  great  contest  the  reader  should  consult  Mahon's  "  War  of 
the  Succession  "  and  Macaulay's  review  of  it.  The  baleful  influ- 
ence of  Louis  XIV.  is  nowhere  so  powerfully  shown  as  in  the 
first  volume  of  Buckle.  The  same  subject  is  indirectly  but  ad- 
iniralily  shown  in  Tairie's  "Ancient  Regime."  On  the  general 
character  of  society  in  the  eighteenth  century  Bicdcrmann's 
"  Germany  "  and  Lecky's  "  England  "  arc  the  most  valuable  au- 
tlioritifjs.     Since  the  outbreak  of  llic  i^'rcich   Revolution  general 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  235 

European  politics  must  be  studied  in  the  light  of  the  history  of 
individual  nations.  The  great  events  of  the  last  twenty  years  are 
generally  well  described  in  the  yearly  volumes  of  the  "Annual 
Register"  and  in  Miiller's  "  Politische  Geschichtc  der  Gegenwart ;" 
though,  if  the  student  desires  very  full  information,  he  will  be 
obliged  to  resort  to  the  works  on  individual  nationalities.  On 
the  history  of  Literature,  Hallam  is  the  most  important  of  all  au- 
thorities. 

The  fiction  of  most  value  bearing  on  the  period  are  Reade's 
"  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth,"  George  Eliot's  "  Romola,"  and 
Mrs.  Charles's  "  Schonberg  -  Cotta  Family."  If  the  student  de- 
sires that  his  history  should  be  still  further  diluted,  he  will  find 
satisfaction  in  James's  "  Henry  of  Guise"  for  the  French  religious 
wars,  "Heidelberg"  for  the  beginning  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War, 
"  Richelieu "  for  the  intrigues  of  the  French  nobles,  and  "  The 
Huguenots  "  for  the  persecution  of  Protestants  under  Louis  XIV. 
Dumas'  "  Forty-five  Guardsmen  "  is  a  graphic  picture  of  the  tur- 
bulence under  Henry  HI.;  and  De  Vigny's  "Cinq-Mars"  is  an 
admirable  portrayal  of  the  contest  between  Richelieu  and  the 
French  nobles. 

4.  Of  recent  works  on  Modern  Times  the  larger  part  are  to  be 
found  under  the  individual  nationalities  of  which  they  respect- 
ively treat.  The  following,  however,  are  of  a  general  nature,  and 
are  here  brought  together. 

W.  Maurenbrecher's  "  Geschichte  der  katholischen  Reformation  " 
(vol.  i.,  8vo,  Nordlingen,  1880)  is  as  yet  only  a  keen  and  judicial 
introductory  study,  stopping  at  the  year  1534,  before  the  Catholic 
Reformation  proper  had  begun  ;  Auguste  Himly's  "  Histoire  de  la 
Formation  Tcrritoriale  des  Etats  de  I'Europe  Centrale"  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
Paris,  1876),  a  work  quite  worthy  of  the  very  important  subject  of 
which  it  treats  ;  W.  Cooke  Taylor's  "  Students'  Manual  of  Modern 
History  :  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  Principal  Modern  Nations" 
(cr.  8vo,  London,  1882);  Archibald  Weir's  "The  Historical  Basis 
of  Modern  Europe  (1760-1815)"  (8vo,  London,  1887);  Oskar 
Schade's  "  Satiren  und  Pasquinade  aus  der  Reformationszeit "  (3 
vols.,  8vo,  Hannover,  1863);  A.  Henne's  "  Histoire  de  Charles  Quint 
enBelgique"  (10  vols.,  8 vo, Brussels,  1858-60);  Kostlin's" Luther's 
Leben"  (3d  ed.,  2  vols.,  Leipzig,  8vo,  1883)  ;  F.  Kuhn's  "  Luther,  sa 
Vie  ct  son  Q^uvre  "  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1883-84)  ;  G.  Droysen's 


236  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

"Bernbard  von  Weimar"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1885)  ;  also  "Gu- 
stav  Adolph  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1 869-70) ;  J.  L.  Stevens's  "  His- 
tory of  Giistavus  Adolphns"  (8vo,  New  York,  1884) ;  E.  Charve- 
riot's  "  Histoirc  de  la  Guerre  de  Trente  Ans"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1876-78),  a  work  of  considerable  importance;  Le  Comtc  de 
Garden's  "  Ilistoire  Generale  dcs  Traites  de  Paix  et  autres  Trans- 
actions Principalcs  entre  toutes  les  Puissances  de  I'Europe  depuis 
la  Paix  de  Westpbalie"  (15  vols.,  8vo,  Paris)  ends  with  the  close 
of  the  Napoleonic  wars.  Geo.  Fr.  de  Martens's  "  Recueil  de  Traites 
<rAlliance,  de  Paix,  de  Treve,  de  Ncutralite,  de  Commerce,  de 
Limites,  de  rEchange,"  etc.,  is  the  most  important  collection  of 
modern  treaties  in  existence.  It  consists  of  four  series,  and  is 
made  up  as  follows:  from  1761  to  1807,  8  vols.;  from  1808  to 
1839, 19  vols.  ;  from  1840  to  1876,  22  vols. ;  from  1876  to  1886, 
10  vols.  (8vo,  Gottingen).  The  work  is  continued  by  Charles  de 
Martens  and  others.  Henry  Wheaton's  "  Histoirc  du  Droit  Inter- 
national" (8vo,  Paris,  3d  ed.,  1853  ;  also  in  English  translation,  8vo, 
New  York,  1845)  continues  to  be  a  work  of  standard  authority. 

Of  the  many  recent  Avorks  on  the  development  of  modern  civil- 
ization the  following  may  be  noted  :  Iv.  Griin's  "  Culturgeschichte 
des  16ten  Jahrhunderts  "  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1872) ;  the  same  author's 
"  Culturgeschichte  des  l7tcn  Jahrhunderts"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig, 
1880);  A.  F.  Gfrorer's  "Geschichte  des  18ten  Jahrhunderts"  (4 
vols.,  Schaffhausen,  1880-84). 

The  following  histories  of  the  Jesuits  may  be  noted  :  R.  T.  W. 
Gucttee's  "  Uistoire  des  Jesuites"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1858-59), 
Jacques  Cretineau-Joly's  "  Histoirc  Religieuse,  Politique,  et  Lit- 
teraire  de  la  Compagnie  de  Jesus"  (3d  cd.,  6  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1858-59),  A.  Steinmetz's  "History  of  the  Jesuits"  (3  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1848),  E.  Zirngicbl's  "  Studien  iiber  das  Institut  der 
Gesellscliaft  Jesu,  mit  besonderer  Beriicksichtigung  der  piidago- 
gischen  Wirksamkeit  dieses  Ordcns  in  Deutschland  "  (8vo,  Leip- 
zig, 1870).  This  last  is  a  valuable  contribution  to  the  History 
of  Education ;  and  not  less  notable  from  this  point  of  view  are 
the  volumes  devoted  to  the  Jesuits  in  the  "  Monumenta  Germaniac 
Paodagogica"  (vols.  ii.  and  v.  of  the  series,  of  which  six  volumes 
arc  now  in  print). 

In  the  general  history  of  literature  the  most  important  of  re- 
cent works  is  George  Brandes's  "  Die  llauptstroinungcn  der  Lite- 


HISTORIES  OF  MODERN  TIMES.  23V 

ratiir  des  nennzehnten  Jaliiliumloils"  (5  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1872- 
86).  It  is  characterized  by  excellent  arrangement  and  great  crit- 
ical ability.  J.  J.  Ilonegger's  "  Literatur  und  Cultur  des  19ten 
Jahrliunderts"  (8vo,  2te  Aufl.,  Leipzig,  1880). 

In  political  economy  Karl  Knies's  "Die  politisclie  Oekononiie 
vom  gescliichtlicben  Standpunkte  "  (8vo,  2te  Aufl.,  Braunschweig, 
1883)  is  the  most  noteworthy  example  of  the  historical  method. 
The  work  is  much  enlarged  and  improved  in  the  second  edition. 
Robert  v.  Mohl's  "  Geschichte  und  Literatur  der  Staatswissen- 
schaften  in  Monographien  dargestellt"  (3teAufl.,  3  vols.,  Leipzig, 
1858).  Eugen  Diihring's  "  Kritische  Geschichte  der  National- 
Oekonomie  und  Socialismus"  (8vo,  3te  Aufl.,  Berlin,  1879)  ;  the 
author  is  an  ardent  disciple  of  Carey.  Travers  Twiss's  "  Progress 
of  Political  Economy  in  Europe  since  the  Sixteenth  Century  " 
(8vo,  London,  1847),  though  out  of  print  and  scarce,  is  valuable 
for  learning  and  good  judgment.  Walter  Bagehot's  "  Economic 
Studies"  (8vo,  London,  1880)  are  the  comments  of  a  specialist  of 
remarkable  acumen  and  power. 

On  the  history  of  the  nineteenth  century  Karl  Biedermann's 
"  Staatengeschichte  der  neuesten  Zeit"  is  by  far  the  most  impor- 
tant general  collection  of  works.  The  series  is  prepared  by  se- 
lected authors,  and  in  1888  consists  of  about  20  vols.,  8vo,  Leip- 
zig. Wilhelra  Hohoff's  "Die  Revolution  seit  dem  16ten  Jahr- 
hundert  im  Lichte  der  Forschung"  (8vo,  Freiburg,  1887)  consists 
of  an  effort  to  connect  all  the  modern  revolutionary  movements 
directly  with  the  Reformation.  Also  cf.  A.  Ruge's  "  Geschichte 
unserer  Zeit "(8vo,  Berlin,  1881),  and  T.Flathe's" Das  Zeitalter  der 
Restauration  und  Revolution  (1815-51)  "  (8vo,  Berlin,  1885).  G. 
G.  Gervinus's  "Geschichte  des  IDten  Jahrhunderts  seit  den  Wiener 
Vertrilgen  "  (8  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1855-67)  is  noted  for  the  au- 
thor's great  ability  and  the  badness  of  his  style.  Wilhelm  Piitz's 
"Geschichte  der  neueren  Zeit  (1492-1815),"  "Geschichte  der  neu- 
esten Zeit"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  2te  Aufl.,K6ln,  1876-77), C.BuUe's  "Ge- 
schichte der  neuesten  Zeit  (1815-85)"  (4  vols.,  8vo,  2te  Aufl., 
Leipzig,  1886),  and  "Geschichte  der  Jahre  1871-77  "  (8vo,  Leip» 
zig,  1878).  AV.  Miiller's  "Politische  Geschichte  der  Gegenwart" 
has  appeared  in  annual  volumes  since  1866,  and  is  a  valuable  com- 
panion of  the  "  Annual  Register."  These  two  works,  with  the 
"Statesman's  Year  Book"  (12mo,  London),  may  be  relied  upon 
to  sive  the  most  trustworthy  information  of  verv  recent  events. 


238  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Chapter   VIII. 

HISTORIES    OF    ITALY. 

I.    GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Cantu,  Cesar. — Histoire  des  Italiens.  Traduite  sous  les  yeux  do 
I'auteur,  par  M.  Armand  Lacoinbe,  sur  la  dcuxieme  edition 
italienne.     12  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1859. 

A  history  of  Italy,  or  rather  of  the  Italian  people,  from  the 
earliest  times  down  to  the  present  day.  The  author  dwells  much 
more  fully  upon  the  habits  and  institutions  of  the  Italians  than 
upon  their  military  struggles;  and  hence  the  work  is  in  some 
sense  a  history  of  civilization  in  Italy.  Cantu's  writings  have 
gained  for  him  considerable  distinction  in  his  own  country  ;  and, 
as  this  work  covers  the  whole  field  of  Italian  history  down  to 
quite  recent  times,  it  is  worthy  of  attention.  The  student,  how- 
ever, will  generally  be  better  served  by  the  histories  of  special 
periods. 

The  author  is  an  ardent  republican  in  politics,  and  a  Roman 
Catholic  in  religion.  His  sympathies  are  with  the  Church,  on  the 
one  hand,  and  with  free  institutions  on  the  other. 


Hunt,  William. — History  of   Italy.       IGmo,  London   and    New 
York,  1«74. 

One  of  tlic  excellent  scries  prepared  by  selected  authors  and 
edited  by  Dr.  Freeman,  for  the  use  of  schools.  As  a  bird's-eye 
view  of  the  continuous  liistory  of  Italy  from  the  fall  of  the 
Western  Empire  to  the  establishment  of  the  united  kingdom 
under  Victor  JMiiiiianucl,  it  has  no  superior. 


HISTORIES   OF  ITALY.  239 

The  second  lialf  of  the  volume,  beginning  witli  chapter  vii., 
will  probably  be  found  most  interesting,  as  it  gives  in  brief  space 
a  clear  presentation  of  the  obstacles  to  Italian  unity.  The  man- 
ner in  which  these  obstacles  were  finally  overcome  is  well  de- 
scribed in  chapter  xi. 


Leo,  Keinrich. — Geschichte  von  Italien.     5  vols.,  8vo,  Hamburg, 
1829-32. 

Though  it  is  now  nearly  half  a  century  since  Leo's  "  History  of 
Italy"  was  completed,  it  still  remains  the  most  satisfactory  com- 
prehensive work  on  the  subject  we  have.  Several  periods  of  the 
national  life  have  been  more  successfully  treated  by  other  au- 
thors, but  no  other  general  work  can  boast  of  so  many  and  so 
striking  excellences.  Its  style  is  clear,  its  grouping  of  subjects 
is  skilful,  its  learning  is  abundant,  and  its  positions  are,  for  the 
most  part,  such  as  subsequent  investigations  have  tended  to  con- 
firm. It  is  entitled  to  a  high  rank  among  the  series  edited  by 
Heeren  and  Ukert. 

The  work  begins  with  an  introductory  account  of  the  country 
and  of  the  condition  of  the  people  under  the  Romans.  The  sec- 
ond and  third  books  describe  Italy  under  the  Lombards  and 
Franks,  while  a  fourth  gives  a  view  of  the  country  under  the 
monarchs  of  the  Saxon  and  Hohenstaufen  lines.  With  the  fifth 
book  begins  an  account  of  the  growth  of  the  cities,  and  of  the 
struggle  which  resulted  in  the  general  establishment  of  indepen- 
dent republics.  The  eleventh  describes  the  manner  in  wliicli,  be- 
tween 1492  and  1559,  the  several  individual  republics  lost  the 
peculiarities  of  their  government,  and  finally  their  independence. 
The  twelfth  book  closes  the  work  with  an  account  of  the  period 
between  1559  and  1830.  There  is  a  full  table  of  contents,  but 
no  index. 


Mariotti  L.  [pseudonym  of  Antonio  Gallenga]. — Italy,  Past  and 
Present.     2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1846. 

A  cry  raised  by  the  author  to  create  an  mterest  in  "behalf  of 
something  like  the  union  which  has  since  been  achieved. 


240  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  fii'st  volume  is  a  summary  of  Italian  history  before  the 
sixteenth  century ;  the  second  a  continuation  to  the  period  of  the 
principalities.  The  last  three  chapters  are  of  the  most  value  as 
giving  a  picture  of  Italy  since  Napoleon  I.,  and  as  showing  the 
difficulties  in  the  way  of  a  united  nationality.  The  book  has  had 
no  little  influence,  and  is  still  of  considerable  value. 


Sismondi,  J.  C.  L.  Simonde  de. — Histolre  des  Republlques  Itali- 
ennes  du  Moyen  Age.  Nouvelle  edition,  revue  et  corrigee.  16 
vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1826.  Two  volumes  on  the  Renaissance  were 
added  in  1841,  and  the  whole  was  published  in  10  vols.,  8vo. 

Sismondi  has  been  regarded  as  a  standard  authority  ever  since 
his  great  work  was  published.  To  the. collection  and  preparation 
of  the  material  he  devoted  his  gifted  powers  from  1796  to  1818, 
in  which  latter  year  the  last  volume  of  the  first  edition  was  is- 
sued. 

The  author's  style  is  generally  clear  and  sometimes  eloquent, 
though  it  is  not  quite  of  the  highest  quality.  His  judgment  is 
discriminating  and  impartial ;  his  investigations  are  thorough  and 
conscientious. 

The  period  covered  embraces  the  centuries  intervening  between 
the  fall  of  the  Western  Empire  and  the  establishment  of  com- 
parative peace  in  the  sixteenth  century.  A  few  concluding  chap- 
ters explain  the  general  course  of  events  to  the  outbreak  of  the 
French  Revolution. 

More  recent  investigations  have  tlirown  new  light  on  Italian 
affairs  of  the  Middle  Ages,  and  consequently  Sismondi's  work 
cannot  now  be  regarded  as  possessing  all  its  former  value.  But 
though  the  author's  conclusions  in  regard  to  individual  events 
can  no  longer  be  accepted  as  final,  his  work  continues  to  enjoy 
the  distinction  of  being  the  best  comprehensive  history  of  the 
Italian  republics  as  a  whole.  For  the  best  history  of  the  indi- 
vidual states  the  student  must  now  g(j  to  other  works. 


Spalding,  William. — Italy  and    the    Italian   Islands.      From   the 


HISTORIES  OF  ITiVLY.  241 

Earliest  Ages  to  the  Present  Times.    3  vols.,  12mo,  New  York, 
1842. 

A  woi'k  which  has  the  rare  merits  of  general  accuracy,  of  liter- 
ary finish,  and  of  judicial  impartiality.  It  is  still  a  good  authority 
for  one  who  desires  a  somewhat  fuller  view  of  Italian  history  than 
that  given  by  Hunt,  and  has  not  time  for  the  great  works  of 
Cantu  and  Sismondi.  It  was  intended  for  the  general  reader 
rather  than  for  the  special  student,  and  it  lays  no  claim  to  such 
merits  uf  original  research  as  those  which  characterize  the  pages 
of  Leo. 


II.    HISTOKIES   OF    LIMITED    PERIODS,    f 

Hodgkin,  Thomas. — Italy  and  her  Invaders.      4  vols.,  8vo,  Ox- 
ford, 1880-85. 

The  first  attempt  to  sum  up  for  English  readers  the  results  of 
modern  research  into  the  civil,  social,  and  political  characteristics 
of  the  early  German  and  Asiatic  invaders.  It  is  a  field  in  which 
much  has  been  done  by  the  modern  scholars  of  Germany  and 
France.  The  subject  is  one  which,  in  Gibbon's  great  work,  is 
treated  in  a  less  satisfactory  manner  than  perhaps  any  other ;  and 
the  fruits  of  recent  explorations  amply  justify  Mr.  Hodgkin's  en- 
deavor. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  Visigothic  irruption  ;  the 
second  to  the  invasion  of  the  Iluns  and  Vandals.  In  later  vol- 
umes the  author  hopes  to  trace  in  similar  manner  the  movements 
of  the  Franks,  Burgundians,  Lombards,  and  Ostrogoths,  bringing 
the  history  down  to  the  accession  of  the  Carlovingian  dynasty. 

The  work  is  not  the  result  of  independent  research,  but  is 
rather  the  accumulation  for  English  readers  of  the  results  reached 
by  Thierry,  Sismondi,  Guizot,  and  Martin,  as  well  as  by  the  best 
German  authorities. 

The  author  agrees  with  Gibbon  in  thinking  that  Christianity 
was  one  of  the  most  powerful  solvents  of  the  Roman  Empire ; 
also  with  the  best  modern  authorities  in  identifying  the  Huns 
with  the  inhabitants  of  Mongolia.  In  his  opinion,  they  were  the 
same  great  race  that  gave  the  Chinese  so  much  trouble  and  that 

16 


242  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

forced  their  southern  neighbors  to  erect  the  Great  Wall  in  self- 
defence. 

The  third  and  fourth  volumes  by  their  thorough  mastery  of 
all  new  sources  have  added  not  a  little  to  the  already  good  rep- 
utation of  the  work. 


Testa,  Giovanni  Battista. — History  of  the  War  of  Frederick  I. 
against  the  Communes  of  Lombardy.  Translated  from  the 
Italian  and  revised  by  the  author.     8vo,  London,  1877. 

A  picture  of  the  manner  in  which  Italy  was  broken  up  into 
the  petty  states  of  the  twelfth  century.  The  work  includes  in  its 
scope  the  thirty  years  extending  from  1152  to  1183;  but  the 
history  of  this  period  is  preceded  by  a  preliminary  discourse  of 
about  one  hundred  pages,  designed  to  portray  the  tendency  of 
affairs  during  the  "whole  of  the  Middle  Ages.  The  work  is  unique 
in  its  design,  and,  as  a  picture  of  an  important  struggle,  is  of 
much  value;  indeed,  to  the  special  student  of  Italian  history  it  is 
indispensable. 

The  translation,  though  generally  true  to  the  original,  abounds 
in  faulty  English. 


Heyd,Wilhelm  von. — Geschichte  des  Levantehandels  im  Mittel- 

ulter.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Stuttgart,  1879, 

One  of  the  most  important  of  recent  works  on  the  Middle 
Ages.  It  is  the  fruit  of  some  twenty  years  of  industrious  and 
skilful  research  in  this  special  field.  While  the  narrative  is  co- 
herent, the  notes  present  an  imposing  mass  of  details  for  the 
benefit  of  all  those  who  would  follow  the  subject  to  its  limits. 
It  describes  the  commercial  relations  of  the  Levant  with  all  the 
nations  of  Europe. 


Hegel,  Dr.  Carl — Geschichte  der  Stadteverfassung  von  Italien 


1 


HISTORIES   OF  ITALY.  043 

seit  der  Zeit  der  romisclien  Ilerrscliaft  bis  ziim  Ansgang  dcs 
zwolften  Jalirhnnderts.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1847.  In  tl)e  French 
translation  ("  Histoire  du  Commerce  dii  Levant  au  Moyen  Age," 
8vo,  Leipzig,  1885-86)  the  work  is  rewritten  and  enlarged," 

The  author  is  of  the  opinion  that  tlic  extraordinary  intellectual 
activity  which  displayed  itself  in  Italy  from  the  twelfth  to  the 
fifteenth  century  is  to  be  adequately  accounted  for  only  by  the 
peculiar  nature  of  the  early  municipal  organizations.  To  show 
the  peculiarities  of  the  city  governments  from  the  time  of  the 
Empire  to  the  general  establishment  of  the  republics  in  the  thir- 
teenth century  is  therefore  the  purpose  of  this  work.  It  begins 
with  a  description  of  the  development  of  municipal  law  in  Rome  ; 
describes  the  various  changes  to  which  that  law  was  subjected  dur- 
ing the  Empire  ;  points  out  the  peculiarities  of  the  changes  that  re- 
sulted from  the  invasions  as  well  as  from  the  institutions  of  the 
Franks,  Goths,  and  especially  the  Lombards ;  shows  the  influence 
of  the  Church  on  the  nature  of  the  municipalities ;  and,  finally, 
describes  the  insurrection  of  the  communes  and  the  establishment 
of  the  free  cities. 

The  author's  method  at  once  secures  the  admiration  of  the  stu- 
dent. Every  page  of  the  work  gives  evidence  of  the  most  pains- 
taking and  the  most  comprehensive  study  of  all  the  materials  at 
hand.  He  has  explored  the  archives  of  the  Italian  cities  with 
rich  results,  and  he  has  thus  been  able  to  controvert  some  of  the 
positions  taken  by  Savigny  and  generally  accepted  on  his  au- 
thority.    In  point  of  style  the  volumes  are  unusually  attractive. 


Guicciardini,  Francesco. — The  History  of  Italy  from  the  year 
1490  to  1532.  Translated  into  English  by  Austin  Parke  God- 
dard.     10  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1753. 

A  classical  work,  giving  an  account  of  one  of  the  most  turbu- 
lent periods  in  Italian  history.  It  is  a  great  storehouse  of  infor- 
mation, chiefly  useless  except  as  a  picture  of  the  "  unutterable 
chaos"  of  the  time.  It  is  filled  with  the  minutest  details  of 
events  important  and  unimportant,  and  is  of  little  use  save  for 
purposes  of  research  and  verification. 

It  was  concerning  this  book  that  the  story  was  originally  told 
of  a  man  who  was  condemned  either  to  read  it  through  or  go  to 


244  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  galleys  for  life.  Not  familiar  with  its  character,  he  chose  the 
book.  But  when  he  had  got  into  the  wars  of  the  Pisans  he 
could  go  no  further,  and  accordingly  reappeared  before  the  judge, 
got  his  sentence  changed,  and  joyfully  accepted  the  commutation 
of  going  to  the  galleys. 


Botta,  Carlo  Giuseppe  Guglielmo. — Storia  d'  Italia.     14  vols., 
8vo,  Paris,  1837. 

The  most  comprehensive  history  of  modern  Italy.  It  takes  up 
the  narrative  at  the  point  where  Guicciardini  drops  it  (1532),  and 
brings  it  down  to  1837. 

The  author's  knowledge  and  application,  however,  were  not 
quite  adequate  to  so  great  a  task.  The  narrative  is  easy  and 
spirited ;  but  the  work  as  a  whole  lacks  the  erudition  necessary 
to  give  it  a  prominent  place  among  literary  works  of  a  high  rank. 
It  is  not  founded  on  the  extent  of  research  that  has  given  to  the 
works  of  Leo,  Hegel,  and  Reuchlin  their  great  merits. 


Symonds,  John  Addington. — Renaissance  in  Italy.  The  Age  of 
Despots.  The  Fine  Arts.  The  Revival  of  Learning.  Italian 
Literature.  The  Catholic  Reaction.  7  vols.,  8vo,  London  and 
New  York,  1875-86. 

The  student  of  the  transitional  period,  extending  from  the 
thirteenth  to  the  end  of  the  sixteenth  century,  should  apply  him- 
self to  these  portly  volumes  with  diligence.  Though  the  author's 
method  is  dignified  and  even  severe,  his  style  is  graceful  and  at 
times  brilliant.  The  student  of  political  history  will  find  the 
volume  on  "The  Age  of  Despots"  of  especial  service.  In  chap- 
ter iii.  of  this  volume  is  an  interesting  description  of  the  "Six 
Sorts  of  Italian  Despots;"  in  chapter  v.  a  good  account  of  Machia- 
velli  and  his  writings;  and  in  chapter  viii.  a  similar  and  even  a 
better  description  of  that  great  prophet  of  the  reformation,  Savo- 
narola, and  of  his  attitude  towards  the  Renaissance. 

The  character  of  the  other  volumes  is  fully  indicated  by  their 
titles.      It   may   be  said,  however,  that  the  author  has  pursued 


HISTORIES  OF   ITALY.  245 

Gibbon's  method  of  making  each  chapter  a  monograph  but  little 
dependent  for  its  interest  on  what  precedes  or  follows. 

As  a  whole,  these  works  are  among  the  most  valuable  of  the 
many  recent  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  Italy. 


Voigt,  Dr.  Georg. — Die  Wiederbelebung  des  classischen  Alter- 
thums,  oder  das  erste  Jahrhundert  des  Humanisraus.  2te  um- 
gearbeitete  Aufl.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1880-81. 

The  object  of  the  author  is  to  portray  that  revival  of  classical 
learning  which  was  the  first  harbinger  of  the  Renaissance.  He 
discusses  the  condition  of  Italy  at  the  time  of  Petrarch,  the  influ- 
ence of  the  poet  in  calling  attention  to  Greek  and  Latin  letters, 
the  discovery  of  the  works  of  classical  authors,  the  influence  of 
the  family  of  Medici,  and  of  the  papal  government,  and,  finally, 
the  propagation  of  the  humanistic  spirit  north  of  the  Alps. 

The  work  shows  unquestionable  learning  and  ability.  At  the 
time  of  its  publication  it  was  received  with  great  favor  through- 
out Germany. 

Burckhardt,  Jacob.— The  Civilization  of  the  Period  of  the  Renais- 
sance in  Italy.  Authorized  translation  by  S.  G.  C.  Middlemore. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1878. 

Fo-r  some  years  the  Avork  from  which  this  translation  was  made 
has  been  acknowledged  in  Germany  as  one  of  the  most  prominent 
among  several  books  of  great  merit  on  the  subject  of  the  Renais- 
sance. It  is  founded  on  real  erudition,  and  is  written  with  great 
literary  skill  as  well  as  sobriety  of  judgment.  The  author  is  es- 
pecially successful  in  his  account  of  the  political  preparation  for 
the  Renaissance;  and  he  treats  the  whole  subject  with  a  judicious 
moderation  that  constantly  increases  the  reader's  respect  for  his 
knowledge  and  impartiality.  With  many  readers  the  book  will 
probably  be  found  less  entertaining  than  the  works  of  Symonds 
and  Villari ;  but,  if  so,  it  is  because  of  a  certain  want  of  enthu- 
siasm that  comes  from  the  extreme  impartiality  with  which  the 
author  holds  the  balance  of  probabilities. 


246  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

Cellini,  Benvenuto — Memoirs  of.  Written  by  Himself.  Con- 
taining a  variety  of  Information  respecting  the  Arts,  and  the 
History  of  the  Sixteenth  Century.  With  notes  and  observa- 
tions by  G.  P.  Carpani.  Transhxted  by  Tliomas  Roscoe.  Crown 
8vo,  London,  1850. 

On  many  accounts  one  of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable 
autobiographies  ever  written.  The  author  was  contemporaneous 
with  Raphael  and  Michael  Angelo,  and  was  the  most  skilful 
worker  in  metals  in  that  age  of  artists.  It  was  while  he  was  en- 
gaged in  the  varied  labors  of  his  craft  that  he  dictated  this  fas- 
cinating work.  The  variety  of  its  incidents,  the  minuteness  of  its 
descriptions,  the  pictures  of  the  people,  and  of  the  manners  of 
the  time,  and,  above  all,  the  view  it  affords  of  the  life  of  one  of 
the  most  powerful  characters  of  the  age,  give  it  at  once  the  charm 
of  romance  and  the  value  of  a  record  of  contemporaneous  events. 


Sarpi,  Father  Paul  (Pietro  Soave  Polano). — The  History  of  the 

Council  of  Trent.  Containing  eight  books,  in  which,  besides 
the  ordinary  Acts  of  the  Council,  are  deduced  many  notable 
occurrences  which  happened  in  Christendom  during  the  space 
of  forty  years  and  more,  and  particularly  the  Practices  of  the 
Court  of  Rome,  to  hinder  the  Reformation  of  their  Errors  and 
to  maintain  their  Greatness.  Translated  into  English  by 
Nathaniel  Brent,  Knight ;  whereunto  is  added  the  Life  of  the 
Learned  Author  and  the  History  of  the  Inquisition.  English 
translation,  folio,  London,  1(376. 

A  very  remarkable  book  by  a  very  remarkable  man.  Its  ap- 
pearance, about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century,  was  a 
literary  and  religious  event.  The  author  was  a  political  envoy  of 
Rome  at  the  moment  when  the  papacy  was  making  its  most 
strenuous  endeavor  to  plant  itself  above  the  Teniporal  Power. 
He  would  not  adopt  the  views  and  methods  of  the  Church,  and 
consequently  the  harmony  between  him  and  the  papal  authority 
came  to  an  end.  He  was  placed  under  the  interdict;  and  from 
an  assassin  he  received  wounds  from  which  for  months  it  seemel 
likely  that  he  wuuld  not  recover.  It  was  after  this  event  that  his 
great  work  was  written. 


HISTORIES  OP  ITALY.  24V 

The  picture  wliich  Father  Paul  gives  of  the  Church  is  perhaps 
the  most  damaging  over  painted.  He  does  not  break  out  into 
reproaches  lilvc  Luther,  but  adopts  the  far  more  effective  method 
of  rending  the  veil  and  simply  allowing  the  public  to  judge  for 
itself.  His  representations  evince  remarkable  dramatic  power. 
In  a  few  words  he  is  able  to  concentrate  the  meaning  of  an  event 
on  a  trait  of  character  in  a  manner  probably  never  excelled  since 
the  time  of  Tacitus.  His  portraits  of  the  popes  are  entitled  to 
rank  among  the  best  specimens  of  clear,  concise,  nervous,  and 
comprehensive  description  to  be  found  in  modern  literature. 


Villari,  Pasquale. — Niccolo  Machiavelli  and  his  Times.     Trans- 
lated by  Linda  Villari.     4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1878-81. 

The  latest  and  most  satisfactory  work  on  the  life  and  public 
services  of  this  great  political  philosopher  and  writer.  For  cen- 
turies Machiavelli  has  been  regarded  as  a  species  of  sphinx  of  whom 
no  one  could  solve  the  riddle.  While  some  have  maintained  that 
the  most  famous  of  his  works  was  a  collection  of  iniquitous  pre- 
cepts for  the  support  of  tyranny,  others  have  held  with  equal 
confidence  that  this  same  Avork  was  a  sharp  satire  on  despots,  was 
calculated  to  tui'n  daggers  against  them  and  to  arouse  people  to 
rebellion.  The  work  of  Professor  Villari  is  an  effort  to  solve  the 
enigma.  The  theory  of  the  author  is  that  an  adequate  explana- 
tion can  only  be  found  in  a  study  of  the  man  and  of  his  times, 
as  revealed  especially  in  his  unpublished  writings.  To  this  task 
Villari  has  applied  himself  with  unusual  assiduity  and  success. 
He  has  made  use  of  several  thousands  of  Machiavelli's  official 
letters  still  unedited,  and  never  before  examined  by  any  biog- 
rapher. 

The  first  volume  is  taken  up  with  an  excellent  introductory 
account  of  the  political  condition  of  Italy ;  the  second  with  the 
life  of  Machiavelli  to  the  time  of  his  retirement  from  office,  in 
1512.  The  third  and  fourth  volumes  complete  the  book.  The 
literary  workmanship  of  the  volumes  is  admirable,  and  the  trans- 
lation, for  the  most  part,  is  excellent. 


248  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Villari,  Pasquale. — The  History  of  Girolamo  Savonarola  and  of 
his  Times.  Translated  from  the  Italian  by  Leonard  Horner, 
witli  the  co-operation  of  the  author.  2  vols.,  12mo,  London, 
1863. 

The  work  of  an  eminent  scholar,  who  has  made  a  special  study 
of  the  period  of  the  Renaissance.  It  is  founded  on  the  results  of 
much  original  research,  not  only  in  the  archives  of  the  govern- 
ment, but  also  among  papers  preserved  by  the  families  of  the  old 
Italian  nobility.  The  search  has  brought  to  light  many  new  docu- 
ments of  great  importance ;  and  in  the  light  of  them  the  author 
has  considered  Savonarola,  both  as  a  philosoplier  and  as  a  states- 
man. The  work  may  be  considered  the  only  one  that  does  full 
justice  to  the  life  and  public  services  of  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able men  of  his  time. 


Grimm,  Herman. — Life  of  Michael  Angelo.  Translated,  with  the 
author's  sanction,  by  Fanny  Elizabeth  Burnett.  2  vols.,  12mo, 
Boston,  ninth  edition,  187 7, 

One  of  the  most  valuable  contributions  ever  made  to  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  greatest  age  of  Italian  art.  It  is  not  simply  a  life  of 
a  very  extraordinary  man,  but  is  also  a  description  by  an  able 
writer  and  critic  of  the  most  remarkable  period  in  the  history  of 
art.  The  book  contains  much  information  that  had  never  before 
appeared,  many  letters  of  a  private  and  domestic  nature,  and  much 
new  light  on  the  relations  of  Michael  Angelo  to  the  other  great 
artists  of  the  day.     The  translation  is  inferior. 


Crowe,  J.  A.,  and  Cavalcaselle,  G.  B. — A  New  History  of  Paint- 
ing in  Italy,  from  the  Second  to  the  Sixteenth  Century.  Drawn 
np  from  Fresh  Materials  and  liecent  Researches  in  the  Archives 
of  Italy,  as  well  as  fi'om  Personal  Inspection  of  the  Worka 
of  Art  scattered  throughout  Europe.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1864-00. 

The  recent  labors  of  these  authors  in  the  various  fields  of  art 
have  given  them  great  prominence,  and,  indeed,  great  fame.     The 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY. 


249 


long  and  slow  development  of  painting  during  the  obscurities  of 
the  Middle  Ages  has  never  before  been  so  fully  described.  By 
the  title  of  the  work  it  will  be  observed  that  it  deals  with  the 
history  of  painting  before  the  time  when  the  art  had  arrived  at 
the  condition  of  its  greatest  excellence.  The  author  gives  a  suffi- 
ciently full  account  of  Perugino,  and  of  the  less  distinguished  of 
his  pupils;  but  of  Raphael  and  his  works  the  description  is  very 
meagre,  and  is  perhaps  reserved  for  future  consideration. 

The  descriptions  are  too  elaborate  to  maintain  the  continuous 
interest  of  a  general  student.  While  the  style  is  by  no  means 
imattractive,  the  accounts  are  often  so  minute,  and  the  analysis 
so  subtle,  that  they  can  be  of  general  interest  only  to  artists  or 
art  critics.  The  greatest  value  of  the  work  for  general  purposes 
is  in  th^  fact  that  it  affords  easy  means  of  getting  the  most  com- 
plete information  attainable  of  any  of  the  mediaeval  painters.  Its 
pages  are  enriched  with  very  full  illustrative  notes,  the  engravings 
are  numerous  and  excellent,  and  the  index  is  unusually  complete. 


Crowe,  J.  A.,  and  Cavalcaselle,  G.  B. — A  History  of  Painting  in 
North  Italy,  Venice,  Padua,  Vicenza,  Verona,  Ferrara,  Milan, 
Friuli,  Brescia,  from  the  Fourteenth  to  the  Sixteenth  Century. 
Drawn  up  from  Fresh  ]\Iaterials  after  Recent  Researches  in  the 
Archives  of  Italy,  and  from  Personal  Inspection  of  the  Works  of 
Art  scattered  throughout  Europe.  With  illustrations.  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1871. 

Characterized  by  the  same  minute  and  exhaustive  scholarship 
as  that  manifested  in  the  same  authors'  earlier  work.  Its  thor- 
oughness and  its  critical  acumen  must  long  make  it  a  final  author- 
ity on  the  subject.  Its  very  full  index  enables  it  to  be  of  use  to 
the  general  student  of  Italian  history. 


Reuchlin,  Hermann. — Geschichte  Italiens,  von  der  Grundung  der 
regierenden  Dynastien  bis  zur  Gegenwart.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic, 
1859-73. 

The  first  two  hundred  pages  are  devoted  to  an  introduction, 


„.^  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

which  brino-s  the  history  down  to  the  French  Revolution.  The 
remainder  of  vols.  i.  and  ii.  complete  the  history  to  1848,  while 
vols.  iii.  and  iv.  are  devoted  to  the  subsequent  period,  and  the  im- 
mediate events  that  resulted  in  the  completion  of  Italian  unity  in 
1871. 

Of  the  histories  of  Italy  during  the  present  century  this  is 
incomparably  the  best.  It  is  not  only  the  result  of  twenty  years 
of  laborious  and  successful  study,  but  it  is  written  in  fluent  and 
graceful  German.  Unfortunately,  the  work  has  no  index,  and  has 
only  a  very  meagre  table  of  contents.  Otherwise,  the  book,  from 
almost  every  point  of  view,  is  all  that  could  be  desired.  The  con- 
flicting interests  that  long  prevented  Italian  unity,  and  the  vari- 
ous means  by  which  these  interests  were  made  to  yield  to  the 
statesmanship  of  Cavour  and  Victor  Emmanuel,  are  analyzed  with 
a  master's  hand. 


Botta,  C.  G.  Gr. — History  of  Italy  during  the  Consulate  and  Em- 
pire of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  Translated  from  the  Italian.  2 
vols.,  8vo,  London,  1828. 

This  was  one  of  the  earliest  of  Botta's  works,  but  it  shows  the 
characteristics  which,  a  little  later,  made  his  w^ritings  so  well 
known.  It  is  not  a  history  of  the  highest  type,  but  is  the  au- 
thor's best  work,  and  it  is  an  agreeable  portrayal  of  the  con- 
dition of  Italy  during  the  stormy  period  of  Napoleon's  domi- 
nance. 

The  most  noteworthy  characteristic  of  the  book  is  the  fact  that 
the  writer  was  the  most  ardent  exponent  of  the  reaction  against 
France.  In  point  of  style  it  is  often  impassioned  and  eloquent, 
but  it  is  also  somewhat  stilted,  and  is  written  in  imitation  of 
models  now  quite  antiquated. 


Butt,  Isaac. — The  History  of  Italy  from  the  Abdication  of  Na- 
p(jlcon  I.,  with  Introductory  Keferences  to  that  of  Earlier 
Times.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  18G0. 

The  title  of  this  history  is  delusive,  as  the  author  appears  to 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY.  251 

have  abandoned  his  task  soon  after  it  was  begun.  The  fragment 
embodied  in  the  first  two  volumes  carries  tlie  history  no  further 
than  to  tlie  Treaty  of  Vienna. 

The  author's  purpose  evidently  was  elaborate.  He  begins  with 
an  account  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  and  of  the  changes  introduced 
into  Italy  by  the  Restoration  of  the  Bourbons.  He  then  builds 
up  a  number  of  historical  books  on  separate  foundations,  going 
back  into  the  heart  of  the  Middle  Ages  for  the  early  history  of 
the  different  Italian  states.  This  method  gives  the  work  an  un- 
symmetrical  form,  and  detracts  somewhat  from  the  interest  of 
the  reader,  if  not  from  the  real  value  of  the  production. 

The  researches  seem  to  have  been  carried  on  with  integrity ; 
the  spirit  is  liberal  and  the  style  ornate.  The  book,  therefore,  is 
not  without  value,  though  its  title  is  misleading  and  disappointing. 


Wrightson,  Richard  Heber.— A  History  of  Modern  Italy,  from 
the  First  French  Revolution  to  the  year  1850.  8vo,  London, 
1855. 

The  most  satisfactory  brief  account  in  English  of  the  course  of 
political  events  in  Italy  during  the  present  century.  With  a  firm 
and  discriminating  hand  the  author  describes  the  various  events 
that  led  to  the  part  played  by  Italy  in  the  Napoleonic  days,  and 
to  the  final  establishment  of  the  dynasties  of  Tuscany,  Lombardy, 
and  the  Two  Sicilies. 

Not  the  least  valuable  portion  is  the  account  of  political  com- 
plications during  the  early  years  of  the  reign  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 
Unfortunately,  the  book  ends  before  the  drama  was  completed. 


Mazzini,  Joseph.— Life  and  Writings  of.     6  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1869. 

The  best  description  of  the  man  who  for  many  years  was  the 
great  moving  force  among  the  revolutionists  of  Italy.  The  pres- 
ent unity  of  the  Italian  State  is  in  no  small  measure  due  to  his 
writinccs  and  his  influence. 


252  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Of  bis  collected  works  the  first  and  fifth  volumes  are  the 
most  important.  These  are  largely  autobiographical,  and  contain 
the  most  valuable  part  of  his  political  writings.  Mazzini  was  not 
a  statesman  like  Cavour,  but  he  furnished  many  of  the  ideas  with 
which  Cavour  and  his  followers  were  inspired.  For  a  student  of 
recent  Italian  history,  therefore,  tbey  are  invaluable. 


D'Azeglio,  Massimo— Recollections  of.  Translated,  with  Notes 
and  an  Introduction,  by  Count  Maffei.  2  vols.,  12mo,  London, 
1868. 

The  memoirs  of  one  who  did  a  considerable  part  of  the  work 
of  preparing  Italy  for  the  great  general  movement  which  finally 
placed  Victor  Emmanuel  on  the  throne.  In  the  later  years  of 
his  life  D'Azeglio,  as  cabinet  oflScer  and  ambassador,  wielded  an 
influence  second  only  to  that  of  Cavour. 


Mazade,  Charles  de. — Le  Comte  de  Cavour.     8vo,  Paris,  1877. 
Also  in  English.     London,  1877. 

A  criticism  by  a  very  acute  and  discriminating  French  writer  of 
the  life  and  work  of  the  father  of  modern  Italian  unity.  To  no 
other  one  in  this  ccjitury  does  Italy  owe  so  much  as  to  Cavour, 
and  no  one  has  given  a  better  view  of  Cavour's  life  and  work  than 
Mazade.  As  a  brief  representation  of  the  struggle  for  unity,  and 
also  of  the  various  international  questions  involved,  the  book  is 
the  best  accessible.  It  deals  with  forces  quite  as  much  as  with 
facts,  and,  therefore,  will  be  used  with  most  profit  by  those  who 
already  have  some  familiarity  with  recent  Italian  affairs. 


About,  Edmond. — Tlie  Koman  Question.     Translated  by  H.  C. 
Coape.      12 mo.  New  York,  1859. 

An  exceedingly  brisk  assault  on  the  temporal  power  of  the 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY.  253 

pope.  Its  spirit  may  be  inferred  from  these  words  of  the  pref- 
ace :  "  I  travelled  oyer  every  part  of  the  country ;  I  conversed 
with  men  of  all  opinions,  examined  things  very  closely,  and  col- 
lected my  information  on  the  spot.  My  first  impressions,  noted 
down  from  day  to  day  without  any  especial  object,  appeared  in  the 
Moniteur  Universcl.  I  was  obliged  to  discontinue  in  consequence 
of  the  violent  outcry  of  the  Pontifical  government.  I  threw  my 
notes  into  the  fire,  and  wrote  a  book  instead.  Pardon  me  certain 
vivacities  of  style,  which  I  have  not  time  to  correct,  and  plunge 
boldly  into  the  heart  of  the  book.  You  will  find  something  there. 
I  fight  fairly,  and  in  good  faith.  I  do  not  pretend  to  have  judged 
the  foes  of  Italy  without  passion,  but  I  have  calumniated  none  of 
them." 

The  caustic  wit  of  the  book  may  be  conjectured  from  its  first 
sentence:  "The  Roman  Catholic  Church,  which  I  sincerely  re- 
spect, consists  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  millions  of  individ- 
uals, without  counting  little  Mortara." 


Trollope,  Adolphus.— The  Story  of  the  Life  of  Pius  the  Ninth. 
2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  ISVT. 

An  attempt  to  portray  simply  the  outer  life  of  Pope  Pius  IX. 
The  book  is  a  spirited  piece  of  writing ;  but  it  is  scarcely  entitled 
to  very  high  rank  either  as  history  or  as  biography.  The  con- 
spicuous fault  of  the  volumes  is  the  author's  habit  of  seizing 
upon  some  one  picturesque  fact,  and  putting  it  forward  as  the 
cause  of  all  that  follows. 

The  work  will  receive  no  permanent  place  in  historical  litera- 
ture ;  but  it  is  interesting,  and,  until  something  better  appears,  is 
not  to  be  despised. 


Arrivabene,  Count  C. — Italy  under  Victor  Emmanuel.     A  Per- 
sonal Narrative.     2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1862. 

A  very  bright  description  of  the  stirring  events  in  Italy  from 
1859   to   1862,      Count   Arrivabene   was   with   the    Italian   and 


254  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

French  armies  as  the  correspondent  of  the  London  Daily  Xews. 
The  author  was  warmly  attached  to  Garibaldi,  and  admired  the 
Emperor  of  the  French,  but  he  endeavored  to  be  just  to  all 
parties. 

The  book  is  one  of  striking  and  brilliant  pictures.  That  of 
the  conduct  of  Cavour,  and  of  his  meeting  with  the  king  after 
the  annolmccment  of  the  truce  of  Villafranca,  is  remarkable  for 
its  vividness  and  graphic  power.  The  work  does  not  complete 
the  important  story ;  but,  so  far  as  it  goes,  it  is  one  of  the  best 
accounts  of  a  struggle  that  did  more,  perhaps,  than  any  other  to 
establish  Italian  unitv. 


Godkin,  Gr.  S.— Life  of  Victor  Emmanuel  IL,  First  King  of  Italy. 
2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1879. 

Not  a  profound,  but  an  interesting,  work.  It  is  devoted  pri- 
marily to  the  personal  life  and  character  of  the  king ;  but  in- 
cidentally it  shows  the  course  and  significance  of  those  events 
which  placed  the  king  on  the  Italian  throne.  Many  anecdotes 
are  related  which  give  charming  glimpses  of  the  king's  char- 
acter. 

The  book  is  defective  in  arrangement,  and  bears  frequent  marks 
of  too  great  haste  in  preparation.  It  also  contains  some  inaccu- 
racies that  even  careful  correction  of  the  proofs  would  have  rem- 
edied. 


III.    HISTORIES    OF    INDIVIDUAL    STATES. 

Daru,  Pierre  Antoine. — Ilistoire  de  la  Republique  de  Venise.    9 
vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1853. 

This  work,  the  first  edition  of  which  appeared  in  1819,  has  long 
been  the  standard  liistory  of  Venice  in  the  French  language, 
though  its  faults  are  numerous  and  conspicuous.  It  owes  its 
[)<)|)ularity  to  the  vigor  and  perspicuity  of  its  style.  It  is  found- 
ed, however,  on  a  very  sliallow  investigation  of  facts,  and  for  any 
other  purpose  than  that  of  entertainment  is  quite  untrustworthy. 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY.  255 

Tho  author's  fame  as  a  diplomatist  gave  to  tlic  work  a  popularity 
which  its  merits  as  a  history  never  deserved. 


Hazlitt,  W.  C. — History  of  the  Venetian  Republic.  Her  Rise, 
her  Greatness,  and  her  Civilization,  4  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1860. 

A  full,  and  in  the  main  a  satisfactory,  history  of  Venice  from 
the  origin  of  the  city  to  the  middle  of  the  fifteenth  century.  It 
is  founded  on  a  careful  study  of  authorities,  and  consequently  it 
shows  that  many  of  the  popular  notions  concerning  Venetian  his- 
tory are  grossly  erroneous.  The  worthlessness  of  Darn's  famous 
history  is  made  very  obvious.  The  third  and  fourth  volumes 
(1309-1457)  will  be  found  by  most  students  of  especial  interest 
and  value.     The  author's  style  is  clear  and  often  picturesque. 


Ranke,  Leopold. — Zur  Venetianer  Geschichte.     8vo,  Leipsic.  Vol. 
42  of  Kanke's  Sammtliche  Werke.     Also  published  separately, 

1878. 

The  Venetian  archives  are  exceedingly  rich,  and  no  historian 
has  explored  them  so  thoroughly  as  Ranke.  In  the  course  of 
these  investigations  on  various  subjects  this  author  has  not  been 
forgetful  of  Venice  herself.  Whatever  he  has  found  of  interest- 
ing import  he  has  gathered  into  this  volume. 


Machiavelli,  Niccolb. — The  History  of  Florence,  and  of  the  Af- 
fairs of  Italy,  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Death  of  Lorenzo 
the  Magnificent.  Crown  8vo,  London,  1847.  Also  a  part  of  the 
author's  works, translated  by  Detmold.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,!  882. 

The  last  of  this  famous  author's  works.  It  was  written  at  the 
command  of  the  pope,  who,  as  the  head  of  the  family  of  Medici, 
was  also  ruler  of  Florence.  But  the  history  treats  the  characters 
of  that  illustrious  house  with  fairness  and  impartiality.     It  does 


256 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


not  seem  to  have  been  the  fruit  of  great  original  research,  and  is 
by  no  means  free  from  inaccuracies.  But,  in  spite  of  this  fact,  it 
has  qualities  of  great  excellence.  It  is  spirited  and  picturesque, 
beyond  any  other  history  of  Italy.  Notwithstanding  its  occasion- 
al errors  of  detail,  the  reader  will  bring  away  from  its  perusal  a 
more  lively  and  a  more  correct  impression  of  early  Florentine  his- 
tory than  he  could  acquire  from  any  other  source.  The  great 
and  striking  features  of  the  history  are  painted  with  a  master's 
hand. 

It  had  been  the  authors  purpose  to  continue  his  narrative  be- 
yond Lorenzo  de'  Medici.  But  death  prevented ;  and  the  task  of 
describing  the  turbulence  and  ruin  that  followed  devolved  on  the 
less  skilful  pen  of  Guicciardiui. 


Capponi,  Gino. — Geschichte  der  florentinischen  Republik.  Aus 
dem  Italienischcn  iibersetzt  von  Dr.  Hans  Diitschke.  2  vols., 
8vo,  Leipsic,  1876. 

At  the  time  of  the  first  appearance  of  the  original  of  this  work, 
in  1874,  it  awakened  unusual  interest.  The  author  had  long  been 
known  as  a  w^ealthy  nobleman  of  scholarly  habits  and  tastes, 
whose  encouragement  and  hospitality  had  been  freely  extended  to 
literary  men  from  all  parts  of  the  world.  The  misfortune  of 
blindness  had  come  upon  him,  but,  in  spite  of  every  temptation, 
he  had  persevered  with  his  investigations  until  the  publication  of 
his  history  in  extreme  old-age. 

The  scope  of  the  work  is  the  entire  history  of  the  Florentine 
republic  from  its  earliest  existence  to  the  conquest  of  the  city  by 
the  imperial  and  papal  army,  and  the  establishment  of  the  prince- 
ly house  of  Medici  in  1532.  The  first  volume  describes  the  his- 
tory of  the  republic  to  the  return  of  Cosmo  de'  Medici  from  ban- 
ishment, in  the  year  1434;  the  second,  the  course  of  the  govern- 
ment under  the  first  Medici  until  the  overthrow  of  Piero,  in  1495, 
and  the  re-establishment  of  republican  methods  between  1495  and 
1532. 

Capponi's  knowledge  of  the  Italian  archives  was  doubtless  very 
extensive  and  very  exact.     His  style  is  fluent  and  graceful,  quali- 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY. 


257 


tics  that  are  also  manifest  in  the  translation.  It  is  obvious,  how- 
ever, that  the  noble  author  did  not,  either  by  inclination  or  hab- 
it, apply  to  his  authorities  those  rigid  methods  of  criticism  at 
present  demanded  of  the  historical  investigator.  While  the  pro- 
duction, therefore,  is  amply  fortified  by  authorities,  and  is  more 
readable  than  the  works  of  Reumont,  Scheffer-Boichorst,  and 
Bernhardi,  it  is  somewhat  less  trustworthy,  for  the  reason  that  it 
has  freely  used  a  number  of  documents  thought  by  the  severer 
critics  to  be  undoubtedly  spurious. 


ScheflFer-Boichorst,  Paul.  —  Florentinev  Studien.     8vo,  Leipsic, 

1874. 

A  remarkable  series  of  studies,  said  to  be  preliminary  to  an 
elaborate  work  on  the  "  Politik  und  Cultur  des  Trecento."  The 
volume  consists  of  three  essays  designed  to  show  the  spuriousness 
of  certain  very  important  historical  documents. 

Of  these  essays  by  far  the  most  noteworthy  is  that  entitled 
"Die  Chronik  des  Dino  Compagni  cine  Fiilschung."  The  others, 
"Die  Geschichtc  der  Malespini  eine  Fiilschung,"  and  "  Gesta  Flo- 
rentinorum,"  are  somewhat  less  important,  but  still  are  of  much 
interest.  All  of  these  documents  had  previously  been  relied  upon 
as  of  undoubted  authority.  It  is  here  shown,  however,  that  they 
contain  within  themselves  evidences  either  of  entire  spuriousness, 
or,  at  least,  of  spurious  interpolations. 


Napier,  Henry  Edward. — Florentine  History,  from  the  Earliest 
Authentic  Records  to  the  Accession  of  Ferdinand  the  Third, 
Grand-duke  of  Tuscany.     6  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1847. 

By  no  means  a  great  book,  but  one  that  has  some  sterling  qual- 
ities. Its  characteristics  are  impartiality  of  judgment,  a  rough 
energy  of  expression,  and  an  honest  independence  on  the  part  of 
the  author  of  all  other  people's  opinions. 

These   vigorous  characteristics  are  counteracted  by  a  certain 

17 


258  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

prolixity  of  style,  a  constant  tendency  to  digression,  and  a  some- 
what defective  arrangement. 


Perrens,  F.  T.— Histoire  de  Florence.     6  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1877- 
84 

A  work  of  the  first  importance.  The  author  has  long  been 
recognized  as  one  of  the  most  learned  and  judicious  students  of 
the  Middle  Ages,  and  this  work  has  even  raised  still  higher  the 
estimation  in  which  he  has  for  many  years  been  held.  The  thor- 
oughness with  whicli  the  details  of  early  Florentine  history  are 
presented  will  long  make  it  the  basis  of  all  successful  studies  of 
that  period.  It  unites  with  these  solid  qualities  the  charm  of 
having  been  written  in  a  vivacious  and  interesting  style. 

The  most  striking  feature  of  the  work  is  its  unusual  fulness  in 
its  treatment  of  the  earliest  period  of  Florentine  history.  The 
third  volume  brings  the  history  only  to  the  conclusion  of  what 
may  be  called  the  period  of  the  formation  of  the  republic.  Espe- 
cially worthy  of  commendation  are  the  chapters  on  the  institu- 
tions of  Florence.  By  no  other  writer  have  these  been  so  ably 
analyzed  and  fully  described.  The  fourth  volume  ends  with  the 
events  of  1358. 


Reumont,  Alfred  von. — Gcschichtc  Toscana's  seit  dem  Ende  des 
llorcntinischeu  Freistaats,  1530-1859.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Gotha, 
1876. 

The  author  is  a  diplomatist  who  for  some  years  was  a  resident 
of  Florence  in  the  service  of  one  of  the  German  courts.  He 
made  industrious  and  judicious  use  of  the  vast  literary  treasures 
at  his  disposal,  and  one  of  the  fruits  of  his  labors  is  the  history  of 
Tuscany.  It  has  everywhere  been  rccoguizod  as  a  work  of  ability 
and  importance.  It  portrays  the  period  since  the  Reformation  in 
a  manner  not  unworthy  of  comparison  with  the  history  of  earlier 
centuries  by  Tcrrens. 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY.  259 

Reumont,  Alfred  von.  —  Lorenzo  dc'  Medici,  the  Magnificent. 
Translated  from  the  German  by  Robert  Harrison.  2  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1876. 

Not  so  much  a  biography  of  Lorenzo  as  a  history  of  Italy  at 
the  time  when  Lorenzo  was  its  most  important  figure.  The  work 
fully  sustains  the  author's  high  reputation  as  a  scholar  and  an  his- 
torian. Residing  for  many  years  as  German  ambassador  at  Flor- 
ence, Von  Reumont  was  able  to  discover  and  make  use  of  valua- 
ble materials  hitherto  unknown.  These  he  has  wrought  into  his 
writings  with  unquestionable  skill. 

Eight  introductory  chapters  treat  at  some  length  of  the  consti- 
tution, art,  manners,  and  commerce  of  mediaeval  Florence,  and 
show  the  tendency  which  finally  culminated  in  the  overthrow  of 
the  republic.  The  work  is  written  with  considerable  literary  skill, 
though  its  most  striking  merits  are  the  industry,  the  accuracy, 
and  the  rigid  impartiality  of  the  author.  The  translation  is  dis- 
figured with  numerous  errors,  and  the  work  has  no  index. 


Roscoe,  William. — The  Life  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  called  the 
Magnificent.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London  ;  8th  ed.,  greatly  improved, 
1845. 

This  work,  like  the  same  author's  "  Pontificate  of  Leo  X.,"  is 
not  to  be  regarded  as  a  good  authority.  Roscoe's  style  intro- 
duced his  books  easily  into  public  favor,  but  his  works  have  been 
shown  again  and  again  to  be  inaccurate.  lie  evidently  took  very 
little  pains  to  inform  himself  on  doubtful  points ;  and  some  ab- 
surd blunders  he  did  not  take  the  trouble  to  correct,  even  though 
they  were  pointed  out  before  the  earlier  editions  were  exhausted. 


Trollope,  T.  Adolphus.  —  A  History  of  the  Commonwealth  of 
Florence,  from  the  Earliest  Independence  of  the  Commune  to 
the  Fall  of  the  Republic,  in  1531.     4  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1805. 

The  most  satisfactory  history  of  Florence  written  in  English, 
though,  in  some  respects,  it  is  much  inferior  to  the  works  of  Per- 


260  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE, 

reus,  Rcumont,  and  even  Capponi.  It  should  be  classed  with 
those  correct  but  rather  dull  books  which  give  information,  but 
which  awaken  little  interest  and  no  enthusiasm.  The  most  obvi- 
ous fault  of  tlie  work  is  that  it  is  written  with  too  little  regard 
for  historical  perspective.  Many  unimportant  events  are  given 
too  conspicuous  a  place. 


Colletta,  General  Pietro. — History  of  the  Kingdom  of  Naples, 
1V34-1825.  With  a  Supplementary  Chapter,  1825-56.  2 
vols.,  Bvo,  Edinburgh,  1858. 

'  A  brilliant  but  a  partisan  narrative  by  a  military  officer  who 
had  suffered  much  at  the  hands  of  the  Neapolitan  government. 
In  spite  of  very  serious  defects,  it  is  the  most  satisfactory  history 
in  English  cf  the  important  period  of  Neapolitan  history  of  which 
it  treats.  It  is  graphic  and  interesting,  but  it  lacks  those  high 
qualities  of  judicial  impartiality  necessary  to  give  it  permanent 
value. 


Dennistoun,  James.  —  Memoirs  of  the  Dukes  of  Urbino.  Illus- 
trating the  Arms,  Arts,  and  Literature  of  Italy  from  1440  to 
1650.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1851. 

This  description  of  one  of  the  most  important  duchies  on  the 
Adriatic  is  a  valuable  picture  of  Italian  society  in  the  fifteenth 
and  sixteenth  centuries.  The  volumes  are  not  likely  to  interest 
the  general  reader;  but  the  student  of  Italian  life  and  manners 
will  find  in  them  much  that  is  useful,  and  a  little  that  is  enter- 
taining. The  author's  style  is  not  attractive,  but  his  investiga- 
tions were  thorough,  and  liis  observations  judicious. 


IV.   SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS    AND   KEADERS. 

1.  The  best  short  sketch  of  Italian  history  is  that  of  William 
Hunt  in  Freeman's  "  Historical  Series."     Mariotti's  book  is  a  gen- 


HISTORIES   OF  ITALY.  261 

eral  and  rapid  survey  down  to  1840;  and  Spalding's  "Italy  and 
the  Italian  Islands  "  is  a  successful  review  of  Italian  history  down 
to  the  same  year.  There  is  a  small  volume  in  Lardner's  "  Cyclo- 
paedia of  History,"  compiled  from  Sismondi,  which  describes 
briefly  but  clearly  the  vicissitudes  of  the  various  Italian  states  from 
476  to  the  accession *of  Napoleon  I.  A  good  short  course  on  the 
mediaeval  history  of  Italy  would  be  the  sixty-ninth  and  seventieth 
chapters  of  Gibbon,  followed  by  the  third  chapter  of  Hallam's 
"Middle  Ages,"  These  might  be  followed  Avith  Barckhardt's 
"Renaissance,"  or  Symonds's  "Age  of  Despots;"  and  these,  in 
turn,  by  the  second  volume  of  Mariotti.  From  the  time  of  the 
French  Revolution,  Reuchlin's  work  is  the  great  authoiity ;  but  if 
a  book  in  English  is  desired,  that  of  Wrightson  will  probably  give 
most  satisfaction. 

2.  The  groat  works  of  Sismondi  and  Cantu  have  unquestiona- 
ble merits,  but  they  are  too  voluminous  except  for  consultation  on 
specific  subjects  and  periods.  If  the  reader  can  use  German,  be 
will  find  Gi'cgorovius  the  most  useful  of  all  authorities  on  inediai- 
val  Italy.  If,  on  the  contrary,  he  is  confined  to  English,  the  chap- 
ters on  Italian  history  in  Gibbon  and  Hallam  will  be  found  among 
the  best  accessible.  On  the  period  of  the  Renaissance  there  are 
now  so  many  excellent  books  that  the  student  has  much  freedom 
of  choice,  Burckhardt,  Symonds,  Reumont,  Villari,  and  Perrens 
each  have  marked  excellences.  Voigt's  "  Wiederbelebung  des 
classischen  Altertluims  "  is  a  monograph,  but  it  is  the  best  author- 
ity on  the  revival  of  classical  learning.  For  a  full  account  of 
events  in  Italy  from  the  Reformation  to  the  French  Revolution 
the  reader  may  use  Botta,  but  he  will  do  best  to  resort  to  the 
histories  of  the  individual  states.  Since  the  Revolution,  Reuchlin 
is  the  best  of  all  authorities,  though  Botta,  on  the  period  of  the 
Revolution,  may  be  read  with  profit.  The  "  Memoirs  "  of  D'Aze- 
glio  give  an  excellent  view  of  the  preliminaries  of  Italian  unity ; 
and  Mazade's  "  Cavour  "  is  the  most  appreciative  and  just  account 
of  the  work  of  that  great  statesman.  The  books  of  Godkiu  and 
Arrivabene  on  the  achievements  of  Victor  Emmanuel  are  graphic 
pictures,  though  they  will  probably  have  no  very  permanent 
value. 

3.  The  most  important  collection  of  original  authorities  on 
Italian  history  is  the  great  storehouse  of  Muratori,  the  best  edi- 


262 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


tion  of  -whose  works  is  that  of  Milan,  18  vols.,  8vo.  The  edition 
of  Florence  (40  vols.,  Svo,  1827-32)  is  also  well  edited,  and  has 
a  continuation  down  to  the  date  of  publication. 

The  contributions  of  the  different  Northern  races  to  the  char- 
acter of  modern  Italy  may  be  studied  with  best  advantage  in 
the  works  of  Hodgkin  and  Coulanges.  Much  light  is  thrown  on 
the  same  subject  by  Freeman's  essays  on  "  Bryce's  Holy  Roman 
Empire,"  "  Frederick  I.,"  and  "  Frederick  11."— all  in  the  "  First 
Series  "  of  Freeman's  essays ;  and  by  the  essay  on  "  The  Goths  at 
Ravenna,"  in  the  "  Third  Series."  Testa's  "  Frederick  I."  is  the 
most  recent  portrayal  of  the  period  when  Italy  was  broken  up 
into  petty  governments.  Machiavelli's  "  History  of  Florence  "  is 
not  a  work  of  accuracy,  but  is  a  work  of  genius.  Under  the 
guidance  of  Villari,  it  may  well  be  examined.  Macaulay's  essay 
on  Machiavelli  will  be  likely  both  to  interest  and  to  mislead.  If 
the  student  should  desire  to  examine  Guicciardini,  he  will  profit 
b}^  doing  it  in  connection  with  an  article  on  this  author  in  the 
London  Quarterly  Revieio  for  October,  1871.  In  the  first  volume 
of  Grimm's  "Michael  Angelo"  is  a  good  account  of  the  sources 
of  early  Italian  history.  Of  the  period  just  before  the  Renais- 
sance, Bulwer's  novel  of  "  Rienzi "  is  a  striking  and,  in  the  main, 
an  accurate  picture. 

Of  more  recent  Italian  history,  interesting  and  instructive  views 
are  given  by  D'Ideville  in  his  "  Journal  d'un  Diplomate  en  Ita- 
lic;" by  the  London  Quarterhj  Review  for  July,  1867,  and  for 
July,  1872  ;  and  by  the  Fortnightly  Review  for  June,  1868.  The 
recent  separation  of  ecclesiastical  from  temporal  power  may  be 
studied  in  Mazzini's  "  Religious  Side  of  the  Italian  Question ;"  in 
About's  "  Roman  Question ;"  in  the  Fortnightly  Review  for  1872  ; 
in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  1867;  and  in  the  Westminster  Re- 
view for  1867. 

The  works  on  Italian  art  are  very  numerous.  Viardot's  *'  Won- 
ders of  Italian  Art,"  and  the  same  writer's  "  Wonders  of  Sculpt- 
ure," are  perhaps  the  most  valuable  small  Avorks  for  strictly  pop- 
ular use.  Tlic  most  exhaustive  authorities,  liowever,  arc  the 
works  of  Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle.  Eastlako's  edition  of  Kugler's 
"Schools  of  Painting"  is  less  voluminous,  and  it  justly  enjoys 
higli  repute.  Taine's  "  Art  in  Italy  "  aims  not  so  much  to  de- 
scribe as  to  account  for  the  characteristics  of  Italian  art.     Lanzi 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY.  263 

and  Vasari  arc  native  authorities  of  importance,  Vasari  having 
himself  lived  and  painted  in  the  days  of  the  great  artists  he  de- 
scribes. Valery's  "  Historical,  Literary,  and  Artistical  Travels  in 
Italy"  is  a  mine  of  scholarly  wealth.  Ilillard's  "Six  Months  in 
Italy "  is  also  an  admirable  book.  The  works  of  Mrs.  Jameson 
treat  attractively  of  Italian  art;  and  Hawthorne,  in  his  "Marble 
Faun,"  throws  around  the  same  subject  the  weird  witchery  of  his 
remarkable  genius.  The  essays  of  Horace  Binney  Wallace  may 
also  be  read,  in  the  study  of  Italian  art,  with  great  profit. 

On  Italian  literature  the  books  are  also  numerous  and  copious. 
The  most  famous  native  authority  is  Tiraboschi,  a  learned  Jesuit, 
monarchist,  and  professor  of  history  of  the  last  century.  His  work, 
in  thirteen  volumes,  has  been  translated  into  French,  but  not  into 
English.  The  subject  of  Italian  literature  has  been  attractively 
treated  in  French  by  Yillemain  and  Sismondi,  the  work  of  Sis- 
mondi  having  been  translated  into  English.  Fauriel's  "  Proven- 
9al  Literature"  gives  a  review  of  Italian  letters  at  the  time  of  the 
Renaissance ;  but  the  best  special  authorities  on  this  period  are 
Symonds  and  Voigt.  The  whole  ground  is  briefly  traversed  in 
English  by  Mrs.  Foster's  "Hand-book  of  Italian  Literature;"  and 
information  in  regard  to  any  particular  author  can  generally  be 
found  in  Hallam's  "  Literature."  Leigh  Hunt's  work  on  the 
Italian  poets,  with  prose  translations,  will  please  the  most  refined 
literary  tastes.  The  essays  in  Prescott's  "Miscellanies"  on  the 
"Narrative  Poetry  of  Italy"  and  the  "Poetry  and  Romance  of 
Italy"  ar(5  written  in  the  author's  well-known  style.  Symonds 
lias  published  a  charming  little  volume  of  translations  of  the 
"  Sonnets  of  Michael  Angelo."  The  North  American  Revieio  for 
October,  1864,  and  October,  1866,  has  valuable  articles  on  "Ital- 
ian Literature;"  and  the  same  review  for  July,  1867,  has  an  in- 
structive paper  on  the  "  Origin  of  the  Italian  Language." 

Numerous  other  articles  may  be  readily  found  by  looking  un- 
der "Italy"  in  Poole's  "Index  to  Periodical  Literature,"  in  the 
Catalogue  of  the  Brooklyn  Mercantile  Library  Association,  and  in 
the  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the  Boston  Athen?eum.  A  very 
complete  list  of  historical  novels  and  dramas  on  Italian  history  is 
to  be  found  under  the  head  of  "  Italy "  in  the  "  Class  List  for 
English  Prose  Fiction  "  published  by  the  Boston  Public  Library. 

If  the  list  above  given  were  to  be  extended,  the  following  works 


264  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

would  be  entitled  to  mention  :  Ileinrich  Leo's  "  Entwickelung  der 
Veifassung  der  Lombardischen  Stadte  bis  zur  Ankunft  Kaiser 
Friediich  I.,  in  Italien  "  (8vo,  Hamburg,  1824).  Lorenzo  Pig- 
noti's  "  History  of  Tuscany,"  translated  by  John  Bowring  (4  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1828),  of  which  the  original  is  in  12  vols,  (12mo, 
Livorno,  1820-21).  Rignzzio  Galluzzi's  "  Storia  del  Granducata 
de  Toscana"  (new  ed.,  11  vols.,  8vo,  Firenze,  1822)  is  an  indis- 
pensable source  of  information  to  one  who  would  make  a  thor- 
ough study  of  the  subject.  Giovanni  Yillani's  "  Historic  Floren- 
tine air  anno  1348,  continuate  da  F.  Villani "  (12  vols.,  8vo,  Mi- 
lauo  e  Firenze,  1802-46).  Giuseppe  Montanelli's  "  Memoires  sur 
ritalie;  traduction  dc  F.  Armand"  (2  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1859). 
Jules  Zeller's  "  Abrege  de  I'Histoire  d'ltalie  depuis  laChute  de  I'Em- 
pire  Romain  "  (2d  ed.,  12mo,  Paris,  1864).  F.  L.  Kington's  "  His- 
tory of  Frederick  H.,  King  of  the  Romans"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1862).  William  Sheppard's  "The  Life  of  Poggio  Braccio- 
lini  "  (8vo,  Liverpool,  1837),  a  valuable  biography  of  a  famous 
Italian  scholar  of  the  fifteenth  century.  William  Gilbert's  "  Lu- 
cretia  Borgia,  Duchess  of  Ferrara,  a  biography  illustrated  by  rare 
and  unpublished  documents"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1869).  Karl 
Ilillebrand's  "  Dino  Compagni ;  Etude  Historique  et  Litteraire  sur 
I'Epoquede  Dante"  (8vo, Paris,  1862),  an  admirable  book,  though 
much  new  light  has  since  been  thrown  on  the  subject.  F.  Gregoro- 
vius's"Lucrezia Borgia"  (3te  verb.  Auil.,  2  Bde.,8vo,  Leipzig,  1875), 
the  best  of  all  books  on  Lucretia  Borgia.  Le  Vicomte  de  Beaumont- 
Vassy's  "  Histoire  des  Etats  Europeens  depuis  le  Congres  de  Vi- 
enne"  (6  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1843-53)  is  only  a  fragment,  but  vol, 
IV.,  pertaining  to  Italy,  is  valuable.  James  Whiteside's  "  Italy  in 
the  Nineteenth  Century"  (new  ed.,  8vo,  London,  1860).  Edgar 
Quinet's  "  Les  Revolutions  d'ltalie"  (Svo,  Paris,  1857)  is  a  com- 
mentary rather  than  a  history,  but,  like  all  of  Quinet's  works, 
shows  great  acumen  and  power.  L.  C.  Farini's"The  Roman 
State  from  1815  to  1850,  translated  by  \V.  E.  Gladstone"  (4  vols., 
Svo,  London,  1851-54).  Alfred  Reumont's  "  Bibliografia  dei  La- 
vori  Publicati  in  Germania  sulla  Storia  d'ltalia"  (8vo,  Berlino, 
1863)  is  invaluable  for  the  special  student  of  Italian  history. 

4,  Of  recent  works  on  Italian  history  the  following  are  most 
worthy  of  note.  On  the  Italian  Folk-lore  of  the  Middle  Ages,  T. 
F.  Crane's  "  Italian  Popular  Talcs"  (Svo,  New  York  and  London, 


HISTORIES  OF  ITALY.  265 

1885)  is  unique,  and  throws  lio-]it  upon  a  very  curious  phase  of 
mcdijieval  civilization.  John  Addington  S}'monds's  "  Renaissance 
in  Italy"  (7  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1880-87): 
Vol.  I.'"  The  Age  of  Despots;"  Vol.  II.  "The  Revival  of  Learn- 
ing ;"  Vol.  in., "  The  Fine  Arts  ;"  Vols.  IV.  and  V.,  "  Italian  Liter- 
ature ;"  Vols.  VL  and  VIL,  "  The  Catholic  Reaction."  The  whole 
constitutes  a  work  of  great  historical  and  literary  merit.  J.  Burck- 
hardt's  "Cultur  der  Renaissance  in  Italicn  "  (2  Bde.,  8vo,  3te  Aufl., 
von  Lud.  Geiger,  Leipzig,  1877)  is  greatly  enlarged  and  improved 
in  Geiger's  edition,  A.  Gallenga's  [Luigi  Mariotti's]  "  The  Pope 
and  the  King"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1879)  is  an  account  of  the 
contest  between  the  temporal  and  the  spiritual  power.  The  same 
suhject  is  more  satisfactorily  treated  in  Zeller's  "  Pie  IX.  et  Victor 
Emmanuel  (1848-78)"  (l2mo,  Paris,  1878). 

To  one  who  would  make  a  special  study  of  Italian  history,  the 
following  will  be  found  invaluable.  Otto  Ilartwig's  "  Quellen  und 
Forschungen  zur  altesten  Geschiclit3  der  Stadt  Florenz"  (2  vols., 
4to,  Halle,  1875-80)  is  the  most  important  of  all  publications  on 
the  subject.  A.  Bartoli's  "  I  Primi  due  Secoli  della  Litteratura 
Italiana"  (8vo,  Milano,  1880)  is  the  first  really  scientific  Italian 
literary  history.  P,  L,  Ginguene's  "Ilistoire  Littferaire  d'ltalie" 
(8vo,  Paris)  is  a  very  successful  condensation  of  Tiraboschi  with 
enough  original  material  to  give  it  considerable  independent  value. 
Pohlmann's  "Die  Wirthschafts-Politik  der  Florentiner  Renais- 
sance und  das  Princip  der  Verkchrsfreiheit "  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1878) 
is  a  remarkably  successful  attempt  to  ascertain  in  what  measure 
the  principles  of  modern  agricultural,  commercial,  and  industrial 
liberty  were  applied  to  Italy,  Giuseppe  Bertocci's  "  Repertorio 
Bibliografico  delle  Opere  stampate  in  Italia  nel  Secolo  XIX."  (vols. 
I.-IIL,  Roma,  1876-87),  an  admirable  but  badly  arranged  and,  as 
yet,  incomplete  descriptive  catalogue  of  the  historical  works  pub- 
lished in  Italy  in  this  century. 


2QQ  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Chapter  IX. 

HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY. 

I.    GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Bryce,  James. — The  Holy  Koman  Empire.     12 mo,  London  and 
New  York.     Seventh  edition,  1887. 

A  book  that  has  steadily  grown  into  the  highest  favor  Avith 
scholars.  It  is  a  portrayal  of  the  mutual  relations  of  Rome  and 
Germany  during  the  Middle  Ages — of  that  singular  connection 
which  received  the  name  of  Holy  Roman  Empire,  but  of  which 
Voltaire  said  that  it  was  neither  holy,  nor  Roman,  nor  empire. 
Bryce  has  shown  clearly  that  the  Roman  Empire  had  a  continued 
existence  throughout  the  Middle  Ages — an  existence  which,  as 
Freeman  has  well  remarked,  is  the  key  to  a  correct  understanding 
of  the  whole  period.  Freeman's  essay  on  the  subject  may  well 
be  read  with  the  volume. 


Dunham,  S.  A. — A  History  of  the  Germanic  Empire.     3  vols., 
lOmo,  London,  1834. 

All  of  Dr.  Dunham's  works  are  carefully  and  competently  writ- 
ten. The  one  before  us  deals  somewhat  less  fully  with  the  more 
modern  history  of  Germany  than  most  readers  would  desire,  but 
the  mcdiieval  portion  is  a  clear  and  judicious  narrative  of  a  pe- 
riod tliat  is  often  confusing  to  the  mind  of  the  student. 

As  especially  worthy  of  notice  may  be  mentioned  the  author's 
account  of  "  Indulgences,"  at  the  end  of  the  second  volume.  In 
an  appendix  are  brought  together  the  views  on  this  subject  of  a 
large  number  of  doctors  of  the  Roman  Catholic  Church.  The 
period  subsequent  to  the  Treaty  of  Westphalia  is  much  less  satis- 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  267 

factorily  described  than  is  the  same  period  by  Menzel  and  Lewis. 
That  of  the  lieforraation  is  given  with  more  fulness  and  care. 
For  an  account  of  events  during  the  present  century,  the  reader 
will  be  oblio-ed  to  resort  to  other  works. 


Kohlrausch,  Frederick. — A  History  of  Germany.     Translated  by 
James  D.  Haas.     8vo,  London,  1844. 

This  work  long  enjoyed  much  popularity  in  Germany.  It  was 
written  in  a  style  adapted  to  excite  the  interest  and  sympathy  of 
readers,  especially  of  those  who  wish  to  acquire  accurate  knowl- 
edge of  tlie  records  of  the  country.  As  it  does  not  include  a 
record  of  events  during  the  last  forty  years,  and  as  it  has  no  char- 
acteristics of  superior  excellence,  it  must  be  regarded  as  deficient 
in  comparison  with  the  works  of  more  recent  writers.  The  trans- 
lation is  faulty. 


Lewis,  Charlton  T. — A  History  of  Germany  from  the  Earliest 
Times.  Founded  on  Dr.  David  Miiller's  "  History  of  the  Ger- 
man People."     Large  12mo,  New  York,  1874. 

Of  the  several  works  from  which  the  youth  of  Germany  learn 
the  history  of  their  fatherland,  that  of  Dr.  David  Miiller  is  one  of 
the  most  popular  and  valuable.  Many  of  its  details  concerning 
some  of  the  princely  houses  have  no  interest  except  to  a  German 
subject,  and  such  have  wisely  been  omitted  in  the  preparation  of 
the  volume  befoi-e  us.  Additions  have  also  been  made  from  the 
works  of  Ranke,  Menzel,  and  Wirth  for  the  purpose  of  amplify- 
ing the  too  meagre  account  of  the  empire  before  the  period  of 
the  Reformation.  With  these  exceptions,  and  the  addition  of  a 
chapter  on  the  principal  events  since  1870,  the  volume  is  substan- 
tially a  translation  of  Miiller's  work. 

It  is  the  best  brief  history  of  Germany  for  the  use  of  students 
we  have.  Each  of  the  six  periods  is  subdivided  in  such  a  way  as 
to  unite  happily  a  narration  of  events  with  an  account  of  civiliza- 
tion and  progress.     Chapters  xiii.  and  xiv.  give  an  admirable  ac- 


268  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

count  of  "  The  Cities  and  their  Leagues,"  <and  of  the  "  Life  of 
the  People,  Plague  and  Persecution,  Science  and  Art,"  in  the 
fourteenth  century.  The  fifth  and  sixth  books  are  devoted  to 
the  period  since  the  Treaty  of  Westphalia,  and  will  be  found  an 
admirable  presentation. 


Menzel,  Wolfgang. — The  History  of  Germany  from  the  Earliest 
Period  to  the  Present  Time.  Translated  from  the  fourth  Ger- 
man edition  by  Mrs.  George  Horrocks.  3  vols.,  crown  8vo, 
London,  1849. 

Menzel  is  a  Protestant,  a  man  of  strong  feelings,  an  earnest  pa- 
triot, and,  above  all,  a  man  of  ideas.  The  work  has  enjoyed 
much  popularity  in  Germany.  The  third  volume  is  devoted  to 
the  eighteenth  and  nineteenth  centuries,  and  will  be  found  to 
contain  a  more  intelligible  account  of  German  complications  dur- 
ing that  period  than  is  to  be  obtained  elsewhei'e  within  limited 
space. 

The  author's  style,  unlike  that  of  most  Germans,  is  epigram- 
matic and  eminently  readable.  The  account  of  the  turbulence 
that  long  disquieted  Germany  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon  L  is  espe- 
cially full.  The  history  during  the  present  century  is  brought  no 
further  than  1848,  but  down  to  that  year  the  account  is  the  most 
satisfactory  accessible  to  the  general  student.  The  book  is  made 
easy  of  use  by  a  good  index. 


Piitter,  John  Stephen. — An  Historical  Development  of  the  Pres- 
ent Political  Constitution  of  the  German  Empire.  Translated 
from  the  German  by  Josiah  Dornford.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1790. 

Though  hastily  prepared,  and  written  a  century  ago,  these 
volumes  still  possess  some  value  as  a  description  of  Germany  in 
former  days.  The  author  was  one  of  the  prominent  jurists  of  his 
time,  and  lie  wrote  the  work  at  the  suggestion  of  the  Queen  of 
England.     It  is  not  the  result  of  any  especial  study,  but  rather 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  269 

the  easy  effusion  of  a  scholar  whose  head  was  full  of  the  sub- 
ject. 

As  a  whole,  it  need  not  receive  the  very  seiious  attention  of  the 
scholar;  but  the  last  five  chapters  of  the  third  volume  are  of  con- 
siderable value.  They  are  devoted  to  a  general  description  of  the 
constitutional  peculiarities  of  the  German  empire  at  the  end  of 
the  last  century.  Of  these  peculiarities  no  better  account  is  any- 
where accessible  to  the  reader  of  EnoUsh. 


Sime,  James. — History  of  Germany.     16mo,  New  York,  1875. 

No  very  small  volume  calling  itself  a  history  of  Germany  can 
be  very  satisfactory,  for  the  reason  that  Germany  is  not  one  na- 
tion, but  a  confederation  of  many.  The  details  are  too  numerous 
and  too  intricate  to  be  crowded  into  a  brief  space. 

There  has  been  no  more  successful  effort,  however,  in  this  di- 
rection than  the  one  before  us.  The  author  has  brought  the 
prominent  events  so  well  into  the  foreground,  and  has  so  judi- 
ciously omitted  the  less  important  details,  that  the  result  is  not 
only  a  useful,  but  also  an  interesting,  little  book. 


Taylor,  Bayard. — History  of  Germany.     12rao,  New  York,  1874. 

Like  the  larger  volume  by  Lewis,  this  is  founded  on  the  work 
of  Miiller.  It  gives  us  general  views  rather  than  minute  details, 
touching  only  the  most  important  features  of  the  great  events. 
For  the  use  of  a  student  who  would  get  a  sketch  rather  than  a 
history  of  Germany,  the  volume  is  one  of  the  most  useful,  and 
will  dispute  the  palm  with  that  of  Sime.  To  a  majority  of  stu- 
dents, the  somewhat  ampler  history  by  Lewis  will  be  more  satis- 
factory. 


270  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


II.   HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

Giesebrecht,  Wilhelm  von. — Geschichte  der  deutsclien  Kaiserzeit. 
5  vols.,  8vo,  3d  ed.,  1863-81. 

One  of  the  great  modern  works  on  the  mediaeval  history  of 
Germany.  The  author  passes  the  period  before  Otho  the  Great 
in  rapid  review ;  but  from  the  tenth  century  his  narrative  is  very 
complete  and  satisfactory.  Its  value  for  the  general  student  is 
in  the  fact  that  it  is  the  latest  and  perhaps  the  best  presentation, 
from  a  German  point  of  view,  of  the  struggle  between  Germany 
and  Rome  in  the  time  of  Gregory  VII.  The  work  is  carried  for- 
ward with  admirable  spirit,  and  is  fully  entitled  to  the  abundant 
praise  it  has  received  in  Germany.  In  point  of  style  it  is  per- 
haps a  trifle  less  attractive  than  the  history  of  the  same  period  by 
Von  Raumer ;  but  it  has  the  advantage  of  the  author's  acquaint- 
ance with  the  results  of  the  most  recent  researches. 

At  the  end  of  vol.  i.  is  an  admirable  map  by  Kiepert  of  the 
political  divisions  of  Germany  at  the  time  of  the  First  Crusade. 


Raumer,  Friedrich  von. — Geschichte  der  Hohenstaufen  und  ihrer 
Zeit.     G  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1825;  5th  ed.,  1878. 

Long  the  standard  history  of  the  great  house  which  so  valiant- 
ly carried  on  the  struggle  with  the  popes  in  the  eleventh,  twelfth, 
and  thirteenth  centuries.  The  subject  was  perhaps  the  most  im- 
portant that  could  engage  the  historian  of  mediaeval  Europe ;  and 
it  was  treated  by  Von  Raumer  in  a  manner  Avorthy  of  the  great 
events  described.  The  volumes  established  the  reputation  of  the 
writer  as  one  of  the  foremost  historians  of  his  day. 

The  work  is  exceptional  among  German  histories,  in  that  it 
abounds  in  eloquent  passages  and  elaborate  descriptions ;  and, 
what  is  far  better,  it  is  wrought  into  so  complete  and  symmetri- 
cal a  wliole  that  it  impresses  the  character  of  the  age  with  great 
force  and  clearness  on  the  mind  of  the  reader.  When  to  this  is 
added  abundant  evidence  of  true  German  diligence  in  the  collec- 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY. 


271 


tion  and  examination  of  materials,  it  will  be  seen  that  the  work 
is  entitled  to  a  distinguished  place  among  the  great  histories  of 
this  century. 

The  narrative  fills  four  volumes.  The  fifth  and  sixth  are  de- 
voted to  an  account  of  the  laws,  customs,  and  arts  of  the  period. 
This,  of  course,  is  not  the  least  valuable  portion  of  the  work. 


Lindner,  Prof.  Dr.  Theodor. — Geschichte  des  dcutschcn  Reichcs, 
voni  Endc  des  vierzelintcn  Jahrhunderts  bis  zur  Reformation. 
Vols,  i.,  ii.,  8vo,  Braunschweig,  1875-80.  As  the  first  volume 
reaches  only  to  the  year  1388,  the  complete  work  seems  likely 
to  be  voluminous. 

The  period  which  Lindner  purposes  to  describe  has  heretofore 
received  very  inadequate  treatment  at  the  hands  of  German  his- 
torians. The  great  works  of  Raumer  and  Giesebrecht  are  brought 
to  an  end  before  the  beginning  of  the  fifteenth  century  is  reached. 
The  present  undertaking,  therefore,  is  not  unwelcome. 

The  author  has  made  a  thorough  study  of  the  sources,  and  has 
brought  to  light  much  new  material.  An  appendix  contains 
twenty-two  papers  of  valuable  illustrative  matter. 


Robertson,  William.  —  The  History  of  the  Reign  of  the  Em- 
peror Charles  V.  With  an  Account  of  the  Emperor's  Life  after 
his  Abdication,  by  William  H.  Prescott.  3  vols.,  8vo,  Phila- 
delphia, 1870.     One  vol.,  8vo,  New  York,  1860. 

A  work  deservedly  recognized  as  a  classic  among  English  his- 
tories. Though  written  nearly  a  century  ago,  it  was  prepared 
with  the  utmost  care,  and  must  still  be  regarded  as  a  standard 
authority  on  the  period  of  Charles  V. 

The  author's  style  is  one  of  the  utmost  dignity,  and  conse- 
quently he  finds  it  convenient  to  omit  the  consideration  of  many 
events  that  an  historian  of  the  present  day  would  dceiU  of  impor- 
tance. Though  Robertson's  judgments  are  founded  on  a  careful 
scrutiny  of  evidence,  yet  it  can  hardly  be  claimed  that  he  pene- 
trates, like  Ranke,  to  the  secret  springs  of  action. 


2-72  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Of  the  numerous  editions,  that  of  Prcscott  is  to  be  preferred, 
as  it  tliroAvs  new  light  on  the  last  two  years  of  the  emperor's  life. 
The  body  of  the  work,  however,  received  no  important  changes 
or  additions  from  the  hand  of  the  American  editor. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von. — History  of  the  Reformation  in  German}-. 

3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1845-4:7. 

A  book  of  commentaries  on  the  Reformation  rather  than  a 
history  of  the  Reformation  itself.  Its  greatest  value  is  in  the 
light  it  throws  on  the  relations  of  Germany  to  the  other  states  of 
Europe  while  the  Reformation  was  in  progress.  It  shows  how 
completely  the  great  upheaval  in  Germany  w-as  connected  with 
Continental  affairs  everywhere.  It  is  to  be  valued  for  its  judg- 
ments on  difficult  and  obscure  points  rather  than  for  its  descrip- 
tions. The  opinions  of  the  author  are  quoted  with  the  greatest 
respect  by  all  recent  writers  on  the  period. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von. — Zur  deutsche  Geschichte  vom  Religionsfrie- 
den  bis  zum  dreissigjiihrigen  Krieg.     8vo,  Berlin,  1870. 

This  might  with  propriety  be  called  an  Introduction  to  the 
Thirty  Years'  War.  It  throws  a  flood  of  light  on  that  period  of 
turmoil  and  uncertainty  extending  from  1552  to  1618.  It  shows 
all  of  Ranke's  well-known  characteristics,  and  is  a  commentary 
on  the  meaning  of  events,  rather  than  a  description  of  events 
themselves.  It  is  especially  strong  in  the  knowledge  it  displays 
of  the  diplomatic  correspondence  of  the  times. 

It  forms  vol.  vii.  of  Ranke's  Sammtliche  Werke. 


Droysen,  G.— Gustav  Adolph.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1869. 

The  author  takes  it  for  granted  that  the  most  prominent  facts 
in  the  life  of  Gustavus  are  sufficiently  well  known.     He  therefore 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  5-3 

limits  his  purpose  to  the  work  of  describing  and  discussing  the 
various  political  considerations  and  situations  into  which  the 
Swedish  king  was  drawn.  He  has  gathered  his  information 
from  many  archives.  lie  makes  clear  the  general  policy  in  Eu- 
ropean affairs  of  the  House  of  Vasa.  The  various  German  prob- 
lems, the  foreign  policy  of  Gustavus  before  and  after  1625,  and 
the  different  phases  of  the  situation  between  1630  and  1632  are 
analyzed  with  great  ability.  The  work  is  an  important  contribu- 
tion to  the  literature  of  the  period. 


Schafer,  Arnold. — Geschichte  des  siebenjahrigen  Kriegs.    2  vols., 

8vo,  Berlin,  1867-74. 

By  far  the  most  able  and  satisfactory  of  the  histories  of  the 
Seven  Years'  War.  Until  Schafer  wrote,  many  of  the  archives 
that  contained  important  records  of  this  period  had  not  been 
carefully  examined ;  some  of  them  had  not  even  become  accessi- 
ble. The  embarrassments  arising  from  this  exclusiveness  were 
not  completel}''  removed  until  after  the  publication  of  Schafer's 
first  volume ;  but  before  the  publication  of  the  second,  the  ar- 
chives of  Vienna,  as  well  as  the  other  bureaus  of  publication  in 
Germany,  were  placed  at  the  service  of  scholars.  Schafer  was 
therefore  able  to  throw  much  new  light  on  the  diplomacy  of  the 
period  under  examination. 

As  a  narrative  of  events  the  book  is  somewhat  wanting  in 
color ;  but  what  is  lacking  in  spirit  is  perhaps  gained  in  im- 
partiality. It  is  to  be  considered  as  really  a  diplomatic  history ; 
and  as  such  it  is  of  the  first  order  of  importance.  For  these 
reasons  the  reader  is  likely  to  find  it  less  interesting  than  valuable. 


Duncker,  Max. — Aus  der  Zeit  Friedrichs  des  Grossen  und  Fried- 
rich  Wilhelms  III.  Abhandlungen  zur  preussischen  Geschichte. 
8vo,  Leipsic,  1876. 

The  critical  skill  shown  by  Duncker  in  his  "  History  of  An- 
tiquity "  is  fully  maintained  in   this  volume  of  essays.     Some 

18 


274  HISTORICAL  LITER ATUEE. 

of  them  are  among  the  ablest  productions  of  recent  historical 
criticism.  The  most  noteworthy  are  entitled  "  Die  Besitzer- 
greifung  von  Westpreussen,"  and  "  Preussen  warend  der  fran- 
zosischen  Occupation."  The  first  of  these  is  an  examination  of 
recent  evidence  in  regard  to  the  first  partition  of  Poland  ;  the 
latter  is  the  fruit  of  ten  years  of  study  of  the  period  of  French 
supremacy.  The  importance  of  the  first  has  been  somewhat 
lessened  by  the  recent  work  of  Beer;  but  the  second  is  still  of 
the  greatest  consequence. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von. — Die  deutschen  Machte  und  der  Fiirstenbund. 

Deutsche  Geschichte  von  1780  bis  1790,     2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin, 

1872. 

The  object  of  Ranke  in  this  work  is  to  show  that,  after  the 
Peace  of  Hubertsburg,  Germany  had  a  right  to  look  forward  to 
peace  and  a  promising  future.  The  nation,  however,  was  sur- 
prised and  overwhelmed  by  the  French  Revolution  ;  and  the  peo- 
ple gave  themselves  up,  in  great  measure,  to  revolutionary  ideas. 
The  complications  of  Prussia  and  Austria  arc  described  in  a  few 
masterstrokes  at  the  very  beginning  of  the  volume. 

The  book  constitutes  vols.  xxxi.  and  xxxii.  of  Ranke's  Sammt- 
liche  Werke. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von. — Ansprung  und  Beginn  der  Revolutions- 
kriege,  1791-92.     Svo,  Berlin,  1878. 

A  remarkable  presentation  of  the  various  causes  that  finally 
embroiled  all  Europe  in  war  with  France.  The  difficult  compli- 
cations of  the  German  governments  have  been  nowhere  more 
skilfully  presented. 

The  book  is  vol.  xlv.  of  Ranke's  Siimmtlichc  Werke. 


Hausser,  Ludwig.  —  D(Mitsche  (Jeschichto  vom  Tode  Friedrichs 
(Ics  (Jrosscii  liis  zur  (Jriinduiig  dcs  deutschen  Bundos.  4  vols., 
8vo,  ;Jd  enlarged  and  iiiii)rovcd  edition,  Berlin,  18G3. 

By  far  the  ablest  and  most  valuable  history  of  Germany  during 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  275 

its  trying  struggles  with  tlic  Frcncli  Revolution  and  with  Napo- 
leon, Hausser  was  esteemed  by  many  as  the  most  successful 
professor  of  history  in  Germany  during  his  times  ;  and  he  de- 
voted himself  with  especial  fervor  and  success  to  the  study  of  the 
Revolutionary  period.  This  is  his  most  important  work.  It 
shows  conspicuous  evidence  of  great  industry,  of  scrupulous  fair- 
ness, and  of  what  is  far  more  rare  among  German  historians — the 
gift  of  forcible  and  graphic  narration.  Joined  to  these  qualities 
also  is  an  unusual  ability  to  trace  out  and  bring  into  bold  relief 
the  subtle  causes  and  relations  of  events.  Of  all  the  pupils  of 
Ranke,  probably  Hausser  most  resembled  his  master. 

In  politics  Hausser  was  a  liberal  monarchist ;  and,  like  most  of 
the  other  German  historians,  he  set  his  influence  firmly  against 
the  influences  of  the  French  Revolution. 


Segur,  L.  P.,  I'Aine. — Tableau  Historique  et  Politique  do  I'Eu- 
rope  depuis  1786  jusqu'a  1796,  on  I'An  4.  Contenant  I'his- 
toire  des  principaux  evenemens  du  regne  de  Guillaume  II.,  Roi 
de  Prusse.  Seconde  edition,  revue  et  corrigee.  3  vols.,  8vo, 
Paris,  1801.  Also  published  in  translation  under  the  title  of 
"  History  of  the  Principal  Events  in  the  Reign  of  Frederick 
William  II.,  and  a  Political  Picture  of  Europe  from  1786  to 
1796."     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1801. 

An  account  by  an  intelligent  observer  of  a  turbulent  period 
and  a  contemptible  king.  As  French  Ambassador  at  the  Court 
of  Russia,  Segur  had  unusual  advantages  for  observing  the  springs 
of  diplomatic  action.  He  was  a  skilful  diplomatist  and  a  spirit- 
ed and  graceful  writer.  His  account,  therefore,  is  an  interesting 
picture  of  certain  secret  movements  of  considerable  importance. 
As  a  narrative  it  is  unquestionably  inaccurate  in  some  minor  par- 
ticulars. But  as  a  picture  it  represents  the  more  prominent  feat- 
ures of  the  time  with  accuracy  as  well  as  with  spirit. 


Seeley,  J.  R. — Life  and  Times  of  Stein  ;  or,  Germany  and  Prussia 
in  the  Napoleonic  Age.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  Boston, 
1879. 


276  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Unquestionably  one  of  tlie  most  important  contributions  to  the 
liistory  of  Germany  ever  placed  before  English  readers.  It  is 
founded  upon  a  long  and  arduous  study  of  original  materials,  and 
it  is  a  substantial  contribution  to  the  knowledge  of  the  worldo 

The  influence  of  Stein  in  shaping  the  destiny  of  Prussia  during 
the  years  that  followed  the  disaster  of  Jena  was  scarcely  less  im- 
portant than  has  been  that  of  Bismarck  since  1865.  This  influ- 
ence it  has  been  the  purpose  of  Professor  Seeley  to  describe. 
And  he  has  fulfilled  his  task  with  rare  ability  and  moderation. 
He  is  never  intemperate  in  his  criticisms  or  laudations,  and  he 
uses  few  allurements  of  rhetoric  to  entice  the  reader. 

The  work  has  to  do  with  the  whole  range  of  activity  during 
the  long  period  under  review,  and  perhaps  its  most  striking  char- 
acteristic is  that  the  author  never  for  a  moment  allows  himself  to 
become  the  victim  either  of  a  prejudice  or  an  enthusiasm.  It 
may,  perhaps,  be  said  that  the  work  lacks  spirit ;  but  it  is  so  emi- 
nently judicial  in  tone  that  even  when  a  reason  for  a  position 
taken  is  not  given,  the  reader  does  not  doubt  that  a  good  reason 
exists. 

It  is  not  easy  to  discriminate  in  favor  of  any  one  portion  of  so 
excellent  a  book,  but  in  part  v.  of  vol.  ii.  will  be  found  what  to 
most  students  will  probably  be  of  greatest  value.  The  author  here 
gives  a  better  description  than  is  elsewhere  to  be  found  in  Eng- 
lish of  those  legislative,  administrative,  municipal,  and  educational 
reforms  which  have  been  the  potent  means  of  raising  Prussia  to 
her  present  greatness.  This  portion  of  the  work  cannot  be  too 
heartily  recommended. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von.  —  Denkwiirdigkeitcn    dcs    Staatskanzlers 
Fiirsten  von  Ilardc'iiberg.     5  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1877. 

A  work  entitled  to  the  highest  rank  among  the  important  pub- 
lications illustrative  of  the  recent  history  of  Germany.  It  is 
edited  with  the  characteristic  skill  of  the  foremost  of  German 
historians,  and  it  abounds  in  papers,  notes,  and  fragments  of  the 
highest  moment.  Few  more  valuable  contributions  have  ever 
been  made  to  the  literature  of  the  Na})oleonic  period. 

The  first  and  fourth  volumes  are   written  by  Ranke  liimself, 


HISTORIES   OF  GERMANY.  277 

and  might  be  called  the  Life  and  PuWic  Services  of  Ilardenberg ; 
the  other  three  volumes  are  made  up  of  illustrative  documents. 
For  the  general  student,  the  portions  contributed  by  Kanke  are 
the  most  interesting  and  the  most  important.  In  fact,  they  are 
this  distinguished  author's  account  of  that  most  turbulent  and 
most  disastrous  period  extending  from  the  outbreak  of  the  French 
Revolution  to  the  organization  of  the  Grand  Alliance  after  the 
close  of  the  Russian  campaign. 

The  first  book  shows  the  condition  of  Germany  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  French  Revolution,  and  the  clear  insight  of  ilarden- 
berg into  the  necessities  of  the  government.  Book  second  de- 
scribes Ilardenberg's  part  in  German  politics  in  1794  and  1795. 
The  third  book  is  a  masterly  account,  in  twenty  chapters,  of  the 
"Period  of  Neutrality,"  extending  from  1796  to  1806.  The  still 
more  important  events  between  the  outbreak  of  the  war  in  1806 
and  the  reconstruction  of  Prussia  after  the  establishment  of  peace 
occupy  the  whole  of  the  twenty-six  chapters  of  the  fourth  book. 
At  the  close  of  the  fourth  volume  is  to  be  found  in  full  the  fa- 
mous paper  of  Ilardenberg  on  the  "  Reorganization  of  the  Prussian 
State,"  written  in  1807  at  the  command  of  the  king.  This 
should  be  read  in  connection  with  a  similar  paper  prepared  at  the 
same  time  by  Stein  and  published  by  Seeley.  In  connection  with 
both,  the  reader  may  profit  by  Ranke's  last  chapter,  where  a  most 
critical  and  interesting  comparison  is  drawn  between  the  two 
statesmen. 


Droysen,  Joh.  Gust.  —  Das    Leben    des    Feldmarschalls   Grafen 
York  von  Wartenburg.     3  vols.,  Berlin,  2d  ed.,  1851. 

York  was  the  last  great  general  of  Prussia  of  the  old  school ; 
and  he  set  his  face  firmly  against  those  reforms  of  Scharnhorst 
which  have  resulted  in  the  modern  military  system  of  Prussia. 
He  was  sent  by  the  king  to  aid  Napoleon  in  the  famous  Russian 
campaign ;  but  as  soon  as  the  disasters  of  that  campaign  com- 
pelled the  French  to  retreat,  York  saw  that  the  interests  of 
Prussia  called  for  an  immediate  alliance  with  Russia  against  Na- 
poleon, At  the  Convention  of  Tauroggen  such  an  alliance  was 
negotiated  without  the  knowledge  of  the  Prussian  .king.     This 


278 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


assumption  of  responsibility  was  doubtless  treason  —  indeed, 
York  himself  said  that  "his  old  head  felt  very  loose  on  his 
shoulders ;"  but  the  event  seemed  to  justify  the  action.  In  the 
beginning  of  the  second  volume  of  Droysen's  "  Life"  these  singu- 
lar events  are  best  narrated. 


Metternich,  Prince — Memoirs  of,  1773-1815.  Edited  by  Prince 
Richard  Metternich,  and  translated  by  Mrs.  Alexander  Napier. 
4  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1880-81. 

The  papers  left  by  Chancellor  Metternich  constitute  three 
series,  the  first  of  which  is  here  given  to  the  public,  twenty  years 
after  the  death  of  the  writer.  They  are  of  great  importance  to 
the  historian  of  that  period,  and  of  great  interest  to  the  general 
reader. 

So  niucli  may  be  said  without  asserting  that  they  are  not  dis- 
appointing. Metternich  held  the  threads  of  European  diplomacy 
from  the  battle  of  Wagram,  in  1809,  to  his  own  downfall  in 
1848  ;  and  during  the  whole  of  this  period  he  was  not  only  one  of 
the  most  conspicuous  figures,  but  he  was  one  of  the  most  potent 
forces,  in  European  politics.  In  his  "  Memoirs,"  therefore,  we  might 
expect  to  find  much  that  is  new ;  but  such  an  expectation  will 
be  disappointed.  In  these  volumes  there  are  not  many  facts  that 
were  not  known  long  ago,  and  there  arc  not  many  descriptions 
that  have  not  been  equalled  or  excelled  by  others. 

But  while  this  is  true,  it  ought  also  to  be  said  that  the  impres- 
sions of  a  man  who  was  himself  a  great  part  of  the  great  events 
he  describes  can  never  be  without  interest.  The  Duke  of  Wel- 
lington might  not  have  given  a  fuller  or  more  accurate  description 
of  the  battle  of  Waterloo  than  those  of  Thiers  and  Victor  Hugo, 
but  who  would  not  have  preferred  his  account? 

Metternich  was  the  most  influential,  if  not  the  greatest,  con- 
servative opponent  of  the  French  Kevoluti(Mi ;  and  his  policy  from 
first  to  last  was  directed  to  the  work  of  thwarting  its  results.  It 
was  in  the  interest  of  this  policy  that  he  supported  Ferdinand  of 
Naples,  Ferdinand  of  Spain,  and  Sultan  Mahmoud ;  and  that  he 
did  whatever  lie  could  to  stifle  every  i)opular  movement  within 
his  reach  and  influence.     As  the  expression  of  one  of  the  most 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  279 

formidable  opponents  of  liberal  government  in  Europe  during 
nearly  forty  years,  these  "  Memoirs"  will  always  be  of  interest. 

The  author's  pictures  of  Alexander  I.,  and  of  the  famous  in- 
terview with  Napoleon  at  Dresden  in  June,  1813,  are  the  most 
valuable  portions  of  the  book.  This  interview,  however,  had  been 
described  by  Thiers  after  a  sight  of  the  Metternich  MSS.,  and, 
therefore,  the  presentation  as  it  here  appears  is  not  to  be  re- 
garded as  strictly  new. 


Treitschke,  Heinrich  von. — Deutsche  Geschichte  im  neunzehn- 
ten  Jahrhundert.     Vols,  i.-iii.,  Leipzig,  1879-8G. 

Of  modern  German  historical  writers,  probably  Treitschke  is 
the  most  picturesque  and  graphic,  as  well  as  the  most  powerful. 
He  is  an  ardent  admirer  of  Prussian  methods  and  Prussian  states- 
manship. His  object  in  the  great  work,  the  first  volumes  of  which 
are  here  before  us,  is  to  explain  the  origin  and  depict  the  charac- 
teristics of  the  new  life  of  Germany.  The  chief  agent  of  this  new 
life  the  author  regards  as  the  House  of  HohenzoUern. 

The  first  volume  begins  with  a  full  general  introduction,  designed 
to  show  the  sources  of  disunion.  This  disunion  the  author  attrib- 
utes chiefiy  to  the  House  of  Hapsburg.  The  Treaty  of  Westphalia 
was  the  first  blow  that  disunion  received.  This  made  the  several 
states  independent  de  jure  as  well  as  de  facto  ;  and,  consequently, 
from  that  time  they  were  able  to  group  themselves  as  they  chose. 

The  principal  part  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  a  description  of 
"The  Downfall  of  the  Empire,"  and  "The  Beginnings  of  the 
Confederacy."  The  work  of  Stein  receives  full  and  adequate,  as 
well  as  generous,  treatment,  and  the  volume  closes  with  the  second 
Treaty  of  Paris. 

The  author  writes  with  strong  prepossessions  if  not  prejudices; 
but  his  work  in  point  of  ability  must  take  rank  among  the  fore- 
most of  recent  historical  productions.  The  second  and  third  vol- 
umes are  especially  worthy  of  notice. 


Kliipfel,  K. — Geschichte  der  deutschen  Einheitsbestrebungen  bis 
zu  ihrer  Erfiillung,  1848-71.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1872-73. 


280  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  most  satisfactory  history  yet  written  of  the  various  efforts 
to  establish  a  German  Union  in  place  of  the  old  German  Confed- 
eration. The  author  published  in  1853  a  similar  worlc  on  the 
period  previous  to  1848  ;  and  the  encouragement  which  that  pre- 
liminary study  received  led  to  the  further  prosecution  of  his  in- 
vestigations, and  the  ultimate  publication  of  the  present  more 
elaborate  work.  It  has  substantial  merits ;  and,  though  not  a 
work  of  the  first  order  of  talent,  may  be  used  with  profit  by  any 
student  of  the  present  century. 


Frank,  Constantin. — Die  Wiederherstellung  Deutschlands.     Bvo, 
Berlin,  1865. 

A  book  of  considerable  value  in  the  work  of  showing  the 
condition  of  Germany  before  the  constitutional  changes  that  re- 
sulted from  the  war  of  1866.  The  work  is  a  powerful  plea  for 
the  dissolution  of  the  old  confederation  and  the  establishment  of 
a  new  and  a  stronger  union.  The  necessity  of  a  union,  the  weak- 
ness of  the  tie  at  the  time  the  author  wrote,  the  difficulties  in  the 
way,  and  the  proper  methods  of  overcoming  them  are  presented 
with  clearness  and  ability. 


Van  Deventer,  M.  L.^-Cinquante  Annees  de  I'llistoire  Federale 
de  I'Allemagne.  Etude  historique  et  politique.  8vo,  Brus- 
sels, 1870. 

In  no  book  will  the  student  get  a  better  account  of  the  German 
Confederation  from  1815  to  18GG  than  in  this  volume.  The 
author  discusses  the  organization  and  character  of  the  Federal  con- 
stitution, the  characteristics  of  the  Diet,  the  Zollverein,  the  effort 
in  behalf  of  unity  in  1848,  the  dissolution  of  the  old  Confeder- 
ation, and  the  final  establishment  of  the  North  German  Union 
under  the  leadership  of  I'russia. 


Lecomte,  Ferdinand. — Guerre  de  la  Trusso  ct  de  I'ltalie  contrc 
rAutriche   et  la  Confederation  Germaiii(iue    en  1866.     Rela- 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY,  281 

tion  historiqne  et  critique.     Avec  cartes  ct  plans.     2   vols., 
8vo,  Paris,  1868. 

This  work,  prepared  by  a  Swiss  officer,  is  probably  the  most 
satisfactory  yet  published  'on  the  war  of  1866.  It  has  good  maps 
and  plans,  and  is  especially  excellent  in  its  account  of  the  grow- 
ing political  animosities  of  Prussia  and  Austria  before  the  final 
outbreak  of  the  war. 


Hozier,  H.  M. — The  Seven  Weeks'  War.     Its  Antecedents  and 

its  Incidents.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  Philadelphia,  1867. 

One  of  the  best  accounts  in  English  of  the  war  of  1866.  It  is 
founded  on  letters  written  to  the  Times,  is  easy  to  read,  and  is 
well  illustrated  with  maps  and  plans. 

As  a  history  of  the  war  it  is,  of  course,  not  to  be  accepted  as 
final  authority  on  all  points.  It  has  the  merits  simply  of  a 
graphic  picture  of  a  short  but  momentous  struggle. 


Veron,  Eug. — Ilistoire  de  I'Allemagne  depuis  la  Bataille  de  Sa- 
dowa.     12mo,  Paris,  1874. 

A  spirited  picture  of  Germany  during  the  important  period  be- 
tween the  close  of  the  Austro-Prussian  war  and  the  end  of  the 
great  struggle  between  Germany  and  France  in  1871.  The  au- 
thor admits  the  infatuation  of  France,  and  sees  no  hope  of  coping 
witb  Germany  except  in  a  thorough  reform  of  her  institutions. 
The  reforms  that  took  place  in  Germany,  and  the  reorganization 
of  administrations  at  the  close  of  the  war,  are  well  described  at 
the  end  of  the  volume. 


Droysen,  Joh.  Gust.  —  Abhandlungen,  zur  neucren  Geschichte. 
8vo,  Leipsic,  1876. 

The  importance  of  these  essays  is  chiefly  in  the  light  they 


282  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

throw  on  the  relations  of  the  several  German  states  with  one  an- 
other during  the  present  century.  The  author  here  develops 
more  fully  the  idea  advanced  in  the  early  part  of  his  great  "  His- 
tory of  Prussian  Politics  " — namely,  that  Prussia,  throughout  its 
history,  has  had  a  distinct  mission  in  German  political  affairs  ;  and 
that  it  is  the  prime  duty  of  the  historian  to  point  out  that  mis- 
sion. The  great  work  of  Prussia  has  been,  in  his  opinion,  to  pre- 
vent Germany  from  becoming  "  kosakisch,"  on  the  one  hand,  and 
*'  republikanisch,"  on  the  other.  This  position  gives  a  key  to  the 
spirit  of  all  of  Droysen's  works. 

The  most  valuable  of  the  essays  have  the  following  titles: 
"  Zur  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Partci  in  Deutschland ;"  "  Preus- 
sen  und  das  System  der  Grossmachte ;"  "  Zur  Geschichte  der 
preussischen  Politik  in  den  Jahren  1830-32;"  and  "  Friedrichs 
des  Grossen  politische  Stellung  im  Anfang  des  schlesischcn  Krie- 
ges." 

The  author's  style  is  always  difficult,  and  here,  as  well  as  in  his 
larger  work,  he  maintains  his  apparent  contempt  for  what  he 
calls  "  rhetorische  Geschichtschreibung." 


Treitschke,Heinrich  von. — Zehn  Jahre  deutscher  Kampfe,  1865- 
74.  2te  Aufl.,fortgefiihrt  bis  zum  Jahre  1879.  Svo,  Berlin,  1879. 

A  book  quite  worthy  and  characteristic  of  one  of  the  most  in- 
fluential teachers  and  writers  of  history  in  Germany.  Treitschke 
was  a  pupil  of  Iliiusser's  ;  he  writes  in  an  especially  spirited  and 
rhetorical  style,  and  is  an  intense  supporter  of  Prussian  policy. 
The  essays  which  make  up  the  volume  are  perhaps  the  ablest 
presentation  we  have  of  the  important  political  problems  arising 
between  the  Danish  war  and  the  complete  establishment  of  the 
empire. 


Riistow,  W. — The  War  for  the  Rhine  Frontier.  Its  Political  and 
.Military  History.  Translated  from  the  German  by  J.  G.  Need- 
ham.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1871-72. 

Though  the  writer  is  a  military  officer,  and,  in  general,  an  histo- 


mSTOKIES  OF  GERMANY.  283 

riaii  of  military  affairs,  yet  tlie  portions  of  this  work  that  will  be 
found  of  greatest  interest  and  value  arc  those  of  a  political  nature. 
The  author  has  succeeded,  in  the  first  volume,  in  giving  an  ad- 
mirable portrayal  of  the  difference  between  the  German  and  the 
French  system,  as  well  as  of  the  events  immediately  pi'eceding 
the  war.  The  more  strictly  military  events  are  described  with 
the  author's  well-known  ability  and  skill. 


Junck,  Karl. — Dor  deutscb-fraazosische  Kricg,  1870  und  18*71. 
Historisch,  politiscli  und  kriegswissenschaftlich  dargestellt.  Mit 
Karten  und  Pliinen,     2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipsic,  1876. 

One  of  the  most  satisfactory  histories  of  the  war  from  a  Ger- 
man point  of  view.  The  author  was  an  officer  of  the  army,  and 
consequently  the  work  is  cast  in  a  military  mould ;  but  the  vol- 
umes give  abundant  evidence  that  Herr  Junck  thought  of  other 
matters  besides  battles  and  sieges.  The  historical  and  political 
phases  of  the  work  are  worthy  of  commendation. 


III.   IIISTOEIES    OF   INDIVIDUAL    STATES. 

Coxe,  William.  —  History  of  the  House  of  Austria  from  the 
Foundation  of  the  Monarchy  by  Rodolph  of  Ilapsburg  to 
the  Death  of  Leopold  the  Second,  1218-1792.  3  vols.,  crown 
Svo.  Also  Continuation  from  the  Accession  of  Francis  I.  to 
the  Revolution  of  1848.     1  vol.,  crown  Svo,  London,  1860, 

Of  the  numerous  scholarly  productions  of  Archdeacon  Coxe, 
this  is  one  of  the  most  useful.  Besides  being  a  work  of  real  in- 
trinsic merit,  it  has  the  greater  distinction  of  being  the  only  com- 
plete history  of  the  House  of  Austria  accessible  to  the  reader  of 
English.  The  author  has  dealt  very  fully  with  the  military  affairs 
with  which  Austria  has  been  engaged,  and  his  accounts  of  mili- 
tary transactions  are  always  clear  and  often  graphic.  In  his 
presentation  of  the  causes  of  the  wars  he  is  not  so  fortunate. 


284  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

There  is  often  a  certain  vagueness  that  must  be  regarded  as  a 
fault.  As  an  example  of  this  may  be  noted  his  account  of  the 
Prussian  claims  to  Silesia.  But,  in  spite  of  this  defect,  the  work 
is  one  of  substantial  value. 

The  "  Continuation  "  was  prepared  by  two  hands.  Mr.  Walter 
K.  Kelley  wrote  the  epitome  of  the  history  from  the  accession  of 
Francis  I.  to  the  close  of  the  Hungarian  war  in  1849.  This  is 
followed  by  the  treatise  that  forms  the  body  of  the  work,  enti- 
tled "Genesis  of  the  Revolution  in  Austria."  It  is  written  by 
Count  Ilartig,  an  Austrian  official  of  high  rank.  At  the  time  of 
its  publication  it  attracted  so  much  attention  for  its  ability  and 
its  boldness  that  several  editions  were  called  for  in  rapid  succes- 
sion. The  author  took  the  ground  that  "  there  are  no  abrupt 
transitions  in  nations,"  and  that  the  causes  of  the  Revolution 
were  to  be  looked  for  in  the  characteristics  of  the  government  it- 
self. It  is  a  most  searching  piece  of  criticism,  and  is  well  worth 
the  study  of  any  student  of  political  history.  It  had  much  to  do 
with  the  amelioration  of  Austrian  methods  of  government  and 
administration. 


Krones,  Franz. — Ilandbuch  der  Gcschichte  Oestcrreichs,  von  der 
altesten  bis  zur  neuesten  Zeit,  mit  besondercr  Riicksicht  auf 
Lander-,  Volkerkunde  und  Culturgeschichtc.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Ber- 
lin, 1876-79. 

For  acquiring  a  knowledge  of  early  Austrian  history  this  is,  per- 
haps, the  best  authority  for  the  use  of  a  student.  Its  references 
to  other  works  arc  sufficiently  numerous  to  enable  the  reader  to 
pursue  his  investigations  at  will.  As  yet,  however,  the  book  has 
not  advanced  to  a  date  later  than  IVOO.  The  Austrian  part  in 
the  Thirty  Years'  War,  and  in  the  great  struggles  of  the  seven- 
teenth century  with  France,  form  the  most  interesting  and  valu- 
able part  of  the  work. 


Mailath,  Johann  Graf. — Gcschichte  Oestcrreichs.     5  vols.,  8vo, 
Hamburg,  1834-50. 

These  voinmcs  form  a  part  of  the  Ilccrcn  and  Ukert  scries,  and 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  285 

they  are  entitled  to  liigli  rank.  They  make  np  what  for  thh'ty 
years  has  been  considered  the  standard  history  of  Austria.  The 
style  of  the  author  is  not  of  the  best ;  but  to  the  reader  of  Ger- 
man desirous  of  tracing  the  tortuous  course  of  that  imperial  house, 
the  work  will  give  much  valuable  information. 

Its  superiority  over  the  work  of  Coxe  is  in  the  fact  that  it  is 
founded  on  a  much  more  thorough  study  of  the  original  sources. 
The  archives  of  the  government,  however,  had  not  been  fully 
opened  to  investigation  at  the  time  Mailatli  wrote. 


Asseline,  Louis. — Ilistoire  do  I'xVutriche  depuis  la  Mort  de  Marie 
Therese  jusqu'a  nos  jours.     12mo,  Paris,  1877. 

A  convenient  and  useful  little  book,  designed  to  inform  French 
I'cadcrs  of  the  general  course  of  events  in  Austria  during  the  last 
century. 

The  author  has  made  diligent  use  of  the  best  authorities,  and 
has  framed  his  materials  into  a  readable  book.  The  portion  wliich 
relates  to  the  period  before  1848,  however,  is  inferior  to  the  work 
of  Coxe;  but  for  events  since  the  Revolution  the  volume  has 
more  substantial  value. 


Springer,  Anton. — Geschichte  Oesterreichs  seit  dem  Wiener  Frie- 
den,  1809.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipsic,  18G3-G5. 

One  of  the  best  of  the  excellent  series  edited  by  Biedermann  on 
the  contemporary  history  of  European  nations.  Springer  brought 
to  his  work  unusual  qualifications.  In  addition  to  the  attractions 
of  a  clear  and  compact  style  of  narration,  he  gives  his  readers  a 
vast  amount  of  information  derived  from  sources  hitherto  unex- 
plored. 

Though  the  Austrian  archives  were  still,  for  the  most  part,  in- 
accessible, yet  the  proceedings  of  the  parliaments  of  Bohemia 
and  Hungary  were  placed  before  the  author,  and  consequently 
he  Avas  able  to  throw  much  new  light  on  several  dark  questions. 
His  description  of  the  Austrian  policy  during  the  Napoleonic  rule 


286  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

is  masterly ;  and  his  account  of  the  "  System  "  of  Metternich,  in 
the  second  book,  is  one  of  the  best  specimens  of  modern  analyt- 
ical treatment.  The  work  is  pervaded  with  a  spirit  of  intellect- 
ual freedom  as  refreshing  as  it  is  rare.  The  second  volume  is 
devoted  chiefly  to  that  turbulent  period  which  ended  in  the  pres- 
ent union  of  Hungary  and  Austria. 

Almost  the  only  word  to  be  said  against  the  book  is  that  it  has 
only  a  very  meagre  table  of  contents,  and  no  index. 


Vehse,  Dr.  E. — Memoirs  of  the  Court,  Aristocracy,  and  Diplomacy 
of  Austria.  Translated  from  the  German  by  Franz  Demmler. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1856. 

A  picture  of  society  and  of  public  characters.  The  author's 
model  is  Horace  AValpole,  though  it  ought  to  be  said  that,  if  he 
follows  Walpole,  he  follows  hiin  at  a  long  distance  behind.  His 
pictures  are  not  derived  from  personal  observation  so  much  as 
from  study  of  what  others  have  written.  This  is,  of  course,  a 
necessity,  as  the  author  deals  with  the  whole  period  of  Austrian 
history  from  Maximilian  I.  to  the  death  of  Francis  H.,  in  1835. 


Arneth,  Alfred,  Ritter  von. — Geschichte  Maria  Theresia's.     10 
vols.,  8vo,  Vienna,  1880. 

A  work  which  takes  high  rank  among  the  great  historical  pro- 
ductions of  the  present  generation.  In  many  respects  the  volumes 
of  Arneth  sustain  the  same  relation  to  Maria  Theresa  and  Austria 
that  those  of  Carlyle  do  to  Frederick  the  Great  and  Prussia. 

The  German  author  is  even  more  comprehensive  in  his  method 
of  treatment  than  is  his  English  contemporary.  On  the  subjects 
of  art,  education,  and  religion,  where  Carlyle  showed  some  weak- 
ness, Arneth  is  espocially  strong.  The  merit  of  the  work  is  not 
simply  in  its  comprehensiveness  of  design  and  fulness  of  treat- 
ment, but  also  quite  as  much  fi'om  the  fact  that  the  author  had 
access  to  a  vast  amount  of  original  materials  never  before  ex- 


HISTORIES  OF  GERiMANY.  287 

amined  by  any  historian.     As  a  history  of  Austria  during  the 
most  important  period  of  the  last  century,  it  is  without  a  rival. 


De  Worms,  Baron  Henry. — The  Austro- Hungarian  Empire.  A 
Political  Sketch  of  Men  and  Events  since  1866.  8vo,  2d  ed., 
London,  1877. 

This  volume  is  both  historical  and  descriptive.  The  author 
had  the  advantage  of  a  long  residence  in  Austria,  and  of  great 
familiarity  with  its  political  and  social  condition.  As  an  account 
of  the  present  condition  of  the  Austro  -  Hungarian  empire  the 
work  has  no  equal — indeed,  in  English,  has  no  rival.  The  value 
of  the  book  is  enhanced  by  several  excellent  maps,  designed  to 
show  the  ethnographical  and  religious  divisions  of  the  people. 


Hiiffer,  Hermann.  —  Ocsterreich  und  Preusscn  gegeniiber  dor 
franzosisehen  Revolution  bis  zuni  Abschluss  des  Friedens  von 
Campo  Forraio.  Vornehmlich  nach  ungedriickteu  TJrkunden 
der  Archiv  in  Berlin,  Wien  und  Paris.     8vo,  Bonn,  1868. 

A  work  of  considerable  importance,  designed  to  show  the  criti- 
cal relations  of  the  two  most  powerful  of  the  Gennan  states  to 
each  other,  and  the  reasons  why  Germany  was  unable  to  pursue  a 
united  policy  towards  France.  The  student  of  European  politics 
during  the  period  of  the  French  Revolution  will  find  the  work 
suggestive  and  helpful. 


Beer,  A.— Zehn  Jahre  osterreichischer  Politik,  1800-1810.     8vo, 
Leipsic,  1877. 

Since  the  opening  of  the  archives  at  Vienna  to  historical  inves- 
tigators, the  writings  of  Beer  have  been  among  the  most  impor- 
tant contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  recent  German  history  and 
policy.  His  volume  on  Austrian  politics  during  the  Napoleonic 
period  rests  upon  a  minute,  and  at  the  same  time  comprehensive, 


288  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

study  of  the  rich  stores  in  the  possession  of  the  government.  It 
is  divided  into  two  parts,  the  first  of  which — entitled  "  Die  Coali- 
tion von  1805  " — deals  with  the  period  of  Austrian  history  under 
Graf  Ludwig  Cobenzl ;  and  the  second  —  entitled  "Die  iister- 
reichische  Politik  unter  Stadion  " — with  the  events  from  1805  to 
the  Peace  of  Vienna. 

Though  somewhat  ungraceful  in  style,  the  volume  is  a  valuable 
contribution  to  the  literature  of  that  eventful  period.  An  ap- 
pendix furnishes  several  of  the  most  important  of  the  newly 
discovered  sources. 


Bbttig-er,  C.  W.,  and  Flathe,  T. — Geschichte  des  Kurstaates  und 
Konigreiches  Sachsen.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Hamburg,  1830-71. 

These  volumes  form  a  part  of  the  Ileeren  and  Ukert  scries, 
and  are  still  probably  the  best  history  of  the  Electorate  and  King- 
dom of  Saxony.  The  prominence  of  the  electorate  in  the  time 
of  the  Reformation,  and  of  the  kingdom  in  the  period  of  the  Na- 
poleonic wars,  gives  to  the  history  of  the  country  a  very  consider- 
able general  importance.  The  position  of  Saxony  during  these 
^'criods  is  described  with  clearness  and  discriminating  judgment. 


Stenzel,  G.  A.  H. — Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staates.     5  vols., 
8vo,  Gotha,  1831-54. 

Stenzel's  History  of  Prussia  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  of  the 
series  edited  by  Heeren  and  Ukert;  and  for  some  years  has  been 
regarded  as  one  of  the  mcjst  satisfactory  general  accounts  of  that 
nation.  The  author  was  professor  of  history  at  the  University 
of  Brcslau,  and  enjoyed  a  high  reputation  as  a  scholar  and  author. 
His  work  is  free  from  the  military  flavor  of  Coscl,  on  the  one 
hand,  and  the  strong  political  partisanship  of  Droysen,  on  the 
other.  The  author's  style  is  refreshingly  picturesque,  and,  what 
is  not  less  rare  among  the  historical  productions  of  Germany,  is 
free  from  the  strong  bias  of  political  prejudice.  Unfortunately 
the  author  did  not  live  to  complete  the  work.  It  ends  with 
1703. 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  289 

Eberty,  Prof.  Felix. — Geschichte  des  prcussisclicn    Staates,     7 
vols.,  8vo,  Brcslau,  1873. 

Of  the  larger  histories  of  Prussia,  this  is  the  only  one  of  im- 
portance that  embraces  within  its  scope  the  whole  period  of  the 
national  life.  It  bo<2;ins  with  the  earliest  known  events,  and  con- 
cludes with  the  stirring-  scenes  of  1871.  In  spirit  and  purpose  it 
is  a  happy  mean  between  the  military  history  of  Cosel  and  the 
political  history  of  Droysen.  It  is  more  nearly  what  Stenzel's 
work  would  have  been  had  the  author  lived  to  complete  his  un- 
dertaking. The  result  of  Eberty's  labors  is  the  most  readable 
and  the  most  useful  of  the  several  large  histories  of  Prussia. 

The  portion  relating  to  the  period  since  Frederick  the  Great  is 
of  especial  interest.  The  author  has  made  judicious  use  of  his 
materials,  has  given  interesting  views  of  social  life  and  culture, 
and  has  shown  himself  especially  happy  in  his  analysis  of  charac- 
ter and  his  narrations  of  events.  The  prominent  personages  he 
places  before  us  with  unusual  clearness  and  vividness.  This  iis 
especially  noteworthy  in  the  period  of  the  Napoleonic  wars.  The 
description  of  the  years  between  1848  and  1871  are  much  less 
elaborate  and  somewhat  less  satisfactory. 

The  usefulness  of  the  work  is  enhanced  by  a  very  full  index. 


Pierson,  William. — Preussische  Geschichte.     4te  vermehrte  u.  vcr- 
bcsserte  Aufl.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1881. 

The  author's  style  is  compact  and  sententious  ;  and,  conse- 
quently, he  is  able  to  condense  a  vast  amount  of  information  into 
a  small  space.  He  is  not  only  a  man  of  thought,  but  a  man  of 
discriminating  judgment.  He  penetrates  at  once  to  the  kernel  of 
the  subject  in  hand,  and  lays  it  before  the  reader  with  great  clear- 
ness and  force.  The  narrative  is  accompanied  with  a  large  and 
excellent  map  of  Prussia,  showing  the  acquisitio.ns  of  territory  at 
diflFerent  periods  of  the  nation's  history. 

The  history  is  pervaded  with  an  earnestness  of  patriotic  admi- 
ration for  Prussia  which,  if  it  does  not  add  to  the  judicial  fairness 
of  the  work,  imparts  a  welcome  glow  of  warmth  to  its  pages.  .It 
closes  with  a  good  index. 

19 


290  ,  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Heinel,  Dr.  Eduard.  —  Geschichte  Preussens,  Bearbeitet  und 
vom  Jahre  1867-71  fortgefiilirt  von  E.  F.  Laudien.  8vo, 
7th  ed.,  Konigsberg,  1876. 

Heiners  "  History  of  Prussia"  has  for  some  years  been  a  favorite 
in  Germany.  The  author's  clear,  simple,  and  picturesque  style  of 
narration,  his  good  judgment,  and  his  firm  grasp  of  the  signifi- 
cance of  leading  events  have  given  his  work  a  very  great  and  a 
very  just  popularity. 

In  the  continuation,  Dr.  Laudien  has  endeavored  strictly  to 
preserve  the  original  characteristics  of  the  earlier  editions,  and  in 
this  effort  he  has  been  in  the  main  successful.  As  a  history  of 
Prussia  in  one  volume,  this  is  one  of  the  best. 


Droysen,  Joh.  Gust.  —  Geschichte  der  preussischen  Politik.     5 
vols,  in  14,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1868-86. 

The  first  volume  of  this  important  work  appeared  in  1855,  and 
was  at  once  hailed  as  the  production  of  a  master.  The  author, 
almost  immediately  afterwards,  was  appointed  to  a  professorship 
of  history  in  the  University  of  Berlin,  where  he  has  since  exerted 
his  powerful  influence  upon  a  very  large  number  of  students. 

The  eight  volumes  already  published  bring  the  history  down 
only  to  the  early  years  of  the  reign  of  Frederick  the  Great.  The 
size  of  the  work,  therefore,  puts  it  out  of  the  range  of  all  except 
special  students.  But  for  one  who  would  understand  the  funda- 
mental principles  of  the  Prussian  government  as  they  have  been 
slowly  wrought  out  of  a  turbulent  history,  the  volumes  are  indis- 
pensable. 

For  thoroughness  of  research,  the  work  of  Droysen  certainly 
leaves  nothing  to  be  desired.  In  point  of  style,  however,  it  is  in- 
volved, and  lacking  in  perspicuity.  In  politics  the  author  is  a 
monarchist  of  the  Bismarck  type,  and,  throughout  the  work,  he 
shows  his  devotion  to  high  Tory  ideas.  He  is  as  much  opposed 
to  tlic  principles  of  the  French  Revolution  as  was  Burke  or 
George  HI.;  and,  though  his  history  only  comes  down  to  the 
middle  of  the  last  century,  his  antipathies  to  the  principles  of 
that  great  upheaval  are  often  made  manifest. 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  291 

These  are  what  may  be  regarded,  perhaps,  as  faults  of  iniiior 
importance.  A  more  fundamental  defect  is  the  apologetic  spirit 
with  which  the  author  is  accustomed  to  treat  the  unconstitutional 
usurpations  of  the  early  Ilohenzollerns.  The  manner  in  which 
the  early  promises  of  liberty  in  Prussia  ■were  trodden  under  foot 
has  received  no  adequate  condemnation  at  his  hands. 


Cosel,  E.  von. — Geschichtc  des  preussischen  Staates  und  Volkes 
unter  den  Hohenzollern'schen  Fiirsten.  8  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic, 
1869-76. 

As  a  description  of  the  development  of  Prussia  from  the  earli- 
est times  of  the  Ilohenzollerns  down  to  the  close  of  the  Franco- 
Prussian  war,  this  history,  in  spite  of  some  defects,  is  perhaps  to 
be  preferred  above  all  others.  The  author  has  not  the  deep  po- 
litical insight  of  Droyscn,  nor  the  literary  skill  of  Stenzel ;  but 
his  work  has  the  great  advantage  of  describing  a  longer  and  a 
more  important  period.  It  is  founded  on  original  research,  and 
is  written  with  considerable  skill,  though  it  is  hardly  entitled  to 
the  highest  rank. 

The  most  important  portion  is  the  latest.  Five  of  the  vol- 
umes are  devoted  to  the  period  subsequent  to  the  outbreak  of  the 
French  Revolution.  Tlie  criticism  most  likely  to  be  made  is  that 
undue  importance  has  been  given  to  military  affairs — a  fact  prob- 
ably accounted  for  by  the  military  vocation  of  the  author.  But 
it  must  not  be  forgotten  that  the  growth  of  Prussia  has  very 
largely  resulted  from  military  successes. 

As  a  comprehensive  history  of  Prussia  during-  all  the  most  im- 
portant periods  of  the  national  history,  it  has  no  superior,  except, 
perhaps,  the  work  of  Eberty. 


Ranke,  Leopold. — Memoirs  of  the  House  of  Brandenburg,  and 
History  of  Prussia  during  the  Seventeenth  and  Eighteenth 
Centuries.  Translated  from  the  German  by  Sir  Alexander  and 
Lady  Duff  Gordon.     3  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1849. 

The  most  valuable  account  accessible  in  English  of  the  history 


292  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

of  Brandenburg  and  Prussia  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Seven 
Years'  War.  It  begins  with  an  account  of  tlic  gradual  develop- 
ment of  the  German  territorial  princes,  the  rise  of  the  House  of 
HohenzoUern,  and  the  way  in  which  the  family  obtained  posses- 
sion of  Brandenburg  and  Prussia.  The  accounts  of  the  Great 
Elector  and  of  Frederick  I.  are  brief,  but  of  the  highest  value. 
The  reign  of  Frederick  AVilliam  I.  is  treated  with  much  more  ful- 
ness, and  with  great  discrimination  and  insight.  This  monarch 
is  shown  to  be  not  merely  the  brutal  father  and  ruler  he  is  often 
represented  as  being,  but  a  king  with  a  stern  purpose,  who  carried 
out  a  definite  domestic  and  foreign  policy,  and  who  left  the  im- 
press of  his  ideas  permanently  stamped  upon  his  country. 

The  second  and  third  volumes  are  devoted  to  the  reign  of 
Frederick  II.,  from  his  accession  in  1740  to  the  end  of  the  peace 
before  the  Seven  Years'  Waro  The  value  of  this  part  of  the  book 
is  in  the  calm  but  comprehensive  account  of  the  reforms  insti- 
tuted in  the  earlier  part  of  Frederick's  reign.  Every  reader  will 
regret  that  the  history  terminates  so  abruptly  at  an  unnatural 
point.  The  work  was  subsequently  continued  by  the  author,  but 
no  translation  of  the  continuation  has  been  published. 


Carlyle,  Thomas. — History  of  Friedrich  the  Second,  called  Fred- 
erick the  Great.  6  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  185S-6G.  Peo- 
ple's Edition,  10  vols.,  16mo,  London  and  New  York,  1873. 

A  work  of  superlative  genius,  which  defies,  every  canon  of  crit- 
icism and  sets  at  nought  every  rule  of  historical  composition.  It 
is  a  succession  of  startling  flashes  and  detonations.  In  no  one  of 
Carlyle's  works  do  the  peculiar  qualities  of  his  genius  show  them- 
selves vvitli  more  intensity.  There  is  scarcely  a  paragra})h  that 
does  not  contain  in  itself  either  a  poem  or  a  picture. 

Tlie  book  is  founded  on  the  most  exhaustive  study  and  the 
most  careful  observation.  The  author  even  visited  the  more 
important  of  Frederick's  battle-fields,  and  had  surveys  made  in 
the  interests  of  absolute  accuracy.  Every  scrap  of  German  writ- 
ing that  would  tlirow  light  on  the  reign  appears  to  have  been  ex- 
amined and  weitihed.     The  result  is  one  of  the  most  remarkable 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY. 


293 


books  in  the  English  language,  aiul  one  wliicli,  all  things  consid- 
ered, is  unquestionably  the  best  history  uf  Frederick  the  Great  in 
iuiy  language. 

The  first  two  volumes  are  devoted  to  an  account  of  the  history 
of  Prussia  down  to  the  accession  of  Frederick.  That  which  de- 
scribes the  reign  of  the  eccentric  father  of  the  great  king  is  one 
of  the  mcst  interesting  and  valuable  portions  of  the  work.  The 
third,  fourth,  and  tifth  volumes,  and  tlie  first  half  of  the  sixth,  are 
devoted  to  the  course  of  Frederick's  reign  during  the  wars  that 
have  made  his  name  so  famous.  The  last  half  of  the  sixth  vol- 
ume discusses  the  remaining  twenty-three  years,  which  the  author 
calls  "the  afternoon  and  evening"  of  Frederick's  life.  A  great 
believer  in  kings  and  heroes,  Carlyle  found  in  Frederick  a  king 
and  a  hero  after  his  own  heart.  Though  he  is  not  blind  to  the 
monarch's  faults,  he  attributes  them  generally  to  the  defects  of 
his  education  and  the  peculiarities  of  his  age.  In  his  last  para- 
graph lie  defines  him  as  "hitherto  the  last  of  the  kings." 

The  book  is  admirably  supplied  with  maps,  tables  of  contents, 
and  an  index. 


Preuss,  J.  D.  E. — Friedrich  der  Grosse.     Eine  Lebensgeschichte. 
5  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1832-34. 

Dr.  Preuss,  for  more  than  twenty-five  years,  devoted  himself 
almost  exclusively  to  the  study  of  the  life  and  works  of  Frederick. 
No  other  man  has  ever  so  thoroughly  mastered  the  subject.  His 
work  is  distinguished  for  great  carefulness  and  exactness  in  the 
statement  of  facts  and  details.  As  an  authority,  therefore,  it  is 
of  the  highest  value ;  but  it  is  not  readable.  The  author  had  no 
gift  for  organizing,  arranging,  or  setting  forth  the  results  of  his 
researches.  The  volumes,  therefore,  with  all  their  merits,  can 
hardly  be  said  to  be  accessible  to  the  general  reader. 


Thiebault,  Dieudonne, — Frederic  le-Grand,  sa  Famille,  sa  Cour, 
son  Gouvernement,  son  Academies,  ses  Ecoles,  et  ses  Amis, 
Generaux,  Philosophes,  et  Litterateurs;  ou  mes  Souvenirs  de 


294 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Vingt  Ans  de  Sejour  a  Berlin.     4th  cd.,  5  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1826. 

A  book  abounding  in  piquant  anecdotes.  It  is  not  organized 
into  any  conventional  form,  but  is  simply  an  interesting  bundle 
of  recollections  founded  upon  the  author's  experience  of  twenty 
years  at  the  Prussian  court. 

The  most  valuable  portion  is  the  first  half  of  the  fourth  vol- 
ume, Avhich  is  devoted  to  a  description  of  Frederick's  government 
in  its  different  branches. 

The  anecdotes  of  the  book,  though  often  very  curious,  are  ut- 
terly untrustworthy.  They  were  related  long  after  the  time  when 
they  are  said  to  have  occurred,  and  the  author  must  often  have 
depended  upon  his  imagination  for  his  facts. 


Raumer,  Frederick  von. — Frederick  the  Second  and  his  Times, 
being  Contributions  to  Modern  History  from  the  British  Mu- 
seum and  the  State-paper  Othce.     8vo,  London,  1837. 

This  volume,  made  up  largely  from  new  materials,  throws 
much  new  light  on  the  international  relations  of  Prussia  and  the 
other  countries  of  Europe.  The  general  reader  will  find  it,  how- 
ever, somewhat  devoid  of  interest,  as  it  makes  no  effort  towards 
a  continuous  narration  of  events.  It  may  be  used  with  profit  in 
connection  with  other  works  on  the  subject. 


Mirabeau,  Le  Comte  de. — Dc  la  Monarchic  Prussienne  sous  Fre- 
d6iu'-lc-(ii;iii(l.  Avcc  uu  Appendice  contenant  dcs  recherches 
sur  la  situation  actuellc  des  principalcs  contrees  de  I'Alle- 
magne.     8  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1788. 

In  1786,  Caionne  sent  Mirabeau  to  Prussia  on  a  secret  mission, 
partly  to  remove  liim  from  France,  and  partly  to  obtain  informa- 
lion  concerning  the  resources  of  Prussia. 

The  result  was  that,  in  less  than  two  years  from  the  time  of  his 
ap[)oinlment,  Mirabeau  had  acc(jmj)lished  the  stupendous  feat  of 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  295 

collecting  the  materials  for  this  work,  of  writing  it,  and  of  put- 
ting it  througli  the  press.  The  haste  of  preparation  accounts  for 
many  inaccuracies  of  detail ;  but,  in  spite  of  numerous  faults  of 
this  kind,  the  work  has  great  value  as  a  description  of  the  condi- 
tion of  the  nation.  Agricultural,  commercial,  and  military  re- 
sources are  all  surveyed ;  and  a  folio  volume  of  charts,  maps,  and 
tables  is  ffiven  in  illustration  of  the  text. 


Veron,  Eugene. — Ilistoire  de  la  Prusse  depuis  la  Mort  de  Frede- 
ric II.  jusqu'a  la  Bataille  de  Sadowa.     12mo,  Paris,  1867. 

A  skilful  presentation  of  the  most  important  facts  of  Prussian 
history  since  the  death  of  Frederick  the  Great.  The  author 
passed  lightly  over  details  of  minor  importance  in  order  to  devote 
more  space  to  those  of  peculiar  significance.  His  object  was  to 
show  that  Prussian  power  has  not  come  by  chance,  but  is  the  re- 
sult of  causes  long  in  course  of  preparation.  The  book  is  written 
from  a  French  point  of  view  and  with  French  sympathies,  but 
without  animosity. 


Hillebrand,  M.  K. — La  Prusse  Contemporaine  et  ses  Institutions. 
12 mo,  Paris,  1867. 

Of  this  volume,  part  first  is  devoted  to  a  description  of  the 
work  of  Prussia  in  Germany  in  1866  ;  part  second,  to  Prussia  and 
her  institutions.  The  account,  therefore,  is  descriptive  rather 
than  historical.  It  is  devoted  to  a  discussion  of  the  internal  char- 
acter and  of  the  external  relations  of  Prussia  at  the  period  of  the 
war  which  secured  Prussian  ascendency  in  Germany. 

Hillebrand  was  a  revolutionist  in  1848,  and  ever  since  he  has 
been  a  keen  observer  of  political  affairs.  As  a  study  of  Prussian 
institutions,  the  work  has  real  merits ;  though,  like  all  the  minor 
works  of  the  author,  it  has  an  air  of  controversy  about  it  which 
detracts  somewhat  from  its  value. 


296  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Tuttle,  Herbert. — German  Political  Leaders.     16ino,  London  and 
New  York,  1876. 

Nineteen  descriptive  essays,  forming  an  admirable  introduction 
to  the  leading  personages  in  the  recent  political  history  of  Ger- 
many. The  author's  habit  of  mind  is  essentially  critical.  He 
therefore  not  only  describes,  but  analyzes  and  compares.  lie  is 
convinced  that  the  experiment  that  Germany  is  making  in  consti- 
tutional government  is  already  rich  in  lessons  for  the  philosophic 
student  of  politics,  and  several  of  these  lessons  he  has  not  neg- 
lected to  point  out.  The  volume  may  be  studied  with  much  ad- 
vantage by  any  student  of  recent  German  political  affairs.  "The 
Chancellor,"  "The  Principal  Ministers,"  "The  Diplomatists," 
"The  Parliamentarians,"  "The  Party  Leaders,"  and  "The  Schol- 
ars in  Politics"  are  the  titles  of  the  several  chapters  into  which 
the  volume  is  divided. 


IV.   IIISTOKIES    OF    INSTITUTIONS    AND    CIVILIZATION. 

Arnold,  Wilhelm. — Ansiedelungen  und  AVandcrungen  deutschev 
Stammc.  Zumeist  nach  hessischcn  Ortsnamen.  8vo,  Mar- 
burg, 1875. 

A  masterly  study  of  one  of  the  most  difficult  subjects  of  me- 
diaeval history.  At  the  time  the  volume  appeared  it  was  every- 
where greeted  as  a  genuine  contribution  to  historical  knowledge. 
It  has  to  do  not  so  much  with  the  movements  of  the  German 
races  before  what  may  be  called  historical  times  as  with  the 
changes  that  have  taken  place  since  the  fourth  centur}'.  The 
most  interesting  part  of  the  work  is  that  embraced  between  chap- 
ter vi.  and  the  end  of  the  volume,  in  which  the  author  describes 
the  divisions  of  the  land,  and  the  nature  of  social  and  military 
institutions.  

Arnold,  Wilhelm. — Deutsche  Geschichte.  Vols,  i.-iii.,  8vo,  Gotha, 
18H1-S3.  Vol.  i.  is  devoted  to  the  Deutsche  Urzeit;  vols.  ii. 
and  iii.  to  Die  Friinkische  Zcit. 

The  investigations  carried  on  by  the  author  while  preparing 
his  great  work  on  "Migrations"  fitted  him  admirably  to  present 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  297 

in  popular  form  an  account  of  early  German  institutions.  This 
lie  lias  done  in  the  volume  before  us.  The  title,  however,  is 
slightly  misleading.  It  is  not  a  description  of  prehistoric  times, 
but  of  the  conditions  of  the  Germans  and  their  institutions  at  the 
time  they  emerge  into  the  historic  period.  Divided  into  two 
parts,  it  describes,  first,  the  movement  which  led  to  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Prankish  dynasty,  and,  second,  the  condition  of  the 
people  and  of  their  political  and  social  customs. 


Ozanam,  A.  F. — Les  Germains  avant  le  Christianisme.  Recherchcs 
sur  les  Origines,  les  Traditions,  les  Institutions  des  Peuplcs 
German iques,  et  sur  Icur  Etablissement  dans  I'Erapire  Romain. 
12mo,  5th  ed.,  Paris,  1872. 

The  author,  a  professor  of  foreign  literature  in  the  University 
of  Paris,  availed  himself  very  fully  of  the  results  of  recent  Ger- 
man research.  Though  the  book  is  perhaps  somewhat  less  pro- 
found than  the  works  on  the  same  period  by  Arnold,  it  has  the 
advantage  of  being  written  in  a  picturesque  and  entertaining 
style,  and  is  therefore  more  likely  to  awaken  the  interest  of  the 
student. 

The  first  part  is  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  origin,  the  re- 
ligion, the  laws,  the  languages,  and  the  poetry  of  the  Germans.  In 
the  second  part  a  description  is  given  of  the  conflict  between  the 
Romans  and  Germans — a  conflict  -which  the  author  deems  quite 
as  much  one  of  institutions  as  one  of  arms.  In  chapter  vi.  he 
presents  essentially  the  same  view  as  that  put  forward  by  Cou- 
langes — viz.,  that  the  Germans  -worked  themselves  into  the  empire 
in  various  pacific  methods,  and  that  these  methods  constitute  the 
most  important  and  interesting  feature  of  what  are  commonly 
called  the  invasions.  A  very  interesting  account  is  that  entitled 
"  The  Germans  in  the  Public  Offices." 


Sohm,  Rudolph. — Die  Altdeutsche  Reichs-  und  Gerichtsverfassung. 
I,  Band.  Die  frankische  Reichs-  und  Gerichtsverfassunir.  Svo, 
AVeimar,  1871. 

For  a  student  of  early  German  institutions  this  is  a  book  of 


298  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  first  importance.  It  embraces  in  its  treatment  tlie  period 
from  the  earliest  history  to  the  fall  of  the  Carlovingians.  It  de- 
scribes with  great  fulness  the  courts  of  the  eai'l}'  Germans,  as  well 
as  the  methods  of  imperial  and  local  administration.  The  book 
is  a  part  of  the  best  results  of  recent  German  scholarship,  and 
perhaps,  for  the  limited  period  of  which  it  treats,  is  to  be  com- 
pared in  importance  only  with  the  great  works  of  Waitz  and 
Maurer. 


Maurer,  Georg  Ludwig  von. — Geschichte  der  Markenverfassung 

in  Deutschland.     8vo,  Erlangen,  1856. 

With  the  possible  exception  of  Waitz,  no  living  writer  has  in- 
vestigated with  so  much  care  the  early  organization  of  German 
local  institutions  as  has  the  author  of  this  work.  It  is  his  belief 
that  the  Mark  system  is  the  basis  of  modern  municipal  institu- 
tions throughout  Germany,  and,  as  such,  should  be  thoroughly 
understood.  The  book  is  full  of  learning,  and  is  indispensable  to 
one  who  would  go  to  the  lower  foundations  of  German  local  in- 
stitutions. 


Maurer,  Georg  Ludwig  von. — Geschichte  der  Dorfverfassung  in 
Deutschland.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Erlangen,  1865-66. 

Every  student  of  German  history  and  every  traveller  in  Ger- 
many has  noted  the  peculiarities  of  the  German  village  system. 
The  system  is  unique  in  some  of  its  particulars.  It  is  the  result 
of  a  slow  evolution,  which  it  is  the  object  of  Von  Maurer  in  these 
volumes  to  describe.  The  work  is  quite  worthy  of  the  author's 
great  fame. 


Maurer,  Georg  Ludwig  von.  —  Geschichte  der  Stildteverfassung 
in  Duiitschland.     4  vols.,  8vo,  Erlangen,  1869-71. 

Tills  great  work  is  the  culmination  of  Yon  Maurcr's  studies  of 
local  institutions,  carried  on  with  unusual  diligence  and  skill  for 
nearly  half  a  century.     He  began  his  life  work  in  the  belief  that 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  299 

the  theories  then  prevailing  concerning  the  origin  of  German 
municipal  institutions  were  essentially  erroneous.  A  general  be- 
lief had  been  entertained  that  they  were  Roman  in  their  deriva- 
tion. It  was  the  purpose  of  Von  Maurer  to  overthrow  this  belief. 
lie  examines  the  condition  of  the  cities  at  each  period  in  the 
Middle  Ages ;  and  the  result  is  a  work  that,  for  its  learning  and 
its  critical  acumen,  has  everywhere  awakened  the  admiration  of 
the  best  scholarship.  It  takes  high  rank  among  the  great  his- 
torical works  of  the  present  century. 


Waitz,  Georg. — Deutsche  Verfassungsgcschichte.  8  vols.,  8vo, 
Leipsic,  1844-78.  The  first  three  volumes  passed  into  a  second 
and  enlarged  edition,  1865-80. 

These  formidable  volumes  bring  the  constitutional  history  of 
Germany  down  only  to  the  middle  of  the  tvv'elfth  century.  The 
work  may  be  called  comprehensively  exhaustive,  but  it  is  as 
learned  and  able  as  it  is  elaborate.  It  is  founded  on  the  solid 
basis  of  the  most  thorough  and  protracted  investigation,  and  is 
written  in  a  style  that  is  not  unattractive.  Every  phase  of  the 
early  constitutional  history  of  Germany  has  received  the  author's 
careful  attention.  Very  few  students  will  find  time  to  read  it 
from  beginning  to  end  ;  but  it  is  to  the  investigator  of  German 
institutions  what  the  work  of  Stubbs  is  to  the  student  of  the 
early  institutions  of  England. 

The  first  volume  is  entitled  "  Die  deutsche  Verfassung  in  der 
altesten  Zeit ;"  the  second,  third,  and  fourth,  "  Die  deutsche  Ver- 
fassung im  frankischen  Reich  ;"  tlie  fifth  to  the  eighth,  inclusive, 
"  Die  Verfassung  des  deutschen  Reichs  bis  zur  vollen  Herrschaft 
dcs  Lehnwesens." 

The  wealth  of  learning  here  shown  will  be  most  appreciated  by 
the  student  who  has  most  to  do  with  the  questions  discussed. 
In  the  fifth  volume  nearly  three  Imndred  pages  are  devoted  to 
"  Das  Volk  und  seine  Standc."  xVt  the  beginning  of  the  sixth 
the  description  of  "  Das  Lehnwesen  "  occupies  a  hundred  pages. 
In  the  seventh  is  to  be  found  an  admirable  account  of  the  feudal 
courts  and  of  the  prevailing  systems  of  finance.     The  last  chapter 


300  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

of  the  work,  of  somewhat  more  than  a  hundred  pages,  under  the 
title  of  "  Die  Furstenthiimer  und  Stiidte,"  shows  the  way  in 
which  the  Free  Cities  grew  out  of  the  feudal  relations. 

Some  of  the  author's  positions  on  the  nature  of  benefices  were 
successfully  controverted  by  Roth  ;  but  the  work  as  a  whole  is  a 
great  monument  of  ability,  learning,  and  industry. 

The  revisions  made  in  the  first  three  volumes  are  of  much  im- 
portance, as  the  author  has  re-examined  all  positions  that  have 
been  assailed,  and  in  a  few  instances  has  changed  his  views. 


Kriegk,  Gr.  L. —  Deutsclies  Burgcrthum  im  Mittelalter,  nach  ur- 
kundlichen  Forschungen.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Frankfort,  1871. 

A  systematic  presentation  of  the  different  vocations  and  char- 
acteristics of  citizenship  in  the  Middle  Ages.  Trades  and  guilds 
as  well  as  social  and  political  institutions  and  customs  are  care- 
fully described.  The  value  of  the  work  is  lessened  by  the  absence 
of  references ;  but  the  want  of  them  is  in  part  atoned  for  by 
copious  notes  and  illustrations  at  the  end  of  each  volume.  The 
arrangement  is  good.  Each  subject  is  treated  historically,  and  is 
carried  through  the  entire  period.  For  example,  "  Physicians," 
"  Brotherhoods,"  "  Beggars,"  etc.,  are  titles  of  chapters.  It  dif- 
fers from  Maurer  in  being  a  social  rather  than  a  political  liistory. 


Schafer,  E.  Dietrich.  —  Die  Ilanscstadte  und  Konig  Waldemar 
von  ])ancmark.  JIansische  Gcschichte  bis  1376.  Gckronte 
Preisschrift.     8vo,  Jena,  1879. 

The  latest  and  one  of  tlie  most  satisfactory  studies  we  have  of 
that  remarkable  commercial  activity  which  sprang  up  on  the 
]3altic  at  the  dawn  of  modern  history.  The  work  is  the  fruit  of 
a  careful  examination  of  tlic  numerous  writings  recently  published 
by  tlie  Historical  Society  of  the  Hanseatic  Cities.  It  is  an  ani- 
mated picture  of  th(^  urban  activity  of  the  period.  Though  not 
an  analysis  and  desciiption  of  the  entire  system,  it  is  a  good  por- 
traval  of  many  of  its  general  cliiiracteristics. 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  301 

Ave-Lallemant,  F.  C.  B.  —  Das  deutscbc  Gaunerthum  in  seiner 
social-politischen,  litcrarischcn  nnd  linguistischcn  Ausbildung 
zu  scincni  heutigen  Jjcstande.  Mit  zahlreichen  llolzsclinittcn. 
4  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1858-62. 

One  of  the  most  curious  products  of  modern  German  scholar- 
ship and  industry.  It  is  a  picture  of  the  various  forms  of  ras- 
cality in  Germany  during  the  past  centuries,  and,  as  such,  tlirovvs 
much  light  on  the  development  of  the  German  people.  The  first 
and  second  volumes  are  the  only  ones  of  any  practical  value,  the 
third  and  fourth  being  devoted  to  the  philology  of  the  rogues' 
dialects.  The  author  was  not  a  philologist,  but  a  somewhat 
learned  commissioner  of  police. 


Riehl,  W.  H.  —  Die  Naturgescliichte  des  Volkes  als  Grundlagc 
einer  deutschen  Social-Politik.  3  vols.,  8vo,  Stuttgart,  1847- 
51.  The  sixth  edition,  containing  many  corrections,  was  pub- 
lished in  1866.  The  volumes  are  also  published  separately,  un- 
der the  following  individual  titles:  "Land  und  Leute,"  "Die 
biirgerliche  Gcsellschaft,"  and  "Die  Familie." 

In  the  volume  on  "  Land  und  Leute,"  the  author  describes  the 
geographical  and  ethnographical  characteristics  of  Germany  and 
of  the  German  people,  including  also  the  various  groupings  into 
nationalities  and  cities  as  well  as  into  ecclesiastical  systems.  The 
second  volume  describes  the  organization  of  society.  After  the 
introduction,  the  work  is  divided  into  four  parts — one  on  "Die 
Bauern,"  one  on  "Die  Aristokratie,"  one  on  "Das  Biirgerthum," 
and  one  on  "  Der  vierte  Stand."  The  volume  on  the  Family  is 
devoted  to  a  discussion  of  "  Mann  und  "\Veib  "  and  "  Hans  und 
Familie," 

The  first  and  second  volumes  are  of  much  the  greatest  impor- 
tance. They  are  descriptive  rather  than  analytical ;  and,  as  the 
style  is  easy  and  flowing,  and  is  enlivened  by  the  frequent  intro- 
duction of  illustrative  anecdotes,  they  are  easy  and  agreeable  read- 
ing. The  author's  other  works,  "  Geschichte  der  alten  Zeit,"  "  Kul- 
turstudien,"  "  Kulturgeschichtliche  Novellen,"  "  Aus  Feierabend," 
and  "Aus  der  Ecke,"  are  entertaining  and  excellent  books." 


302  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Soldan,  Wilhelm  Gottlieb. — Gcscbichte  der  Hexcnprocessen,  neu 
bearbeitet  von  Dr.  Heinricb  Heppe.    2  vols.,  8vo,  Stuttgart,  1880. 

A  history  of  witchcraft,  and  of  the  attempts  of  humanity  to  ex- 
terminate it.  Beginning  with  Oriental  and  Grecian  history,  the 
author  traces  the  delusion  through  the  Middle  Ages,  and  ends  with 
the  last  of  the  witches  in  the  eighteenth  century.  He  shows  that 
a  belief  in  witchcraft  has  prevailed  everywhere,  excepting,  per- 
haps, in  America;  for  of  the  few  persons  burned  as  witches  in 
America  he  has  apparently  never  heard. 

The  account  embraced  in  chaps,  xii.— xix.  is  a  portrayal  of  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  episodes  in  the  history  of  the  human  race. 
The  author  gives  a  list  of  the  executions  at  Wiirzburg  for  a  single 
month,  during  every  day  of  which  from  two  to  nine  persons  were 
burned. 

The  attitude  of  the  Church  to  witchcraft  at  different  periods  is 
presented  with  admirable  self-restraint.  The  author  shows  that 
Protestants  and  Catholics  w'ere  equally  zealous  in  their  determina- 
tion to  exterminate  all  who  were  possessed  with  the  devil. 


Wachter,  Dr.  Carl  Georg  v. — Deutsches  Straf recht.  8vo,  Leipzig, 
1881.  Also  Beilagen  zu  Vorlesungen  uber  das  deutsche  Straf- 
recht.     8vo,  Leipzig,  1881. 

An  important  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  the  judicial 
processes  in  Germany  before  the  reforms  of  the  eighteenth  cen- 
tury. The  most  curious  part  of  the  work  is  that  which  describes 
the  witchcraft  mania  that  raged  in  Germany  during  most  of  the 
seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  For  example,  the  author 
shows  that  in  one  part  of  Germany,  in  the  course  of  a  single  "Proc- 
ess" extending  from  16G1  to  1664,  one  eighteenth  of  the  inhab- 
itants were  burned  for  witchcraft,  and  that,  too,  generally  on  the 
testimonv  of  the  witches  themselves. 


Wirth,  Johann  Georg  August.— Die  Geschichtc  der  Deutschen. 


HISTORIES   OF   GERMANY.  303 

Second  and  greatly  improved  edition,  4  vols.,  8vo,  Stuttgart, 
1853. 

Not  so  inucli  a  history  of  events  as  a  history  of  development. 
The  author  touches  but  slightly  upon  the  means  and  methods  by 
which  one  dynasty  came  to  succeed  another,  but  he  dwells  with 
great  fulness  on  the  characteristics  of  the  various  national  institu- 
tions and  on  their  influence  on  the  life  of  the  people.  The  work 
shows  industry  and  discrimination  in  the  use  of  materials,  good 
judgment  in  arrangement,  and  simplicity  and  clearness  in  method 
of  presentation.  While  it  is  learned,  it  is  popular  in  the  best 
sense  of  the  term.  It  begins  with  the  earliest  known  history,  and 
ends  with  the  fall  of  the  empire  in  1806. 


Sugenheim,  S. — Geschichte  des  deutschen  Volkes  und  seiner  Kul- 
tur  von  den  ersten  Anfangen  historischer  Kunde  bis  zur  Gegen- 
wart.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1866-69. 

Sugenheim  has  long  been  known  as  a  careful  and  diligent  stu- 
dent of  the  Middle  Ages.  His  history  of  the  emancipation  of 
slavery  and  serfage  was  everywhere  received  as  a  masterpiece  of 
liistorical  and  literary  work. 

The  book  before  us  has  much  more  considerable  scope.  It  sets 
out  witli  the  purpose  of  describing  the  condition  of  the  several 
classes  of  the  German  people  in  each  of  the  periods  from  the  ear- 
liest time  to  the  present  day.  But  the  work  is  brought  down  by 
the  three  volumes  only  to  A.D.  1470.  So  far  as  has  yet  been 
published,  it  is,  therefore,  a  work  on  the  social  condition  of  Ger- 
many in  the  Middle  Ages. 

Janssen,  Job. — Geschichte  des  deutschen  Volkes  seit  dem  Aus- 
gange  des  Mittelalters.  Vols,  i.-v.,  8vo,  Freiburg,  1876-86.  The 
great  Catholic  modern  authority,  the  popularity  of  which  is  indi- 
cated by  the  fact  that  it  has  already  passed  through  twelve  editions. 

The  author  assures  us  that  he  has  given  the  labors  of  twenty 
years  to  the  study  of  the  German  people  from  the  close  of  the 
Middle  Ages  to  the  fall  of  the  empire.     It  is  his  purpose  to  era- 


304  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

body  the  results  of  these  studies  in  six  volumes,  each  of  which 
shall  be  devoted  to  the  consideration  of  one  of  the  phases  of  this 
period,  and  be  independent  of  the  others.  The  first  volume,  that 
given  to  a  consideration  of  the  moral  and  intellectual  condition 
of  Germany  at  the  time  of  tlie  Reformation,  was  so  successful 
that  it  speedily  passed  through  four  editions.  It  gives  abundant 
promise  that  the  whole  work,  if  completed,  will  be  a  most  valua- 
ble addition  to  the  historical  literature  of  Germany. 

The  first  part,  devoted  to  "  Volksunterricht  und  Wissenschaft," 
and  "  Kunst  und  Volkslcben,"  gives  a  very  entertaining  view  of 
the  German  people  in  the  fifteenth  century.  This  includes  a  pict- 
ure of  the  universities  and  schools,  and  of  literature  and  art  at 
the  time  of  the  invention  of  printing. 

Janssen  writes  with  strong  convictions  from  a  Catholic  point 
of  view ;  but  his  investigations  have  been  so  comprehensive, 
and  his  style  is  so  pungent,  that  the  work  has  at  once  taken 
rank  among  the  most  noteworthy  of  recent  historical  works. 


Biedermann,  Karl. — Dcutschlands  politische,  materielle,  und  so- 
ciale  Zustiindc  im  achtzehnten  Jahrhundert.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Leip- 
sic,  1854-80.  The  first  two  volumes  appeared  in  a  new  and 
revised  edition  in  1880. 

A  descriptive  rather  than  an  historical  work,  but  one  of  very 
great  importance.  Nowhere  else  can  so  many  interesting  facts 
be  found  illustrative  of  the  social  and  political  condition  of  Ger- 
many during  the  last  century.  No  one  can  advance  very  far  in 
the  way  of  a  complete  appreciation  of  the  labors  of  Frederick  the 
Great,  of  the  reforms  of  Stein,  or  even  of  the  influence  of  the 
French  Revolution,  until  lie  has  made  himself  familiar  with  the 
wretched  state  of  affairs  which  it  was  their  mission  to  supplant. 
And  in  no  other  book  is  this  condition  so  well  described.  The 
author's  investigations  were  most  thorough  and  most  comprehen- 
sive ;  his  arrangement  is  generally  skilful,  and  his  method  of  pres- 
entation is  always  attractive. 

The  good  <)iialitiL'.s  of  the  work  appear  most  conspicuously  in 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  305 

the  first  two  volumes,  Avliich  arc  devoted  to  questions  of  a  social 
and  political  nature.  With  the  condition  and  histor}'  of  litera- 
ture and  art  the  author  seems  to  he  equally  familiar;  but  this 
phase  of  the  general  subject  has  been  ably  treated  by  others,  and 
therefore  its  presentation  here  is  less  new  and  less  important. 
The  third  and  fourth  volumes  seem  also  to  show  somewhat  less 
skill  in  their  arrangement  and  method.  For  the  work  as  a  whole, 
however,  every  student  of  German  history  should  be  thankful. 


Balcke,  Theodor. — Bilder  aus  der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Land- 

wirthschaft.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1876-77. 

A  scries  of  ten  pictures  arranged  in  historical  order,  for  the 
purpose  of  showing  the  industrial  condition  of  Germany  from  the 
earliest  times  to  the  present  day.  The  most  striking  portions  of 
the  work  are  the  views  given  of  German  husbandry  since  the  be- 
ginning of , the  sixteenth  century. 

The  deep  wounds  of  the  Peasants'  War  were,  in  the  author's 
opinion,  completely  healed  in  the  course  of  one  generation.  Then 
followed  a  period  of  remarkable  prosperity.  Merchants  became 
wealthy,  products  of  the  soil  were  sold  at  a  high  price,  and  the 
streams  of  wealth  continued  to  flow  until  the  disastrous  outbreak 
of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  Then  the  land  once  more  became  al- 
most a  desert.  The  author  asserts  that  "  almost  three  foui'ths  of 
the  inhabitants  and  eighty  per  cent,  of  the  movable  property  per- 
ished ;"  while  "  all  the  villages  and  many  of  the  cities  were  in 
ruins."  Great  credit,  in  the  opinion  of  the  writer,  is  due  to 
Frederick  William  I.  for  a  system  of  husbandry  which  enabled 
Prussia  at  least  to  recover  from  the  effects  of  these  disasters.  The 
labors  of  Frederick  the  Great,  the  impotence  of  Frederick  William 
II.,  the  abolition  of  serfdom  by  Stein,  are  each  subjected  to  care- 
ful examination. 

The  whole  work  rests  upon  a  painstaking  and  comprehensive 
study  of  authorities;  and,  excepting,  perhaps, for  a  somewhat  too 
emphatic  method  of  statement,  it  is  entitled  to  hearty  commen- 
dation. 

20 


306  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Stael,  Baroness  de.  —  Germany.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1813. 
Many  subsequent  editions  have  been  issued,  but  no  important 
revision  has  been  made. 

Perhaps  the  greatest  work  of  one  of  the  greatest  literary  gen- 
iuses of  her  age.  In  it  the  author  endeavored  to  portray  the  char- 
acter of  the  Germans,  and  to  account  for  the  peculiarities  of  their 
social  and  political  life.  This  purpose  led  her  into  an  examina- 
tion and  a  discussion  not  only  of  their  institutions,  but  also  of 
their  literature  and  their  philosophy. 

The  book  was  the  first  to  call  the  attention  of  the  outside 
world  to  the  real  character  of  German  life  and  letters.  It  came 
upon  Europe  as  a  new  revelation.  It  was  therefore  as  surprising 
for  its  novelty  as  it  was  remarkable  for  the  keenness  of  its  in- 
sight and  the  grace  of  its  expression. 


Freytag,  Gustav. — Bilder  aus  der  deutschen  Vergangenheit.     4 
vols,  in  5,  12mo,  Leipzig,  1884-86. 

The  key  to  the  spirit  of  these  volumes  is  in  the  first  sentence 
of  the  introduction,  in  which  the  author  says  that  "  the  German 
seeks  in  vain  for  the  good  old  time."  Each  of  the  volumes  con- 
tains twelve  essays,  the  first  group  being  devoted  to  the  task  of 
illustrating  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries;  the  second,  to 
that  of  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth. 

The  titles  of  the  chapters  will  convey  some  idea  of  the  charac- 
ter of  the  work.  Among  others  are  to  be  named  the  following: 
"  Lebcn  cines  deutschen  Gutsbesitzers  vor  300,  200,  100  Jahren," 
"  Deutsche  Fvirstcn  auf  dem  Reichstage,"  "  Eincs  jungen  Gelehr- 
tcn  Ilochzeit  und  Ilaushalt,"  "Deutschcr  Adcl  im  scchszohnten 
Jahrhundort,"  "Der  dcutschc  Tcufel,"  "Gauncr  und  Abcntcurer," 
"  lirautstand  und  Ehe  am  Ilofc,"  "  Deutschcs  Badelcben."  No 
less  tlian  six  of  tlic  "  pictures"  in  the  second  volume  are  devoted 
to  the  period  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War. 

The  noteworthy  characteristic  of  these  sketches  is  their  delight- 
ful literary  flavor.  They  are  just  what  the  title  indicates,  a  series 
of  historical  pictures ;  and  they  are  painted  by  a  master's  hand. 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  307 

Perhaps  no  writer  of  German  prose  at  the  present  day  commands 
a  more  graceful  and  charming  method  of  expression.  The  great 
popularity  of  the  volumes  in  Germany  has  been  well  deserved. 
Many  new  editions  have  been  called  for,  but  no  revisions  have 
been  needed. 


Freytag,  Gustav. — Neue  Bildcr  aus   dem  Leben  des  deutschen 
Volkes.     12mo,  Leipsic,  1862. 

Of  these  twelve  charming  papers,  four  or  five  are  especially 
worthy  of  note.  The  first,  "Aus  dem  Leben  des  deutschen 
Bauers,"  is  a  sketch,  fifty  pages  in  length,  of  the  condition  of  the 
peasantry  from  the  time  of  the  Romans  down  to  the  French  Rev- 
olution. The  second  is  a  similar  picture,  entitled  "Aus  dem 
Leben  des  niedern  Adds."  The  third  portrays  the  growth  of  the 
middle  class.  Under  the  title  "  Aus  dem  Staat  Friedrichs  des 
Grossen,"  the  author  gives  a  series  of  views  of  the  real  condition 
of  the  country ;  and  in  the  eleventh  essay,  entitled  "  Die  Erhe- 
bung,"  we  have  a  view  of  the  way  in  which  all  classes  were 
aroused  to  throw  off  the  foreign  yoke  after  the  disasters  of  1806. 
The  concluding  paper,  "  Erkrankung  und  Heilung,"  is  an  en- 
deavor to  point  out  the  real  difficulty,  and  the  nature  of  the  true 
remedy. 

All  of  these  essays  are  remarkable  for  that  delightful  combina- 
tion of  instruction  and  entertainment  of  which  Freytag  is  so  con- 
summate a  master. 


Hawkins,  Bisset. — Germany,  the  Spirit  of  her  History,  Litera- 
ture, Social  Condition,  and  National  Economy.  Illustrated  by 
reference  to  her  Physical,  Moral,  and  Political  Statistics,  and  by 
comparison  with  other  Countries.     8vo,  London,  1838. 

This  study  of  Germany  from  a  political  economist's  point  of 
view  is  not  without  some  merits.  It  is  an  attempt  to  draw  a 
picture  by  means  of  colorless  statistics  and  not  very  interesting- 
facts.  The  volume,  therefore,  is  not  so  attractive  as  it  is  valuable. 
It  marshals  a  formidable  array  of  figures  of  considerable  interest 


308  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

to  one  who  is  studying  the  natural  resources  and  the  productions 
of  the  country,  but  it  presents  very  few  attractions  to  the  general 
reader. 


Baring-Gould,  S. — Germany,  Present  and  Past.      2  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1879. 

In  these  volumes  the  author  has  successfully  attempted  to  trace 
the  causes  of  the  condition  of  modern  Germany.  He  has  studied 
the  country  with  care,  and  has  recorded  the  results  of  his  observa- 
tions with  great  discrimination  and  skill.  Even  the  more  difficult 
intricacies  of  German  social  rank  he  has  succeeded  in  presenting 
before  the  reader,  and  in  explaining  them  with  admirable  clear- 
ness. In  two  chapters  on  the  upper  and  the  lower  nobility  he 
has  pointed  out  the  peculiar  stratification  of  German  society. 

Perhaps  the  most  valuable  poi'tion  of  the  work  is  that  which  is 
devoted  to  a  description  of  the  peasant  proprietors.  The  subdi- 
visions of  property  and  the  influence  of  small  holdings  on  the 
people  are  discussed  in  admirable  spirit ;  and  an  interesting  ac- 
count is  given  of  the  way  in  which,  during  the  present  century, 
many  of  the  larger  and  entailed  estates  have  been  broken  up. 

The  book  is  one  to  be  heartily  recommended  to  any  student 
desirous  of  informing  himself  concerning  the  characteristics  of 
modern  Germany.  One  of  its  prominent  features  is  the  informa- 
tion it  gives  of  what  was  done  and  what  was  not  done  for  Ger- 
many by  the  revolution  of  1848. 


Lorenz,  Ottokar. — Drei   P>iiclier  Gcschichte  und  Politik.      8vo, 
JJerlin,  IhVG. 

The  essays  here  brought  together  are  seventeen  in  number,  and 
the  three  books  into  which  they  have  been  grouped  by  the  author 
bear  the  titles,  "  Staat  und  Kirche,"  "  Znr  neuern  und  ncuesten 
(ieschiehte,"  and  "  Jvritische  Unteisuchungen  zur  Gcschichte  des 
i;j.  und  14.  Jahrhunderts." 

'J'Ik!  discussions  show  comprehensive  learning,  good  judgment, 
and  (;ritical  insight.     In  the  less  amplified  form  in  which  they 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  309 

were  first  published  they  attracted  considerable  attention.  Most 
of  the  essays  relate  to  German  subjects,  but  several  of  the  pa- 
pers in  the  second  book  are  devoted  to  English  history.  The 
author  here  discusses,  in  a  very  suggestive  manner,  "  English  His- 
tory in  the  Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries,"  "  English  and 
German  Historians,"  "  Henry  VHI.  and  Anne  Boleyn,"  "  Lord 
I'almerston,"  and  "The  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution," 


Stroehlin,  Ernest. — L'Etat  Moderne  et  TEglise  Catholique  en 
Allemagne.  Premier  volume  :  L'Allemagne  sous  le  Regime  des 
Concordats,  1742-1870.     8vo,  Geneva,  1875. 

The  most  able  and  the  most  satisfactory  discussion  of  the 
ecclesiastical  questions  that  liavc  presented  themselves  in  Ger- 
many during  the  present  century.  The  author  belongs  to  the 
Old  Catholic  wing  of  the  Church,  is  a  professor  of  theology  at 
Geneva,  and  has  been  personally  familiar  with  all  the  important 
movements  in  ecclesiastical  affairs  since  the  decrees  of  the  Vati- 
can Council. 

The  present  volume  is  devoted  to  Bavaria,  the  Rhenish  terri- 
tory, and  Prussia.  It  is  apparently  the  author's  intention  to  deal 
with  Austria  and  the  remaining  German  states  in  a  second  vol- 
ume ;  and,  in  a  third,  to  describe  the  contest  between  the  Empire 
and  the  Church  since  the  Franco-German  war. 


Low,  Ludwig,  Freiherr  von. — Geschichte  dcr  deutschen  Reichs- 
und  Territorial- Vcrfassung ;  audi  zum  Gebrauche  bei  academi- 
schen  Vorlesungen.     8vo,  Heidelberg,  1832. 

This  is  one  of  the  most  convenient  and  perspicuous  descriptions 
of  the  constitutional  and  political  development  of  Germany.  It  wasi 
the  aim  of  the  author  to  seize  hold  of  the  strategic  points,  and  to 
exclude  rigidly  all  matter  having  no  direct  bearing  on  the  subject 
of  constitutional  development.  Of  course,  the  book  is  no  substi- 
tute for  works  like  those  of  Maurer  and  Waitz,  but  it  gives  an 


310  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

excellent  bird's-eye  view  of  the  whole  subject.  The  author  has 
brought  his  materials  together  with  conscientious  care,  and  has 
placed  them  before  the  reader  in  his  foot-notes.  The  volume  is 
made  easy  of  use  by  a  good  table  of  contents  and  a  good  index. 


Martin,  Dr.  T.  H. — Verfassung  und  Grundgesetze  des  deutschen 
Reichs.  Zum  praktischen  Gebrauche  nach  authentischen  Quel- 
len  zusammengestellt.  Als  Anhang :  Die  Verfassungs-Urkunde 
fiir  das  deutsche  Reich.     8vo,  Jena,  1871. 

The  organization  of  the  German  Empire,  the  most  important 
of  the  Federal  statutes,  the  relations  of  the  various  states  to  the 
general  government  and  to  one  another,  and  the  fundamental 
laws  which  prevail  throughout  Germany  are  the  subjects  that  the 
author  of  this  little  volume  has  endeavored  to  make  clear  to  the 
reader.  The  book  is  especially  helpful  to  a  foreigner  who  would 
get  a  clear  insight  into  German  political  institutions. 


Isaacsohn,  S. — Geschichte  des  prcussischen  Beamtenthums  vom 
Anfang  des  fiinfzehnten  Jahrhunderts  bis  auf  die  Gegenwart. 
3  vols.,  Svo,  Berlin,  1874-84. 

These  two  volumes  give  ample  promise  that  the  work,  when 
completed,  will  be  the  most  satisfactory  history  of  the  Prussian 
government  ever  published.  The  second  volume  brings  the  his- 
tory down  only  to  the  beginning  of  the  eighteenth  century.  It 
is  as  learned  as  it  is  elaborate. 

The  several  branches  of  the  government  are  described  with  a 
minuteness  that  will  hardly  be  needed  by  any  but  a  special  stu- 
dent ;  but  an  excellent  tabic  of  contents  and  a  full  index  make 
the  work  easy  of  consultation  and  useful  to  every  explorer  of 
carlv  I'russian  ufTairs. 


Lancizolle,  Carl  Wilhelm  von.  —  (Jeschichtc   der   Bildung   des 
prcussischen  Staats.     8vo,  Berlin,  1828. 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  311 

Beginning  with  a  description  of  the  methods  by  which  the 
House  of  IlohcnzoUern  laid  the  foundation  for  their  future  suc- 
cess in  Nuremberg,  the  author  proceeds  to  describe  with  careful 
minuteness  the  various  steps  by  which  additions  from  time  to 
time  have  been  made  to  the  original  Mark  of  Brandenburg.  The 
description,  however,  extends  only  to  the  year  1608. 

The  volume  is  one  of  great  learning,  and  it  has  the  reputation 
of  trustworthy  accuracy.  Its  chief  importance  to  the  student  of 
Prussian  history  is  in  tlie  fact  that  it  brings  within  reach  a  clear 
presentation  of  the  grounds  upon  which  Prussia  laid  claim  to 
Cleves,  Pomerania,  and  Silesia.  It  also  gives  many  interesting 
glimpses  of  early  methods  of  administration. 


Oesfeld,  Max  von.  —  Preussen  in  staatsrechtlicher,  kameralisti- 
scher  und  staatswirthschaftlicher  Beziehung.  Das  innere  Staats- 
recht  mit  besonderer  Bezugnahme  auf  die  prewssische  Verfas- 
sungs-Urkunde  vom  31.  Januar  1850.  Ein  populiires  Hand- 
und  Iliilfslehrbuch  der  inneren  Staatsverfassungs-  und  Verwal- 
tungskundc  iibcrhaupt.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Breslau,  2d  ed.,  1870. 

As  its  title  indicates,  this  is  a  popular  hand-book.  But  it  is 
more.  It  contains  an  explanation  of  the  Prussian  systems  of 
finance,  of  police,  of  agriculture,  of  political  economy,  of  munici- 
pal organization,  and  of  the  relations  of  the  various  parts  of  the 
State  to  one  another.  It  also  abounds  in  references  to  authorities 
where  further  information  may  be  obtained.  To  any  student  of 
Germany  not  already  familiar  with  the  somewhat  obscure  charac- 
teristics of  German  institutions,  the  work  will  be  of  great  value. 


Gervinus,  G.  G. — Geschichte  der   deutschen  Dichtung.    Fiinfte, 
giinzlich  umgearbeitcte  Ausgabe.      5  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic,  1853. 

Of  the  many  writers  on  the  history  and  characteristics  of  Ger- 
man literature,  Gervinus  is  probably  entitled  to  be  called  the  most 
able  and  the  most  critical.  His  knowledge  is  comprehensive,  his 
insight  is  profound,  and  his  methods  are  severely  analytical. 
Ever  since  the  first  part  of  this  work  appeared,  in  1837,  it  has 


312  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

been  regarded  as  an  authority  of  the  first  importance.  It  em- 
braces within  its  scope  the  entire  field  of  German  literature  from 
its  earliest  appearance  to  the  death  of  Goethe,  in  1832. 

But  in  spite  of  many  great  qualities,  the  work  can  never  be  so 
highly  esteemed  by  foreigners  as  it  is  by  Germans,  Of  all  writers 
of  German  prose,  Gervinus  is  one  of  the  most  difficult.  His  sen- 
tences are  not  only  long,  but  they  are  idiomatic,  and  often  so  in- 
volved as  to  put  a  severe  strain  upon  the  reader's  attention.  In 
one  division  of  this  history,  covering  nearly  a  hundred  pages,  the 
paragraphs  average  five  pages  in  length,  and  there  are  sometimes 
not  more  than  three  or  four  sentences  on  a  page.  This  is  a  tax 
upon  the  reader's  energies,  to  which  not  many  foreigners  will  sub- 
mit. Fortunately,  however,  the  work  is  made  easy  of  reference 
by  a  very  complete  index.     The  fifth  edition  is  much  the  best. 


Hettner,  Hermann. — Geschichte  der  deutschen  Literatur  im  acht- 
zehnten Jahrhundcrt.  2teAufl.  4vols.,8vo,Brunswick,1879-81. 

This  author,  who  had  already  made  himself  well  known  in  Ger- 
many by  his  works  on  English  and  French  literature,  here  gives 
us  liis  most  important  production.  It  is  divided  into  three  books. 
The  first  describes  German  literature  from  the  end  of  the  Thirty 
Years'  War  to  the  accession  of  Frederick  the  Great.  The  second 
deals  with  the  period  of  struggle  for  the  establishment  of  a  sen- 
timent of  German  nationality  as  seen  in  the  writings  especially  of 
Klopstock,  Wieland,  Lessing,  and  "NYinckelmann.  The  third  book, 
in  two  volumes,  portrays  the  classical  period  of  German  literature — 
the  age  of  Kant,  Goethe,  and  Schiller,  and  their  great  contempo- 
raries. 

The  cliaracteristics  of  the  author  are  clearness  and  elegance  of 
style,  skilful  arrangement  of  material,  independent  and  unpreju- 
diced judgment,  and  especially  a  fine  aesthetic  sense  and  practical 
instinct,  which  enable  him  to  detect  and  point  out  the  reciprocal 
infiiicnccs  that  liave  been  at  work  in  each  of  the  periods  under 
review.  Of  all  histories  of  German  literature,  it  is  the  most  read- 
able, the  most  entertaining,  and  probably,  for  the  period  em- 
braced within  its  scope,  the  most  instructive. 

The  work  closes  without  an  index,  but  the  order  of  arrange- 


mSTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  313 

ment  and  tlic  full  tables  of  contents  afford  an  easy  clew  to  what- 
ever may  be  desired. 


V.   SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS    AND    READERS. 

1.  Brycc's  "Holy  Roman  Empire"  may  well  be  the  beginning 
of  all  systematic  study  of  German  history.  This  should  be  ac- 
companied, however,  by  Simc,  if  a  very  brief  sketch  is  desired ;  or, 
for  a  somewhat  fuller  account,  by  Lewis  or  Taylor.  Mcnzel  and 
Dunham  may  be  used  for  still  fuller  information.  Tlic  part  of 
Germany,  in  the  period  of  the  Reformation,  is  best  described  by 
Hausser.  The  period  of  the  Revolution  is  treated  exhaustiveh', 
as  well  as  with  great  intelligence  and  good  judgment,  by  Seeley,  in 
his  "Life  of  Stein."  For  the  period  since  the  Revolution,  either 
the  chapters  on  Germany  in  Alison's  "Europe"  or  the  works  of 
Veron  and  lliiffer  may  be  used  with  advantage.  The  "  Political 
History"  by  Miiller,  though  brief,  is  both  interesting  and  instruc- 
tive. 

2.  The  books  for  a  more  thorough  study  of  Germany  can  be 
found  only  in  the  German  language.  Arnold,  Ozanam,  Coulanges, 
and  Sugenheim  are  the  most  valuable  authorities  on  the  earliest 
period.  These  should  be  followed  by  the  works  of  Von  Raumer 
and  Von  Giesebrecht.  Robertson's  "  History  of  Charles  the  Fifth," 
Ranke's  "Germany  in  the  Time  of  the  Reformation,"  and  the 
same  author's  "  History  of  the  Popes,"  are  of  great  value  in  the 
study  of  the  sixteenth  century.  Hausser's  "  Period  of  the  Refor- 
mation" is  the  ablest  general  portrayal  of  Germany  from  1515 
to  16^8.  Gardiner's  little  book  on  the  "  Thirty  Years'  War"  is 
the  best  on  that  subject  written  in  English.  The  next  period  is 
best  described  in  Coxe's  "  House  of  Austria."  Of  the  histories 
of  Prussia,  Heinel,  Pierson,  Eberty,  and  Stenzel  are  the  best ;  or, 
if  the  reader  is  not  a  master  of  German,  Ranke's  "House  of 
Brandenburg "  and  Carlyle's  "  Frederick  the  Great "  should  be 
the  substitutes.  The  great  authority  for  the  period  from  the 
death  of  Frederick  the  Great  to  the  Congress  of  Vienna  is  the 
masterly  work  of  Hausser.  German  history  during  and  imme- 
diately after  the  Napoleonic  wars  may  be  studied  to  best  ad- 


314  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

vantage  in  Ilanke's  "  Hardenberg "  and  in  Seeley's  "  Life  of 
Stela ;"  though  Van  Deventer's  "  L'Histoire  Federale,"  Veron's 
"  La  Prusse  et  I'Allemagne,"  Springer's  "  Gcschichte  Oester- 
reichs,"  and  Hillebrand's  "La  Prusse  Contemporaine"  are  all  of 
importance.  Treitschke's  "  Deutsche  Geschichte,"  the  first  vol- 
ume of  which  only  has  yet  appeared,  is  a  work  of  great  power 
and  brilliancy,  and  promises  to  exceed  all  others  in  interest,  if  not 
in  value.  De  Worms's  "  Austro-Hungarian  Empire"  gives  a  very 
satisfactory  view  of  the  more  recent  Austrian  affairs  and  institu- 
tions. 

3.  The  student  desirous  of  consulting  original  sources  will  find 
the  great  collection  of  Pertz,  entitled  "Monumenta  Germanise 
Hlstorica,"  of  the  utmost  value.  It  is  in  13  vols,,  4to,  and  was 
published  in  Hanover,  1826-54.  Invaluable  information  con- 
cerning the  further  sources  of  German  history  may  be  found  in 
Potthast's  "  Wegweiser." 

The  most  trustworthy  authorities  on  the  early  political  char- 
acteristics of  Germany  are  Waltz,  Sohm,  Maurer,  and  Arnold. 
Krlegk's  "  Deutsches  Biirgerthum  "  is  probably  the  best  represen- 
tation of  German  municipal  institutions  in  the  Middle  Ages. 
Wachter's  "Beltrage"  and  Soldan's  "Hexenprozesse"  throw 
floods  of  light  on  early  German  methods  of  jurisprudence.  Lea's 
"Superstition  and  Force"  is  also  of  great  value.  Sugenheim's 
"  Auf hebung  der  Lclbeigenschaft "  paints  in  strong  colors  the  sys- 
tem of  serfage  that  long  prevailed.  Isaacsohn  is  the  most  trust- 
worthy authority  on  the  early  political  institutions  of  Prussia.  Sir 
James  Stephen's  essay  on  " Hildebrand,"  in  his  "Ecclesiastical 
Essays,"-  is  the  best  brief  account  in  English  of  the  great  contest 
between  Gregory  YII.  and  Henry  IV.  On  the  cities  of  the  Hanse, 
Sartorlus  and  Schilfer  arc  the  authorities.  Of  the  political  tur- 
bulence just  before  the  Reformation,  Goethe's  "Gotz  von  Berli- 
chingen"  is  one  of  the  most  successful  representations.  Scott's 
"Anne  of  Geiersteln"  also  gives  a  striking  picture. 

In  the  study  of  the  Reformation,  Luther's  "Table-talk"  ought 
not  to  be  neglected,  Erasmus's  "  Colloquies  "  and  "  Praise  of 
Folly  "  show  at  once  why  this  autlior  was  willing  to  assail  the 
(yhurch,  but  was  unwilling  to  join  in  the  assaults  by  Luther. 
Drummond's  "Life  of  Erasmus,"  Stephen's  "Essay  on  Luther," 
and   especially  Fronde's  essays  on   Luther  and  Erasmus,  are  of 


HISTOKIES  OF  GERMANY.  315 

value.  Fischer's  "  Auswilrtige  rditik"  is  a  valuable  explanation 
of  the  way  in  -which  the  Reformation  was  influenced  by  foreign 
complications.  The  most  convenient  accounts  of  German  affairs 
in  the  time  of  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession  are  to  be  found 
in  the  works  of  Noorden  and  of  Coxc.  The  deplorable  condition 
of  Germany  in  the  last  century  is  graphically  portrayed  in  Bie- 
dermann's  "  Deutschland  im  achtzehnten  Jahrhuiulert."  Floods 
of  light  are  also  thrown  on  the  same  subject  by  Perthes's  "  Staats- 
leben  vor  der  Revolution,"  by  Moser's  "  Ilerr  und  Diencr,"  and 
by  the  "  Gesetztafel"  of  the  Bishop  of  Speyers.  The  "  Memoirs" 
of  Pollnitz,  and  of  AVilhelmina  of  Baireuth,  may  also  be  read; 
though,  from  the  representation  of  the  latter,  large  deductions 
should  be  made.  Carlyle's  "Frederick  the  Great"  is  reviewed  in 
the  North  British  Revieiv  for  January,  1859,  and  by  J.  R.  Lowell 
in  the  North  American  Revieio  for  April,  1866.  Macaulay's  es- 
say on  "Frederick  the  Great"  is  brilliant,  but  several  of  his  po- 
sitions are  utterly  demolished  by  Grimm  in  his  essay  on  "  Ma- 
caulay  and  Frederick  the  Great."  Brougham,  in  his  "  Statesmen," 
has  a  sketch  of  Frederick  that  further  investigation  would  doubt- 
less have  inodified.  Max  Miiller,  in  review  ing  Schlozer's  "  Cha- 
sot"  in  vol.  iii.  of  "Chips,"  discourses  on  the  character  of  the 
king.  Frederick's  own  account  of  his  reign  and  times  may  be 
found  in  Holcroft's  translation  of  his  works.  On  the  military 
career  of  Frederick,  Jomini  is  the  great  authority.  The  king's 
literary  activity  is  discoursed  upon  in  an  entertaining  manner  in 
the  "Life  of  Frederick"  by  Voltaire;  also  by  Stahr  in  his  "Life 
of  Lessing."  On  the  same  subject  see  also  papers  in  Har2}€r''s 
Monthly  for  December,  1858,  and  September,  1862;  Quarterly 
Revieiv  for  January,  1873  ;  and  LitteWs  Living  Age  for  Decem- 
ber 10,  1870.  The  Austrian  side  of  the  great  contests,  extending 
from  the  accession  of  Frederick  to  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  are  best 
studied  in  the  writings  of  Arneth  and  Beer. 

The  general  breakdown  after  the  death  of  Frederick  the  Great 
is  best  portrayed  in  Segur's  "  Frederick  William  IL,"  in  Seeley's 
"  Life  of  Stein,"  and  in  the  early  pages  of  Hausser's  "  German 
History."  The  subsequent  military  reform  is  well  described  in 
those  chapters  of  Seeley's  "Stein"  devoted  to  Gneisenau,  Scharn- 
horst,  and  Bliicher.  Ranke's  "Hardenberg"  is  of  the  first  im- 
portance to  the  student  of  the  political  phases  of  this  period.    Es- 


316  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

pecially  to  be  commended  is  this  lustonan's  comparison,  at  the 
end  of  the  work,  of  the  parts  accomplished  respectively  by  Har- 
denberiij  and  Stein.  Madame  de  Stiicl's  "  Germany"  is  a  book  of 
real  genius,  and  is  of  interest  not  only  for  its  great  intrinsic  merits, 
but  also  because  it  -was  the  first  to  point  out  the  intellectual  char- 
acteristics of  modern  Germany.  The  impression  thus  made  Avas 
deepened  by  Carlyle's  masterly  essays  on  German  authors,  pub- 
lished in  the  first  volume  of  his  "Miscellanies."  The  "  Memoirs" 
of  Metternich  are  of  great  value  for  the  light  they  throw  on  the 
motives  of  Austria  in  the  Napoleonic  struggle.  On  the  events 
that  led  to  the  supremacy  of  Prussia,  the  essays  of  Von  Treitschke, 
Duncker,  and  Droysen  are  of  the  utmost  importance.  On  a 
kindred  subject  see  the  North  American  Review  for  October, 
1871.  The  student  Avill  also  receive  valuable  assistance  from 
Tuttle's  "  German  Political  Leaders,"  and  from  Stroehlin's  "  L'Etat 
Moderne  et  TEglise  Catholique  en  Allemagne."  Kliipfel's  "Ein- 
heitsbestrebungen"  is  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  general  re- 
view of  Germany  during  this  century.  Oesfeld  gives  the  best  de- 
scription of  Prussian  institutions  at  the  present  day ;  and  Martin 
of  those  of  the  modern  German  Empire.  Matthew  Arnold's 
"Higher  Schools  and  Universities  of  Germany"  is  the  best  de- 
scription in  English  of  the  German  school  system  ;  though  Hart's 
"German  Universities"  is  the  most  graphic  account  of  the  life  of 
a  German  university  student.  Baring -Gould's  "Germany,  Past 
and  Present"  is  the  best  view  in  English  of  social  institutions 
and  customs ;  though  if  the  reader  is  able  to  make  use  of  German, 
he  will  receive  unfailing  satisfaction  in  the  "Bilder"  of  Freytag. 
The  works  of  Richl  and  Balcke  are  also  valuable  and  interesting. 
Of  the  several  works  on  German  literature  that  of  Hettner  is  the 
most  readable  and  one  of  the  most  valuable.  An  excellent  brief 
sketcli  of  less  than  two  hundred  octavo  pages  is  that  in  the  sec- 
ond volume  of  Weber's  "  Lehrbuch  der  Weltgeschichte." 

The  following  titles  are  also  worthy  of  note  :  AV.  Zimmcr- 
mann's  "Popular  History  of  Germany  from  the  earliest  period  to 
the  present  day,  with  600  illustrations  by  Gciger  and  others, 
translated  by  Hugh  Craig"  (4  vols.,  4to,  London  and  New  York, 
1877),  is  an  excellent  popular  history,  but  wiLliout  an  index.  W. 
AVachsmuth's  "Geschichte  der  dcutschcn  Nationalitiit "  (3  vols., 
8vo,  Braunschweig,  1802).    J.  Schorr's  "Gcrmania"  (folio,  Stutt- 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  317 

garf,  ISVG)  is  a  popular  illustrated  work.  J.  Sighart's  "Albert 
the  Great,  translated  by  Rev.  F.  T.  A.  Dixon"  (8vo,  London, 
1876).  D,  F.  Strauss's  "  Ulrich  von  Ilutten,"  translated  from 
the  second  German  edition  (Svo,  London,  1874).  R.  Stadel- 
raann's  "  Friedrich  Wilhelm  L  in  seiner  Thiitiokeit  fiir  die  Landcs- 
cultur  Preussens"  (Svo,  Leipzig,  1878) — a  striking  presentation 
of  the  national  influence  of  Frederick  William  L  F.  T.  Kugler's 
"  Life  of  Frederick  the  Great,  translated  from  the  German " 
(royal  Svo,  London,  1877),  has  illustrations  by  Menzel  of  extraor- 
dinary merit.  E.  N.  Hudson's  "  Life  and  Times  of  Louise  of 
Prussia"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  3d  ed.,  London,  1878).  Fr.  v.  Weech's 
"  Die  Deutschcn  seit  der  Reformation  "  (4to,  Leipzig,  1879).  W. 
Oncken's"Oesterreicli  und  Preussen  im  Befreiungskriege"(2  vols., 
Svo,  Berlin,  1879) — a  work  of  much  importance,  showing  that 
Thiers  is  often  in  error.  Also  the  same  author's  "  Das  Zeitalter 
Friedrichs  des  Grossen  "  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Berlin,  1880-82),  G.  A.  H. 
Stenzel's  "Geschichte  Schlesiens"  (vol.  L,  Breslau,  1855).  W. 
Maurenbrecher's  "  Carl  der  Fiinfte  und  die  deutschcn  Protestan- 
ten  "  (Svo,  Diisseldorf,  1865).  M.  Ritter's  "  Geschichte  der  Union 
von  den  Vorbereitungen  des  Bundes  bis  zum  Tode  K.  Rudolfs  IL" 
(2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1867-73).  A.  W.  Schmidt's  "  Preussen's 
deutsche  Politik"  (Svo,  3te  Aufl.,  Leipzig,  1867).  Also  "Ge- 
schichte der  Preussisch-Deutschen  Unionsbestrebnngen  seit  der 
Zeit  Fr.  d.  Grossen"  (Svo,  Berlin,  1851).  E.  Diimmler's  "Ge- 
schichte des  Ostf riinkischen  Reichs"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Berlin,  2tc  Aufl., 
1865)  extends  to  the  end  of  the  Carolingian  dynasty.  II.  v.  Sy- 
bel's  "Die  deutsche  Nation  und  das  Kaiserreich"  (Svo,  Diissel- 
dorf, 1862).  S.  0.  Riezler's  "Geschichte  Baiern's"  (2  vols., 
Svo,  Goth  a,  1878-80).  II.  Berghaus,  "  Deutscliland  seit  Ilundert 
Jahren  "  (5  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1859-62).  H.  Riickert's  "  Cultur- 
geschichte  des  deutschcn  Volkes "  (Svo,  Leipzig,  1854).  11. 
Kurz's  "  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Literatur  mit  ausgewiihlten 
Stiicken  aus  den  Werken  der  vorziiglichsten  Schriftsteller "  (4 
vols.,  7te  Aufl.,  Leipzig,  1876) — in  double  columns  and  sniall  type, 
but  of  much  value,  especially  for  its  well-chosen  extracts.  L. 
Cholevius's  "  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Poesie  nach  ihren  antiken 
Elementcn"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1854-56) — a  standard  author- 
ity showing  in  detail  the  relations  of  German  poetry  to  the  an- 
cient classics.     J.  Hillebrand's  "  Die  deutsche  National-Literatur 


318  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

im  XVIII.  u.  XIX.  Jahih."  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Gotba,  1875).  Gost- 
wick  and  Harrison's  "Outlines  of  German  Literature"  (8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1873) — before  the  appearance  of  Scherer  and  Hosmer,  the 
best  manual  in'EngUsh.  K.  Haym's  "Die  Roraantische  Schule" 
(8vo,  Berlin,  1870) — the  best  of  several  works  on  the  subject.  R. 
von  Raunier's  "Geschichte  der  Germanischen  Philologie,  vorzugs- 
weiso  in  Deutschland  "  (8vo,  Miincben,  1870) — of  great  impor- 
tance. II.  Ruckert's  "  Culturgescbichte  des  deutschen  Volkes  in 
der  Zeit  des  Uebergangs  aus  dem  Heidenthura  in  das  Christen- 
thum"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1883-84).  J.  J.  Plonegger's  "Kri- 
tische  Geschichte  der  franzosischen  Cultureinfliisse  in  den  letzten 
Jahrhunderten "  (8vo,  Berlin,  1875).  F.  IL  Hedge's  "Prose 
Writers  of  Germany  "  (large  8vo,  Philadelphia,  many  editions) — 
an  admirable  and  useful  work  by  a  very  accomplished  scholar. 
W.  Taylor's  "  Historic  Survey  of  German  Poetry  interspersed 
with  various  translations"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1830) — anti- 
quated but  interesting  and  valuable  on  account  of  its  numerous 
and  skilful  translations. 

On  the  history  of  institutions  the  following  are  noteworthy : 
Wilhelm  Sickel's  "Geschichte  der  Staatsverfassung  bis  zur  Be- 
griindung  des  constitutionellcn  Staates"  (vol.  I.,  8vo,  Halle,  1879; 
two  other  volumes  promised).  W,  Stieda's  "  Zur  Entstehung  des 
deutschen  Zunftwesens"  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1877).  C.  Wehrmann's 
"  Die  altcren  Liibeckischen  Zunftrollen  "  (8vo,  2te  Aufl.,  Lubeck, 
1872) — important  contribution  to  the  earliest  history  of  guilds. 
C.  Th.  V.  Inama-Sternegg's  "  Deutsche  Wirthschaftsgeschichte  " 
(8vo,  Leipzig,  1879) — a  book  showing  great  ability  and  learning, 
but  bringing  the  history  only  to  the  end  of  the  Carolingian  period. 
George  Meyer's  "  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Gerichtsverfahrens " 
(8vo,  Braunschweig,  1878).  Also,  "  Lelirbuch  des  deutschen  Ver- 
waltungsrcchts  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  verb.  Aull.,  Leipzig,  1883) — one  of 
the  most  satisfactory  works  on  German  administration.  G.  Schon- 
bcrg's  "Zur  wirthschaftlichcn  Bedeutung  des  deutschen  Zunftwe- 
sens im  Mittelalter"  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1868).  W.  Arnold's  "Zur 
Geschiclitc  des  Eigcnthums  in  den  deutschen  Stildten."  Also 
"  Vcrfassungsgeschichtc  der  deutsclien  Frcistiidte  "  (3  vols.,  8vo, 
Leipzig,  1854-Gl).  J.  Schcrr's  "La  Socicto  et  les  Ma'urs  Alle- 
mands,  traduit  par  V.  Tissot "  (3"  cd.,  Paris,  1877).  E.  N. 
Ilahn's  "  Gescliichtc  der  Ketzer  im  Mittelalter,  besonders  im  XL, 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  319 

XII.,  u.  XIII.  Jahrhundert  "  (8vo,  Stuttgart,  1845).  II.  Ludcn's 
"Gcs.  des  deutsclien  Volkcs"  (12  vols.,  Bvo,  Leipzig,  1825-37) 
— antiquated  and  superseded,  but  still  sometimes  quoted.  K. 
Ilillebrand's  "  German  Thought  from  the  Seven  Years'  War  to 
Goethe's  Death"  (12mo,  New  York,  1880).  F.  v.  Iloltzendorff's 
"Die  Principien  der  Politik"  (8vo,  verb.  Aufl.,  Berlin,  1879). 
W.  E.  Wilda's  "  Das  Strafrecht  der  Germanen  "  (8vo,  Halle, 
1842).  K.  W.  Nitzsch's  "  Ministerialitat  und  Biirgerthum  im 
XI.  und  XII.  Jahrh."  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1859).  Fr.  v.  Weech's  "Ge- 
schichte  der  Badischen  Verfassung"  (gr.  8vo,  Karlsruhe,  1868). 
G.  Schanz's  "  Zur  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Gcsellenverbande  im 
Mittelalter"  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1877).  G.  F.  Sartorius's  "  Urkund- 
liche  Geschichte  des  Ursprungs  der  deutschen  Hanse  "  (2  vols., 
4to,  Hamburg,  1830)  consists  largely  of  illustrative  documents. 
"  Die  Chroniken  der  deutschen  Stadte  vom  XIV.  bis  zum  XVI. 
Jahrhundert,  herausgegebcn  von  der  historischen  Commission  bei 
der  .Koniglichen  Bayerischen  Akadcmie  der  Wissenschaften " 
(20  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1870-87) — by  far  the  most  important  col- 
lection on  municipal  life  in  Germany  during  the  Middle  Ages. 

4.  Of  recent  works  the  following  are  of  much  importance:  F.  X.  v. 
Wegele's  "  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Historiographie  seit  dem  Auf- 
stehen  des  Humanismus"  (8vo,  Miinchen  und  Leipzig,  1885)  is  an 
invaluable  guide  to  the  history  of  historical  study  in  the  land  where 
it  has  reached  its  fullest  development.  AV.Wattenbach's  "  Deutsch- 
lands  Geschichtsquellen  im  Mittelalter  bis  zur  Mittc  des  dreizehnten 
Jahrhunderts  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  5th  enlarged  edition,  Berlin,  1885)  is 
of  the  greatest  value  as  a  description  of  the  characteristics  and  merits 
of  the  original  and  secondary  sources.  The  period  following  is  cov- 
ered by  O.  Lorenz's  "  DeutschlandsGescliichtsquellen  im  Mittelalter 
seit  der  Mittc  des  dreizehnten  Jahrhunderts"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  3d  rev. 
ed.,  Berlin,  1886-87) — a  worthy  continuation  of  Wattenbach's great 
work.  F.  C.  Dahlmann's  "  Quellenkunde  der  deutschen  Geschichte  " 
(5th  ed.,  revised  by  G.  AVaitz,  8vo,  Gottingen,  1883)  consists  of  in- 
valuable lists  of  authorities  topically  arranged.  Lord  Acton's  "Die 
neue  dentsche  Geschichtswissenschaft"  (12mo,  Berlin,  1887),  or  in 
the  original  English  {Historical  Review,  Jan.,  1886)  as  "German 
Schools  of  History  " — an  invaluable  survey  by  a  master.  The 
"  Monumenta  Germania?  Historica"  has  reached  more  than  fifty 
volumes,  of  which  over  thirty  are  in   folio,  the  rest  in   quarto. 


320  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

This  great  collection,  made  up  of  five  main  parts  (I,  "Scrip- 
tores;"  n.  "Leges;"  III.  "Diplomata;"  IV.  "  Epistolae ;"  V. 
"  Antiquitates"),  is  indispensable  for  original  work  in  mediaeval 
German  liistory.  The  contents  of  the  several  volumes  are  to  be 
found  in  the  standard  catalogues.  The  more  important  of  the 
"  Scriptores  "  are  also  accessible  to  the  reader  of  German  in  the 
admirable  series  of  translations  known  as  "  Die  Geschichtschreiber 
der  deutschen  Vorzeit."  To  the  "Monumenta"  JafEe's  "Bibli- 
otheca  Rerum  Germanicarum,"  made  up  mainly  of  the  corre- 
spondence of  the  Middle  Ages,  is  an  invaluable  supplement.  As 
an  exhaustive  combination  in  annalistic  form  of  all  this  v/ealth 
of  materials,  another  great  series,  the  "  Jahrbiichev  der  deutschen 
Geschichte,"  is  fast  crowding  out  the  older  authorities. 

J.  Zeller's  "  Histoire  d'Allemagne"  (vols.  I.-V.  bring  the  history 
only  to  Conrad  IV.,  8vo,  Paris,  1872-85)  promises  to  be  a  mon- 
umental work.  Denman  W.  Ross's  "  The  Early  History  of  Land- 
holding  among  the  Germans"  (8vo,  Boston  and  London,  1883)  is 
devoted  to  showing  that  the  individual  estate  was  the  rule  and 
the  communal  estate  the  exception,  instead  of  the  reverse  as  is 
commonly  held.  L.  Lindenschmidt's  "  Handbuch  der  deutschen 
Alterthumsknnde"  (to  be  in  three  parts,  of  which  only  one  has 
yet  appeared,  1880-88)  promises  to  be  of  the  first  importance. 
W.  Arnold,  two  of  whose  earlier  works  are  noted  above,  has  more 
recently  issued  "Deutsche  Urzeit"  (3te  Aufl.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1881) 
and  "Frankische  Zeit"  (8vo,  Gotha,  1883)  ;  all  of  this  author's 
works  have  great  merit.  B.  Erdmannsdorffer's  "  LTrkunden  und 
Actenstiicke  zur  Ges.  d.  Kiirf.  Fried.  Wm.  v.  Brandenburg"  (10 
vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1804-80): — the  most  important  collection  on 
the  great  elector.  II.  v.  Sybel's  "  Entstehung  des  deutschen  Konig- 
thums"  (2te  Aufl.,  Frankfurt,  1881)  contains  views  sharply  op- 
posed to  Waitz.  George  Kaufmann's  "Deutsche  Geschichte  bis 
auf  Karl  den  Grossen  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  1880-81);  the  re- 
sult of  studies  that  have  been  thorough  and  fruitful.  II.  Baum- 
garten's  "Geschichte  Karls  V."  (vols. I.-II., Stuttgart,  1887  ;  four 
volumes  promised,  but  at  present  rate  eight  will  be  needed)  is 
now  the  best  authority  on  Charles  V.  Charles  Benoit's  "La  Poli- 
tique du  Roi  Charles  V."  (8vo,  Paris,  1880)  is  a  skilful  attempt 
to  show  the  part  of  the  emperor  in  shai)ing  his  realm  and  reform- 
ing his  government.    L.  Keller's  "  Die  Reformation  und  die  iiltcren 


HISTORIES  OF  GERMANY.  321 

Rcformparteicn,im  ilirem  Zusainmenliaiio'c  dargcstcllt"  (8vo,  Leip- 
zig, 1885)  is  of  importance.  Sir  W.  Stirling-Maxwell's  "Don  John 
of  Austria,  or  Passages  from  the  History  of  the  Sixteenth  Century  " 
(2  vols.,  royal  Svo,  London,  1883)  is  also  a  work  of  importance  on 
the  same  period.  Lohnieyer's  "  Geschichte  von  Ost-  und  West- 
Preussen"  (1st  pt.,  2d  ed.,  Berlin,  1881),  and  W.  Fix's  "  Territorial- 
geschlchte  des  preussischen  Staates"  (8vo,  3d  ed.,  Berlin,  1884)  are 
worthy  of  note.  Ernest  Lavisse's  "  Etudes  sur  I'llistoire  de  Prusse  " 
(8vo,  Paris,  1885) — generally  dispassionate  and  valuable,  J.  Jans- 
sen's  "  Geschichte  des  deutschen  Volkes  seit  dcm  Ausgang  des 
Mittelalters "  (5  vols.,  Svo,  Freiburg,  1887;  of  which  the  early 
volumes  have  passed  through  fourteen  editions,  the  thirteenth 
having  been  carefully  revised) — a  work  of  consummate  ability, 
written  from  an  ultramontane  point  of  view.  The  fifth  volume 
carries  the  history  to  1618.  E.  Ricmann's  "  Neuere  Geschichte 
des  preussischen  Staates  vom  Hubertsburger  Frieden  bis  zum 
Wiener  Congress"  (vol.  L,  8vo,  Gotba,  1882) — a  worthy  continu- 
ation of  Stengel.  L.  Stacke's  "Deutsche  Geschichte"  (2  vols., 
gr.  Svo,  Leipzig,  2te  Aufl.,  1882),  written  by  different  hands  and 
of  very  uneven  merit,  but  abounding  in  most  interesting  illustra- 
tions, consisting  of  charters,  portraits,  and  contemporary  docu- 
ments. J.  Scherr's  "Deutsche  Kultur-  und  Sittengeschichte  "  (Svo, 
Ste  Aufl.,  Leipzig,  1882  ;  also  in  a  French  version).  L.  v.  Ronne's 
"  Verfassung  und  Verfassungsrecht  des  deutschen  Reichs"  (5  vols., 
Svo,  5te  Aufl.,  1884);  also  the  same  author's  "Das  Staatsrecht 
der  preussischen  Monarchic"  (4  vols.,  Svo,  4te  Aufl.,  Leipzig,  1884) 
— both  works  of  the  first  importance.  Edgar  Loning's  "  Ge- 
schichte des  deutschen  Kirchenrechts"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Strasburg, 
1878)  ;  also  the  same  author's  "  Lehrbuch  des  deutschen  Verwal- 
tungsrechts"  (gr.  Svo,  Leipzig,  1884);  the  former  work,  espe- 
cially, is  highl}^  esteemed.  A.  Huber's  "  Geschichte  Oesterreichs" 
(2  vols.,  Svo,  Gotha,  1885) — one  of  the  most  successful  of  the 
Hecren  and  Ukert  series.  D.  Miiller's  "  Geschichte  des  deutschen 
Volkes"  (lite  Aufl.,  Svo,  Berlin,  1884)— a  work  of  great  and  de- 
served popularity.  K.  W.  Nitzsch's  "  Ges.  des  deutschen  Volkes  " 
(3  vols.,  Svo,  Leipzig,  1883-85)  is  especially  valuable  for  the 
history  of  the  common  people.  Stillfried-Alcantara  and  Kug- 
ler's  "  Die  Ilohenzollern  und  das  Deutsche  Vatcrland "  (folio, 
Miinchen,  1881).     Ludv.ig  Ilahn's  "  Fiirst  Bismarck:  sein  poll- 

21 


322  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tisches  Leben  und  Wirken  "  (4  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1878-86).  C. 
Lowe's  "  Prince  Bismarck,  an  historical  biography  "  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  188.5) — a  work  of  rare  excellence  by  the  Berlin  corre- 
spondent of  the  London  Times.  Vol.  L  carries  the  narrative 
from  Waterloo  to  Versailles;  vol.  IL  is  devoted  to  the  German 
Empire.  Ludwig  Ilahn's  "  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Vater- 
landes"  (8vo,  8te  Aufi.,  Berlin,  1881,  of  which  eight  impressions 
had  been  called  for  in  1883).  Alfred  Stern's  "  Abhandlungenund 
Aktenstiicke  zur  Geschichte  der  preussischen  Reformationszeit, 
1807-1815"  (8vo,  Leipzig,  1885) — a  work  of  the  greatest  impor- 
tance on  the  internal  political  reforms.  P.  F,  Stalin's  "  Geschichte 
Wiirtemberg's"  (8vo,  vol.  L,  Gotha,  1882). 

Of  recent  histories  of  literature  the  following  should  be  noted: 
K.  Godeke's  "  Grundriss  der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Dichtung  " 
(3  vols.,  2te  Aufl.,  8vo,  Dresden,  1884) — a  monument  of  patient 
research  and  a  recognized  authority.  A.  Koberstein's  "  Grund- 
riss der  Geschichte  der  deutschen  National-Literatur  "  (5  vols., 
8vo,  6te  Aufl.,  Leipzig,  1884)  —  a  valuable  work  enriched  with 
scholarly  foot-notes  that  occupy  more  tlian  half  the  space  of  the 
page.  li.Konig's  "Deutsche  Literaturgeschichte"  (8vo,  13te  Aufl., 
Leipzig,  1882)  reproduces  many  interesting  old  wood-cuts,  man- 
uscripts, and  autographs.  A.  F.  C.  Vihnar's  "  Geschichte  der 
deutschen  National-Literatur  "  (8vo,  21te  Aufl.,  1883) — inferior  to 
Konig,  but  exceedingly  popular  for  family  reading.  W.  Scherer's 
"Geschichte  der  deutschen  Literatur"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  3te  Aufl., 
Berlin,  1885) — brilliant  and  full  of  original  views.  An  English 
version  appeared  in  London  and  New  York  (2  vols.,  8vo)  in  1886. 
L.  Salomon's  "Geschichte  der  deutschen  National-Literatur  des 
neunzehnten  Jahrhunderts"  (8vo,  Stuttgart,  1885).  R.  Gottschall's 
"  Die  deutsche  National-Literatur  des  neunzehnten  Jahrhunderts  " 
(4  vols.,  8vo,  5te  Aufl.,  Breslau,  1881) — the  great  authority  on  the 
subject.  J.  K.  Ilosmer's  "Short  History  of  German  Literature" 
(12mo,  St.  Louis,  1882) — a  series  of  animated  sketches  interwoven 
with  interesting  personal  reminiscences. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  323 


Chapter  X. 

HISTORIES    OF    FRANCE. 

I.   GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Crowe,  Eyre  Evans. — The  History  of  France.     5  vols.,  Svo,  Lon- 
don, 1858-68.  , 

Some  twenty-five  years  ago,  this  author  was  selected  to  write 
the  "  History  of  France  "  for  Lardner's  Cabinet  Library.  The  limits 
of  the  work  then  desired  did  not  call  for  general  investigation  of 
authorities;  but  the  volumes,  when  published,  were  so  well  re- 
ceived by  the  public  and  the  critics  that  the  author  determined 
upon  the  production  of  a  larger  work  founded  upon  the  most 
thorough  original  research.  The  result  is  the  history  before  us. 
References  have  not  been  multiplied,  but  the  writer  gives  his 
readers  the  comprehensive  assurance  that  "  no  original  document 
or  narrative  has  been  left  unconsultcd."  The  production  bears 
evidence  of  thorough  research.  It  covers  the  whole  period  of 
French  history  to  the  coup  d'etat  of  Louis  Napoleon  ;  and 
though  it  is  not  of  the  highest  order  of  merit,  it  is  generally  ac- 
curate, is  composed  with  temperate  judgment,  and  is  presented  in 
a  style  of  considerable  literary  merit.  On  the  whole,  it  must  be 
considered  one  of  the  most  desirable  histories  of  France  in  the 
Enorlish  lantruao-e. 


Dareste,  Cleophas. — Histoire  de  France  depuis  lesOrigines  jusqu'a 
nos  jours.      8  vols,,  Svo,  Paris,  1865-73.     2d  ed.,  1875. 

One  of  the  most  desirable  of  the  general  histories  of  France. 
The  author  has  not  the  conspicuous  ability  of  Martin  or  Michelet, 
but  he  shows  great  industry  in  the  investigation  of  sources,  good 


324  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

judgment  in  the  arrangement  of  materials,  and  descriptive  powers 
of  a  high  order.  As  an  authority  midway  between  the  brevity  of 
Duruy  and  the  comprehensiveness  of  Martin,  the  work  may  safely 
be  recommended  as  the  best.  Its  good  qualities  have  been  recog- 
nized by  the  highest  authority  in  France ;  for  it  twice  received 
the  great  Gobert  Prize  from  the  Academy. 


Duruy,  Victor. — Ilistoire  de  France.  Nouvelle  edition,  illustree 
d'un  grand  nombre  de  gravures  et  de  cartes  geographiques.  2 
vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1876. 

Beyond  question,  the  best  history  of  France  ever  published  in 
the  small  space  of  two  volumes.  It  was  prepared  especially  for 
the  use  of  students,  and  is  filled  with  most  valuable  maps  and 
wood-cuts  illustrative  of  different  periods  and  events.  In  spite  of 
the  school-book  appearance  thus  given  to  the  work,  it  is  very  read- 
able, and  will  be  found  both  more  entertaining  and  more  instruc- 
tive than  many  of  the  larger  histories. 

The  author  was  an  Imperialist  and  a  Roman  Catholic  ;  but  while 
he  was  Minister  of  Instruction  under  Napoleon  III.,  he  was  bit- 
terly attacked  by  the  Catholics,  because  his  religious  earnestness 
■was  not  quite  sufficiently  pronounced  in  his  historical  works. 
His  individual  views  are  never  offensively  conspicuous,  but  are 
always  given  with  a  moderation  that  bespeaks  the  approbation  of 
the  judicious  reader. 


Godwin,  Parke. — The  History  of  France.     Vol.  i..  Ancient  Gaul. 

8vo,  New  York,  18G0. 

This  volume,  which,  it  was  long  hoped,  was  but  the  forerunner 
of  several  others,  brings  the  narrative  down  only  to  the  Peace  of 
Verdun  in  843.  The  fullest  history  of  Ancient  Gaul  we  have  in 
our  language,  it  rests  upon  the  careful  examination  of  original  au- 
thorities, is  put  together  with  an  appreciative  regard  for  historical 
perspective,  and  is  written  -with  considerable  literary  skill.  One 
peculiarity  not  altogether  agreeable  is  what  seems  an  approach  to 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE. 


325 


affectation  in  the  spcllino;  of  proper  names,  as  "  Cblcdovvig  "  and 
"Odliinn,"  for  Clovis  and  Odin. 

Tlic  second  and  third  chapters  are  worthy  of  note,  as  giving  an 
account  of  the  social  and  political  condition  of  the  Ancient  Gauls, 
and  as  indicating  the  various  changes  produced  by  the  conquest 
of  the  Franks.  The  causes  of  the  successes  of  the  Barbarians  over 
the  Romans  are  much  less  satisfactorily  given  than  by  Coulanges. 
The  career  of  Charlemagne,  as  a  whole,  is  well  drawn ;  though  as 
a  picture  of  his  efforts  as  a  framer  and  organizer  of  civilization, 
the  work  of  Guizot  is  to  be  preferred. 


Guizot,  F. — Outlines  of  the  History  of  France  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  the  Outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  An  Abridgment  of 
the  Popular  History  of  France.  With  a  Chronological  Index, 
Historical  and  Genealogical  Tables,  and  Portraits,  by  Gustave 
Masson,  B. A.     8vo,  Boston,  1 880. 

This  abridgment  of  Guizot's  larger  work  was  prepared  for  the 
use  of  schools  and  general  readers.  It  is  doubtless  the  most  read- 
able of  the  smaller  histories  of  France.  It  has  also  the  merits  of 
accuracy  and  of  having  been  prepared  by  an  author  who  knew 
what  to  omit.  Guizot  never  strove  to  be  a  painter  of  great  and 
startling  historical  pictures ;  but  he  always  succeeded  in  being- 
dignified  without  being  dull. 


Guizot,  F. — A  Popular  History  of  France  from  the  Earliest  Times. 
■\Vith  300  Illustrations  by  A.  do  Neuville.  Translated  by  Rob- 
ert Black.     G  vols.,  royal  8vo,  London  and  Boston,  1876. 

One  of  the  latest  of  Guizot's  productions.  On  the  title-page 
of  the  French  edition  it  is  described  as  a  history  recounted  to  his 
grandchildren.  It  is  not  only  a  strictly  popular  work,  but  it  is 
written  with  an  especial  effort  to  awaken  the  attention  and  in- 
terest of  intelligent  young  people.  This  is  done  not  by  making 
a  children's  book  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  but  by  especial 
fulness  in  the  delineations  of  character  and  the  descriptions  of 
events.     The  important  facts,  and  the  great  personages  of  French 


326  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

history,  are  made  the  subjects  of  especially  careful  study.  From 
these  as  points  or  summits  in  the  general  landscape,  the  surround- 
ino-  events  are  surveyed.  Thus,  the  author  has  endeavored  to 
make  great  men  and  great  events  appear  to  be  what  they  really 
are  in  the  life  of  the  nation,  the  centres  of  all  subordinate  affairs. 

The  work  is  admirably  sustained.  The  chapter  on  Charlemagne 
and  his  government  is  one  of  the  most  successful  descriptions  of 
the  labors  of  that  great  man  anywhere  to  be  found.  So,  too,  the 
chapter  on  the  Ministry  of  Turgot  is  an  excellent  estimate  of  that 
eminent  but  unsuccessful  statesman. 

The  illustrations  are  picturesque  rather  than  instructive,  inas- 
much as  they  are,  for  the  most  part,  ideal  representations  of  events 
and  scenes.  They  are,  however,  well  drawn,  and  add  somewhat  to 
the  popular  interest  in  the  work.  The  last  volume  closes  with 
the  Convocation  of  the  States-General  in  1789.  It  is  not  only 
the  best  popular  history  of  France  we  have,  but  it  can  probably 
be  said  with  truth  that  no  other  country  can  boast  of  a  history  so 
well  adapted  to  the  needs  of  intelligent  young  men  and  women 
of  sixteen  or  eighteen  years  of  age. 

The  translation  abounds  in  ba-d  English,  and  needs  careful  re- 
vision. 


JerviSjW.H. — The  History  of  France.     Student's  Series.    12mo, 
New  York,  1862. 

No  history  of  France  in  a  single  volume  is  very  inspiring  to  the 
student.  But  the  "  Student's  History  "  is  one  of  the  least  Unsatis- 
factory. It  is  chiefly  a  compilation  from  the  great  work  of  Mar- 
tin, whose  statements  and  positions  are  generally  adopted  as 
authority.  The  author's  style  is  clear  and  correct,  though  not 
very  spirited.  It  is  a  book  of  facts  rather  than  of  arguments,  of 
statements  rather  than  of  explanations.  These  characteristics 
make  it  one  of  the  best  of  the  single  volumes  on  France  for 
reference.  The  portion  on  the  French  Revolution  is  the  least 
valuable.  It  is  admirably  equipi)cd  with  maps,  cuts,  and  illus- 
trative documents. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  327 

Kitchin,  G.  W. — A  History  of  France.     3  vols.,  Svo,  Oxford  and 
New  York,  1877. 

The  result  of  an  effort  at  once  to  avoid  tlic  dryness  of  a  sum- 
mary and  to  compress  the  whole  history  of  France  into  three 
volumes.  The  author's  purpose  was  to  show  the  growth  of  the 
French  monarchy  by  describing  the  most  important  events  with 
considerable  fulness,  and  passing  over  the  connecting  links  with 
the  briefest  practicable  notice. 

The  attempt  has  not  been  very  successful.  The  work  is  not 
quite  devoid  of  dryness ;  and  it  is  written  with  so  evident  and 
strong  a  partiality  for  English  political  forms  that  the  reader  is 
often  confronted  with  comparisons  quite  out  of  place.  The  book 
was  apparently  designed  for  the  use  of  students.  It  is  well  sup- 
plied with  maps  and  tables,  and  is  a  useful  though  not  an  interest- 
ino-  work. 


Lacombe,  Paul.— A  Short  History  of  the  French  People.  Trans- 
lated from  the  French.     12mo,  New  York,  1875. 

A  delightful  little  book,  showing  the  growth  of  the  more  fla- 
grant of  those  evils  which  it  was  the  work  of  the  French  Revolution 
to  sweep  away.  It  is  an  elementary  book,  but  for  many  Ameri- 
cans this  elementary  character  will  be  found  a  real  advantage  ;  for 
the  author  explains  many  things  more  or  less  familiar  to  Euro- 
peans, but  quite  obscure  to  people  on  this  side  of  the  Atlantic. 
It  is  a  work  of  much  less  volume  and  importance  than  the  "  Short 
History  of  the  English  People"  by  Green,  whose  title  it  seems  to 
have  appropriated ;  but  it  is,  nevertheless,  not  without  admirable 
qualities. 

Martin,  Henri. — Histoire  de  France  dcpuis  les  Temps  les  plus 
recules  jusqu'en  1789.  17  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1837  ;  4"^  ed.,  1865. 
This  edition  is  the  best,  and  is  accompanied  with  fifty-two  en- 
gravings on  steel.  An  edition,  abridged  and  popularized,  is  also 
published  in  7  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1867-85. 

This  great  work,  by  virtue  of  its  numerous  merits,  stands  con- 
fessedly at  the  head  of  the  long  list  of  general  histories  of  France. 


328  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

It  is  an  honor  alike  to  its  author  and  to  the  nation  which  it  de- 
scribes. 

Martin  began  with  tlie  deliberate  purpose  of  writing  what 
might  be  called  a  national  history  of  Jiis  country.  For  thirty 
years  he  devoted  himself  almost  exclusively  to  his  task.  His  de- 
sign was  to  show  his  countrymen  that  France  at  every  step  had 
grown  out  of  its  past  history,  and  that  the  development  of  the 
country  is  to  be  regarded  as  in  some  sense  an  organic  whole. 
The  influence  of  his  production  has  been  of  great  national  value, 
inasmuch  as  it  has  tended  to  check  the  prevalent  revolutionary 
spirit  by  showing  what  France  has  been  able  to  do,  and  what  she 
has  not. 

The  work  is  divided  into  eight  parts,  each  of  which  is  in  some 
sense  complete  in  itself.  The  vast  wealth  of  materials  at  the 
command  of  the  historian  of  France  the  author  has  made  use  of 
in  a  spirit  that  is  beyond  all  praise.  The  seventeenth  volume  is 
devoted  exclusively  to  the  index. 


Michelet,  Jules. — Ilistoire  de  France.  Nouvelle  edition,  19  vols., 
8vo,  Paris,  1878-79.  The  volumes  of  the  first  edition  were  is- 
sued from  time  to  time  during  the  long  period  extending  from 
1833  to  1867.  Many  of  them  were  several  times  revised  ;  but 
the  issue  of  1878-79  contains  all  the  corrections.  In  1851  an 
English  translation  of  the  first  six  volumes  appeared  in  New  York 
in  two  octavo  volumes.  The  portion  translated  is  the  best  part 
of  the  work ;  but  the  translation  was  not  extended  beyond  the 
death  of  Louis  XL,  in  1483.  The  History  of  the  Ptcvohition 
constitutes  the  last  9  vols,  of  the  work,  and  is  sold  separately. 

In  political  and  historical  philosophy,  Michelet  called  himself  a 
disciple  and  admirer  of  Guizot.  In  manner,  however,  he  possessed 
little  in  common  with  his  exemplar.  He  had,  indeed,  the  sub- 
stantial qualifications  of  patient  industry  and  vast  erudition,  but 
he  liad  much  more.  He  was  endowed  with  a  subtle  and  power- 
ful imagination,  and  with  an  extraordinary  gift  in  the  art  of  his- 
torical delineation.  These  varied  f|ualifications  made  him  one  of 
the  most  graphic  and  spirited  of  all  modern  historians.  There  is, 
perhaps,  no  more  brilliant  historical  writing  in  any  language  than 
some  of  the  writing  of  Michelet. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  329 

The  sixth  volume  of  the  original  history,  closing  with  the  death 
of  Louis  XL,  was  published  in  1844.  The  work  was  not  resumed 
by  the  author  until  1855,  when  the  seventh  volume  appeared. 
During  the  interval,  however,  he  had  produced  his  "  History  of 
the  Revolution,"  and  had  become  tilled  with  some  of  the  wildest 
theories  of  the  revolutionists.  The  ten  volumes  of  the  original 
work  that  close  up  the  gap  between  Louis  XL  and  the  Revolu- 
tion are  not  free  from  those  sentimental  vagaries  so  characteristic 
of  the  author's  last  writings.  He  was  evidently  preparing  the 
way  for  "  L'Amoui*,"  "  La  Femme,"  and  the  other  prose  poems 
of  sentiment  with  which  his  literarv  life  sadlv  ended. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von. — Franzosische  Geschichte,  vornehmlich  im 
scchszehnten  und  siebzehnten  Jahrhundert.  2d  ed.,  5  vols.,  Bvo, 
Stuttgart,  1861.  Translated  into  French  by  J.  J.  Porchat.  4 
vols.,^8vo,  Paris,  1884-85. 

For  a  thorough  understanding  of  French  history  during  the 
period  from  the  accession  of  Francis  L  to  the  death  of  Louis  XV. 
this  is  one  of  the  most  important  works  yet  written.  Ranke  does 
not  dwell  upon  details  so  mucli  as  Martin ;  but  in  the  work  of 
showing  the  real  influence  and  significance  of  events  the  vener- 
able German  historian  has  probably  never  been  equalled.  His 
long-continued  and  profound  studies  of  the  archives  of  the  sev- 
eral governments  of  P]urope  in  all  that  pertains  to  the  sixteenth 
and  seventeenth  centuries  have  given  him  an  understanding  of  in- 
ternational relations  such  as  no  other  man  has  ever  possessed.  At 
this  point,  therefore,  he  is  much  stronger  than  any  other  contem- 
poraneous writer.  In  all  of  his  works  he  shows  with  great  clear- 
ness how  far  the  nation  whose  course  he  is  describing  has  been 
influenced  by  considerations  of  foreign  policy.  During  the  re- 
ligious wars  of  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  these  con- 
siderations were  of  the  utmost  importance. 

The  fifth  volume  of  his  "French  History"  is  exclusively  devoted 
to  an  examination  of  some  of  the  most  important  authorities. 
The  essays  on  the  Memoirs  of  Richelieu  and  Saint-Simon  are  of 
especial  value. 


330  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Sismondi,  J.  C.  L.  Simonde  de. — Ilistoire  dcs  Fran§ais.     31  vols., 
Svo,  Paris,  1821-44. 

This  work  was  long  held  as  the  standard  history  of  France. 
Its  excellence,  however,  consists  largely  in  the  somewhat  formal 
dignity  of  the  author's  style  rather  than  in  the  thoroughness  of 
the  scholarship,  the  accuracy  of  the  presentation,  or  the  soundness 
of  the  Avriter's  judgments.  Since  the  completion  of  Martin's 
great  work,  that  of  Sismondi  is  no  longer  in  much  demand. 


White,  Rev.  James.— History  of  France,  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  1848.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1859. 

One  of  the  most  readable  of  the  single  volumes  on  France. 
The  author  was  not  a  great  historian,  but  he  was  an  interesting 
writer.  His  merit  was  in  his  ability  to  seize  upon  the  salient 
points  of  a  topic,  and  present  them  in  such  a  manner  as  to  inter- 
est the  general  reader.  The  book  has  less  intrinsic  merit  than 
Masson's  Guizot,  less  even  than  the  Student's  France ;  but  it  will 
hold  to  the  end  a  greater  number  of  readers  among  those  who 
read  chiefly  for  entertainment.  This  is  the  book  to  be  chosen 
for  those  who  '*  need  to  be  tempted  "  to  the  study  of  French  his- 
tory. 


II.   IIISTOEIES    OF   LIMITED    TERIODS. 

Franklin,  Alfred.— Lcs  Sources  de  I'llistoirc  do  France.  No- 
tice bibliograpliiquc  ct  analytique  dcs  inventaires  et  des  rc- 
cuoils  de  documents  rclatifs  a  I'histoire  de  France.  8vo,  Paris, 
18V7. 

Prepared  by  the  librarian  of  the  Mazarin  Library  at  Paris,  this 
volume  contains  a  vast  amount  of  the  most  valuable  information 
concerning  the  sources  of  French  history.  It  is  not  easy  to  say 
too  much  in  praise  of  the  way  in  wliich  the  author  has  performed 
liis  diflicult  task.  The  literature  of  France  is  richer  in  historical 
material  than  is  tiiat  of  any  other  nation;  and  the  author  of  this 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  33 1 

volume  has  successfully  attempted  to  show  the  character  of  these 
liistorical  treasures,  as  well  as  the  form  in  which  they  exist.  The 
editing  is  done  with  the  most  judicious  care.  Not  only  arc  the 
nature  and  value  of  each  collection  indicated,  but  tables  of  con- 
tents of  all  the  more  important  works  are  given.  The  editor's 
bibliographical  comments  are  critical,  but  they  are  always  marked 
with  judicial  impartiality.  For  a  student  or  a  librarian  desirous 
of  information  concerning  the  sources  of  French  history,  the  work 
is  the  most  convenient  in  existence. 


Guizot,  F.  —  Collection  des  Memoires  relatifs  a  I'llistoire  de 
France  depuis  la  Fondation  de  la  Monarchic  Francaise  jusqu'au 
XIIP  Siecle.  Avec  nne  introduction,  des  supplemens,  des  no- 
tices, et  des  notes.     31  vols,,  8vo,  Paris,  1824-35. 

There  are  five  important  collections  of  memoirs  relating  to  the 
history  of  France,  and  forming  an  aggregate  of  two  hundred  and 
seventy-one  volumes.  In  chronological  order  the  collection  gath- 
ered and  edited  by  Guizot  is  the  first ;  but  it  is  generally  consid- 
ered the  most  imperfect.  Though  nearly  all  the  chronicles  of  this 
collection  were  written  in  Latin,  they  all  appear  here  in  French. 
A  supplementary  volume  written  by  Guizot  himself  traces  the 
career  of  the  Gauls  from  their  first  known  history  to  the  over- 
throw of  the  Roman  Empire.  The  contents  of  the  individual 
volumes  are  given  by  Franklin. 


Buchon,  J.  A. — Collection  des  Chroniques  Nationales  Frangaises 
ccrites  en  langue  vulgaire,  du  XIIP  au  XVP  Siecle.  Avec 
notes  et  eclaircissements.     47  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1824-29. 

These  volumes  are  grouped  in  three  series,  one  for  each  of  the 
centuries  from  the  thirteenth  to  the  sixteenth.  The  chronicles 
are  of  much  importance,  several  of  them  never  having  been  else- 
where printed.  Though  the  papers  for  insertion  were  judiciously 
selected,  the  work  of  the  editor  was  not  done  with  very  great 
care.     Many  parts  of  the  collection  show  signs  of  undue  haste  in 


332 


HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


the  process  of  preparation  for  the  press ;  and  the  absence  of  an 
index,  and  even  a  complete  table  of  contents,  makes  the  use  of  the 
work  very  difficult.  A  list  of  the  papers  in  the  several  volumes 
is  given  by  Franklin. 


Petitot  et  Monmerque,  MM.  —  Collection  Complete  des  Me- 
inoircs  relatifs  a  I'Histoire  de  France,  depuis  le  regne  de  Phi- 
lippe-Auguste  jusqu'a  la  Paix  de  Paris  conclue  en  1763.  Avec 
des  notices  sur  chaque  auteur  et  des  observations  sur  chaque 
ouvragc.     131  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1819-29. 

This  great  collection  is  divided  into  two  series,  the  first  con- 
sisting of  fifty-two  volumes,  the  second  of  seventy-nine.  They 
embrace  contemporaneous  chronicles  left  by  statesfmen,  ecclesias- 
tics, and  soldiers.  Each  chronicle  bears  the  name  of  its  author, 
and  is  preceded  by  a  long  explanatory  essay  or  history  not  very 
judiciously  written  by  one  of  the  editors.  The  collection  is  made 
easy  of  use  by  a  carefully  prepared  index  at  the  end  of  each  se- 
ries. 


Michaud  et  Poujoulat,  MM. — Nouvclle  Collection  des  Memoires 
pour  servir  a  rilistoire  de  France,  depuis  le  XIIP  Siecle  jusqu'a 
la  fin  du  XVIIP.  Precedes  de  notices  pour  caracteriser 
chaque  auteur  des  memoires  et  son  epoque ;  suivis  de  I'analyse 
des  documents  historiques  qui  s'y  rapportent.  32  vols.,  Svo, 
Paris,  1836-39. 

The  editors  have  here  bronglit  together  all  the  chronicles  and 
memoirs  contained  in  the  hundred  and  thirty-one  volumes  of  Pet- 
itot and  Monmerque,  and  several  besides.  They  have  also  edited 
the  papers  with  very  much  more  discretion.  Long  preliminary 
histories  are  omitted,  but  in  their  place  we  have  brief  and  judi- 
cious statements  concerning  the  character  and  significance  of  the 
respective  works.  The  notes  are  perhaps  somewhat  too  few  and 
too  brief,  and  the  series  is  without  index.  A  list  of  the  works  in 
each  volume,  however,  is  given  in  Franklin. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  333 

Barriere  et  De  Lescure,  MM. — Bibliothcque  des  Ivlt'inoires  rcla- 
tifs  a  rilistoire  de  Franco  pendant  le  Dix-liuiticmc  Sieclc.  Avec 
avant-propos  et  notices.     87  vols.,  12mo,  Taris,  1855-81. 

It  was  the  purpose  of  the  editors  simply  to  gather  together  in 
these  volumes  certain  important  memoirs  omitted  by  Michaud 
and  Poujoulat.  The  series,  therefore,  supplements  and  completes 
the  great  collections  previously  published.  The  volumes  are  edit- 
ed with  care  and  skill,  and  thus  form  a  fitting  conclusion  of  the 
most  remarkable  collection  of  original  historical  authorities  ever 
brought  together.  Lists  of  the  papers  in  each  volume  are  given 
by  Franklin. 


Thierry,  Amedee. — Histoire  des  Gaulois  depuis  les  Temps  les  plus 
I'ccules  jusqu'a  I'Entiere  Soumission  de  la  Gaule  a  la  Domina- 
tion Komaine.     2  vols.,  12mo,  Paris.     5th  ed.,  1857. 

This  work,  published  first  in  1828,  and  since  that  time  reissued 
in  numerous  editions,  has  acquired  the  renown  of  a  classic  in 
French  historical  literature.  It  is  an  account  of  the  relations  of 
Gaul  to  Rome,  presented,  as  far  as  possible,  from  the  Gaulish  point 
of  view. 

A  long  introduction  is  devoted  to  the  ethnology  of  the  Gauls ; 
this  is  followed  by  an  account  of  their  migrations;  and  this  by  a 
history  of  the  people  from  the  time  of  Brennus  to  the  complete 
conquest  of  the  country  by  the  Romans.  For  the  general  student 
the  book  will  be  found  much  less  interesting  than  that  of  Cou- 
langes,  and  yet  for  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  Barbarians  it  is 
almost  indispensable. 


Fauriel,  C.  C. — Histoire  de  la  Gaule  Meridionale  sous  la  Domina- 
tion des  Conquerants  Germains.     4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1836. 

Fauriel  was  a  special  student  of  the  early  history  of  Southern 
France.  But  his  mind  attached  itself  to  the  curious  and  pictur- 
esque rather  more  willingly  than  to  the  subtle  and  obscure  causes 
of  events.     For  this  reason  his  work  is  not  entitled  to  rank  with 


334  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

those  of   Thierry  and  Coulanges.     The  work   closes   with   the 
breaking-up  of  the  empire  soon  after  the  death  of  Charlemagne. 


Wallon,  Henri  Alexandre. — St.  Louis  et  son  Temps.     2  vols., 
Svo,  Paris,  1875. 

The  most  important  study  that  has  ever  been  published  of  the 
life  and  the  times  of  Louis  IX.  The  author's  position  among 
historical  writers  in  France  is  very  high ;  and  if  this  work  does 
not  increase  his  reputation,  it  does  nothing  to  diminish  it.  The 
relations  of  Louis  to  the  State  and  the  Church,  and  his  first  feeble 
efforts  to  bind  together  a  nationality  out  of  the  hostile  fragments 
are  among  the  most  important  of  the  numerous  questions  exam- 
ined. 


Froissart,  Sir  John. — Chronicles  of  England,  France,  and  Spain, 
and  Adjoining  Countries,  from  the  Latter  Part  of  the  Reign  of 
Edward  IL  to  the  Coronation  of  Henry  IV.  Translated  from 
the  French,  with  variations  and  additions  from  many  celebrated 
MSS.  by  Thomas  Jolincs,  Esq.  To  which  are  prefixed  a  Life  of 
the  Author,  an  Essay  on  his  Works,  and  a  Criticism  on  his  His- 
tory. 2  vols.,  large  Svo,  London,  1839.  Of  this  work  there 
are  many  editions,  but  the  one  named  is  to  be  preferred. 

Froissart  might  be  called  the  great  interviewer  of  the  Middle 
Ages.  The  newspaper  correspondent  of  modern  times  has  scarce- 
ly surpassed  this  mediaeval  collector  of  intelligence.  He  travelled 
extensively  in  the  various  countries  of  Europe  ;  he  conversed  with 
gentlemen  of  rank  everywhere,  and  he  had  the  remarkable  knack 
of  persuading  those  about  him  to  divulge  all  he  wanted  to  know. 
He  learned  the  details  of  battles  from  both  sides  and  from  every 
point  of  view.  He  delighted  in  the  minutest  affairs  of  every 
cavalry  skirmish,  of  the  capture  of  every  castle,  and  of  every  brave 
action  and  gallant  deed.  His  memory  was  remarkable,  and  his 
descriptive  powers  unusual.  lie  lived  from  1337  to  about  1410, 
and  wrote  chiefly  of  contemporaneous  events. 

TIk'  "("lironicles"  of  Froissart  are  universallv  considered  as  the 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE. 


335 


most  vivid  and  faithful  picture  we  Lave  of  events  in  the  four- 
teenth century.  No  more  grapliic  account  of  any  age  has  ever 
been  produced.  Probably  no  historian  has  ever  drawn  so  great  a 
number  of  good  portraits.  But  Froissart  was  not  critical,  and  hence 
his  portraits  were  pictures  of  men  as  they  appeared  rather  than 
as  they  actually  were.  He  was  simply  a  chronicler,  and  showed 
no  sense  of  historical  responsibility,  and  no  indignation  against 
oppression  and  cruelty.  The  great  value  of  the  work,  therefore, 
is  in  the  fact  that  it  holds  up  a  mirror  and  enables  us  to  see  the 
fourteenth  century  just  as  it  seemed  to  the  most  observing  and 
inquisitive  man  of  that  age.  The  objects  Froissart  was  most  in- 
terested in,  however,  were  not  always  the  things  we  Avish  he  had 
preferred  to  see.  He  tells  us  that  he  rejoiced  mightily  in  carols 
and  dances,  loved  to  hear  minstrels  and  poems,  was  fond  of  those 
who  loved  dogs  and  hawks,  and  always  pricked  up  his  ears  at  the 
uncorking  of  bottles.  As  he  was  himself  a  votai'y  of  pleasure, 
the  sole  object  of  his  chronicles  seems  to  have  been  to  give  pleas- 
ure to  his  readers.  As  a  picture  of  the  most  favorable  side  of 
chivaliy,  the  work  has  no  equal. 


Monstrelet,  Enguerrand  de — The  Chronicles  of,  containing  an 
Account  of  the  Civil  Wars  between  the  Plouses  of  Orleans  and 
Burgundy,  beginning  with  the  year  1400,  where  that  of  Sir 
John  Froissart  finishes,  and  ending  with  the  year  1467,  and 
continued  by  others  to  the  year  1514.  Translated  by  Thomas 
Johnes,  Esq.     London,  2  vols.,  large  8vo,  1867. 

The  "  Chronicles"  of  Monstrelet  have  very  little  of  the  merit  of 
those  of  Froissart  or  those  of  Commincs.  Their  great  fault  is  their 
tedious  diffusiveness.  This  shows  itself  in  a  wearisome  fondness 
for  details,  even  of  the  most  insignificant  nature.  The  author, 
however,  is  truthful  and  candid,  and  therefore  the  work  is  not 
absolutely  devoid  of  merit. 


Barante,  A.  Gr.  P.  de. — Ilistoire  des  Dues  de  Bourgogne  de  la  Mai- 
son  de  Valois.  1364-1477.  Numerous  editions,  Svo,  Paris ; 
12mo,  Brussels,  The  Parisian  editions  are  much  to  be  pre- 
ferred.    8th  ed.,  8  vols.,  Paris,  1858. 


336  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

A  work  higbly  esteemed  by  historical  writers  and  critics.  It 
is  praised  by  Giiizot  as  the  most  vakiable  picture  of  the  turbu- 
lence of  the  fourteenth  and  fifteenth  centuries. 

The  work  is  too  ponderous,  however,  to  be  of  much  value,  save 
to  the  special  student  of  the  period  of  which  it  treats.  Of  the 
complicated  relations  of  the  dukes  of  Burgundy  and  the  kings  of 
France,  the  book  contains  the  best  account. 


Qliicherat,  Jules. — Proces  de  Condamnation  et  de  Rehabilitation 
de  Jeanne  d'Arc.     5  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1841-49. 

To  be  prized  chiefly  as  a  storehouse  of  documents.  It  is  com- 
piled from  original  records  and  such  sources  of  information  as  still 
exist.  Its  value  is  in  the  fact  that  it  is  the  authority  on  which 
all  modern  works  on  Joan  of  Arc  must  chiefly  rest.  For  an  in- 
vestigator it  is  invaluable ;  for  others  it  is  of  very  little  use. 


Wallon,  Henri  Alexandre. — Jeanne  d'xVrc.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris, 
18G0. 

These  volumes,  at  the  time  of  their  publication,  won  the  great 
Gobert  Prize  of  the  French  Academy.  The  impression  made  by 
the  work,  on  its  first  appearance,  has  been  fully  sustained  by  sub- 
sequent opinion.  It  is  not  only  the  most  important  work  on  the 
career  of  Joan  of  Arc,  but  it  is  perhaps  the  best  picture  yet  drawn 
of  the  condition  of  France  at  the  period  of  the  formation  of  na- 
tionality. It  shows  how  completely  Joan  was  deserted  by  those 
who  ought  in  decency  to  have  supported  her,  and  how  shamefully 
ungrateful  was  the  court  of  France  she  had  restored. 


Tuckey,  Janet.— Joan  of  Arc.     lOmo,  New  York,  18S0. 

A  sketch  that  makes  no  claims  to  original  research,  but  gathers 
most  of  its  facts  from  the  abundant  stores  of  Quichcrat.     It  is  a 


HISTORIES   OF  FRANCE..  337 

convenient  and  a  not  unsatisfactory  account  of  tlic  Maid's  cam- 
paigns, her  imprisonment,  and  her  condemnation.  In  point  of 
historical  merit,  however,  it  is  not  to  be  compared  with  the  vol- 
umes on  the  same  subject  by  Wallon. 


Jamison,  D.  F. — The  Life  and  Times  of  Bertrand  du  Guesclin  : 
a  History  of  the  Fourteenth  Century.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Charleston, 
18(54. 

A  meritorious  attempt  to  rescue  from  forgetfulness  one  who 
arose  from  the  utmost  obscurity  to  be  constable  of  his  country, 
and  who,  after  dethroning*  Peter  the  Cruel  in  Spain,  drove  the 
English  out  of  almost  all  their  possessions  in  France. 

The  work  is  written  with  grace,  even  with  elegance  of  style, 
and  is  founded  on  the  authority  of  none  but  original  materials. 
The  abundant  references  in  the  book  are  chiefly  to  old  French 
and  Spanish  authorities,  and  to  mcdia;val  Latin  and  Gascon.  It 
is  an  interesting  picture  of  an  interesting  period,  and  it  abounds 
with  glimpses  of  mediaeval  society.  The  circumstances  of  its  pub- 
lication in  the  time  of  the  Civil  War,  as  indicated  in  the  preface, 
are  not  without  considerable  interest. 


Commines,  Philip  de. — The  Memoirs  of;  containing  the  Histories 
of  Louis  XI.  and  (,-liarles  VIII.,  Kings  of  France,  and  of  Charles 
the  Bold,  Duke  of  Burgundy.  To  which  is  added  The  Scan- 
dalous Chronicle  or  Secret  History  of  Louis,  by  Jean  de  Troyes. 
2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1855. 

This  author,  not  without  some  reason,  has  been  called  the  father 
of  modern  history.  Certainly  he  was  the  first  author  of  modern 
times  to  reason  with  sagacity  on  the  characters  of  men  and  the 
consequences  of  their  action.  This  work,  therefore,  is  entitled  to 
consideration. 

Commines  was  contemporaneous  witli  Columbus,  and  conse- 
quently wrote  during  that  lull  which  preceded  the  great  storm  of 
the  Reformation.     He  had  every  opportunity,  if  not  every  qualifi- 


338  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

cation,  for  writing  the  history  which  he  attempted.  At  one  time 
chamberlain  and  councillor  of  Charles  the  Bold,  he  was  admitted 
to  a  considerable  degree  of  intimacy  with  the  great  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy. After  abandoning  the  service  of  the  duke,  he  yielded  to 
the  substantial  persuasions  of  the  king,  and  joined  the  royal  court. 
He  became  at  once  councillor  and  chamberlain  of  Louis,  and  from 
that  time  forward  had  the  moot  perfect  opportunities  of  observing 
what  was  taking  place.  He  was  a  true  courtier.  Though  he  de- 
scribes in  detail  the  cruelties  of  the  king,  even  testifying  that  he 
himself  had  experienced  the  tortures  of  one  of  his  cages,  he  con- 
tinued to  the  last  a  loyal  admirer  of  the  despot.  His  account  in 
book  vi.  of  the  last  sickness  and  of  the  death  of  the  king  is  ex- 
ceedingly curious. 


Kirk,  John  Foster. — History  of  Charles  the  Bold,  Duke  of  Bur- 
gundy.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  1864-68. 

A  book  of  very  considerable  importance.  It  is  a  successful  at- 
tempt to  collect  into  accessible  form  the  results  of  recent  explora- 
tions in  the  materials  for  a  history  of  the  times  of  the  last  Duke 
of  Burgundy.  The  author  had  access  to  a  large  quantity  of  orig- 
inal sources ;  and  he  has  made  judicious  use  of  his  opportunities. 
In  no  other  work  have  we  so  good  a  picture  of  the  desperate  strug- 
gle for  the  establishment  and  maintenance  of  an  independent  mon- 
archy along  the  Rhine.  The  contest  between  Charles  and  Louis 
XI.  is  well  described. 


Lsgeay,  Urbain. — Ilistoire  dc  Louis  XL,  son  Siecle,  ses  Exploits 
comiiu'  Daiipliin,  ses  dix  Ans  d'Administration  en  Dauphino,  ses 
cinq  Ans  de  Itosidence  en  Brabant,  et  son  Regne,  d'apres  les 
titres  originaux,  les  chroniques  contetnporaines  et  tons  les  te- 
mi/mages  les  plus  authenticiues.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1874. 

No  very  satisfactory  history  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XL  has  yet 
been  written.  The  process  by  wliich  the  power  of  the  feudal 
lords  was  broken,  and  the  authority  for  the  first  time  since  the 
establishment  of  feudalism  vested  in  a  central  government,  is  one 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE. 


339 


of  tlie  most  interesting  and  important  snbjects  of  French  history, 
but  it  has  nowhere  been  quite  adequately  described. 

The  attempt  of  Legeay  is  the  most  recent,  and  probably,  for 
most  purposes,  the  best  we  have.  The  author  has  brought  to- 
gether a  large  amount  of  material ;  but  he  lacks  the  power  of 
generalization  necessary  to  impress  upon  the  reader  the  real  sig- 
nificance of  the  events  he  describes.  The  accounts  by  Martin 
and  Michelet,  though  much  briefer,  are  likely  to  convey  a  stronger, 
if  not  even  a  more  correct,  impression  of  the  reign. 


Willert,  P.  F.— The  Reign  of  Louis  the  Eleventh.     With  Map. 
12mo,  London  and  Philadelphia,  1876. 

One  of  the  historical  hand-books  edited  by  Mr.  Oscar  Brown- 
ing. It  is  to  be  especially  commended,  not  so  much  for  its  in- 
trinsic merits,  though  it  is  not  without  commendable  qualities,  as 
because  of  the  dearth  of  books  on  this  important  period.  The 
age  of  Louis  XL  was  not  only  the  time  when  a  new  political  or- 
der was  built  up  out  of  the  decay  of  feudalism,  but  also  the  time 
when  physical  force  began  to  give  way  before  the  subtlety  of  dip- 
lomatic methods.  A  history  of  this  period,  therefore,  has  to 
describe  the  process  by  which  France  was  consolidated  from  a 
group  of  semi-independent  provinces  into  some  semblance  of  na- 
tionality. 

The  volume  before  us  is  too  brief  to  represent  adequately  the 
great  significance  of  these  events  and  tendencies.  But  as  an  out- 
line of  the  changes  that  were  going  on,  it  is  not  without  considera- 
ble value.  The  author's  estimation  of  the  character  of  Louis  XL 
is  much  more  favorable  than  that  of  Sir  Walter  Scott  in  "  Quen- 
tin  Durward,"  and  more  favorable  than  that  generally  held. 


Mignet,  F.  A. — Rivalit6  de  Francois  I.  et  de  Charles  V.     2"^  ed., 
2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1876. 

By  far  the  most  important  contribution  recently  made  to  the 


340  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

literature  of  the  great  struggle  between  the  Germans  and  the 
French  during  the  period  of  the  Reformation.  This  author  sel- 
dom investigates  a  subject  without  throwing  light  upon  it,  and 
his  studies  bad  made  him  especially  familiar  witb  the  period  here 
under  review.  France  has  never  contributed  any  more  important 
work  to  the  discussion  of  this  important  period.  It  is  the  best 
account  of  the  relations  of  Francis  I.  to  the  work  of  the  Refor- 
mation. 


Baird,  Henry  M. — History  of  the  Rise  of  the  Huguenots  of  France. 

2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1879. 

An  excellent  account  of  the  Protestant  movement  in  France 
from  the  accession  of  Francis  I.,  in  1515,  to  the  death  of  Charles 
IX.,  in  1574.  The  work  is  written  with  a  judicial  moderation  too 
often  wanting  in  the  writings  of  both  Protestants  and  Catholics. 
But,  while  the  work  is  judicial  in  its  tone,  and  is  entirely  free  from 
all  attempts  at  what  would  be  called  fine  writing,  the  narrative  is 
not  without  genuine  spirit.  The  author  shows  how  the  Refor- 
mation in  France  began  with  the  higher  classes  ;  how  the  power  of 
the  government  was  steadily  exercised  against  the  Reformed  re- 
ligion ;  how,  in  spite  of  this  opposition,  the  Huguenots  grew,  un- 
til, in  the  opinion  of  the  author,  they  numbered  a  tenth  of  the 
people  of  France ;  how,  under  the  influence  of  Catharine  de'  Medici, 
the  religious  differences  resulted  in  civil  war;  and,  finally,  how 
they  culminated  in  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 

In  these  two  volumes  the  author  goes  no  further  than  to  show 
that  the  Huguenots  were  not  broken  by  the  massacre  of  1572; 
and  that  at  the  death  of  Charles,  in  1574,  they  were  as  strong  as 
they  had  been  at  any  previous  period. 


Poole,  Reginald  Lane. — A  History  of  the  Huguenots  of  the  Dis- 
persion at  the  Recall  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes.  12mo,  London, 
1880. 

A  very  learned  and  a  very  successful  attempt  to  show  what  be- 


HISTORIES   OF  FRANCE.  341 

came  of  the  Huguenots  after  the  dispersion.  Not  only  does  the 
author  follow  them  into  the  different  countries  in  which  they  took 
up  their  new  abode,  but  he  shows  that  they  exerted  a  powerful 
influence  in  the  society  of  which  they  became  a  part. 

The  book  is  written  with  more  than  usual  literary  skill ;  and  a 
glance  at  almost  any  one  of  its  pages  will  be  enough  to  convince 
the  student  that  the  author  has  made  good  use  of  the  abundant 
materials  at  his  hand. 


White,  Henry. — The  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew,  preceded  by 
a  History  of  the  Religious  Wars  in  the  Reign  of  Charles  IX. 
With  Illustrations.     8vo,  New  York,  1871. 

A  -work  written  in  a  judicious  spirit  for  the  purpose  of  portray- 
ing the  great  struggle  that  devastated  France  in  the  later  portion 
of  the  sixteenth  century,  and  culminated  in  the  memorable  tragedy 
of  1572.  The  author  proceeds  on  the  theory  that  the  real  nature 
of  the  contest  cannot  be  understood  unless  the  condition  of  both 
Protestants  and  Catholics  during  the  tirst  half  of  the  century  be 
taken  into  consideration.  He  adopts  the  view  of  Ranke  and  of 
Soldan  in  believing  that  the  famous  massacre  was  not  the  result 
of  a  long-premeditated  plot,  but  was  rather  the  fruit  of  a  momen- 
tary spasm  of  terror  and  fanaticism,  awakened  by  the  unsuccessful 
attempt  to  murder  Coligny.  The  writer  has  brought  forward 
many  new  materials  tending  to  confirm  this  view. 

Though  the  author  looks  upon  the  events  he  describes  witli  the 
eyes  of  a  Protestant,  yet  his  moderation  is  worthy  of  universal 
commendation  and  confidence.  The  boolc,  however,  does  not  show 
the  same  intellectual  grasp  as  that  manifested  in  the  pages  of 
Baird. 


Freer,  Martha  "Walker. — Henry  III,  King  of  France  and  Poland. 
His  Court  and  Times ;  from  Numerous  Unpublished  Sources. 
3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1 859. 

Not  a  book  of  any  critical  value,  but  one  of  some  interest  for 
the  account  it  gives  of  court  life.  It  is  filled  with  pictures  of  the 
ceremonials  and  vanities  of  a  pompous  but  disgusting  reign.    The 


342  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

author  gives  the  representation  from  only  one  point  of  view,  and 
tbe  picture  therefore  is  by  no  means  true  to  life.  The  court  of 
Henry  III.  no  lady  in  modern  days  could  understand,  much  less 
describe.  But  the  view  given,  though  superficial,  is  interesting 
and  agreeable.  The  most  important  features  of  the  reign  are 
not  described;  and  yet  the  author  shows  how  the  king  in  public 
could  put  himself  in  chains,  kneel  in  ashes,  and  wear  a  chaplet  of 
skulls,  while  in  private  he  slept  in  white  satin  with  embroidered 
gloves  and  his  face  smeared  with  perfumed  unguents. 


Freer,  Martha  Walker. — History  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  IV., 
King  of  France  and  Navarre.  From  Numerous  Unpublished 
Sources,  including  MS.  Documents  in  the  Bibliotheque  Im- 
periale  and  the  Archives  du  Koyaume  de  France.  2  vols., 
12mo,  London,  1860. 

By  no  means  a  great  history,  but  simply  a  bright  picture.  If 
it  does  not  go  to  the  bottom  of  things,  it  describes  well  the 
sJH'face.  It  has  some  infelicities  of  manner,  and  some  passages  of 
questionable  taste ;  but  in  the  dearth  of  even  moderately  good 
books  in  English  on  this  reign,  it  is  worthy  of  a  little  attention. 
Il,s  characteristics  are  essentially  the  same  as  those  of  the  author's 
Henry  III.,  though  its  faults  are  less  conspicuous. 


Sully,  The  Duke  of. — Memoirs  of  the  Prime-minister  of  Henry 
the  (Jreat.  Transhited  from  the  French.  With  Notes  and 
Historical  Introduction,  Index,  and  Portraits  of  Sully,  Henry 
IV.,  Coligny,  and  Marie  de  Medicis.  4  vols.,  crown  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1850. 

The  remarkable  events  of  the  career  of  Henry  IV.  are  nowhere 
more  adequately  described  than  in  the  memoirs  of  his  great  min- 
ister. It  is  worthy  of  note,  however,  that,  important  as  they  are, 
they  are  not  without  some  minor  errors.  They  were  written,  not 
as  the  events  which  they  describe  took  ])lace,  but  from  memory, 
after  the  duke's  retirement  from  public  service. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  343 

In  the  main  features  of  important  matters,  they  are  doubtless 
entirely  trustworthy,  and  they  give  an  invaluable  insight  into  the 
motives  and  considerations  which  intiucnccd  the  conduct  of  the 
government.  The  minor  details,  however,  especially  in  the  earlier 
parts  of  the  work,  are  to  be  read  with  the  recollection  that  the 
events  described  happened  about  twenty  years  before  the  account 
of  them  was  written.  The  author  had  no  especial  gift  as  a  writer. 
His  memoirs,  therefore,  nowhere  show  either  the  graces  or  the 
force  of  a  good  literary  style. 


Segretain,  E.  A.  —  Sixte   V.  et   Henri   IV.      Introduction    du 
Protestantisme  en  France.     8vo,  Paris,  1861. 

One  of  the  most  successful  accounts  of  the  Reformation  in 
France.  It  traces  it  from  the  beginning  to  its  recognition  by  the 
Edict  of  Nantes.  The  work  is  written  from  a  Protestant  point  of 
view,  and  is  pervaded  with  coolness,  impartiality,  and  good  jud;?"- 
ment.  The  appearance  of  the  "  History  of  the  Huguenots  "  by 
Baird,  however,  has  deprived  it  of  no  small  part  of  its  value. 


Poirson,  Augusts. — Histoire  du  Regne  de  Henri  IV.     Second 
edition,  4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1862-67. 

This  work  is  declared  by  the  author  to  be  the  result  of  fifteen 
years  of  earnest  devotion.  It  fills  a  space  that  had  too  long  been 
vacant.  Its  great  excellences  were  duly  recognized  at  the  time 
of  its  appearance ;  for  in  1857,  and  again  in  1858,  it  received  the 
great  Gobert  Prize  of  the  French  Academy.  The  second  edition 
is  much  to  be  preferred,  as  for  it  the  volumes  were  carefully  re- 
vised and  considerably  augmented. 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  second  volume  is  to  be  found  an  ad- 
mirable account  of  the  difficult  relations  of  Catholics  and  Prot- 
estants, and  of  the  religious  embarrassments  that  beset  the  great 
monarch.  Nowhere  else  is  the  subject  so  well  presented.  The 
fourth  volume  deals  with  the  king's  great  foreign  projects,  and 
shows  in  strong  and  new  light  his  purposes  in  forming  a  coalition 


344  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

against  tlie  two  houses  of  Austria.  The  two  great  purposes  of 
the  king's  foreign  policy — viz.,  the  estabHshment  of  international 
oquilibriura,  and  the  security  of  the  religious  autonomy  of  each 
country — are  described  with  great  skill. 

The  work  closes  with  a  full  table  of  contents,  but  it  has  no 
index. 


Lacombe,  Charles  Mercier  de. — Henri  IV.  et  sa  Politique.     3* 
ed.,  revue  et  augmentee,  12mo,  Paris,  1877. 

This  admirable  book  is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  political  pur- 
poses of  the  great  monarch.  The  author  not  only  had  great  per- 
sonal fitness  for  the  task,  but  lie  had  access  to  the  invaluable  col- 
lection of  letters  of  Henry  IV.,  published  not  long  before  he 
wrote.  What  Poirson  and  Perrens  are  to  the  religious  affairs  of 
that  reign,  and  Freer  to  the  court  life,  Lacombe  is  to  the  po- 
litical. 

The  author  brings  out  with  great  force  the  relations  of  France 
to  the  important  questions  that  finally  resulted  in  the  Thirty 
Years'  War. 


Perrens,  F.  T. — L'Eglise  et  I'Etat  en  France  sous  le  Regne  d'Henri 
IV.  et  la  Regence  de  Marie  de  Medicis.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1872. 

This  book  was  crowned  by  the  Academy  in  recognition  of  its 
great  merits.  It  is  the  most  satisfactory  presentation  we  have 
of  the  troublesome  questions  that  confronted  the  French  govern- 
ment at  the  period  under  review.  It  is  not  a  comprehensive  his- 
tory, like  that  of  Poirson  ;  but  in  the  peculiar  field  chosen  by  the 
author  it  has  no  equal.  Why  the  great  leader  of  the  Protestant 
cause  concluded  that  "  the  crown  was  worth  a  mass,"  and  so  ac- 
cepted of  the  Catholic  conimiiiiion,  if  not  of  the  Catholic  faith,  is 
nowhere  else  so  well  explained. 


Capefigue,  Jean. — Ilistoire  dc  la  Reforme,  de  la  Ligue,  et  du 
Kegne  de  Henri  IV.     8  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1834-35.  " 

The  extraordinary  fluency  of  this  author's  pen  made  it  inipos- 


HISTORIES   OF  FRANCE.  345 

sible  for  him  to  write  with  care.  It  is  said  that  within  thirty 
years  he  publislied  more  than  a  hundred  octavo  volumes,  besides 
contributing  to  very  many  of  the  prominent  journals  of  France. 
From  all  this  enormous  raass  of  good  paper  and  print  the  vol- 
umes above  mentioned  are  perhaps  the  only  ones  worthy  of  any 
especial  note.  Even  these  volumes  may  be  said  to  acquire  their 
interest  from  the  importance  of  the  subject  and  the  peculiarities 
of  the  author's  views. 

Capefigue  was  an  ardent  Roman  Catholic,  and  he  always  wrote 
in  the  interests  of  political  absolutism.  Ilis  style  was  facile  and 
clear,  though  too  many  of  his  j^ages  show  unmistakably  that  he 
wrote  with  slovenly  haste.  The  value  of  this  history,  therefore, 
is  chiefly  in  the  fact  that  it  is  a  presentation  of  the  extremist  Ro- 
man Catholic  view.  As  an  ultimate  authority,  it  would  nowhere 
be  accepted  by  critical  scholars  of  any  creed. 


Bazin,  Antoine. — Ilistoirc  de  France  sous  Louis  XIII.    4  vols., 
8vo,  Paris,  1838. 

The  great  period  of  Richelieu  still  awaits  an  historian  worthy  of 
that  subject.  The  work  of  Bazin,  however,  is  the  result  of  ten 
years  of  patient  industry.  The  author's  views  are  always  put 
forth  with  a  moderation  that  commands  respect.  The  fault  of 
the  work  is  a  want  of  proper  perspective.  The  great  questions 
are  not  duly  prominent,  and  the  small  ones  are  too  conspicuous. 
The  book  is  important  only  because  the  period  has  not  been  ade- 
quately treated  by  any  writer  of  superior  historical  gifts. 


Caillet,  Jules. — L' Administration  en  France  sous  le  Ministere  du 
Cardinal  de  Richelieu.     2  vols.,  8vo,  2®  ed.,  Paris,  1860. 

A  highly  eulogistic  book,  but  one  that  is  the  result  of  abun- 
dant and  careful  research.  It  contains  much  that  is  new,  and 
may  well  be  read  in  connection  with  the  works  of  Quinet  and  De 
Tocqueville  on  the  pre-revolutionary  period.  It  is  much  too  lau- 
datory and  apologetic  to  be  regarded  as  a  final  authority. 


346  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Robson,  William. — Life  of  Richelieu.  12mo,  new  edition,  Lon- 
don, 1854. 

For  an  account  of  the  great  career  of  Richelieu  the  student  is 
chiefly  dependent  on  books  in  French.  This  little  volume  of 
Robson's  is  raised  to  an  importance  somewhat  above  its  intrinsic 
merits  by  the  dearth  of  information  on  the  subject  in  English. 
The  larger  histories  of  France  will  afford  quite  as  much  insight 
into  the  significance  of  that  great  administration;  but  if  a  small 
book  on  the  subject  is  desired,  that  of  Robson  is  probably  the 
best. 

Cheruel,  Adolphe. — Ilistoire  de  France  pendant  la  Minorite  de 
Louis  XIV.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1880.  Also  Histoire  de  France 
sous  le  Ministere  de  Mazarin  (1851-61).   3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1 883. 

The  most  recent  account,  and  one  of  the  most  satisfactory,  of 
the  turbulent  and  important  ministry  of  Mazarin.  AVhy  the  War 
of  the  Fronde  served  to  clinch  despotism  in  France,  wlien  the 
War  of  the  Revolution  served  to  break  it  in  England,  has  never 
yet  been  placed  in  any  very  strong  and  satisfactory  light.  But 
this  author  has  done  much  towards  giving  the  reason.  He  shows 
himself  perfectly  at  home  among  the  numerous  documents  at  his 
hand.  Perhaps  the  greatest  merit  of  the  Avork,  and  that  which 
makes  us  feel  that  we  are  on  solid  ground  while  reading  him,  is 
the  constant  use  which  he  makes  of  Mazarin's  correspondence  with 
liis  agents.  The  real  purposes  of  the  cardinal's  government  are 
here  fully  set  forth. 


Martin,  Henri. — History  of  France,  from  the  Earliest  Period  to 
1789.  The  Age  of  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Decline  of  the  Mon- 
archy. Translated  from  the  fourth  edition  of  the  French,  by 
Mary  L.  Booth.     4  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1 804-06. 

A  translation  of  the  last  four  volumes  of  the  groat  work  of 
Martin.  It  is  the  best  elaborate  account  we  have  in  English  of 
the  course  of  events  from  the  accession  of  Louis  XIV.  to  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolution. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  347 

But  it  is  by  no  means  a  completely  satisfactory  history.  Mar- 
tin, like  almost  all  other  French  writers,  was  dazzled  by  the  exter- 
nal splendors  of  the  reign  of  Louis  XIV.,  while  failing  utterly  to 
recognize  the  unreality  and  emptiness  of  the  wonderful  but  un- 
substantial pageant.  The  book  cannot  be  said  to  show  a  philo- 
sophic insight  into  the  causes  of  the  Revolution.  The  best  chap- 
ters are  those  on  Colbert  and  Turgot. 

The  translation  is  disficcured  with  a  vast  number  of  inaccuracies. 


Pardee,  Miss  Julia. — Louis  XIV.  and  the  Court  of  France  in  the 
Seventeenth  Century.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London;  2  vols.,  12mo, 
New  York,  1849.  The  Court  and  lieign  of  P'rancis  L  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1850.  New  edition,  London  and  New  York,  1888. 
The  Life  of  Marie  de  Medicis.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1852. 

These  sketches  of  French  manners  about  couit  are  the  product 
of  a  very  facile  writer.  Miss  Pardoe  had  an  especial  gift  for  see- 
ing the  interesting  features  of  society  and  of  events.  Her  eye 
did  not  penetrate  very  far  beneath  the  surface  of  things,  and  per- 
haps it  is  for  this  reason  that  her  works  have  enjoyed  only  an 
ephemeral  popularity.  They  are  not  of  very  much  consequence, 
but  they  abound  in  gossip  and  anecdote,  and  may  be  read  with 
some  profit  by  those  who  require  something  in  the  way  of  an 
allurement  to  the  pursuit  of  truth. 


Grovestins,  Sisterna  de. — Guillaume  IIL  et  Louis  XIV.  His- 
toire  dcs  Luttes  et  Kivalites  politiqucs  avec  les  Puissances  Mar- 
itimes  et  la  France  dans  la  derniere  moitie  du  XVIP  siecle. 
8  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  nouvelle  edition,  1855. 

While  this  work  has  to  do  especially  with  the  foreign  policy  of 
France,  it  touches  incidentally  upon  domestic  affairs,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  showing  the  unity  of  the  monarch's  policy.  The  author 
holds  that  the  dominance  of  France,  after  the  treaties  of  West- 
phalia and  the  Pyrenees,  was  owing  to  the  fact  that  all  the  re- 
sources of  the  nation  were  under  the  direction  and  control  of  a 


,g  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

single  will.  To  show  this  fact,  and  the  influence  of  it,  was  tbo 
author's  purpose. 

The  first  edition  was  completed  and  published  in  1850,  just 
before  Napoleon  III.  grasped  the  reins  of  empire ;  and  by  many 
the  book  was  regarded  as  a  piece  of  special  pleading.  The  au- 
thor, however,  declares  that  he  had  labored  industriously  upon  his 
history  ever  since  1828;  that  he  had  consulted  all  accessible  ma- 
terials, including  a  vast  number  of  manuscripts;  that  his  studies 
had  made  him  a  greater  lover  of  liberty  ;  and,  finally,  that,  in  his 
belief,  liberty  is  best  to  be  secured  through  the  concentration  of 
substantial  power  in  the  hands  of  a  single  man. 

As  a  huge  Tory  pamphlet  it  is  certainly  very  successful. 


Saint-Simon,  the  Duke  of.— The  Memoirs  of  the  Reign  of  Louis 
XIV.  and  the  Regency.  Translated  from  the  French  by  Bayle 
St.  John.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1876.    New  edition,  1883. 

A  judicious  abridgment  of  the  voluminous  French  edition. 
The  original  is  usually  published  in  20  vols.,  8vo.  For  all  but 
the  special  investigator  of  this  period  the  abridgment  will  be 
found  quite  as  useful  as  the  original  Avork. 

No  memoirs  of  a  similar  kind  have  ever  been  more  popular 
than  those  of  Saint-Simon.  They  form  a  panoramic  picture,  drawn 
with  wonderful  skill,  of  the  last  twenty  years  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XIV.  and  of  the  period  of  the  Regency.  The  author  was 
himself  at  court,  and  was  often  an  actor  in  the  strange  scenes  he 
describes. 

Before  the  year  1829  only  fragmentary  portions  of  the  work 
had  been  allowed  to  be  published.  Voltaire  and  a  few  other  his- 
torians, however,  had  been  permitted  to  sec  the  MS.,  and  had 
made  some  use  of  it  in  the  preparation  of  historical  works.  But 
when,  in  1829,  it  was  finally  published,  it  produced  an  extraordi- 
nary sensation.  It  probably  gave  the  severest  blow  the  Bourbons 
ever  received.  It  showed  that  the  most  brilliant  reign  ever  seen 
in  France,  when  stripped  of  its  gilding  and  tinsel,  was  chiefly  a 
mass  of  rags  and  wretchedness.  The  popularity  of  these  "Me- 
moirs" may  be  inferred  from  the  fact  that  in  a  single  year  six 
editions  of  the  work,  in  20  vols.,  were  disposed  of  in  Paris. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  349 

Dangeau,  Marquis  de— Journal  du,— publie  en  cntier  pour  la 
premiere  fois,  avec  Ics  Additions  ineditees  du  Due  de  Saint- 
Simon,  publiees  par  M.  Feuillet  dc  Conches,  1G84-1718.  19 
vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1854-61. 

One  of  the  great  sources  from  which  the  history  of  the  reign 
of  Louis  XIV.  is  derived.  Dangeau  was  many  years  at  court, 
and  kept  a  daily  account  of  what  took  place.  The  work  is  not  so 
readable  nor  so  famous  as  the  "  Memoirs  "  of  Saint-Simon,  but  for 
most  purposes  it  is  even  more  valuable.  It  deals  less  with  the 
affairs  of  the  court  and  more  with  the  affairs  of  the  government. 


Tocqueville,  Le  Comte  de. — Ilistoire  Philosophique  du  Regnc 
de  Louis  XV.     Deuxieme  edition,  2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1847. 

An  effort  to  trace  with  philosophical  spirit  the  faults  and  vices 
that  precipitated  the  Revolution.  The  author  declares  that  he 
wrote  because  of  the  dearth  of  good  histories  of  the  reign  of 
Louis  XV.  Though  he  is  a  lover  of  liberty,  he  does  not  hesitate 
to  attack  the  vices  of  liberty.  The  book  is  one  of  considerable 
ability  ;  though  it  is  not  to  be  compared  with  that  of  the  author's 
namesake  on  "  The  Ancient  Refrime." 


Thiers,  Adolphe. — The  Mississippi  Bubble :  A  Memoir  of  John 
Law.  To  which  are  added  Authentic  Accounts  of  the  Darien 
Expedition  and  the  South-Sea  Scheme.  Translated  and  edited 
by  Frank  S.  Fiske.      12mo,  New  York,  1859. 

The  most  convenient  brief  account  of  the  singular  financial 
scheme  that  convulsed  France  in  the  early  part  of  the  last  cen- 
tury. It  was  originally  written  by  Thiers  for  an  encyclopsedia, 
where  it  appeared  as  early  as  1829.  In  1858  a  revised  reprint  was 
published  in  Paris,  from  which  the  present  translation  was  made. 
It  gives  a  very  readable  account  of  the  life  of  Law,  presents  a  clear 
statement  of  his  financial  scheme  and  of  its  results,  and  relates 
many  curious  anecdotes  illustrative  of  the  excitement  of  the  times. 


350  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Broglie,  The  Due  de. — The  King's  Secret. ;  being  the  Secret  Cor- 
respondence of  Louis  XV.  with  his  Diplomatic  Agents  from 
1752  to  1774.  From  the  French,  2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and 
New  York,  1879. 

Tlie  historians  of  the  period  just  before  the  French  Revolution 
have  very  generally  called  attention  to  the  strange  freak  of  Louis 
XY.  which  led  him  to  enter  into  a  mysterious  and  secret  corre- 
spondence with  his  diplomatic  agents  without  the  knowledge  of 
his  ministers.  This  correspondence,  long  known  as  "  The  King's 
Secret,"  is  the  sul)ject  of  these  volumes.  Many  of  the  letters 
passed  between  the  king  and  the  Due  de  Broglie,  and  they  are 
now  published  by  one  of  the  members  of  the  duke's  family.  The 
letters  are  edited  in  so  skilful  a  manner  as  to  explain  their  signifi- 
cance, and  throw  considerable  light  on  the  character  of  the  king, 
if  not  on  the  nature  of  the  period. 

It  can  hardly  be  said,  however,  that  they  call  for,  or  would 
justify,  any  important  revision  of  our  unfavorable  opinions  of  the 
character  of  the  monarch.  On  the  other  hand,  we  find  nothing 
to  intensify  our  dislike.  The  editor  has  remarked,  probably  with 
truth,  "  That  which  the  feeble  Louis  XY.  carefully  concealed  for 
twenty  years  from  his  subjects  as  well  as  from  his  ministers  was 
the  best  that  was  in  himself." 


D'Aumale,  Le  Due— History  of  the  Princes  of  Conde  in  the 
Sixteenth  and  Seventeenth  Centuries.  Translated  from  the 
French  by  K.  B,  Bothwick.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1872. 

At  the  time  of  its  appearance  in  France  this  history  attracted 
much  attention,  not  only  on  account  of  the  rank  of  the  author, 
but  on  account  of  its  own  intrinsic  merit.  The  Due  d'Aumale, 
as  son  of  Louis  Pliilippe,  is  a  member  of  the  famous  House  of 
Condo  and  a  direct  descendant  of  the  great  princes  of  that  name. 

The  book,  not  great  in  itself,  is  yet  of  considerable  value.  The 
(.'ondc'S  were  worth  writing  about,  and  the  princely  author  has 
written  a  book  which  would  have  been  no  disgrace  to  an  untitled 
man  of  letters.     It  is  worth  a  place  in  any  scholar's  library. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  351 

Yonge,  C.  D. — History  of  France  under  the   Bourbons,  1589- 
1830,     4  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1866-G7. 

The  author  is  an  industrious  compiler,  but  a  careless  writer. 
His  work  shows  that  he  has  collected  abundance  of  material,  some 
of  which  is  quite  new,  and  then  has  thrown  it  together  with  un- 
discriminatino-  haste.  His  sentence ^  are  often  awkwardly  involved, 
and  his  meaning  is  sometimes  quite  obscure.  A  still  further  fault 
is  the  fact  that  the  book  does  not  fulfil  the  promise  of  its  title. 
It  brings  the  history  down  only  to  the  year  1789,  and  gives  no 
liint  of  a  future.  Those  who  have  used  Gnizot,  Martin,  or  even 
Sismondi,  will  get  very  little  benefit  from  the  work. 


Collier,  Admiral  Sir  George. — France,  Holland,  and  the  Nether- 
lands a  Century  Ago.  Edited  by  his  granddaughter,  Mrs. 
Charles  Tennant.     8vo,  London,  1861. 

Admiral  Collier  visited  the  countries  he  describes  a  few  years 
before  the  outbreak  of  the  great  revolution,  and  this  book  is  a 
record  of  what  lie  saw  and  thought.  The  volume  is  not  to  be 
compared  in  importance  with  the  great  work  of  Arthur  Young ; 
but  it  abounds  in  interesting  sketches  descriptive  of  the  state  of 
society.     The  style  is  exceedingly  vivacious. 


Foncin,  P. — Essai  sur  le  Ministere  de  Tnrgot.     Svo,  Paris,  1877. 

The  latest  considerable  attempt  to  clear  up  the  doubtful  points 
in  the  life  and  works  of  one  of  the  greatest  of  French  statesmen. 
It  is  the  result  of  much  and  careful  study  not  only  of  all  published 
materials,  but  also  of  a  vast  number  of  papers  never  before  made 
use  of.  The  author  ranks  himself  among  those  who  believe  that 
France  was  in  such  a  desperate  condition  that  Turgot's  remedies 
could  not  have  been  successful.  He  thinks  it  of  value,  however, 
to  let  the  world  understand  the  extent  of  Turgot's  effort  and  the 
nature  of  his  noble  purpose.  The  book  is  a  study  rather  than  a 
biography. 


352  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Batbie,  Anselme. — Turgot :  Philosophc,  Economiste,  et  Adniini- 
strateur.     8vo,  Paris,  1861. 

The  author  is  an  able  and  respected  professor  of  political  econ- 
omy in  the  University  of  Paris  ;  was  inember  of  the  National 
Assembly  at  Versailles,  Minister  of  Public  Instruction  in  1873, 
and  was  elected  Senator  in  1876.  His  studies  specially  fitted  him 
to  discuss  the  financial  and  administrative  problems  of  the  minis- 
try of  Turgot. 

The  especial  strength  of  the  volume  is  in  its  description  of  the 
financial  situation  of  France  just  before  the  Revolution,  and  of  the 
measures  proposed  by  the  only  public  man  in  the  country  Avho 
seems  fully  to  have  comprehended  the  situation.  Especially  in- 
structive are  the  comments  on  the  issues  of  paper  money. 

The  merits  of  the  work  received  the  recognition  of  a  crown  by 
the  Institute. 


Eocquain,  Felix. — L'Esprit  Revolutionnaire  avant  la  Revolution, 
1715-89.     8vo,  Paris,  1878. 

Without  impropriety,  this  volume  might  have  been  called  a  his- 
tory of  public  opinion  in  France  from  the  death  of  Louis  XIV.  to 
the  outbreak  of  the  Revolution.  The  author  holds  that  the  great 
upheaval  did  not  have  its  origin  in  the  philosophers,  but  rather  in 
a  sense  of  public  wrongs  that  had  been  taking  deeper  and  deeper 
root  during  all  the  years  of  the  century.  Ills  purpose  is  to  show 
the  real  nature  of  those  wrongs,  and  to  point  out  the  results  of  the 
various  attempts  to  correct  them. 

Several  of  the  chapters  are  especially  worthy  of  note.  Those 
on  Turgot  and  Neckor  arc  among  the  most  valuable.  The  author 
liolds  th:it  the  reforms  proposed  by  Turgot  were  not  political  in 
their  character,  and  that  very  largely  for  this  reason  they  were 
opposed  by  the  court,  the  clergy,  the  nobles,  and  by  Parliament. 

The  volume  closes  with  a  very  interesting  and  suggestive  appen- 
dix of  forty-five  pages,  giving  a  list  of  books  condemned  from 
1715  to  1789.  No  better  view  could  be  given  of  the  way  in 
which  ])nblic.  opinion  was  strangled. 


HISTORIES  OF  FEANCE.  353 

Young,  Arthur. — Travels  in  France  during  the  Years  1787,  '88, 
'89.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1793. 

A  book  cited  by  every  historian,  and  one  that,  as  far  as  possible, 
should  be  read  by  every  student  of  the  Revolutionary  period.  It 
is  the  work  of  a  very  intelligent  English  gentleman  who  had 
travelled  much  in  Europe,  and  who  now  visited  different  parts  of 
France  in  order  to  study  the  condition  of  the  country. 

His  observations  were  mainly  directed  to  agricultural  affairs; 
but  they  extended,  in  fact,  over  the  whole  range  of  the  economic 
condition  of  the  people.  He  stops  in  coffee-houses  in  out-of-the- 
way  corners  of  France ;  notes  the  discussions  which  he  hears ; 
observes  the  general  want  of  practical  ability  in  political  matters; 
talks  with  poor  peasants  on  the  road  ;  dines  with  the  leaders  of 
the  States-General  at  Versailles,  and  notes  their  conversation  ;  in 
short,  has  the  best  of  opportunities,  and  gives  a  graphic  picture  of 
what  he  sees  and  hears.  All  this  took  place  just  as  the  great  up- 
heaval was  coming  on.  It  is  interesting  to  note  that  he  attributes 
much  of  the  wretchedness  of  the  peasantry  to  the  extent  to  which 
subdivisions  of  the  soil  had  been  carried.  He  makes  note  of  the 
fact  that  there  were  some  six  million  landowners  in  France,  and 
that  the  parcels  owned  by  individuals  were  so  small  that  good 
agriculture  was  seldom  seen. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  book,  in  English,  is  out  of  print  and 
difficult  to  obtain. 


Doniol,  Henry. — La  Revolution  Frangaise  et  la  Feodalite.     8vo, 
Paris,  1874  ;  3^  ed.,  without  important  changes,  1883. 

The  title  is  slightly  misleading,  but  the  volume  is  one  of  the 
most  useful  of  recent  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of  society 
before  the  French  Revolution. 

It  might  have  been  called  a  history  of  the  abolition  of  feudal- 
ism not  only  in  France,  but  also  in  the  other  countries  of  Europe. 
Its  aim  is  to  show  how  in  different  nationalities  different  methods 
were  adopted,  and  how,  as  a  consequence,  different  results  ensued. 
The  first  book,  containing  one  hundred  and  seventy-six  pages,  is 
devoted  to  France ;  the  second,  of  seventy-five  pages,  to  the  other 

23 


A 


354  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

countries   of  the  Continent ;  and  the  third,  of  eiglity  pages,  to 
England. 

The  causes  that  led  to  the  abolition  of  feudal  methods  are  dis- 
cussed in  the  most  painstaking  and  philosophical  spirit,  and  the 
volume  may  be  heartily  recommended  to  every  student  of  the 
Revolution. 


Taine,  H.  A.— The  Revolution.     Translated  by  John  Durand.     3 
vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1878-85. 

A  very  brilliant  presentation  of  the  anarchy  and  confusion  re- 
sulting from  the  transition  from  the  old  to  the  new  regime.  The 
book  will  serve  as  a  valuable  companion  to  those  histories  which 
occupy  themselves  chiefly  with  the  march  of  political  events.  It 
should  not,  however,  take  the  place  of  other  works ;  for  it  has 
nothing  to  say  of  the  great  things  done  by  the  National  Assembly, 
or  of  the  general  progress  that  was  made  in  the  nation  at  large. 
Its  chief  strength  is  in  its  portrayal  of  the  social  condition  of  the 
nation.  It  piles  up  such  a  mass  of  evidence  of  misery  and  confu- 
sion in  the  rural  districts  that  it  tends  to  obscure  everything  else. 

Still  another  limitation  of  the  value  of  the  work  is  in  the  fact 
that  the  author  attributes  all  this  misery  chiefly  to  the  perversity 
of  the  Revolutionary  leaders;  whereas  it  was  rooted  in  those  rela- 
tions of  the  different  classes  which  the  nobility  and  clergy  had 
persistently  refused  to  change.  The  persons  really  responsible 
were  not  so  much  those  immediately  concerned  in  the  events 
themselves,  as  those  who  had  refused  to  remove  the  prolific  causes 
of  them.  Taine  seems  to  have  overlooked  the  responsibility  of 
those  who  defeated  the  reforms  proposed  b}^  Turgot. 

But,  with  all  its  limitations,  the  book  is  exceedingly  brilliant; 
and,  to  a  person  already  somewhat  familiar  with  the  events  of  the 
Revolution,  will  be  of  great  value. 


Mignet,  F.  A. — Ilistoirc  de  la  Revolution  Fran(;alse.     10th  ed., 
'     -J  vuls.,  I'imo,  Paris,  1  RGO.     Also  published  in  translation  in 
liohn's  series,  in  one  volume. 

This  still  continues  to  be  the  most  satisfactory  short  histor.v  of 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  355 

the  Revolution.  In  style  it  is  compact,  and  in  method  of  treat- 
ment it  is  clear,  thoughtful,  and  just.  The  author  believed  in 
constitutional  government,  and  his  rctlections  on  the  mistakes  of 
the  revolutionists  are  worthy  of  careful  attention.  Mignet  was 
one  of  the  most  conscientious  and  judicial  of  modern  French 
writers,  and  everything  from  his  pen  is  entitled  to  the  most  re- 
spectful consideration. 

The  narrative  is  carried  to  the  fall  of  Napoleon ;  but  the  latter 
p:ut  of  the  work  is  briefer  and  weaker  than  the  earlier  portions. 


Thiers,  A. — Ilistoire  de  la  Revolution  Francaise.  10  vols.,  8vo, 
Paris.  Numerous  editions,  the  best  of  which,  the  thirteenth, 
fourteenth,  and  fifteenth,  are  accompanied  with  fifty-four  inter- 
esting illustrative  engravings  on  steel,  and  an  atlas  of  thirty- 
two  maps  and  plans.  The  work  has  been  translated  into  Eng- 
lish, as,  indeed,  into  nearly  all  other  modern  languages,  and  is 
published  in  2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1862.  New 
edition,  illustrated,  o  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1881. 

Owing  partly  to  the  peculiar  merits  of  the  work,  and  partly  to 
the  opportune  moment  of  its  first  publication,  this  has  been  the 
most  popular  of  the  histories  of  the  French  Revolution.  But,  in 
spite  of  the  great  literary  skill  with  which  it  was  written,  the 
work  has  much  of  the  character  of  a  political  pamphlet,  and  its 
value,  therefore,  is  likely  to  decrease  as  time  progresses.  The  au- 
thor wrote  and  published  it  while  the  tide  was  rising  against  the 
Bourbons,  and  therefore  his  pictures  of  the  opening  glories  of  the 
Revolution  were  received  with  unnatural  enthusiasm.  The  later 
portions  of  the  work  were  written  in  a  better  spirit,  and  are  of 
greater  value.  As  a  whole,  however,  this  liistory  is  scarcely  enti- 
tled to  the  honors  it  has  received.  It  abounds  in  looseness  of 
statement  and  in  extravagances  of  expression,  which  make  it  at 
once  popular  and  untrustworthy. 


Michelet,  Jules.  —  Ilistoire  de  la  Revolution  Frangaise.  Troi- 
sieme  edition,  revue  et  corrigee.  9  vols.,  12mo,  1879-80.  Of 
the  first  edition,  which  appeared  in  1847-53,  so  much  as  re- 
lates to  the  period  before  the  flight  of  the  king  in  June,  1791, 
was  published  also  in  an  Englisli  version,  in  1  vol.,  crown  8vo, 


356  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

London,  1860.     Tho  latest  French  edition  is  in  two  forms,  with 
and  without  ilkistrations. 

A  book  of  singular  merits  and  of  some  notable  defects.  It  is  es- 
pecially full  and  suggestive  on  the  early  events  of  the  Revolution. 
It  rests  upon  the  solid  foundation  of  a  thorough  study  of  the 
subject,  and  it  is  written  with  that  brilliancy  of  method  which 
everywhere  characterizes  Michelet's  productions. 

But  the  sentimentalisra  of  the  author  shows  itself  on  almost 
every  page.  At  one  time  he  indulges  in  fantastic  declamations ; 
at  another  he  gives  us  pictures  of  marvellous  exactness  and  pow- 
er ;  at  another  he  comments  on  the  significance  of  events  like  one 
inspired.  The  opinions  of  Michelet  are  always  worth  knowing; 
but  the  history,  as  a  whole,  is  not  an  entirely  safe  guide. 


Sybel,  Heinrich  von.  —  History   of  the  French  Revolution.     4 
vols.,  8vo,  London,  1866-68. 

The  most  judicial  of  all  the  histories  of  this  great  period.  The 
author  had  access  to  masses  of  material  never  before  explored, 
and  therefore  he  has  been  able  to  throw  much  new  light  on  sev- 
eral puzzling  questions.  The  most  important  of  these  relate  to 
the  dealings  of  other  powers  with  France  during  the  period  under 
examination.  A  number  of  important  facts  are  revealed  in  i*e- 
gard  to  the  character  and  the  doings  of  Lafayette.  The  author 
iias  also  discussed  briefly,  but  with  great  acumen,  the  different 
financial  expedients  that  were  resorted  to  at  the  early  period  of 
the  Revolution. 

Von  Sybel  is  one  of  the  most  respected  of  living  German  liis- 
torians;  is  a  pupil  of  Ranke,  and  is  no  unworthy  follower  of  his 
great  teacher.  This  history  of  the  Revolution  ends  with  the  dis- 
solution of  the  National  Convention  in  1V95. 


Alison,  Sir  Archibald.  —  History  of  Europe  from  the  Com- 
iiicnccnKjnt  of  the  i"'rench  Rcvohition  in  1789  to  the  Restora- 
tion of  the  JJourbons  in  1815.  Tliis  forms  the  first  part  of 
the  author's  great  work  on  the  Ilistory  of  Europe  from  1789 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  357 

to  1852,      14  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1840-50;  4  vols.,  8vo,  New 
York. 


The  best  of  those  histories  written  from  what  may  be  called  an 
extreme  English  point  of  view.  The  author  was  High-Tory  in 
spirit ;  but  he  was  fair-minded,  and  his  work  has  the  merits  of 
being  honest,  full,  and  clear.  It  was  written  too  early  to  profit 
by  the  revelations  that  have  been  made  by  recent  studies,  and 
consequently  it  is  not  so  trustworthy  in  all  of  its  statements  as 
some  of  the  later  histories.  The  summary  in  the  first  volume  is 
excellent ;  but,  as  a  whole,  the  volumes  on  the  Revolution  itself 
are  less  valuable  than  the  later  portions  of  the  work,  of  which 
these  volumes  really  form  only  the  first  part. 

The  American  edition  has  valuable  notes  on  the  author's  treat- 
ment of  American  questions,  and  therefore  is  to  be  preferred,  in 
spite  of  its  inferiority  of  paper  and  print. 


Carlyle,  Thomas. — History  of  the  French  Revolution.  3  vols  , 
8vo  and  12rao,  London ;  2  vols.,  New  York,  1837.  Various 
other  editions. 

This  is  truly  a  marvellous  book.  But  it  is  not  so  much  a  his- 
tory as  a  succession  of  pictures,  or  perhaps  a  succession  of  poems 
in  prose.  It  is  pervaded  with  Carlyle's  philosophy,  and  is  prob- 
ably his  most  brilliant  work.  He  finds  abundance  of  demons  to 
hate,  and  a  few  heroes  to  admire.  Mirabeau  and  Danton  seem  to 
be  his  favorites,  while  Lafayette  and  Bailly  are  treated  with  a 
more  or  less  obvious  contempt.  He  gives  us  a  picture  of  pande- 
monium, interspersing  it  with  judgments  that  seem  sometimes 
preposterous  and  sometimes  inspired. 

Every  student  of  the  Revolutionary  period  should  read  the  book ; 
but  he  will  gain  his  chief  advantage  from  it  after  his  studies  have- 
already  made  him  master  of  the  leading  facts  of  the  history. 
Though  it  is  probably  the  most  remarkable  work  ever  written  on 
the  Revolution,  it  will  prove  unsatisfactory  to  nearly  every  stu- 
dent unless  it  be  studied  in  connection  with  a  work  of  more  com- 
monplace merits. 


358  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Blanc,  Louis. — Histoire  de  la  Revolution  Fran^aise.    12  vols.,  8vo, 
Paris,  1847-62.   Also  in  2  vols.,  4to,  with  600  engravings.    1883. 

By  many  eminent  judges  this  has  been  considered  the  most 
satisfactory  history  of  the  Revolution  yet  produced.  It  gives  ev- 
idence of  careful  and  ingenious  research,  abounds  in  most  strik- 
•  ing  delineations  of  character,  and  is  written  with  great  energy  and 
brilliancy  of  style.  The  portraiture  of  Robespierre,  and  the  de- 
scription of  events  leading  to  his  fall,  are  among  the  most  satis- 
factory accounts  of  the.  subject  ever  presented.  Especially  wor- 
thy of  note,  also,  is  the  Introduction  to  the  work.  This  covers 
much  ground,  and  portrays  with  great  power  the  events  that  re- 
motely and  immediately  led  to  the  Revolution. 

The  author  has  tinged  the  work  somewhat  with  his  well-known 
socialistic  views ;  but  these  views,  when  once  understood,  though 
they  diminish  the  value  of  the  history,  detract  but  little  from  the 
interest  and  pleasure  of  the  reader. 

The  Introduction  and  a  portion  of  Part  i.  have  been  translated 
and  published  in  America  ;  but  the  work,  as  a  whole,  has  not  been 
rendered  into  Eno-lish. 


Hausser,  Ludwig.  —  Geschichte  dcr  franzosischen  Revolution, 
1789-99.  Herausgegeben  von  Wilhelm  Oncken.  8vo,  Berlin, 
1867. 

A  verbatim  report,  stenographically  taken,  of  the  author's 
course  of  lectures  on  the  French  Revolution.  But  it  has  the  ad- 
vantage of  having  been  carefully  collated  with  the  author's  notes, 
after  his  death. 

The  subject  is  treated  with  great  clearness  and  strength.  An 
introduction  of  a  hundred  and  twenty  pages  gives  a  comprehen- 
sive and  philosophical  account  of  the  causes  which  led  to  the 
great  upheaval.  This  is  followed  by  a  brief  description  of  the 
literature  of  the  subject.  Everything  that  Iliiusser  wrote  is  wor- 
thv  of  the  student's  thoughtful  attention.  But  his  studies  in 
liro[)aration  for  his  "(rcrman  History"  had  made  him  especially 
at  home  on  the  period  of  the  Revolution.  The  book  is  all  the 
more  valuable  because  the  author  luuked  at  the  subject  from  a 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  359 

German  point  of  view.  From  no  one  volume  can  the  student 
procure  a  more  philosophical  account  of  the  events  described.  It 
is  pervaded  with  the  wisdom  so  conspicuous  in  the  same  author's 
lectures  on  the  "  Period  of  the  Reformation." 


Rabaut,  J.  P. — Precis  Ilistorique  de  la  Revolution  Frangaise.  As- 
semblee  Constituantc.  Suivi  do  reflexions  politiques  sur  les 
circonstances.  2  vols.,  12mo,  Paris.  Of  several  editions,  the 
best  is  that  of  1826. 

The  whole  of  this  work  is  of  importance,  as  it  is  the  product 
of  a  man  who  took  a  conspicuous  part  at  the  time  of  the  Revolu- 
tion, and  whose  influence  was  constantly  set  against  those  atroci- 
ties to  which  he  afterwards  fell  a  victim. 

Its  greatest  value,  however,  is  in  the  picture  it  gives  of  what 
such  a  man  thought,  rather  than  what  he  knew.  The  "  politicid 
reflections"  are  the  most  interesting  portion  of  the  book.  Many 
of  these  are  curious  in  the  extreme.  The  author  fully  shared  tlie 
more  or  less  common  impression  of  the  time  that,  now  that  kings 
"  had  ceased  to  excite  the  nations  to  war,"  and  that  nations  had 
become  "  sedentary,"  the  millennium  would  soon  be  ushered  in. 
Such  was  the  thought  of  one  of  the  wiser  of  the  revolutionists 
on  the  eve  of  the  Reign  of  Terror,  and  of  the  twenty  years  of 
Continental  war. 


Buchez  et  Roux. — Histoire  Parlementaire  de  la  Revolution  Fran- 
caise,  ou  Journal  des  Assemblees  Nationales  depuis  1789 
jusqu'en  1815.     40  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1833-38. 

Perhaps  the  most  important  of  the  -several  collections  of  ma- 
terials for  a  history  of  the  Revolution.  The  proceedings  of  the 
assemblies,  societies,  and  clubs  are  given  at  considerable  length, 
with  extracts  from  the  records  and  discussions.  The  collection 
also  contains  copious  citations  from  newspapers,  pamphlets,  and 
reports. 

The  work  is  not  a  historv,  but  it  is  a  mass  of  most  valuable 


360  HISTOKICAL  LITEKATURE. 

materials,  arranged  with  considerable  skill.     Its  generalizations 
are  often  puerile,  but  its  facts  are  of  the  utmost  importance. 


Deux  Amis  de  la  Liberie  (Kerverseau  et  Clavelin). — Ilistoire  de 
la  Revolution  de  France.     20  vols.,  18mo,  Paris,  1792-1800. 

This  work,  the  first  eight  volumes  of  which  were  written  by 
the  authors  above  named,  is  of  value  chiefly  because  it  was  the 
work  of  intelligent  men  deeply  interested  in  the  events  they  de- 
scribed. The  earlier  volumes  are  of  most  value.  Carlyle  regards 
it  as  a  liistory  "  worth  all  the  others,"  and  says  that  the  first  eight 
volumes  offer  "  the  best,  correctest,  most  picturesque  narration 
yet  published."  Alison  and  other  later  writers  quote  the  book 
with  confidence.  The  later  volumes,  however,  were  written  by 
other  hands,  and  are  somewhat  untrustworthy. 


Barante,  A.  G.  P.  de. — Histoire  de  la  Convention  Nationale.     6 
vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1851. 

A  book  which  nobody  will  find  it  easy  to  read  continuously, 
but  which  for  reference  is  invaluable.  It  is  entitled  to  the  credit 
of  fairness  and  accuracy.  Its  merit  is  largely  in  the  picture  it 
gives  of  the  difficulties  confronting  the  nation,  and  of  the  utter 
demoralization  of  political  life  wrought  by  the  institutions  of  the 
country  and  the  habits  of  the  people.  The  reader  will  be  aston- 
ished to  learn  how  inadequately  the  situation  was  comprehended 
even  by  the  best  minds  in  the  Convention. 


Lamartine,  Alphonse  de. — Les  Girondins.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1840.  An  Knglish  translation  by  II.  T.  Ryde  is  published  in 
London  and  New  York,  3  vols.,  12mo,  1868. 

Lamartine  was,  perhaps,  the  most  conspicuous  of  those  senti- 
mentalists whose  influence  has  been  so  harmful  to  French  political 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  361 

affairs.  As  an  orator  and  poet  lie  had  no  equal  among  liis  con- 
temporary countryraen,  and  the  influence  of  his  writings  on  the 
popular  mind  was  well-nigh  boundless.  Ilis  history  of  the  Gi- 
rondists was  at  once  the  most  popular  and  the  most  pernicious 
of  his  numerous  works.  It  was  a  glorification  of  the  Revolution- 
ary spirit,  and  it  has  probably  had  more  influence  than  any 
other  literary  production  in  keeping  the  revolutionary  spirit  in 
France  alive.  It  was  sold  by  the  hundred  thousand  copies ;  but 
the  sooner  it  is  forgotten,  save  as  a  kind  of  brilliant  literary  phe- 
nomenon, the  better  for  mankind. 


Ternaux,  Mortimer.  —  Histoire  de  la  Terreur,  1V92-94,  d'apres 
des  documents  authentiques  ct  inedits.  8  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1862-81. 

A  very  complete  and  satisfactory  history  of  the  Reign  of  Ter- 
ror. It  is  too  voluminous  for  the  purposes  of  most  readers ;  but 
for  one  who  would  understand  all  the  bearings  of  the  events  of 
that  period  of  political  hurricanes  the  work  is  the  most  valuable 
yet  written. 

The  author  was  a  thorough  scholar,  an  eminent  jurist,  and  a 
member  of  the  Institute.  The  work  is  entirely  lacking  in  those 
elements  of  sensationalism  that  have  characterized  so  many  of  the 
writers  on  this  period.  It  is  marked  by  solid  rather  than  by 
brilliant  qualities. 


Montgaillard,  G.  H.  M Histoire  de  France  Chronologique  de- 

puis    la  Preinicre  Convocation  des  Notables  jusqu'au  Depart 
des  Troupes  Etrangeres,  1787-1818,     8vo,  Paris,  1823. 

As  a  chronological  summary,  giving  the  events  day  by  day, 
this  work  has  considerable  value.  Though  written  with  strong- 
prejudices  of  a  reactionary  type,  the  book  is  one  of  the  best  of 
its  kind  on  the  subject. 


362  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

Stael,  Madame  de. — Considerations  sur  les  Principaux  Evene- 
ments  de  la  Revolution  Fran9aise.  8vo  and  12mo,  Paris,  1818. 
Numerous  subsequent  editions,  the  latest  2  vols.,  in  1861. 

Like,  all  the  other  productions  of  the  author,  this  volume  ig 
worthy  of  the  student's  reading,  though  it  will  scarcely  be  found 
of  as  much  importance  as  the  same  writer's  volumes  on  Germany. 
It  was  written  after  the  close  of  the  Napoleonic  wars,  and  was 
begun  simply  as  an  attempt  to  explain  and  justify  the  political 
life  of  Necker.  But,  as  the  author's  work  went  on,  it  grew  into 
an  examination  of  the  principal  events  of  the  whole  period  down 
to  the  overthrow  of  Napoleon.  It  is  not  a  history,  but  is  a  shrewd 
commentary  on  historical  events.  At  the  time  it  was  published, 
it  probably  did  more  than  any  other  work  had  done  to  point  out 
to  Europe  the  real  significance  of  the  Revolution. 


Napoleon  I. — Correspondance  de,  publiee  par  ordre  de  Napoleon 
III.     32  vols.,  4to  and  8vo,  Paris,  1858-70. 

There  have  been  many  collections  of  letters  purporting  to  be 
Napoleon's  correspondence,  but  this  edition  is  the  only  one  that 
makes  any  approach  to  completeness.  The  first  fifteen  volumes, 
covering  the  period  from  1793  to  1809,  were  compiled  under  or- 
ders "  to  make  no  alteration  or  suppression ;"  the  remaining  thir- 
teen (1809-15)  were  compiled  under  the  somewhat  indefinite  in- 
junction to  insert  "  only  what  the  emperor  would  have  printed." 

The  value  of  the  collection,  as  a  whole,  is  greatly  diminished 
by  the  uncertainty  which  attaches  to  the  editorial  work  on  the 
later  volumes.  But  concerning  the  first  fifteen  there  is  no  uncer- 
tainty. The  disclosures  made  by  them  are  very  largely  the  basis 
on  which  the  severe  judgments  of  Napoleon  passed  by  Lanfrey 
and  other  recent  writers  are  founded.  The  work  must  hence- 
forth be  the  foundation  of  all  successful  historical  studies  of  the 
first  emperor. 


Lanfrey,  P. — Illstoire  do  Napoleon  I.  5  vols.,  8vo  and  12mo, 
I'aris.  4^  ed.,  1809-75.  In  translation,  4  vols.,  8vo,  London 
and  New  York,  1871-79  ;  and  in  1885, 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  363 

The  most  important  contribution  ever  made  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  first  Napoleon.  It  is  the  only  work  of  comprehensive  design 
published  since  the  correspondence  of  Napoleon  I.  was  given  to 
the  world  by  Napoleon  III, 

In  his  treatment  of  the  first  emperor,  Lanfrey  is  very  severe; 
but  his  severity  is  discriminating,  and  he  has  therefore  been  able 
almost  completely  to  revolutionize  public  opinion  concerning  the 
character  and  purposes  of  tjjc  emperor.  Bonaparte's  early  educa- 
tion, the  means  by  which  he  was  first  brought  into  power,  the 
coujj  d'etat  of  the  18th  Brumaire,  the  duplicity  before  the  Treaty 
of  Campo-Formio,  the  double-dealing  with  the  Venetian  Senate 
and  the  pope,  the  false  bargain  with  Prussia,  the  despicable  in- 
trigue in  Spain  and  the  consequent  rising  of  the  Spanish  peasant- 
ry, are  all  portrayed  with  an  energy  and  a  sedateness  which  carry 
conviction  to  the  reader,  often  in  spite  of  himself.  The  fifth  vol- 
ume brings  the  history  to  the  organization  of  the  array  for  the 
invasion  of  Russia,  ^.  / 

It  was  the  hope  of  the  author  to  complete  the  history  in  two 
additional  volumes,  but  jleath  interrupted  the  work. 


Thiers,  Adclph.— History  of  the  Consulate  and  the  Empire  of 
France  under  Napoleon.  Forming  a  sequel  to  "  The  History 
of  the  French  Revolution."  Translated  by  D.  Forbes  Campbell, 
with  the  sanction  and  approval  of  the  author.  20  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1845-61. 

For  many  years  this  was  the  standard  authority  in  France  on 
the  public  career  of  the  emperor.  It  surrounds  the  age  of  Napo- 
leon with  a  lialo  of  glory  that  has  secured  for  the  history  an  al- 
most boundless  popularity.  The  flattery  of  French  pride  could 
go  no  further.  As  a  record  of  events  it  is  not  always  careful, 
and  it  seems  to  be  certain  that  the  author  was  sometimes  guilty 
of  suppressing  important  facts  that  conflicted  with  his  peculiar 
theories. 

The  most  incisive  criticisms  of  the  work  are  that  of  J.  Wilson 
Croker  in  his  "  Essays  on  the  Revolution,"  and  that  of  Barni 
in  his  volume  of  lectures  on  "  Napoleon  and  his  Historian,  M. 
Thiers." 


364  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Beyond  all  doubt,  the  writings  of  Thiers  have  had  an  exceed- 
ingly pernicious  influence  on  the  French  people  by  means  of  their 
consummate  flattery.  The  events  of  1870  can  hardly  be  ex- 
plained without  reference  to  the  "chauvinism"  encouraged,  and 
in  great  part  created,  by  the  "  History  of  the  Consulate  and  the 
Empire." 


Barni,  Jules.— Napoleon  et  son  Historien,  M.  Thiers.     8vo,  Ge- 
neva and  London,  1865  ;  Paris,  1868. 

The  most  vigorous  and  the  most  destructive  criticism  ever 
made  of  the  famous  history  of  Thiers.  The  author  maintains 
that  this  historian's  method  is  deficient  in  logic,  morality,  and 
critical  appreciation.  Barni  holds  that  Napoleon  was  not  the 
continuator  of  the  Revolution  ;  but,  on  the  contrary,  the  origina- 
tor of  a  counter-revolution;  and  that  the  18th  Brumaire,  far 
from  being  necessary  or  even  beneficial  to  France,  was  at  once 
both  a  crime  and  a  blunder. 

Throughout  the  whole  of  the  volume,  wliich  consists  of  twelve 
lectures,  Thiers  is  pursued  with  relentless  and  cruel  rigor.  The 
author  even  maintains  that  the  famous  codification  of  French  law 
had  its  origin  in  the  Revolutionary  assemblies,  and  that  Napoleon 
liad  only  a  secondary  share  in  the  completion  of  it.  The  book 
goes  far  towards  demolishing  the  legendary  Napoleon,  and  it 
shows  the  most  renowned  of  the  emperor's  historians  to  be  an  un- 
safe and  untrustworthy  guide. 


Jung,  Thomas. — Bonaparte  et  son  Temps.    1769-99.    D'apresles 
documents  inedits,  avec  cartes.     3  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1880-81. 

The  latest  and  one  of  the  most  noteworthy  products  of  the 
strong  current  that  has  lately  set  in  against  the  Napoleons.  The 
autlior  seeks  in  Bonaparte's  early  life  and  education  an  explana- 
tion of  many  of  liis  cliaracteristics.  The  fault  of  the  book  is  the 
intense  warmth  with  which  it  carries  on  the  battle  against  Napo- 
leon.    Though  it  is  written  with  signal  ability,  it  lacks  that  judi- 


i 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  365 

cious  serenity  of  judgment  necessary  to  give  to  a  book  a  perma- 
nent value.  But  notwithstanding  this  characteristic,  it  will  not 
fail  to  strengthen  and  deepen  the  impression  made  by  the  great 
work  of  Lanfrey. 

The  principal  value  of  these  interesting  volumes  is  in  the  nu- 
merous important  contributions  the  author  makes  to  our  scanty 
knowledge  of  Nap'olcon's  early  life.  Two  new  points  he  appar- 
ently succeeds  in  establishing  :  first,  that  Napoleon  was  not  the 
second  son,  but  the  eldest ;  and,  second,  that  he  was  not  born  in 
17G9,  but  in  1768.  The  ground  of  the  falsification  was  the  fact 
that  when  young  Bonaparte  applied  for  admission  to  the  school 
at  Brienne,  he  was  past  the  proper  age,  and  therefore  represented 
himself  as  one  year  younger  than  he  really  was.  To  the  enor- 
mous number  of  deliberate  falsehoods  of  which  Napoleon  had 
already  been  convicted,  Jung  has  made  a  very  considerable  addi- 
tion. 


Remusat,  Madame ^Se — Memoirs  of.  1802-8.  Edited,  with  a 
Preface  and  Notes,  by  her  Grandson,  Paul  de  Remusat,  Senator. 
Translated  by  Mrs.  Cashel  Iloey  and  Mr.  John  Lillie.  3  vols., 
8vo,  London,  12mo,  New  York,  1880-81. 

"  Madame  de  Remusat  was  one  of  Josephine's  maids  of  honor, 
and,  as  such,  was  familiar  with  very  many  of  the  events  that 
transpired  within  the  household  of  Napoleon.  She  was  a  woman 
of  remarkable  intellectual  gifts,  and  of  far  more  than  usual  ac- 
complishments as  a  writer.  The  keenness  of  her  own  intelligence, 
and  the  intimacy  with  Josephine,  to  which  she  was  not  only  ad- 
mitted, but  welcomed,  gave  her  those  extraordinary  opportunities 
which  she  has  turned  to  so  good  account  in  these  "  Memoirs." 

The  work,  as  a  whole,  is  at  once  the  most  interesting  and  the 
most  damaging  commentary  on  the  character  of  Napoleon  that 
has  ever  been  produced.  His  all-devouring  selfishness  and  ego- 
tism, his  brutal  tyranny  over  his  own  family,  his  utter  lack  of 
sincerity,  his  profound  contempt  for  truth,  his  absolute  faithless- 
ness to  the  obligations  he  had  imposed  upon  himself,  are  all 
shown  by  an  accumulation  of  evidence  that  is  fairly  appalling. 

There  is  one  deduction  to  be  made  from  the  work  as  an  au-      • 


366  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

thority.  The  original  memoirs  were  destroyed,  and  the  copy  that 
we  now  possess  was  written  out  from  memory.  Though  there 
is  abundant  evidence  that  the  author's  powers  of  exact  remem- 
brance were  remarkable,  yet  the  judicious  reader  will  attach  to 
the  details  of  the  narrative  somewhat  less  importance  than  the 
original  copy  would  have  deserved  and  received. 


Hazlitt,  William. — The  Life  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.     3  vols., 
8vo  and  12mo,  London  and  Philadelphia,  1878. 

This  work,  written  by  one  of  the  most  skilful  literary  artists 
and  critics  of  the  early  part  of  this  century,  was  published  in 
1830,  the  year  of  the  author's  death.  Hazlitt  entered  upon  the 
labor  of  preparing  this  book  with  the  serious  purpose  of  doing 
what  he  could  to  counteract  the  common  impressions  in  Eng- 
land concerning  the  character  and  career  of  Napoleon.  He  stud- 
ied the  subject  with  considerable  care,  and  spent  some  months  on 
the  Continent  in  tlie  examination  of  sources. 

The  result  is  not,  indeed,  a  correct  view  of  Napoleon  as  he  is 
revealed  to  us  by  later  investigators,  but  still  one  of  the  best  of 
those  originally  published  in  English.  L^nlike  most  of  the  his- 
tories of  Napoleon  written  on  the  north  side  of  the  Channel,  it 
shows  a  strong  sympathy  for  the  career  of  its  subject.  Certainly 
in  English  no  better  word  than  this  has  been  spoken  for  the  first 
emperor.  But  as  all  histories  written  before  the  publication  of 
Napoleon's  Correspondence  arc  now  to  be  regarded  as  incomplete 
and  imperfect,  so  this  cannot  be  held  as  a  high  authority. 


Abbott,  J.  S.  C. — The  History  of  Napoleon  Bonaparte.  With  many 
Maps  and  IHustrations.     2  vols.,  royal  8vo,  New  York,  1855. 

This  book  has  been  read  with  mure  enthusiasm,  and  criticised 
with  more  severity,  than  perhaps  any  other  life  of  Napoleon.  The 
author  was  not  simply  an  JM'dent,  but  a  boundless,  admirer  of  the 
emperor.     His  effort  was  to  create  an  enthusiasm  for  his  liero 


HISTORIES   OF  FRANCE.  367 

similar  to  that  wliicli  be  himself  felt.  He  was  not  too  particular 
in  rog-ard  to  his  facts,  but  tliose  which  be  made  use  of  be  arraj'cd 
with  such  consummate  skill  as  to  captivate  completely  the  judg- 
ment of  the  ignorant  and  the  unwary.  Few  young  persons  can 
read  the  book  without  sharing  much  of  the  author's  enthusiasm 
even  for  what  a  mature  judgment  must  call  the  bad  qualities  of 
an  essentially  bad  man. 


Lamartine,  Alphonse  de. — The  History  of  the  Restoration  of 
Monarchy  in  Fiance.  Translated  by  Captain  Rafter.  4  vols., 
crown  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1854. 

A  work  less  objectionable  than  the  same  author's  history  of 
the  Girondists,  but  having  many  of  the  same  characteristics.  It 
is  the  production  of  a  rliapsodist,  brilliant,  interesting,  and  disap- 
pointing. After  tlie  author's  fashion,  it  portrays  the  government 
from  1815  to  1830.  Nearly  the  whole  of  the  first  volume  is  de- 
voted to  proving  that  "  Napoleon's  genius  was  posthumous.  The 
first  of  soldiers,  not  of  statesmen,  he  Avas  clear-sighted  as  to  the 
past,  but  blind  as  to  the  future." 

Nobody  will  now  care  to  read  the  book  in  course ;  but  Lamar- 
tine's  testimony  on  particular  points  may  be  profitably  consulted, 
especially  as  consultation  is  made  easy  by  a  good  index.  The 
translation  is  poor. 


Viel-Castel,  Louis  de. — Histoire  de  la  Restauration.     20  vols., 
Bvo,  Paris,  1860-78.  « 

Even  those  who  find  time  for  tlie  perusal  of  the  twenty  vol- 
umes in  which  Thiers  describes  the  fall  of  Napoleon  need  not  be 
encouraged  to  think  they  can  read  the  same  number  of  pages  of 
Viel-Castel ;  for  the  work  on  the  Restoration  resembles  that  on 
the  Consulate  and  Empire  only  in  length.  Explorers,  however, 
will  find  it  a  useful  book,  but  they  will  be  compelled  to  use  it  as 
they  would  "  Hansard's  Debates  "  or  the  Congressional  Globe. 


368  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

Blanc,  Louis.— The  History  of  Ten  Years,  1830-40.     2   vols., 
8vo,  London,  1844. 

A  brilliant  piece  of  writing,  which  abounds  in  minute  details  of 
obscure  events,  many  of  them  of  no  present  value  whatever,  save 
perhaps  as  a  picture  of  the  animosities  between  different  parties. 
As  a  portrayal  of  a  very  turbulent  period,  the  book  has  some 
value ;  but  it  was  written  for  persons  living  in  the  whirl  of  events 
described  ;  and,  consequently,  it  abounds  in  allusions  then  per- 
fectly understood,  but  now  perplexing. 

The  introductory  portion,  swollen  to  some  two  hundred  and 
fifty  pages,  gives  an  interesting  account  of  affairs  from  the  down- 
fall of  Napoleon  to  the  year  1830.  Even  these  are  a  series  of 
reflections  rather  than  a  history.  As  a  whole,  the  book  is  a  con- 
fusing mass  of  details,  interspersed  here  and  there  with  brilliant 
similes  and  sayings.  As  if  to  add  to  the  student's  disappointment, 
the  book  was  published  without  an  index.  It  is  a  political  pam- 
phlet rather  than  a  history,  and  was  designed  not  so  much  to 
describe  events  as  to  preach  socialistic  doctrines  and  assail  the 
government  of  Louis  Philippe.  It  was  not  without  much  political 
influence  in  its  day. 


Hillebrand,  Karl. — Geschichtc  Frankreichs  von  der  Thronbestci- 
gung  Louis  Philippe's  bis  zum  Falle  Napoleons  III,  2  vols., 
«vo,  Gotha,  1877-79. 

We  here  liave  ample  promise  of  the  best  history  yet  produced 
of  the  stirring  period  in  the  history  of  France  extending  from 
1830  to  1871?  The  author  has  the  advantage  of  a  thorough 
training  in  the  best  historical  methods,  of  good  judgment  and 
critical  insight,  and  of  an  intimate  familiarity  with  recent  French 
affairs. 

His  effort  avowedly  is  to  subject  to  a  new  examination  facts 
for  the  most  part  already  siifliciently  well  known,  and  to  show 
their  relations  to  one  another  and  their  significance  in  sucli  a  way 
as  to  reveal  their  real  power  and  influence.  In  the  fulflhiiont  of 
this  purpose  he  lias  occasion  to  analyze  the  characters  and  the 
political  doctrines  of  the  statesmen  who  have  stood  at  the  head 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  369 

of  affairs.  His  psychological  studies  of  Louis  Philippe,  Lafayette, 
Guizot,  and  Thiers  are  among  the  most  interesting  and  valuable 
portions  of  the  work. 

The  first  volume  begins  with  a  picture  of  events  left  by  the 
July  Revolution.  Ten  chapters  carry  the  history  over  a  period 
of  seven  years,  and  the  first  volume  closes  with  the  conquest  of 
Algiers  in  October  of  1837. 

The  second  is  devoted  to  what  the  author  happily  calls  "  Die 
Bliithezeit  der  parlamentarischen  Monarchic."  The  material  is 
divided  into  two  groups  of  five  chapters  each.  In  the  first  the 
writer  describes  the  general  condition  of  society,  the  literary  and 
religious  activities,  socialism,  and  national  economy.  In  the 
second  he  portrays  in  a  masterly  manner  the  several  phases  of 
the  contest  between  Parliament  and  the  throne  extending  from 
1837  to  1840,  and  closes  with  an  account  of  the  growing  separa- 
tion of  the  government  from  the  governed. 

In  the  prosecution  of  his  labors  thus  far  Ilillebrand  has  made 
use  of  a  large  amount  of  new  material,  the  most  important  of 
which  consists  of  the  reports  made  by  ambassadors  and  envoys 
to  their  own  governments. 

The  remaining  portion  must  be  even  more  interesting  and  valu- 
able than  that  already  completed. 


Lamartine,  Alphonse  de.  —  Ilistoire  de  la  Revolution  de  1848. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1849  ;  in  English,  crown  8vo,  London,  1852. 

Though  this  work  partakes  strongly  of  Lamartinc's  methods, 
yet  it  has  the  advantage  of  having  been  written  by  a  man  who 
was  himself  in  the  thick  of  the  struggle.  The  book  was  pro- 
pared  in  great  haste  ;  but  as  a  picture  of  actual  events  it  has 
some  value.  The  author,  even  when  at  the  head  of  the  govern- 
ment, could  not  cease  to  be  a  poet ;  and  it  was  this  fact  which  led 
the  people  to  shout,  as  they  did  on  one  famous  occasion,  "  Assez 
de  la  lyre."  The  same  characteristic  gives  interest  to  his  opinions, 
and  robs  them  of  value. 


24 


370  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Pierre,  Victor. — Histoire  de  la  Republiqne  de  1848.      2  vols., 
8vo,  2d  ed.,  18V8. 

The  most  recent  and  perhaps  the  most  satisfacton-,  though  not 
the  most  complete,  history  of  events  in  France  from  February, 
1848,  to  December,  1851.  It  is  founded  on  a  careful  examina- 
tion of  documents,  and  is  written  in  a  pleasing  style.  The  author 
is  hostile  to  the  imperial  policy  of  the  Bonapartes, 

The  first  volume  describes  the  provisional  government,  the 
executive  commission,  and  the  power  and  influence  of  Cavaignac. 
The  second  is  an  account  of  events  from  the  full  establishment 
of  the  republic  to  its  overthrow  by  the  coup  d'etat  of  Napo- 
leon III. 


Normanby,  Marquis  of. — A  Year  of  Revolution,  from  a  Journal 
kept  in  Paris  in  1848.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1857. 

The  author  was  English  Ambassador  at  Paris  during  the  occur- 
rence of  the  events  he  describes.  The  book  is  judiciously  written, 
arid  is  an  authority  on  the  period.  Alison  made  frequent  use  of 
it  in  the  preparation  of  his  chapters  on  the  Revolution  of  1848. 


Carne,  Count  Louis  de. — Etudes  sur  I'llistoire  du  Gouvernement 
Representatif  en  France  de  1789  a  1848.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1855. 

A  valuable  study,  calm  in  spirit,  dignified  in  manner,  and  judi- 
cial in  tone.  The  author's  bias  is  towards  the  doctrinaire  school 
of  politics,  but  his  views  are  generally  tempered  by  the  experi- 
ences of  a  practical  statesmanship.  In  his  estimate  of  the  revo- 
luti(»nists  lie  pursued  a  middle  course,  and  is  therefore  more  just 
than  are  the  senliiuental  writers  of  either  school,  lie  has  given 
a  judicial  estimate  of  the  Girondists,  standing  about  midway  be- 
tween the  laudations  of  Lamartinc  and  the  depreciation  of  Louis 
Blanc. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  371 

Guizot,  F. — Meraoircs  pour  servir  a  rilistoire  de  rtion  Temps.  8 
vols.,  Svo  and  12mo,  Paris  and  Leipsic,  1858-07.  Also  in 
translation,  London,  4  vols.,  Svo. 

These  volumes  cover  the  period  of  Guizot's  political  life,  ex- 
tending from  1807  to  1848.  They  are  an  account  not  so  much 
of  contemporaneous  events  as  of  the  manner  in  which  those  events 
were  looked  upon  by  the  author.  The  second  half  of  the  work 
is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  period  of  Guizot's  n)inistry,  from 
1840  to  1848. 

It  is  not  too  mucli  to  say  that  it  is  the  most  important  and  the 
most  successful  defence  of  Louis  Philippe's  general  policy  ever 
published.  Few  unprejudiced  persons  will  read  his  account  with- 
out being  convinced  that  the  abuses  existing  under  the  govern- 
ment did  not  call  for  so  violent  a  remedy  as  a  revolution.  In 
the  first  chapter  of  the  eighth  volume  the  author  expounds  the 
nature  of  parliamentary  government,  and  declares  that  both  the 
king  and  his  ministry  were  ready  to  advance  with  reforms  as  far 
and  as  fast  as  Parliament  demanded.  He  also  shows  that  his 
ministry  constantly  held  itself  accountable  to  Parliament,  and 
ready  to  retire  whenever  it  found  itself  unwilling  to  support  the 
parliamentary  policy.  lie  shows  conclusively  that  the  Revolution 
of  1848  was  not  so  much  directed  against  the  king  and  ministry 
as  against  Parliament. 

In  the  second  chapter  of  the  eighth  volume  the  author  devotes 
more  than  two  hundred  pages  to  the  subject  of  the  Spanish  mar- 
riages. This  is  the  most  elaborate  defence  of  what  is  likely  to  be 
regarded  as  the  only  indefensible  part  of  Guizot's  policy.  The 
chapter  is  an  able  specimen  of  special  pleading,  but  it  will  proba- 
bly convince  very  few  readers  that  Guizot  was  correct. 


Tocqueville,  Alexis  de  —  Memoirs,  Letters,  and  Remains  of. 
Translated  from  the  French  by  the  translator  of  Napoleon's 
Correspondence  with  King  Joseph.  With  large  additions.  2 
vols.,  12mo,  London,  1861. 

Two  delightful  volumes,  that  will  be  sure  to  interest  the  stu- 
dent of  modern   Frencb  history.     So  acute  an  observer  and  so 


372  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

profound  a  critic  as  De  Tocqueville  could  not  look  with  indiflfor- 
CMice  on  the  events  whicli  brought  the  Republic  of  1848  into 
being,  and  finally  led  to  the  establishment  of  the  Second  Empire. 

The  value  of  the  work  is  partly  in  the  articles  published  in  the 
first  volume,  and  partly  in  the  letters  contained  chiefly  in  the 
second.  Of  the  articles,  the  most  noteworthy  are  the  one  on 
"  France  before  the  Revolution  "  and  the  two  on  "  France  before 
the  Consulate."  What  the  author  has  written  on  both  of  these 
subjects  is  worthy  of  the  most  earnest  attention,  as  they  show 
what  was  the  natural,  if  not  the  inevitable,  tendency  of  events. 

The  letters  also  contain  many  shrewd  and  wise  observations  on 
the  events  of  the  times.  The  author  was  a  good  letter-writer, 
and  he  numbered  among  his  correspondents  many  of  the  ablest 
men  of  France  and  England. 


Delord,  Taxile. — Histoire  illustree  du  Second  Empire,  complete- 
ment  reman iee  par  I'auteur,  et  contcnant  1500  gravures.  6 
vols.,4to,  1880-83. 

A  masterly  work,  that  has  already  passed  through  several  edi- 
tions. It  was  begun  some  years  before  the  fall  of  the  Second 
Empire,  and  was  completed  in  1874.  It  shows  thorough  re- 
search, careful  judgment,  and  great  literary  art.  The  author  was 
opposed  to  the  restoration  of  the  imperial  regime,  and  his  book 
is  the  most  elaborate  and  powerful  arraignment  of  the  Second 
Empire  ever  published.  It  shows  with  extraordinary  skill  the 
speciousness  of  that  apparent  prosperity  which  so  long  imposed 
upon  the  world,  and  appeared  in  its  true  light  only  after  the 
events  of  1870. 


Jerrold,  Blanchard.— The  Life  of  Napoleon  III.,  derived  from 
State  Records,  from  Unpublished  Family  Correspondence,  and 
from  Personal  Testimony.     4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1871-74. 

The  author  assures  us  that  lie  began  to  collect  materials  for 
his  work  soon  after  the  emperor  ascended  the  French  throne. 
During  several  years  lie  hud  the  active  assistance  of  the  imperial 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  373 

family  in  making  liis  researches,  lie  writes  from  a  sympathetic 
point  of  view ;  but  his  spirit  is  in  the  main  impartial,  and  his 
history  is,  beyond  all  question,  the  best  account  of  Napoleon  III. 
and  the  Second  Empire  we  liave  in  English.  It  may  well  be  read 
in  connection  with  the  great  work  of  Delord,  in  w'hich  the  cause 
of  opposition  to  Napoleon  is  presented  with  consummate  skill 
and  power.  In  point  of  ability,  Jerrold  must  be  considered  mucli 
inferior  to  Delord. 


Hugo,  Victor. — The  History  of  a  Crime.     The  Evidence  of  a 
AVitness.     12 mo,  New  York,  1877. 

This  account  of  the  coup  cVetat  was  written  during  the  first 
months  of  Victor  Hugo's  exile,  in  1851  and  18o2.  It  is  devoted 
to  a  description  of  the  two  days  which  saw  the  fall  of  the  repub- 
lic and  the  elevation  of  Louis  Napoleon  on  the  imperial  throne. 
Of  its  extraordinary  popularity,  evidence  is  seen  in  the  fact  tliat 
in  three  months  after  its  publication  a  hundred  and  twenty  edi- 
tions had  been  published.  Of  all  the  haters  of  Napoleon  III.,  Vicj- 
tor  Hugo  was,  perhaps,  the  most  energetic,  certainly  the  most 
graphic.     This  fact  gives  ample  key  to  the  nature  of  the  volume. 


Adams,  Charles  Kendall. — Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France, 
from  the  Inception  of  the  Great  Revolution  to  the  Overthrow 
of  the  Second  Empire.     Svo,  2d  ed..  New  York,  1875. 

This  volume  is  made  up  of  ten  chapters,  designed  to  show  that 
the  political  weakness  of  the  Second  Empire  Avas  the  legitimate 
result  of  the  doctrines  and  habits  that  liad  been  taking  root  in 
the  nation  during  the  previous  century.  "  The  Philosophers  of 
the  Revolution,"  "  The  Politics  of  the  ilevolution,"  "  The  Rise  of 
Napoleonism,"  "The  Restoration,"  "The  Ministry  of  Guizot," 
"The  Revolution  of  1848,"  "From  the  Second  Republic  to  the 
Second  Empire,"  "  Universal  Suffrage  under  the  Second  Empire," 
and  "The  Decline  and  Fall"  are  the  titles  of  the  chapters  undcv 
which  this  discussion  is  carried  on. 


374  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  most  prominent  political  evils  in  France  are  attributed  to 
the  revolutionary  spirit  engendered  and  encouraged  by  the  faults 
of  the  government,  on  the  one  hand,  and  by  the  political  litera- 
ture of  the  period  on  the  other. 


Van  Laun,  Henry. — The  French  Revolutionary  Epoch.  Being 
a  History  of  France  from  the  Beginning  of  the  First  Revolu- 
tion to  the  End  of  the  Second  Empire.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London 
and  New  York,  1878. 

A  rapid  sketch,  -without  groat  care,  and  without  deep  insight 
into  the  significance  of  events.  As  a  narrative  it  is  generally 
accurate,  and  consequently  is  not  without  value,  though  it  shows 
marks  of  too  great  haste  on  the  part  of  the  author.  It  is  a  de- 
scription of  events,  rather  than  a  discussion  of  causes  and  conse- 
quences, 

Martin,  Henri. — Histoire  de  France  depuis  1789  jusqu'a  nos  jours. 
3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1878-85.  Published  both  with  and  without 
engravings. 

The  reader  will  here  find  the  well-known  characteristics  of  the 
author's  great  "  History  of  France,"  of  which,  indeed,  it  may  be 
regarded  as  a  continuation.  Every  chapter  shows  absolute  impar- 
tiality, firm  and  elevated  judgment,  clear  and  rapid  narration,  and 
a  simple  and  graphic  style.  The  third  volume  embraces  the  his- 
tory from  the  treaty  of  Campo-Formio  to  the  retreat  from  Russia. 
The  promise  given  in  the  title,  it  will  be  seen,  has  been  as  yet 
but  partially  fulfilled.  It  is  a  fragment,  liowcvcr,  for  which  every 
genuine  scholar  of  French  history  will  be  thankful. 


Le  GofF,  Francois. — The  Life  of  Louis  Adolphe  Thiers.  Trans- 
lated from  the  unj)ublished  manuscript  by  Theodore  Stanton. 
12mo,  New  York,  187'J. 

A  very  interesting  but  much  too  laudatory  sketch  of  the  polit- 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  375 

ical  life  of  Thiers.  His  career  ended,  it  is  true,  in  triumpli ;  but 
probably  no  biography  will  ever  be  able  to  show  that  this  sttites- 
man's  vast  talents  were  not  very  often  enlisted  in  the  wrong  cause. 
The  deliberate  judgment  of  history  will  hardly  fail  to  declare  that 
Thiers  contributed  more  than  any  other  man,  with  the  possible 
exception  of  Laniartinc,  to  the  weaknesses  of  French  politics  from 
1815  to  1870.  His  career,  at  least  during  forty  years,  amply  jus- 
tified the  mot  of  Cousin,  that  Thiers  was  a  vine  in  constant  need 
of  an  oak. 


Simon,  Jules. — The  Government  of  M.  Thiers,  from  the  8th  Feb- 
ruary, 1871,  to  the  24th  May,  1873.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York, 

1878. 

An  account  of  that  most  trying  period  which  immediately  fol- 
lowed the  fall  of  Paris.  It  is  written  by  one  who  was  at  once  a 
minister  of  the  government,  a  scholar,  and  an  acute  observer  of 
affairs.  As  member  of  the  Cabinet,  Simon  had  admission  to  r.U 
the  councils  of  the  President  and  all  the  sessions  of  the  Assemblj''. 
In  addition  to  these  qualifications,  he  has  the  gift  of  clear  and 
judicious  narration. 

The  last  chapter  of  the  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  Commune, 
and  is  an  excellent  account  of  the  rise  and  fall  of  that  turbulent 
attempt  to  control  the  city.  The  third  chapter  of  the  second  vol- 
ume gives  one  of  the  best  accessible  explanations  of  the  fall  of 
the  Thiers  o;overnment. 


III.    HISTORIES    OF    INSTITUTIONS    AND    CIVILIZATION. 

Coulanges,  Fustel  de. — Ilistoire  des  Institutions  Politiques  de 
rAncicnnc  France.  Premiere  Partie  :  L'Empire  Romain  ;  Les 
Gerraains  ;  La  Royaute  Merovingienne.      8vo,  Paris,  1877. 

While  professing  to  be  simply  a  picture  of  Gaul  from  the  first 
to  the  ninth  century,  this  is  really  a  picture  of  the  whole  Barbarian 
world  and  of  its  relations  with  the  Roman  Empire. 

All  the  writings  of  this  author  show  extensive  research,  critical 


376  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

judgment,  and  great  literary  skill.  Of  the  work  before  us,  the 
most  striking  portions  are  books  ii.  and  iii.  The  former,  contain- 
ing some  two  hundred  pages,  is  devoted  to  the  political  organiza- 
tion of  the  Roman  Empire ;  the  latter,  of  a  hundred  and  twenty- 
five  pages,  to  the  Germanic  invasions,  or  the  various  methods  by 
which  the  German  element  worked  itself  into  the  Roman  do- 
mains. The  political  and  social  institutions  of  the  German  races 
are  described  with  extraordinary  skill.  No  other  recent  work  has 
thrown  more  light  on  early  medi;t!\'al  history,  and  no  work  on 
the  subject  has  at  any  time  been  presented  in  so  attractive  a  form. 
The  literary  skill  of  the  author  has  given  to  the  subject  a  surpris- 
ing freshness  and  attractiveness.  It  is  a  work  that  no  student 
can  afford  to  neglect. 


Ampere,  J.  J. — Histoire  Litterairc  de  la  France  avant  Charle- 
magne, 2  vols.,  8vo,  2d  ed.,  18G7.  The  second  edition  is  but 
slightly  modified  from  the  first,  though  some  of  the  modifica- 
tions are  not  without  importance. 

The  first  edition  of  this  work  appeared  in  1839,  and  was  hon- 
ored with  the  Gobert  Prize  of  the  French  Academy.  It  was 
everywhere  received  as  a  substantial  contribution,  not  only  to  the 
history  of  French  literature,  but  also  to  French  literature  itself. 
It  shows  great  erudition,  and,  though  written  in  a  pleasing  and 
popular  style,  the  more  substantial  qualities  of  learning  are  never 
sacrificed  to  piquancy  of  language  or  grace  of  expression. 

Six  preliminary  chapters  of  nearly  a  hundred  and  fifty  pages 
arc  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  people  of  Gaul  before  the 
Conquest  by  Cajsar.  In  the  course  of  this  description,  the  influ- 
ence of  the  Iberians,  the  Celts,  the  Pha'uicians,  the  Greeks,  and 
the  Romans  is  carefully  considered.  Then  follow  twenty  chap- 
ters on  the  condition  of  Gaul  from  the  establishment  in  the  coun- 
try of  the  Greeks  and  liomans  to  the  arrival  of  the  "Barbarians." 
This  includes  the  period  of  the  establishment  of  Christianity,  and 
involves  a  description  of  such  literary  works,  both  ChristiaA  and 
Pagan,  as  appeared  to  the  author  worthy  of  notice.  The  second 
book,  of  seventeen  chapters,  concludes  the  work  with  an  account 
of  the  period  between  the  invasions  and  accession  of  Charle- 
magne. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  311 

The  last  chapters,  those  in  wliich  the  author  describes  the 
legends  of  the  age,  and  accounts  for  them  in  the  essential  barba- 
rism of  the  people,  are  of  especial  interest  and  value.  The  work 
as  a  whole  is  still  an  authority,  though  a  few  6f  the  author's  con- 
clusions have  been  opened  to  question  by  later  investigations. 


Ampfere,  J.  J. — Ilistoire  Litteraire  de  la  France  sous  Charlemagne 
et  durant  les  X'^  et  XP  Sieclcs.     8vo,  3d  cd.,  Paris,  1870. 

We  here  find  the  same  graceful  and  scholarly  characteristics  as 
those  which  marked  the  author's  preceding  work. 

The  period  is  a  far  more  interesting  one;  but  it  is  one  about 
wliich  more  was  already  known,  and  it  may  be  doubted,  there- 
fore, whether  the  volume  makes  as  large  a  contribution  to  our 
knowledge  as  did  its  predecessors.  But  it  is  no  less  thorough  in 
its  methods,  and  to  most  readers  it  will  be  no  less  new.  It  may 
be  used  with  great  advantage  in  connection  with  Guizot's  "  His- 
tory of  Civilization  in  France  "  and  Mullingcr's  "  Schools  in  the 
Time  of  Charlemao;ne." 


Guizot,  Francois. — History  of  Civilization  in  France  from  the 
Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire.  Translated  by  William  Hazlitt. 
3  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  1860. 

Two  courses  of  lectures,  giving  a  picture  of  society  in  Europe 
during  the  period  of  the  invasions  and  the  prevalence  of  the 
feudal  system. 

Though  the  work  was  published  as  early  as  1831,  and  conse- 
quently had  not  the  advantages  of  the  profound  I'esearches  since 
carried  on,  yet  its  merits  and  importance  were  such  that  it  has 
not  yet  been  superseded. 

The  characteristics  of  the  lectures  are  general  thoroughness  of 
research,  clear  insight  into  political  causes,  elevation  of  moral 
sentiment,  and  earnest  but  liberal  religious  conviction.  Guizot 
had  very  little  dramatic  imagination,  and  was  somewhat  wanting 
in  narrative  and  descriptive  power,  and  hence  he  fell  short  of  be- 
ing what  would  be  called  a  great  historical  artist.     But  he  was 


378  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

wliat  may  be  called  a  physiologist  of  history,  and  as  such  has  had 
no  superior.  It  is  in  an  ability  to  lay  bare  the  internal  and  secret 
connection  of  facts,  the  motive  forces  of  the  social  and  political 
orijanism,  that  his  merits  are  most  conspicuous. 

The  work  is  not  limited  in  its  scope  to  France  alone ;  but  as  it 
treats  of  the  period  before  the  rise  of  modern  nationalities,  it  is 
almost  equally  applicable  to  other  Continental  nations.  The  por- 
tions that  relate  to  the  condition  of  affairs  under  Charlemagne 
and  to  the  feudal  system  are  of  greatest  value. 


Guizot,  Francois. — Essais  sur  ITIistoire  de  France.     8vo,  Paris, 
9th  ed.,  1857.     The  first  edition  appeared  in  1823. 

The  ideas  which  Guizot  gave  to  the  public  for  the  first  time  in 
this  collection  have  since  been  elaborated  in  his  various  courses 
of  lectures.  But  the  first  essay  in  the  volume  continues  to  have 
a  distinct  value.  It  is  "  Concerning  Municipal  Government  in  the 
Roman  Empire  during  the  Fifth  Century  of  the  Christian  Era," 
and  is  a  discussion  of  the  great  and  puzzling  question  as  to  the 
true  causes  of  the  fall  of  the  Roman  authority. 

The  author  fixes  attention  to  the  fact  that  the  empire  was  an 
agglomeration  of  towns  held  together  by  the  central  power,  but 
really  controlled  by  classes,  which  under  the  Roman  system  were 
gradually  but  completely  destroyed.  The  consequence  was  that 
the  central  authority  no  longer  had  any  resources  on  which  it 
could  rely.  As  the  Germanic  element  gradually  infiltrated  itself 
into  the  towns,  the  Roman  authority  lost  all  its  vitality.  Before 
the  appearance  of  the  work  of  Coulanges,  this  essay  was  the  best 
account  ever  given  of  the  most  fatal  weakness  of  the  empire. 


Thierry,  Augustin. — Lcttrcs  sur  rilistoire  de  France  pour  servir 
d'lntroiliicliuii  a  rKtu<le  de  cctte  llistoire.  13""^'  edition,  rcvuo 
ct  corrigee.  8vo  and  1  2ino,  Paris,  18G3.  Also  vol.  7  of  Thierry's 
complete  works,  published  in  1883.     Each  vol.  is  sold  separately. 

This  volume  of  letters  throws  much  light  on  several  topics  that 
arc  somewhat  obscure  and  difficult.     Thj  letters  are  not  all  of  the 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  379 

same  value,  and  need  not  be  read  m  course.  But  letters  xiii.-xxiv. 
are  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  mediaeval  communes;  and  as 
a  portraiture  of  the  system  of  free  cities  arc  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance. Letter  xxv.,  also,  is  an  admirable  account,  in  some 
twenty  pages,  of  the  national  assemblies. 


Thierry,  Augustin, — Dix  Ans  d'Etudes  Ilistoriqucs.  Onzieme 
edition,  revue  et  corrigee.  8vo  and  12 mo,  Paris,  1868.  Vol. 
9  of  the  complete  works. 

An  admirable  collection  of  essays  on  the  history  of  England 
and  the  liistory  of  France.  Eleven  of  the  papers  are  devoted  to 
England  and  eighteen  to  the  author's  own  country. 

The  essays  are  brief,  but  they  are  the  fruit  of  earnest  labor, 
keen  intelligence,  and  careful  judgment.  The  only  qualification 
of  praise  to  be  made  is  the  fact  that  at  times  they  seem  a  little 
passe,  owing  to  the  result  of  more  recent  investigations.  Thierry 
may  always,  however,  be  read  with  interest  and  profit. 


Thierry,  Augustin. — The  Formation  and  Progress  of  the  Tiers 
Etat,  or  Third  Estate  in  France.      12mo,  London,  1855. 

A  portrayal  of  the  rise  of  the  common  people  in  France  from 
villenage  to  the  possession  of  political  power.  The  humble  part 
of  the  people  in  the  States-General  of  the  fourteenth,  fifteenth, 
and  sixteenth  centuries,  and  the  temporary  extinction  of  their  in- 
fluence by  the  policy  of  Richelieu  and  Louis  XIV.,  are  fully  de- 
scribed. 

Li  the  tenth  chapter  the  author  shows  how  completely,  under 
Louis  XIV.,  local  institutions  were  smothered  and  the  life  of  the 
nation  was  drawn  towards  the  centre.  The  last  part  of  the  work 
ffives  an  interesting  insisrht  into  the  establishment  of  communal 
governments  in  the  twelfth  century.  In  an  appendix  is  given  an 
interesting  cah'icr  drawn  up  by  the  village  of  Blaigny  for  the 
States-General  of  1576.  As  a  specimen  of  the  state- papers  of  the 
sixteenth  century,  it  Is  worthy  of  note. 


380  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Bastard,  Le  Vicomte  de. — Les  Pailcments  dc  France.     Essai  His- 

torique,     2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1858. 

An  admirable  picture  of  the  conspicuous  part  played  by  the 
parliaments  of  France  from  the  thirteenth  century  to  the  eigh- 
teenth. The  volumes  show  the  real  nature  of  that  long  struggle 
between  the  parliaments  and  the  crown  which  had  so  much  to  do 
with  shaping  French  history. 

It  was  doubtless  lai'gcly  through  the  influence  of  these  bodies 
that  the  old  nobility  of  France  grew  into  power.  The  right  to 
judge  as  well  as  the  right  to  rule  became  hereditary.  Lads  of 
sixteen  or  seventeen  were  often  recognized  as  the  successors  of 
their  fathers;  and  although  the  sons  did  not  acquire  the  right  of 
sitting  as  judges  at  once,  they  sat  to  prepare  themselves  for  the 
time  when  their  fuU  rights  should  be  acknowledged.  The  growth 
of  these  characteristics  is  well  traced.  The  boolc  is  worthy  of  the 
attention  of  every  thoughtful  student  of  political  development. 


Bavelier,  Adrien. — Essai  Historiquc  sur  le  droit  d'Election  et  sur 
les  Anciennes  Assemblees  Representatives  de  la  France.  8vo, 
Paris,  1874. 

The  importance  of  the  subject  here  examined  is  fully  indicated 
by  the  title  of  the  work.  The  student  who  would  compare  the 
manner  in  whicli  the  early  representative  assemblies  of  France 
lost  their  power  and  influence  with  the  way  in  which  representa- 
tion in  England  grew  into  a  permanent  feature  of  government 
will  find  here  much  that  is  of  great  value. 

The  author  is  a  jurist  of  eminence,  and  writes  from  a  legal  as 
well  as  from  an  historical  point  of  view. 


Picot,  Georges. — llistoire  dcs  Etats-Gencraux,  consideree  an  point 
de  vue  de  lour  influence  sur  le  gouvernement  de  la  France  de 
1355  a  1014.     4  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1872. 

A  book  of  great  importance  in  the  study  of  the  constitutional 
development  of  France.     To  the  student  who  would  learn  what 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  381 

the  States-General  were,  and  why  they  accomplished  so  little  for 
the  development  of  tlie  nation,  while  for  England  Parliament  ac- 
complished so  much,  this  work  of  Ticot  will  afford  abundant  as- 
sistance and  satisfaction.  It  is  a  later  and  a  much  more  satisfac- 
tory treatment  of  the  subject  than  that  of  Boullee. 


Boullee,  M.  A. — Histoire  Complete  des  Etats-Generaux  et  autres 
Assemblees  Representatives  de  France,  depuis  1302  jusqu'en 
1626.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1845. 

This  work  received  the  honor  of  favorable  mention  by  the  In- 
stitute, and  is  also  worthy  of  the  favorable  attention  of  the  stu- 
dent. During  several  centuries  tl^e  States-General  were  more  or 
less  intimately  identified  with  all  the  great  movements  in  France, 
and  it  was  long  a  question  whether  they  would  finally  develop 
into  a  permanent  legislative  body  like  the  Parliament  of  England, 
or  whether  they  would  fall  into  decay  and  ruin.  The  author  has 
made  very  clear  how  they  were  called  into  power,  hftw  for  four 
centuries  they  did  something  to  protect  popular  liberty,  how  they 
failed  to  do  very  much,  and,  finally,  how  they  ceased  entirely  to 
be  a  political  force. 

The  portion  of  the  work  that  will  most  interest  the  general 
student  is  the  second  half  of  the  second  volume.  This  is  devoted 
to  the  composition  of  the  States-General,  the  modes  of  election, 
and  the  ceremonials  of  deliberation.  This  description  might  w-ell 
have  formed  the  introduction  instead  of  the  conclusion  of  the 
work. 


Dareste,  Cleophas. — Histoire  de  I'Administration  en  France  et 
des  Progres  du  Pouvoir  Royal  depuis  le  regne  de  Philippe-Au- 
guste  jusqu'a  la  mort  de  Louis  XIV.    2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1848. 

The  very  important  subject  of  these  volumes  has  nowhere  re- 
ceived more  adequate  treatment.  The  author  describes  with  am- 
ple fulness  and  with  judicious  discrimination  the  growth  of  royal 
power  from  the  time  when  the  feudal  barons  were  everywhere  as- 
serting their  independence  to  the  final  absorption  of  all  authority 
in  the  hands  of  Richelieu  and  Louis  XIV. 


382  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  most  important  part  of  the  work  is  that  which  depicts  the 
long  struggle  between  the  monarch  and  the  parliaments  and  the 
States  -  General.  The  way  in  wliich  all  legislative  power  was 
gradually  concentrated  in  the  hands  of  the  king  forms  one  of 
the  most  instructive  lessons  of  French  history. 


Pasquier,  Felix. — Histoirede  1' Unite  Politique  et  Territoriale  de 
la  France.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1879-80. 

The  subject  is  one  of  great  interest  and  importance,  and  the 
author  has  treated  it  with  impartiality  and  moderation. 

But  while  the  book  has  these  merits,  it  has  some  defects.  The 
arrangement  of  the  materials  is  unsatisfactory ;  and  the  author 
has  not  been  quite  sufficiently  careful  in  his  presentation  of  facts. 
A  more  thorough  examination  of  sources  or  a  little  more  care  in 
the  labor  of  preparation  Avould  have  enabled  him  to  avoid  a  few 
errors  that  now  disfigure  his  pages.  The  errors,  however,  are 
generally  of  minor  importance. 


Doniol,  Henry, — Ilistoire  des  Classes  Rurales  en  France  et  de  leurs 
Progres  dans  FEgalite  Civile  et  la  Propriete.  8vo,  Paris,  1857  ; 
2d  ed.,  1865. 

This  author  has  recently  made  several  important  contributions 
to  the  history  of  the  period  just  before  the  French  Revolution. 
He  lias  studied  with  special  care  the  condition  and  the  relations 
of  the  several  classes ;  and  the  most  important  of  the  results 
reached  he  has  embodied  in  a  work  on  the  abolition  of  feudalism, 
and  in  this  one  on  the  history  of  the  rural  classes. 

Industrious  and  skilful  use  has  been  made  of  the  vast  store  of 
materials  at  the  author's  hand.  He  has  penetrated  the  subject 
with  k('<'ii  insight,  and  has  pointed  to  many  facts  overlooked  by 
De  Tocquevillc,  Taiue,  and  Quinet. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  383 

Dareste,  Cleophas. — Ilistoiro  dcs  Classes  Agricoles  en  France  de- 
puis  Saint  Louis  jus<jira  Louis  XVL  8vo,  Paris,  1854  ;  2d  cd., 
entirely  recast  and  much  enlarged,  8vo,  1858. 

The  systems  of  land-tenure  and  the  methods  by  which  taxes  were 
imposed  are  universally  regarded  as  among  the  most  fruitful  of 
the  causes  that  brought  on  the  great  Revolution. 

Nowliere  else  is  the  subject  more  adequately  and  compre- 
hensively treated  than  in  this  volume.  The  student  who  is  trying 
to  trace  the  history  of  social  changes  in  France  will  derive  help 
from  the  volume  at  almost  every  point. 


Perrens,  F.  T. — La  Democratic  en  France  au  Moyen  Age.  Ilistoire 
des  tendances  democratiques  dans  les  populations  urbanes  au 
XIV*^  et  au  XV'  siecle.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1873. 

This  work  was  crowned  by  the  Listitute,  and  was  generally  re- 
ceived as  one  of  the  most  scholarly  of  recent  productions  on  the 
Middle  Ages.  It  is  at  once  a  description  of  municipal  life  in 
mediaeval  France  and  an  account  of  the  great  struggle  towards 
municipal  freedom.  It  is  a  production  of  unquestionable  impor- 
tance, for  it  shows  the  same  philosophical  insight  into  political  and 
social  forces  as  the  author's  more  recent  "  History  of  Florence." 


Stephen,  Sir  James.  —  Lectures  on  the  History  of  France.  2 
vols.,  8vo,  London,  1857.  An  abridged  edition,  containing  se- 
lected lectures.  New  York,  1  vol.,  Svo,  18(30. 

A  course  of  lectures  of  very  considerable  value  in  the  study  of 
French  institutions.  They  deal  largely  with  the  relations  of  cause 
and  effect;  and,  therefore,  throw  light  on  the  development  of 
French  nationality.  The  lectures  giving  most  important  presen- 
tations are  those  in  which  the  parliaments  and  States-General  are 
described.  Those  on  the  "  Sources  and  Management  of  the 
Revenues"  and  on  the  "  Power  of  the  Purse  "  are  also  of  value  as 
showing  the  fundamental  difficulties  that  finally  brought  on  the 
Revolution. 


384  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Vuitry,  Ad. — Etudes  sur  le  Regime  Financier  de  la  France  avant 
la  Revolution  de  1789.  Les  Impots  Remains  dans  la  Ganle  au 
V*  au  X*  Siecle ;  Le  Regime  Financier  de  la  Monarchic  Feodalc 
aux  XP,  XIP,  et  XllP^Sieclcs.     8vo,  Paris,  1878. 

Of  the  numerous  questions  that  Calonne,  Turgot,  and  Necker 
had  to  grapple  with,  none  were  more  troublesome  than  the  prob- 
lems of  taxation  and  revenue.  The  financial  methods  of  France 
had  been  exceedingly  confused  and  incoherent.  Taxes  had  been 
levied  with  oppressive  inequality ;  and  injustice  was  so  rooted  in 
the  prevailing  methods  and  traditions  that  all  attempts  at  reform 
met  with  a  stubborn  and  successful  resistance. 

It  is  the  expressed  purpose  of  M.  Vuitry  to  write  a  history  of 
financial  methods  in  France  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  the 
close  of  the  eighteenth  century.  He  is  well  qualified  for  the  task, 
not  only  by  his  ability  and  learning,  but  also  by  some  thirty  years 
of  successful  public  service.  The  first  volume  gives  promise  of 
a  work  of  great  learning  and  value. 

The  first  part,  consisting  of  a  hundred  pages,  gives  a  sufficiently 
full  account  of  the  financial  methods  that  prevailed  before  the 
eleventh  century.  The  second  part  is  much  more  elaborate,  and 
is  divided  into  ten  chapters.  The  subjects  treated  embrace  the 
condition  of  all  ranks  of  persons,  from  the  serfs  to  the  king ;  the 
division  of  lands;  the  power  of  the  seigneurs;  the  royal  power; 
the  domains  of  the  crown  and  the  history  of  their  extension ;  the 
revenues  of  the  monarch ;  different  kinds  of  money ;  the  royal 
expenses ;  methods  of  financial  administration ;  and  an  historical 
account  of  receipts  and  expenditures.  Two  additional  volumes 
published  as  a  second  series,  in  1883,  are  devoted  to  the  period 
from  1285  to  1380, 


Rosieres,Raoul. — Ilistoire  de  la  Societe'  Fran^aisc  au  Moyen  Age. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1878-80. 

In  these  volumes  the  author  has  brought  together  a  vast  num- 
ber of  facts  gathered  promiscuously  at  second-hand  and  from 
original  sources.  The  work,  therefore,  is  not  so  much  a  history 
as  a  succession  of  vivi<l  pictures. 

Each  of  the  volumes  is  divided  into  two  parts — the  first  volume 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  385 

being  devoted  to  monarchy  and  tlie  nobility  ;  the  second,  to  the 
Church  and  the  people. 

The  most  striking  peculiarity  of  the  work  is  the  fact  that  the 
author,  in  the  second  volume,  has  undertaken  to  show  that  the 
Middle  Ages  were  not  a  period  of  faith,  as  has  commonly  been 
supposed,  but,  on  the  contrary,  that  the  empire  of  the  clergy  over 
the  people  was  always  precarious,  and  that  civil  society  was  al- 
ways in  a  state  of  rebellion  against  it.  These  conclusions  will 
hardly  be  accepted;  but,  at  least,  it  must  be  admitted  that  the 
author  has  presented  a  picturesque  view  of  mediaeval  affairs.  The 
sad  realities  of  monastic  life  are  painted  in  dark  contrast  with  the 
high  ideals  entertained  by  its  founders. 


Elliot,  Frances. — Old  Court  Life  in  France.    2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1873.     Illustrated  ed.,  royal  Svo,  London,  1886. 

Mrs.  Elliot  declares  in  the  preface  to  this  book  that  she  has  all 
her  life  been  a  student  of  French  memoirs.  The  result  of  this 
devotion  is  a  gossipy  picture  of  the  absurd  formalities  of  old  times 
in  France.  It  is  a  story  of  unsavory  plots  and  counterplots,  be- 
ginning with  Francis  I.  and  ending  with  Maintenon. 

As  a  picture  of  one  of  the  pliases  of  French  society,  it  has  its 
value ;  though  it  will  be  thought  by  most  judicious  readers  to  be 
inferior  to  some  of  the  chapters  on  the  same  subject  in  Taine's 
volume  on  the  old  reonine. 


Monteil,  Amans  Alexis. — Ilistoire  des  Frangais  des  divers  Etats, 
ou  Ilistoire  do  France  aux  cinque  derniers  siecles.  4*^  ed.,  aug- 
mentee  d'une  notice  historique  par  M.  Jules  Janin,  et  d'une  table 
analytique  par  M.  Bruguiere.  5  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1853.  This 
edition,  though  inferior  in  form  to  the  third,  is  in  other  respects 
superior. 

A  book  of  remarkable  erudition,  but  the  arrangement  of  its 
materials  is  so  unskilful  that  it  is  very  difficult  to  use.  A  student 
desiring  knowledge  of  life  in  France  from  the  fourteenth  to  the 
eighteenth  century,  however,  may  find  much  in  it  that  is  useful  as 


386  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

well  as  entertaining.  In  imitation  of  Isaac  Disraeli's  work,  it 
might  have  been  called  "  Cm'iosities  of  French  History."  Monteil 
carried  on  his  explorations  everywhere,  and  the  fruits  of  his  re- 
searches constitute  an  invaluable  museum  of  historical  curiosities. 
Each  of  the  volumes  is  devoted  to  one  of  the  centuries  included 
in  the  scope  of  the  author's  purpose. 


Hettner,  Eermann. — Geschichte  der  franzosischen  Literatur  im 
achtzehnten  Jahrhundert.  4te  verbesserte  Aufl.  8vo,  Braun- 
schweig, 1880. 

This  volume  shows  the  same  skilful  handiwork  that  was  ob- 
served in  the  author's  "  History  of  German  Literature." 

It  begins  with  a  sketch  of  the  literary  characteristics  of  the  last 
years  of  Louis  XIV.  and  of  the  regency  of  the  Duke  of  Orleans. 
The  second  book  is  entitled  "  Die  Bliithe  der  franzosischen  Anf- 
klarungsliteratur,"  and  includes  a  critical  account  of  "  Voltaire 
and  Montesquieu,"  "  Diderot  and  the  Encyclopedists,"  and  "  Rous- 
seau and  his  School." 

One  of  the  most  interesting  and  valuable  portions  of  the  vol- 
ume is  the  third  book,  in  which  the  author  considers  the  power 
and  influence,  in  the  several  nations  of  Europe,  of  the  French 
literature  of  the  last  centurv.  It  is  in  this  portion  of  the  work 
that  the  writer's  powers  show  to  the  best  advantage. 


Taine,  H.  A. — The  Ancient  Regime.      Translated  by  John  Du- 
rand.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1876. 

Written  with  the  author's  well-known  brilliancy  and  ability. 
The  reports  of  the  iiitendants  in  ditferent  parts  of  the  realm  are 
very  freely  used,  and  furnish  the  material  for  the  most  valuable 
parts  of  the  book.  As  a  revelation  of  society  in  its  different 
phases  during  the  hundred  years  before  the  Revolution,  the  book 
lias  no  equal.  The  hai)its  and  methods  of  the  rich  and  tlie  poor 
are  painted  with  wonderful  skill  ;  and  the  causes  of  the  prevailing 
poverty  arc  shown  to  be  somewhat  dillerent  from  those  generally 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  387 

assigned.  Great  stress  is  laid  upon  that  system  of  absenteeism 
which  encouraged  the  nobles  in  going  to  the  cities,  withdrew  the 
wealth  from  the  country  districts,  led  to  the  abandonment  of  vast 
tracts  of  fertile  soil,  and  finally  brought  on  famine  and  starvation. 
The  volume  may  properly  be  considered  a  picture  of  society 
preliminary  to  the  author's  "  History  of  the  Revolution." 


Tocqueville,  Alexis  De.  —  L'Ancien  Regime  ct  la  Revolution. 
8vo,  Paris.  3""  6d.,  revue  et  corrigee,  8vo,  Paris,  1857.  Also 
translated  into  English  by  John  Bonner,  12mo,  New  York, 
1856. 

Somewhat  less  complete  and  satisfactory  than  De  Tocqueville's 
book  on  Democracy  in  America ;  but  doubtless  for  the  reason 
that  the  author  did  not  live  to  complete  it.  It  shows  the  same 
diligent  research,  and  tlie  same  masterly  application  of  the  in- 
ductive method  to  the  study  of  political  and  social  conditions. 

De  Tocqueville  possessed  a  high-minded  and  pure-hearted  sym- 
pathy with  democratic  ideas ;  and  he  brought  all  his  great  abilities 
to  bear  upon  the  study  of  the  period  just  before  the  Revolution. 
Ilis  conclusions  were  founded  upon  the  most  laborious  and  consci- 
entious study  of  original  documents,  such  as  the  accounts  and 
correspondence  of  the  intendants,  the  parochial  registers,  and  the 
parliamentary  memoirs.  The  result  was  a  far  more  trustworthy 
and  conclusive  exposition  of  the  causes  that  overthrew  the  old 
French  monarchy  than  had  ever  before  been  presented. 

Not  only  did  he  give  a  striking  exposure  of  the  wretched  in- 
competency and  oppressiveness  of  the  monarchs ;  but,  what  is  per- 
haps of  still  greater  value,  he  gave  a  most  convincing  demon- 
stration that  the  Revolution  had  changed  the  governmental  system 
of  the  monarchy  far  less  than  has  generally  been  supposed.  He 
also  showed  the  folly  of  attributing  to  the  Revolution  the  ad- 
ministrative centralization  of  France,  as  well  as  the  folly  of  the 
promoters  of  the  Revolution  in  maintaining  centralization  while 
professing  to  foster  liberty. 

Although  the  work  is  incomplete,  and  therefore  in  a  measure 
unsatisfying,  yet,  notwithstanding  this  fact,  it  must  be  regarded 


/>' 


388  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

as  one  of  the  most  valuable  books  on  the  period  just  before  the 
Revolution  ever  written. 


Janet,  Paul. — Philosophic  de  la  Revolution  Frangaise.  2  vols., 
8vo,  Paris,  1874. 

The  work  of  a  philosopher,  who  discusses  in  excellent  spirit 
the  predominant  views  entertained  in  the  time  of  the  Revolution. 
The  book  is  pervaded  by  two  leading  ideas.  In  the  first  place, 
although  the  dominant  aims  of  the  Revolutionists  were  founded 
in  justice  and  reason,  their  extreme  and  despotic  methods  could 
not  be  otherwise  than  injurious  to  the  nation.  In  the  second 
place,  these  extreme  methods  begot  a  revolutionary  spirit  that, 
even  down  to  the  war  of  1870,  was  a  great  obstacle  to  anything 
like  true  political  development. 

The  book  is  written  in  the  best  form  of  philosophical  discus- 
sion, and  to  one  who  is  fond  of  political  philosophy  will  not  fail 
to  be  attractive. 

Quinet,  Edgar. — La  Revolution.  5^  ed.,  revue  et  augmentee  de 
la  critique  de  la  Revolution,  2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1868.  Also 
vols,  xii.,  xiii.,  and  xiv.  of  Quinet's  collected  works,  Paris,  1877. 

This  might  be  called  a  study  of  the  Revolution  rather  than  a 
history  of  it.  Quinet  was  a  very  vigorous  and  suggestive  think- 
er, and  was  entirely  free  from  the  sentimental  and  melodramatic 
methods  so  common  with  French  writers  on  the  Revolution.  Ilis 
mind  was  one  of  the  most  finely  cultured  in  France.  lie  studied 
in  all  the  countries  of  Western  Europe ;  and  he  brought  to  his 
work  an  intelligence  enriched  with  earnest  thought  as  well  as  with 
extended  observation.  Whatever  he  has  written  is  worthy  of 
attention  ;  for  he  is  the  best  representative  of  the  reaction  against 
the  optimistic  method. 

In  his  work  on  the  Revolution  he  has  taken  up  different  phases 
of  the  subject  and  studied  them  in  a  method  similar  to  that  we 
may  imagine  De  Tocqueville  would  liave  used  had  he  lived  to 
continue  his  contemplated  work.  P)Ut  Quinet's  point  of  view 
was  quite  different  from  De  Tocqueville's.     AVhilc  the  latter  was 


HISTORIES   OF  FRANCE.  389 

always  inclined  to  inake  men  the  ])roiluct  of  institutions,  the 
former  looked  upon  institutions  as  the  product  of  men.  This 
tendency  gave  Quinet  a  clear  insight  into  certain  phases  of  the 
Revolutionary  movement  that  some  of  the  most  painstaking  inves- 
tigators have  overlooked.  lie  was  a  Protestant,  and  his  nature 
was  essentially,  perhaps  one  might  say  ardently,  religious.  Hence 
he  did  not  lose  sight  of  the  fact  that  the  faihire  of  the  Revolu- 
tionists was  largely  due  to  their  utter  inability  to  solve  or  under- 
stand the  religious  problems  that  confronted  them.  He  points 
out  with  great  subtlety  the  spiritual  deficiencies  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary creed  ;  and  shows  that  many  of  the  worst  features  of  the 
old  regime  were  retained  simply  because  the  ideas  on  which  they 
rested  were  entirely  misunderstood. 

Of  especial  interest  is  the  light  the  author  throws  on  the  career 
and  fall  of  Robespierre.  In  this  he  has  contributed  largely  to  our 
knowledge  by  introducing  extracts  from  the  unedited  memoirs  of 
Baudot. 

In  the  study  of  what  may  be  called  the  ethical  rather  than  the 
material  elements  of  the  Revolution.  Quinet  is  perhaps  the  most 
useful  of  all  authorities.  Like  Carlyle,  he  should  be  used  only 
after  some  familiarity  with  the  events  of  the  period  has  been 
obtained. 


Berriat  Saint  Prix,  Charles. — La  Justice  Revolutionnairc.     8vo, 
Paris,  deuxieme  edition,  1870. 

The  production  of  a  scholarly  investigator,  this  volume  is  supe- 
rior to  all  others  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats.  It  is  success- 
ful in  showing  that  many  of  the  impressions  concerning  the  Revo- 
lutionary tribunals  are  entirely  erroneous.  Among  other  correc- 
tions, he  proves  at  length  that  the  story  often  repeated  by  histori- 
ans and  essayists  of  the  so-called  "  mariages  repuhlicains  "  is  pure 
fiction. 


Burke,  Edmund.— Reflections  on  the  Revolution  of  France.  Svo, 
London,  1790;  also  to  be  found  in  the  fourth  volume  of 
the  American  edition  of  Burke's  Works. 

This  extraordinary  book  was  published  near  the  outbreak  of  the 


390  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Froncli  Revolution,  and  justly  takes  rank  as  one  of  the  master- 
pieces of  English  literature.  It  is  at  once  a  condemnation  of  the 
Revolution,  and  a  prophecy  of  the  evils  the  Revolution  would  pro- 
duce. As  a  specimen  of  denunciatory  writing,  it  is  probably  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  ever  produced  in  any  language.  It  pours 
out  torrent  after  torrent,  Niagara  after  Niagara.  But  though  it  is 
repetitious,  and  therefore  somewhat  monotonous,  it  abounds  in 
shrewd  judgments,  in  brilliant  pictures,  and  in  prophecies  that 
seem  inspired.  At  times  it  is  so  unfair  and  so  unjust  that  some 
have  attempted  to  explain  its  excesses  by  the  presumption  that 
Burke  had  lost  his  reason.  There  is  no  need,  however,  of  re- 
sorting to  this  violent  hypothesis.  Burke's  mind  was  always 
essentially  denunciatory  in  its  nature  ;  and  he  was  never  able  to 
be  quite  just  either  to  men  or  to  political  methods  he  disliked. 
Moreover,  though  he  was  a  passionate  friend  of  liberty,  he  never 
believed  liberty  was  to  be  secured  or  preserved  by  submitting 
political  affairs  to  the  control  of  masses  of  ignorant  men.  These 
characteristics  of  his  mind  and  of  his  political  doctrines  are  quite 
sufficient  to  account  for  the  peculiarities  of  what,  with  all  its 
drawbacks,  must  probably  be  considered  the  greatest  work  of  the 
greatest  writer  of  English  prose. 


I 


Mackintosh,  Sir  James. — yiiidici?c  Gallic.T.  A  Defence  of  the 
French  Revolution  and  its  English  Admirers  against  the  Accu- 
sations of  the  Right  Hon.  Edmund  Burke,  including  some  Strict- 
ures on  the  late  Production  of  Mons.  de  Calonne.  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1791.     Also  published  in  the  author's  collected  works. 

This  should  be  read  in  connection  with  Burke's  essay.  Its 
purpose  is  sufficiently  indicated  by  its  title.  I'erhaps  Mackintosh 
was  the  only  man  at  the  time  in  England  who  by  his  literary 
skill  and  his  political  sympathy  was  qualified  to  review  the  work 
and  break  the  force  of  its  great  iufluence. 

Through  the  whole  essay  there  runs  a  strong  current  of  liberal 
thought,  which  gives  to  it  a  constant  value.  As  a  presentation  of 
the  view  opposed  to  that  of  I>urke,  it  has  had  no  superior,  and, 
perhaps,  lias  never  been  equalled.     Its  appearance  in  England 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  391 

raised  tlic  author  at  once  to  a  position  of  supreme  influence 
among  the  members  of  tlie  Whig  party. 


Croker,  John  Wilson. — Essays  on  tlie  Early  Period  of  the  French 
llevolution.     8vo,  London,  1857. 

A  number  of  searching  and  very  interesting  studies  on  more  or 
less  important  points  in  tlie  history  of  tlie  lievolutionary  period. 
Croker's  paper  on  the  guillotine  sliows  that  the  Revolutionary 
method  of  decapitation  was  by  no  means  new ;  and  his  review  of 
the  histories  of  Thiers  is  the  most  searching  and  condemnatory 
ever  published  before  the  appearance  of  the  more  elaborate  criti- 
cism of  Barni.  He  was  one  of  the  extremest  of  Conservatives, 
and,  under  the  name  of  Rigby,  was  made  to  masquerade  as  a  writer 
of  "slashing  articles"  in  Disraeli's  "Coningsby."  As  a  reviewer, 
Croker  was  one  of  the  most  conspicuous  Tory  figures  of  his  day. 


Schmidt,  Julian. — Geschichte  der  franzosischen  Literatur  seit  der 
Revolution,  1789.  2teumgearbeitete  Aufl.   2  vols., Leipzig,  1873. 

A  book  at  once  very  useful  and  very  agreeable.  Beginnino- 
with  the  Revolution,  the  author  passes  in  review  the  most  impor- 
tant writers  of  the  several  schools  down  to  the  developed  form  of 
positivism  in  the  productions  of  Comte. 

The  work  is  descriptive  rather  than  critical.  It  is  written,  as 
the  author  declares,  not  for  Frenchmen,  but  for  Germans ;  and  he 
might  have  added,  not  so  much  for  German  scholars  as  for  the 
more  intelligent  of  the  German  middle  class.  Its  aim  is  to  give  a 
more  general  knowledge  of  that  remarkable  intellectual  activity 
which  has  characterized  France  during  the  present  century. 

Perhaps  the  most  striking  quality  of  the  volumes  is  the  pictur- 
esqueness  of  the  descriptions.  The  author  shows  a  very  happy 
faculty  of  describing  each  writer  in  such  a  way  as  to  make  him 
a  distinct  personality  in  the  presence  of  the  reader.  At  times, 
his  characterizations  are  perhaps  a  little  overdrawn,  but  they  are 
always  striking  and  usually  just.  The  descriptions  of  Lamartine 
and  Capefigue  are  especially  worthy  of  note. 


392  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  author's  style  is  one  of  the  easiest  to  be  found  in  modern 
German  prose. 


Ferry,  Jules.— La  Lutte  Electorale  en  1863.     12 mo,  Paris,  1863. 

A  remarkable  portrayal  of  the  hollowness  of  the  French  system 
of  elections  under  the  empire.  The  author  shows  in  a  very  strong 
light  and  with  minute  details  the  utter  worthlessness  of  those 
elections  as  an  indication  of  popular  opinion.  The  book  was  in- 
directly a  powerful  attack  on  the  Second  Empire,  inasmuch  as  it 
showed  that  the  popular  support  on  which  it  pretended  to  justify 
its  existence  was  a  mere  pretence  and  a  sham. 


Reeve,  Henry.  —  Royal  and  Republican  France.     2   vols.,  8vo, 

London,  1872. 

Reviews  and  essays  published  from  time  to  time  by  an  able 
and  careful  observer  of  Fi-ench  aflEairs.  Reeve  was  an  intimate 
friend  of  De  Tocqneville  and  the  translator  of  his  works.  Much 
of  his  life  was  spent  in  France,  and  he  was  on  intimate  terms  with 
the  most  prominent  PVenchmen  of  his  time.  Probably  no  Eng- 
lishman of  the  present  century,  excepting,  perhaps,  Senior,  has 
made  himself  more  familiar  with  recent  French  political  history. 
The  essays  here  collected,  therefore,  are  invariably  judicious  in 
tone  and  are  worthy  of  careful  study.  Those  on  "  Mirabeau  "  and 
on  "  Marie  Antoinette  "  will  probably  be  found  of  greatest  value. 


Senior,  Nassau  William.- — Journals  kept  in  France  and  Italy 
from  1848  to  1852  ;  with  a  Sketch  of  the  Revolution  of  1848. 
Edited  by  his  Daughter,  M.  C.  M.  Simpson.  2  vols,,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1871. 

Mr.  Senior  was  a  well-known  English  political  economist,  but 
liis  favorite  recreation  was  the  study  of  politics,  and  his  life  was 
largely  spent  among  politicians.     On  going  to  the  Continent,  he 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  393 

was  loaded  witli  letters  of  introduction  from  all  quarters,  and 
these,  with  his  personal  accomplishments,  secured  for  him  every- 
where a  cordial  welcome.  He  kept  a  journal  which  differs  from 
the  journals  of  others  in  the  great  prominence  he  gives  to  the 
conversations  of  those  he  meets.  His  men:ory  was  so  strong  that 
he  was  generally  able  to  write  a  verbatim  report  of  what  was  said 
on  any  occasion.  These  reports  he  had  the  singular  habit  of  hav- 
ing corrected  by  the  speakers  themselves.  Their  accuracy,  there- 
fore, appears  to  be  unquestionable. 

Senior  arrived  at  the  French  capital  in  1848,  in  time  to  witness 
the  attack  on  the  National  Assembly.  He  became  the  intimate 
friend  of  De  Tocqueville,  and  was  at  once  admitted  to  the  best  so- 
ciety of  Paris.  As  material  for  the  history  of  the  time,  the  value 
of  these  volumes  must  be  apparent  to  every  reader. 


Senior,  Nassau  William.  —  Conversations  with  M.  Thiers,  M. 
Guizot,  and  other  Distinguished  Persons  during  the  Second 
Empire.  Edited  by  his  Daughter,  M.  C.  M.  Simpson,  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1878. 

A  continuation  of  the  preceding  work.  The  author  was  much 
with  the  leaders  of  the  opposition  to  the  government  of  the  Sec- 
ond Empire,  From  1852  to  1860  he  was  nearly  as  much  in  Paris 
as  in  London.  During  the  whole  of  this  time  his  keeping  of  a 
journal  was  no  secret ;  and  his  daughter  assures  us  that  in  most 
cases  the  speakers  corrected  his  reports  of  their  conversations. 

The  volumes  are  at  once  delightful  reading,  and  of  great  use  as 
affording  to  each  of  the  speakers  an  opportunity  to  account  in  his 
own  words  for  his  political  stewardship.  It  is  to  be  noted,  how- 
ever, that  Senior  was  more  with  the  opposition  than  with  friends 
of  the  government,  and,  consequently,  the  government  has  not 
quite  a  fair  representation.  But  as  a  presentation  of  the  views  of 
the  opposition,  the  work  is  one  of  the  most  complete  ever  made. 


Haas,  C.  P.  Marie. — Administration  de^  la  France.     Histoire  et 
Mecanisme  dcs  Grands  Pouvoirs  de  I'Etat,  Fonctions  Publiques, 


394  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Conditions  d' Administration  et  d'Avancement  dans  toutes  les 
Carrieres,  Privileges  ct  Inimunites.  2*^  ed.,  4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1861. 

The  dcsio"n  of  the  author  of  this  great  work  was  to  describe 
the  peculiarities  of  the  French  government  from  the  earliest  times 
to  the  present.  It  docs  for  the  government  of  France  vvliat  Todd 
and  Gneist  liave  done  for  the  government  of  England.  Each  pe- 
riod of  the  history  is  taken  up  in  its  order,  and  its  peculiarities 
of  sfovernment  and  administration  are  well  described. 


Kaiser,  Simon. — Fi-anzosische  Verfassungsgeschichte  von  1789  bis 
1852  in  ihrcr  historischen  Aufeinanderfolge  und  systematischen 
Entwickelung.     8vo,  Leipsic,  1852. 

As  a  description  of  the  numerous  constitutions  adopted  in 
France  since  the  outbreak  of  the  great  Revolution,  this  book  has 
real  value.  Nor  is  it  merely  a  collection  and  description  of  the 
constitutions.  Although  these  arc  all  brought  together  in  an  ap- 
pendix, the  main  portion  of  the  work  consists  of  a  history  of  the 
ideas  which  from  time  to  time  were  embodied  in  the  constitutions 
newly  adopted.  It  is  probably  the  most  valuable  work  of  its 
kind  yet  produced. 


Nisard,  D. — lllstoire  de  la  Litterature  Fran^aisc.  4  vols.,  Svo, 
Paris,  1844-81.  Tlie  fifth  edition,  without  important  changes, 
was  published  in  1874.      7th  cd.,  1879. 

In  the  first  boolc  the  author  describes  the  general  characteris- 
tics of  French  literature  during  the  Middle  Ages.  The  second  in- 
troduces the  reader  to  a  much  fuller  treatment  of  the  period  of 
till!  Uenaissance ;  the  third,  filling  the  second  and  third  volumes, 
describes  the  literature  of  llie  age  of  Louis  XIV. ;  and  the  fourth 
brings  the  work  to  an  end  at  the  beginning  of  the  French  Rev- 
olution. 

As  early  as  18.34,  when  only  twcnty-eiglit  years  of  age,  Nisard 
attracted  the  attention  of  Guizot  by  the  power  and  brilliancy  of 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  395 

his  work  entitled  "  Lcs  Poetcs  Latins  do  la  Decadence."  lie  was 
a  successful  applicant  for  an  important  position  in  the  Ecole  Nor- 
male,  though  Saintc-Beuvc  was  a  rival  candidate  for  the  chair.  A 
little  later  he  was  chosen  first  assistant  to  the  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction,  and  in  1850  was  given  a  seat  in  the  Academy. 

In  literary  criticism,  as  in  politics,  Nisard  was  a  liberal  Conserv- 
ative of  the  school  of  Guizot.  In  one  of  his  earliest  works  he 
criticised  severely  the  tendency  towards  literary  decadence,  as 
manifested  in  the  popularity  of  the  writings  of  Victor  Hugo ; 
comparing  the  tendency  with  that  which  was  so  marked  in  the 
later  literature  of  Rome.  He  was  a  strenuous  opponent  of  the 
Revolution  of  1848,  and  criticised  it  with  so  much  severity  that 
his  words  brought  upon  him  the  interference  of  the  government. 
lie  often  refers  to  the  Revolution  of  1848  as  the  embodiment  of 
the  worst  teachings  of  the  writers  of  the  eighteenth  century. 

Throughout  his  work  the  author's  criticisms  are  trenchant,  his 
comments  are  striking,  and  his  style  is  fluent  and  interesting. 


Villemain,  Abel  Francois. — Cours  de^Litterature  Fran^aise.  Ta- 
bleau de  la  Litterature  du  Moyen  Age,  2  vols. ;  Tableau  de  la 
Litterature  au  XVIIP  Siecle,  4  vols.  In  all,  6  vols.,  8vo  and 
12mo,  Paris,  1840  ;  latest  revised  and  corrected  edition,  1864. 

The  author,  one  of  the  most  brilliant  lecturers  and  writers  of 
his  generation,  early  showed  extraordinary  gifts.  He  was  succes- 
sively appointed  professor  of  history,  of  eloquence,  and  of  litera- 
ture ;  was  admitted  to  the  Academy  as  its  youngest  member ;  was 
made  its  perpetual  secretary ;  was  appointed  Minister  of  Public 
Instruction ;  and,  finally,  was  elevated  to  the  rank  of  peer  of 
France. 

The  sixty-two  lectures  of  which  these  volumes  are  made  up 
were  a  part  of  that  triad  so  frequently  referred  to  as  the  most 
brilliant  event  in  the  history  of  higher  education  in  France.  They 
were  given  on  alternate  days  with  the  lectures  of  Guizot  on  the 
"  History  of  Civilization,"  and  with  those  of  Cousin  on  the  "  His- 
tory of  Philosophy."  Delivered  in  1828  and  1829,  they  were  at 
first  published  from  stenographic  reports.     These  were  revised  by 


396  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  author  in  1840,  and  again  for  the  edition  of  18G4.  The  latest 
revision  contains  no  very  fundamental  or  important  changes. 

The  first  volume  surveys  the  period  from  the  death  of  Louis 
XIV.  to  Montesquieu  ;  the  second,  from  Duclos  to  Voltaire  ;  the 
third,  from  Voltaire  to  Beaumarchais  ;  the  fourth,  from  Beaumar- 
chais  to  Madame  de  Stael  and  Joseph  de  Maistre. 

All  critics  agree  that  Villemain  was  one  of  the  most  happily 
endowed  writers  of  modern  French.  To  a  liearty  appreciation 
of  great  thoughts  he  united  a  style  that  was  remarkable  for  its 
elevation,  its  grace,  its  spirit,  and  its  freedom  from  extravagance. 
His  judgments  were  independent  and  moderate,  his  insight  quick 
and  profound,  his  imagination  active  and  fruitful,  and  his  modes 
of  expression  were  equally  removed  from  the  commonplace  and 
the  extravagant. 

It  is  doubtful  whether  the  form  of  public  lectures  is  the  oi)e 
best  adapted  to  impart  minute  information ;  but  if  something  is 
lost  in  precision,  something  is  gained  in  spirit,  and  perhaps  in 
breadth.  If  the  reader  of  Villemain  does  not  acquire  the  most 
exact  knowledge,  he  will  at  least  receive  broad  impressions  that 
are  likely  to  be  both  correct  and  permanent. 


Van  Laun,  Henri.— History  of  French  Literature.  Vol.  i.,  from 
its  Origin  to  tlie  Renaissance  ;  vol.  ii.,  from  the  Classical  Re- 
naissance until  the  End  of  the  Reign  of  Louis  XIV. ;  vol.  in., 
from  the  End  of  the  Reign  of  Louis  XIV.  till  the  End  of  the 
Reiirn  of  Louis  riiilippe.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York, 
1877. 

A  summary  of  French  literature  that  the  reader  of  English  will 
sometimes  find  convenient,  but  not  one  that  is  entitled  to  very 
high  praise.  It  is  agreeably  written,  and  is,  for  the  most  part, 
well  arrang(!d. 

But  the  faults  of  the  work  are  numerous  and  important.  It 
shows  unmistakable  evidence  of  too  great  haste  in  preparation  ;  it 
contains  numerous  errors  of  considerable  moment ;  it  often  shows 
a  fli[)paiit  looseness  of  expression  ;  and,  in  general,  it  seems  to  be 
founded  (piite  as  much  on  the  standard  histories  of  French  litera- 
ture as  on  a  study  of  the  literature  itself.     To  one  who  is  famil- 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  397 

iar  witli  tlie  superior  works  of  Ampere,  A'illcniain,  llettner,  and 
Schmidt,  it  will  appear  to  be  a  liat^ty  and  feeble  liandling  of  a 
great  subject.  In  one  who  knows  little  of  French  literature  it 
may  awaken  an  interest,  and  even  an  enthusiasm.  The  author's 
style  is  at  least  spirited,  and  his  manifest  love  of  the  subject  may 
perhaps  be  imparted  to  tlie  reader.  But  his  judgments  are  not 
an  altoo-ether  safe  truidc. 


IV.   SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    READERS. 

1.  The  best  brief  history  of  France  is  probably  Guizot's  "Con- 
cise History."  Lacombe's  "  Short  History  of  the  French  People  " 
is  a  still  briefer,  but  an  admirable,  book.  White's  "  France  "  was 
written  with  much  spirit,  but  with  some  lack  of  judgment.  The 
lectures  by  Sir  James  Stephen  should  form  a  part  even  of  a  short 
course.  The  chapters  on  France  in  the  first  volume  of  Buckle's 
"  Civilization  "  give  one  of  the  best  preliminary  views  of  the  Rev- 
olution. This  may  be  followed  by  Mignet's  or  Morris's  "  Revolu- 
tion," and  this  by  Van  Laun  or  Adams. 

2.  The  l)est  book  on  the  earliest  period  is  Coulanges's  "  Insti- 
tutions Politiques."  Thierry's  "Histoire  des  Gaulois  "  is  justly 
famous.  Guizot's  "  Civilization  in  France  "  is  next  in  importance. 
It  covers  the  period  from  the  Roman  Conquest  to  the  end  of  the 
feudal  system.  As  a  narrative  history  of  the  period  before  Louis 
XL,  Michelet's  is  the  best  in  English,  Martin's  in  French.  The 
events  which  led  to  the  consolidation  under  Louis  XL  are  best 
described  in  Commines,  Willert,  and  Kirk.  In  the  same  connec- 
tion, lecture  xi.  of  Guizot's  "  Civilization  in  Europe "  should  be 
read.  The  period  of  the  Reformation  is  best  described  in  Baird's 
"  Rise  of  the  Huguenots."  The  Catholic  view  is  presented  by 
Capefiguc.  Poirson,  Lacombe,  and  Perrens  are  the  great  modern 
authorities  on  the  time  of  Henry  IV. ;  but  nothing  supersedes  the 
importance  or  interest  of  the  "  Memoirs"  of  Sully.  If  the  reader 
commands  German,  he  should  consult  Ranke  on  all  questions  of 
the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries.  On  the  great  period  of 
Richelieu's  administration  there  is  no  very  satisfactory  authority. 
Martin's  account,  on  the  whole,  is  perhaps  the  best.     Michelet 


398  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

writes  powerfully  from  a  liberal  point  of  view,  and  Capefigue 
gives  the  monarchical  side  with  his  customary  flippancy.  Mar- 
tin's "Age  of  Louis  XIV."  is  a  somewhat  too  favorable  view. 
Guizot's  account  of  this  reign  in  his  "  Popular  History  "  is  open 
to  the  same  objection,  though,  in  the  main,  it  is  an  admirable 
picture  of  one  side  of  the  question.  For  the  other  side,  sec  the 
tirst  volume  of  Buckle,  also  Taine's  "  Ancien  Regime." 

The  most  judicious  work  on  the  Revolution  is  that  of  Von 
Sybel.  Carlyle's  is  a  work  of  supreme  genius,  but  should  be  read 
not  as  a  history,  but  as  a  condiment  to  go  with  other  histories. 
The  history  of  the  Revolution  by  Thiers  has  been  the  most 
popular  one  in  France,  though  many  good  judges  give  the  palm 
of  excellence  to  that  of  Louis  Blanc.  Of  all  writers  on  the  pe- 
riod, Quinct  is  one  of  the  most  judicious  and  suggestive.  Thiers's 
"Consulate  and  Empire"  has  some  great  qualities,  but  its  prodig- 
ious popularity  has  been  chiefly  owing  to  the  adroit  manner  in 
which  it  flatters  French  vanity.  Lanfrey's  book  has  almost  rev- 
olutionized public  opinion  of  Napoleon  L  Scott  wrote  without 
investigation,  and  is  quite  untrustworthy.  Alison  investigated 
with  care,  but  is  always  strongly  tinctured  with  Toryism ;  Lock- 
hart  has  a  bias  in  the  same  direction.  Hazlitt  is  an  energetic 
champion  of  Napoleon,  and  Abbott  is  absurdly  laudatory.  If  the 
reader  desires  a  general  work  in  English  on  France  during  this 
century,  he  must  use  either  Van  Laun's  "Revolutionary  Epoch" 
or  Adams's  "  Democracy  and  Monarchy."  For  fuller  accounts 
of  specific  events,  Hillebrand,  Lamartine,  Blanc,  Hugo,  Delord, 
and  Simon  should  be  used, 

3.  Aniedoe  Thierry's  "Gaulois"  is  well  summarized  and  re- 
viewed in  the  Westminster  Revieiu  for  April,  1872.  Arnold's 
"Roman  Provincial  Administration"  throws  much  light  on  early 
munici{)al  methods  in  France.  The  same  subject  receives  lumi- 
nous treatment  in  Guizot's  essay  on  the  "Regime  Municipal  dans 
I'Empire  Romain,"  published  in  the  author's  volume  of  "  Essais." 
The  essay  by  the  same  historian  on  the  causes  of  the  fall  of  the 
Merovingians  and  Carlovingians  is  worthy  of  careful  attention. 
The  writings  of  Augustin  Thierry  are  among  the  highest  authori- 
ties on  this  period,  {'auriel's  "Southern  Gaul  under  the  Germans" 
is  a  learned  description  of  society  in  the  South  ;  and  Palgrave's 
"  Xonnaiidv  "  is  a  still  more  able  and  comprehensive  view  of  the 


I 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  399 

North.  Montalembert's  "  Monks  of  tlie  West "  gives  eloquent 
accounts  of  the  introduction  of  the  religious  orders.  Mullinger's 
"  Schools  of  Charles  the  Great "  is  a  useful  supplement  to  Gui- 
zot's  account  of  tliat  monarch,  Bulfinch's  "  Legends  of  Charle- 
magne" present  the  romantic  side  of  the  period.  De  Joinville's 
"Louis  IX."  is  of  interest,  not  only  for  its  historical  value,  but  as 
being  one  of  the  earliest  monuments  of  French  literature.  Guizot's 
essay  on  St.  Louis  is  an  admirable  portrait  of  a  representative 
Catholic  Christian  of  his  century.  James's  novel  of  "  Philip  Au- 
gustus" is  a  portrayal  of  society  and  manners  in  the  thirteenth 
century  ;  Scott's  "  Count  Robert  of  Paris  "  is  a  much  better  repre- 
sentation of  the  times  of  the  First  Crusade,  and  "  The  Talisman  " 
of  the  Third  Crusade.  "Quentin  Durward"  admirably  delin- 
eates the  characteristics  and  the  relations  of  Louis  XL  and  Charles 
the  Bold  ;  and  "  Anne  of  Geicrstein  "  gives  an  equally  correct  and 
entertaining  view  of  the  events  which  combined  the  Swiss  against 
the  Burgundians,  and  led  to  the  overthrow  of  the  rash  duke.  The 
same  novel  is  of  value  as  introducing  the  reader  to  the  famous 
Vehmgericht  of  media3val  Germany.  For  a  full  explanation  of 
this  remarkable  court  the  introduction  to  the  later  editions  of  the 
novel  should  be  read.  Hugo's  "  Hunchback  of  Notre  Dame " 
and  Reade's  "  The  Cloister  and  the  Hearth  "  relate  to  this  same 
interesting  period.  The  most  valuable  and  entertaining  essay  on 
the  political  relations  of  this  reign  is  Freeman's  review  of  Kirk's 
"  Charles  the  Bold."  Of  the  representations  of  Joan  of  Arc, 
Harriet  Parr's  is  the  best  in  English,  and  Wallon's  in  French. 
Stanhope  has  an  essay  that  gives  a  good  view  of  the  trial,  and 
the  paper  on  the  subject  in  De  Quincey's  "  Miscellanies  "  is  v/or- 
thy  of  consultation. 

On  the  subject  of  the  legislative  assemblies  in  mediaeval  France, 
Bastard  and  Bavelier  are  the  best  authorities,  though  Picot  should 
be  examined,  and  the  lectures  on  the  subject  in  Sir  James  Ste- 
phen should  be  read.  Of  the  liighest  authority,  also,  is  Thierry's 
"History  of  the  Third  Estate."  Monteil's  "History  of  the  Es- 
tates" is  a  book  of  immense  learning,  but  of  so  faulty  an  ar- 
rangement as  to  be  used  with  considerable  difficulty. 

Of  the  wars  of  the  League,  Lingard,  in  his  "  History  of  Eng- 
land," has  given  the  Catholic  view,  and  Buckle  cites  numerous 
authorities  to  show  that  Catholics  and  Protestants  were  actuated 


400  HISTORICAL  LITERATUKE. 

by  substantially  the  same  spirit.  Disraeli,  in  liis  "  Curiosities  of 
Literature,"  has  an  apology  for  the  Massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew. 
In  the  Edinburgh  Review,  vol.  xliv.  (1826),  is  to  be  found  a  very 
strong  presentation  of  the  view  that  the  massacre  was  the  con- 
summation of  a  plan  devised  long  before.  The  opposite  view  is 
held  by  Kanke  and  the  best  of  later  authorities.  The  Regency 
of  Mary  de'  Medici  is  well  described  by  Dumas  in  his  "  Three 
Guardsmen,"  and  the  War  of  the  Fronde  is  portrayed  with  equal 
spirit  in  the  same  novelist's  "  Twenty  Years  After."  The  novels 
of  G.  P.  R.  James  on  this  age  of  French  history  are  countless,  if 
not  worthless.  On  the  statesmanship  of  Richelieu,  see  President 
White's  article  on  that  minister  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  May, 
1862.  Poole's  "Huguenots"  is  very  scholarly,  and,  if  less  valua- 
ble than  Baird's,  gives  a  view  of  the  persecutions  after  the  Revo- 
cation of  the  Edict  of  Nantes  that  is  worthy  of  notice.  This  ac- 
count, however,  should  be  compared  with  the  Catholic  author- 
ities. 

The  literature  on  the  period  from  Louis  XIV.  to  the  Revolu- 
tion is  almost  limitless  in  extent,  and  it  is  therefore  difficult  to 
discriminate  in  attempting  to  indicate  the  most  valuable.  St. 
John's  edition  of  Saint-Simon's  "Memoirs,"  Reeve's  essay  on  Louis 
XIV.,  in  that  author's  "  Royal  and  Republican  France ;"  De  Toc- 
queville's  essay  on  "France  before  the  Revolution,"  published  in 
the  Westminster  Review  for  April,  1836,  and  in  his  "  Memoirs;" 
Morlcy's  essays  on  "  Rousseau "  and  "  Voltaire,"  and  Arthur 
Young's  "  Travels  in  France,"  are  perhaps  the  most  important 
adjuncts  to  the  works  already  mentioned.  Carlyle's  essay  on 
the  French  Revolution,  in  volume  iv.  of  his  "  Miscellanies,''  char- 
acterizes the  different  works  on  the  period  in  a  masterly  man- 
ner. The  essays  by  Croker  arc  full  of  learning,  and  of  the 
cynical  spitefulness  so  characteristic  of  his  intense  Toryism. 
Burke's  famous  essay  is  by  far  the  strongest  presentation  of 
the  anti-revolutionary  argument,  and  Mackintosh's  review  of  it 
perhaps  the  strongest  argument  on  the  other  side.  De  Stael's 
volume  on  tlic  Revolution  is  a  work  of  great  genius;  and  the 
essay  of  Jeffreys,  in  review  of  it,  pertinently  calls  attention  to 
the  prevailing  igiioi'ance  of  the  subject  in  England.  Macaulay's 
essays  on  "  Mirabcau  "  and  "Barere"  are  among  the  more  enter- 
taining of  that  author's  papers.     Dickens's  "Tale  of  Two  Cities" 


IIISTOKIES  OF  FKANCE.  401 

gives  a  striking  picture  of  the  Keign  of  Terror.     Victor  Hugo's 
"Ninety -three"  is  devoted  to  the  same  period. 

Tlie  novels  of  Erckmann-Chatrian,  of  which  excellent  transla- 
tions have  been  made,  pertain  mostly  to  this  period,  and  are 
among  the  best  specimens  of  historical  fiction.  They  are  both 
trustworthy  and  graphic.  Of  the  numerous  essays  on  Napoleon, 
those  of  Channing,  Emerson,  Carlyle,  Bayne,  and  Hayward  arc 
most  worthy  of  notice.  On  the  military  career  of  Napoleon, 
Jomini  and  Napier  are  the  great  authorities.  The  real  and  fatal 
significance  of  Napoleon's  Spanish  policy  is  strikingly  presented 
in  Seeley's  "  Life  of  Stein."  The  latest,  and  perhaps  the  most 
damaging,  assaults  upon  Napoleon's  title  to  grateful  remembrance 
have  been  made  by  Barni,  Jung,  and  Madame  de  Kemusat.  The 
first  shows  that  he  was  not  entitled  even  to  the  credit  of  the 
Napoleonic  Code  ;  the  last,  that  from  beginning  to  end  he  was  di- 
rected by  a  stupendous  and  all-devouring  egotism  and  selfishness. 

Striking  pictures  of  France  during  the  last  days  of  Napoleon's 
career  are  given  in  chapter  i.  of  Guizot's  "Memoirs,"  in  the. 
Atlantic  Monthly  for  April  and  May  of  1858,  and  in  volume  iii. 
of  John  Quincy  Adams's  "  Memoirs."  De  Tocqueville's  "  Memoirs" 
contain  an  admirable  chapter  on  "France  before  the  Consulate." 
On  the  period  after  the  fall  of  Napoleon,  Lamartine  and  Blanc 
are  the  authorities  with  republican  sympathies,  Capefiguc  with 
monarchical  Much  light  is  thrown  on  the  Revolutions  of  1830 
and  1848  by  De  Tocqueville's  and  by  Guizot's  "  IVIemoirs,"  by  Sen- 
ior's "  Journals,"  also  by  Alison's  essay  on  "  The  Revolution  of 
1 830,"  and  by  portions  of  Bulwer's  "  France."  Brougham  and  Gui- 
zot  condemn  the  Revolution  of  1848  ;  Mill  and  Lamartine  justify  it. 

The  coup  (Tetat  is  elaborately  described  by  Tenot  and  Hugo. 
The  same  event,  as  well  as  the  general  early  policy  of  Napoleon 
in.,  is  described  and  reviewed  in  very  spirited  and  denunciatory 
terms  by  Kinglake,  in  the  first  volume  of  his  "  Crimean  "War."  De 
Tocqueville's  description,  contributed  to  the  Times  newspaper,  is 
reproduced  in  his  "  Memoirs."  What  is  to  be  said  on  the  Napo- 
leonic side  of  the  question  may  be  seen  in  the  brilliant  letters  of 
Bagehot,  written  from  Paris,  and  republished  in  his  posthumous 
works. 

On  the  Franco-German  War  of  1870,  Hazen's  "Schools  and 
Army  of  Germany,"  and  Roberts's  "Campaigns"  are  of  value. 

26 


402  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Reeve's  essay  on  "  Communal  France "  and  Michelet's  "  France 
before  Europe,"  are  worthy  of  note.  Constitutional  questions 
have  been  very  fully  and  very  ably  discussed  by  Renan,  Labou- 
laye,  Guizot,  De  Broglie,  and  Kaiser.  The  latter,  in  an  appendix, 
gives  the  texts  of  all  the  constitutions  from  1791  to  1851.  Among 
the  most  brilliant  books  on  France  during  this  century  may  be 
mentioned  Seneuil's  "  L'Heritage  de  la  Revolution  "  and  Prevost- 
Paradol's  "  La  France  Nouvelle." 

On  the  history  of  the  literature  of  France  the  most  important 
authorities  are  Ampere,  Villemain,  Nisard,  Hettner,  Schmidt,  and 
Van  Laun.  The  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes  is  probably  entitled  to 
be  ranked  as  the  foremost  review  in  existence,  and  it  may  be  con- 
sulted with  profit  on  almost  all  important  questions  of  the  pres- 
ent century.  The  Revue  Historique,  published  since  1874,  aims 
to  give  critical  notices  of  all  noteworthy  historical  publications, 
together  with  a  periodical  list  of  all  articles  of  note  in  all  parts 
of  the  world. 

Nearly  all  modern  French  writers  of  prominence  have  been 
reviewed  by  Sainte-Beuve,  perhaps  the  most  brilliant  and  dis- 
criminating of  all  critics.  Ills  papers  have  been  brought  togeth- 
er in  a  long  series  of  volumes  under  the  title  of  "  Causeries  de 
Lundi."  The  criticisms  of  Edmund  Scherer  promise  to  be  not 
an  unworthy  continuation  of  the  celebrated  "Causeries"  of 
Sainte-Beuve.  Of  Scherer's  papers  five  volumes  have  already 
been  published. 

II.  L.  Bordier's  "  Les  Archives  de  la  France,  ou  Histoire  des  Ar- 
chives de  FEmpire,  des  Archives  des  Ministeres,  des  Departements, 
des  Communes,"  etc.  (Svo,  Paris,  1854),  is  generally  deemed  the 
most  valuable  authority  on  the  subject.  Adolphe  Cheruel's  "  Dic- 
tionnaire  Historique  des  Institutions,  Moiurs,  et  Coutumes  de  la 
France"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  2d  cd.,  1865)  is  a  work  of  unques- 
tionable importance.  Charles  Dreyss's  "  Chronologic  Universelle, 
Suivie  de  Listes  Chronologiques  et  de  Tables  Genealogiques"  ( 1 2mo, 
4th  cd.,  Paris,  1873)  is  a  convenient  book  of  reference.  Napoleon 
the  First's  "  Corrcspondance  "  (32  vols.,  4to,  Paris,  1858-70)  is 
invaluable,  though  the  editing  was  not  all  that  could  have  been 
desired.  The  collection  is  characterized  by  many  important  omis- 
sions, but  this  defect  lias  been  relieved  in  part  by  the  publication 
in  the  "Revue  Historique"  (vols.  XXXII.,  XXXIII.)  of  many  of 
the  important  letters  that  were  omitted. 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  403 

ifimile  Little's  "  Histoire  de  la  Langue  Frangaise"  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
Paris,  5th  ed.,  1865)  is  of  philological  importance.  Theopliile 
Lavaliee's  "Histoire  des  Frangais  dcpuis  le  Temps  dcs  Ganlois 
jusqii'a  nos  Jours"  (19"  ed.,  12mo,  6  vols.,  Paris,  1874).  J.  M.  Le 
Hiieroii's  "Histoire  dcs  Listitutions  Merovingiennes"  (8vo,  Paris, 
1841)  and  "  Histoire  des  Listitutions  Carolingiennes"  (8vo,  Paris, 
1843).  C.  J.  Perreciot's  "  De  I'Etat  Civil  des  Personnes  et  de  la 
Condition  des  Torres  dans  les  Gaules"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1845). 
C.  J.  B.  Girard's  "  Histoire  du  Droit  Frangais  au  Moyen  Age  "  (2 
vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1846).  M.  Deloche's  "  La  Trustis  et  I'Antrustion 
Pioyal  sous  les  Deux  Premiers  Races"  (Svo,  Paris,  1873).  J.  M. 
Pardessus's  "  Loi  Salique"  (4to,  Paris,  1843).  .  H.  B.  Bastard- 
d'Estang's  "  Les  Parlenients  de  France"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1857). 
J.  B.  Pasquicr's  "  Histoire  de  TUnite  Politique  et  Territoriale  de  la 
France"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1879-80).  P.  Robiquet's  "  Histoire 
Municipalede  Paris"  (8vo,  Paris,  1880).  A.  A.  Monteil's  "His- 
toire Agricole  de  la  France  "  (8vo,  nouv.  ed.,  Paris,  1877)  ;  also  the 
same  author's  "Histoire  Financiere  de  la  France"  (8vo,  Limoges, 
1881)  and  "  Histoire  de  I'Lidustrie  Frangaise"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris 
and  Limoges,  1878-80).  Raynouard's  "Histoire  du  Droit  Muni- 
cipal en  France"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1829)  deals  with  the  subject 
to  the  end  of  Charlemagne's  reign.  Le  Grand  d'Aussy's  "His- 
toire de  la  Vie  Privee  des  Frangais  depuis  I'Origine  de  la  Nation 
jusqu'a  nos  Jours"  (3  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  nouv.  ed.,  1815).  G.  B. 
Depping's  "  Histoire  des  Expeditions  Maritimes  des  Normands  et 
Icuv  Etablissement  en  France  au  Dixieme  Siecle  "  (Svo,  Paris,  nouv. 
ed.,  1843).  A.  L.  Puibusque's  "Histoire  Comparee  des  Littera- 
tures  Espagnoles  et  Frangaise  "  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1843)  is  an  in- 
teresting and  valuable  work.  A.  C.  Thibaudeau's  "  Histoire  des 
Etats  Generaux"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1843)  purports  to  be  a  his- 
tory of  representative  institutions  in  France  from  the  beginning 
of  the  monarchy  to  the  French  Revolution,  Flassan's  "  Histoire 
Generale  et  Raisonne  de  la  Diplomatic  Frangaise  depuis  la  Fonda- 
tion  de  la  Monarchic  jusqu'k  la  Fin  du  Regne  de  Louis  XVL"  (7 
vols., Svo, Paris,  2®  ed.,1811)  is  of  much  importance.  C.Schmidt's 
"Histoire  et  Doctrine  des  Cathares  ou  Albigeois"  (2  vols.,  Svo, 
Paris,  1849)  is  regarded  as  a  standard  work.  A.  C.  Davila's  "  His- 
tory of  the  Civil  Wars  in  France"  (folio,  London,  1647,  trans- 
lated from  the  Italian,  the  original  being  commonly  in  8  vols., 


404  HISTORICAL  LITERATUKE. 

8vo)  is  a  work  of  primary  importance.  E.  Ilaag's  "  La  France 
Protestante"  (10  vols.,  8vo,  Paris)  is  of  great  value.  A  new  edi- 
tion is  now  in  press. 

4.  The  activity  of  historical  investigators  in  France  has  recently 
been  very  great,  and  not  a  few  works  of  much  importance  have 
appeared.  A.  Longnon's  "  Atlas  Historique  de  la  P'rance  "  (royal 
8vo,  Paris,  1884)  is  the  production  of  a  geographer  of  the  first 
rank,  and  is  indispensable  in  the  study  of  the  historical  geography 
of  France.  Alfred  Rambaud's  "  Histoire  de  la  Civilisation  Fran- 
(jaise"  (Paris,  2  vols.,  8vo,  1887)  is  an  admirable  summary,  deal- 
ing with  the  history  of  thought  as  well  as  of  manners.  Jacques 
Demogeot's  "Histoire  de  la  Litte'rature  Fran^aise"  (14*  ed., 
Paris,  8vo,  1874,  with  continuation  to  date)  has  a  standard 
value.  Le  Marquis  de  Belleval's  "  Nos  Peres,  Moeurs,  et  Cou- 
tumes  du  Temps  Passe"  (8vo,  Paris,  1879)  contains  interesting 
details  of  dress,  manners,  and  customs.  Raoul  Rosieres's  "His- 
toire de  la  Socioto  Frangaise  au  Moyen  Age"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1880-81)  is  not  so  much  a  history  as  a  picturesque  description. 
Gustave  Fayniez's  "Etudes  sur  I'lndustrie  et  sur  la  Classe  Indus- 
trielle  a  Paris  au  XHP  et  au  XIV*  Siecle  "  (8vo,  Paris,  1877) 
throws  much  light  on  mediaeval  methods.  Herelle's  "Documents 
Inedits  sur  les  Etats  Generaux  tires  des  Archives  de  Vitruy-Ie- 
Fran^ois  et  Publies  avec  une  Introduction  et  des  Notes"  (8vo, 
Paris,  1 879).  II.  P.  Riviere's  "  Codes  Fran^aiscs  et  Lois  Usuelles," 
etc.  (8vo,  Paris,  1884) ;  invaluable  for  the  student  of  comparative 
law.  Pierre  Margry's  "  Decouvertes  et  Etablissements  des  Fran- 
gais  dans  I'Ouest  et  dans  le  Sud  de  L'Amerique  Septentrionale, 
1614-1754"  (4  vols.,  large  8vo,  Paris,  1879-81)— a  valuable  col- 
lection of  original  memoirs  and  documents.  A.  Luchaire's  "  His- 
toire des  Institutions  Monarchiques  de  la  France  sous  les  Premiers 
Capetiens,  987-1180"  (2  vols.,  Bvo.,  Paris,  1884).  J.  Flack's 
"Les  Origines  de  I'Ancienne  France"  (vol.  i.,  8vo,  Pans,  1885). 
Ale.xis  Polloc's  "Les  Postes  Frangaises.  Recherches  Ilistoriques 
sur  leur  Originc,  leur  Developpement,  leur  Legislation,"  etc.  (Svo, 
Paris,  1886).  J.  L.  de  Lanessau's  "  L'Expansion  Coloniale  de  la 
France  "  (Bvo,  Paris,  1886).  Ed.  Marx's  "  Essai  sur  les  Pouvoirs 
du  Gouvcrneurde  Province  sous  la  lie[)ublique  Romaine  et  jnsqu'k 
r)iocI(!ticn"  (Svo,  Paris,  1880).  E.  Bourgeois's  "  Le  Capitulaire 
<le  Kicrsy-sur-Oise  (877)"  (8vo,  Paris,  1885)  is  a  valuable  study 


HISTORIES  OF  FRANCE.  405 

of  the  political  and  social  condition  of  society  under  the  Carolin- 
gian  regime.  E.  Glasson's  "  llistoire  dii  Droit  et  des  Institutions 
de  la  France"  (vol.  i.,  8vo,  Paris,  1887)  has  to  do  exclusively  with 
Celtic  and  Roman  Gaul.  Alfred  Rambaud's  "  L'llistoire  de  la 
Civilisation  Fran^aisc"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1885-'7)  is  an  excellent 
work,  of  which  vol.  I.  brings  the  study  to  the  Fronde,  vol.  II.  to 
the  Revolution.  The  subsequent  period  is  covered  by  his  "  llis- 
toire de  la  Civilisation  Conteraporaine  en  France "  (8vo,  Paris, 
1888).  Hermann  Baumgarten's  "  Vor  der  Bartolomiiusnacht " 
(Svo,  Strasburg,  f  882)  is  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  study  of 
the  subject.  The  Vicomte  Me'aux's  "  Les  Luttes  Religieuses  en 
France  au  XVP  Siecle  "  (Svo,  Paris,  1879)  is  also  very  impor- 
tant. Samuel  Smiles's  "  The  Huguenots :  their  Settlement  in  Eng- 
land and  Ireland  "  (Svo,  London,  rev.  ed.,  ISSO),  and  the  same  au- 
thor's "  The  Huguenots  after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of 
Nantes"  (Svo,  London,  rev.  ed.,  1877),  are  valuable.  On  a  kin- 
dred subject,  C.  W.  Baird's  "History  of  the  Huguenot  Emigra- 
tion to  America"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  New  York,  1885)  is  of  impor- 
tance. Also  II.  M.  Baird's  "The  Huguenots  and  Henry  of  Na- 
varre "  (2  vols.,  Svo,  New  York,  1886).  II.  Forneron's  "  Les  Dues 
de  Guise  et  leur  Epoque :  Etude  Historiquc  sur  le  Seizieme  Siecle  " 
(2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1877).  J.  B.  Perkins's  "  France  under  Riche- 
lieu and  Mazarin"  (2  vols.,  Svo,  New  York  and  London,  1SS6). 
On  the  period  of  the  French  Revolution  a  considerable  number 
of  important  works  have  recently  appeared.  The  most  notewor- 
thy are  the  following  :  R.  II.  Dabney's  "  The  Causes  of  the  French 
Revolution  "  (l2mo.  New  York,  1888).  II.  M.  Stephens's  "  His- 
tory of  the  French  Revolution"  (vol.  I.,  Svo,  London  and  New 
York,  1SS6)  gives  great  prominence  to  the  condition  of  the  prov- 
inces; is  to  be  completed  in  three  volumes.  Jules  Janin's  "  Paris 
et  Versailles  il  y  a  Cent  Ans"  (Svo,  Paris,  1874).  C.  A.  Dauban''s 
"La  Demagogic  en  1793,  1794  et  1795  in  Paris;"  "Les  Prisons 
de  Paris  sous  la  Revolution  ;"  "  llistoire  de  la  Rue,  du  Club,  de  la 
Famine  "  (3  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  18G7-70).  They  contain  many  illus- 
trative documents.  H.  A.  Wallon's  "  llistoire  du  Tribunal  Re'voln- 
tionnaire  de  Paris  "  (6  vols.,  Svo,  Paris,  1880-82)  is  a  work  of  great 
importance.  E.  and  J.  de  Goncourt's  "  Histoire  de  la  Sociute  Fran- 
gaise  pendant  la  Revolution  et  la  Directoire  "  (2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris). 
C.  D.  Yonge's  "  Life  of  Marie  Antoinette  "  (Svo,  London  and  New 


406  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

York,  1886).  J.  E.  Robinet's"  Lc  Proces  des  Dantonistes,  d'Apres 
les  Documents,  precede  d'line  Introduction  Historique"  (8vo,  Par- 
is, 1879) ;  also  the  same  author's  "  Danton  :  Memoire  sur  sa  Vie 
Privfee  "  (l2mo,  3«  ed.,  Paris,  1884).  A.  Bougeart's  "  Marat,  I'Ami 
du  Peuple  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1865),  and  "Danton  "  (8vo,  Paris, 
1879);  F.  Chevreniont's  "Jean  Paul  Marat"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1880) ;  E.  Ilamel's  "  Histoire  de  Hobespierro  et  du  Coup  d'Etat 
du  9  Theruiidor"  (3  vols.,  4to,  Paris,  1878)  are  among  the  most 
important  recent  works.  Albert  Sorel's  "  L'Europe  et  la  Revo- 
lution Frangaise"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1887)  p(#tains  to  the  for- 
eign relations  of  France,  and  is  singularly  strong  and  exact ;  it  is 
full  of  facts  and  good  sense.  H.  v.  Sybel's  "Die  Erhebung  Eu- 
ropa's  gegen  Napoleon  L,  edited  with  notes  by  Granville  Sharp  " 
(8vo,  London,  1887).  Pierre  Victor's  "La  Terreur  sous  la  Di- 
rectoire"  (8vo,  Paris,  1887)  is  a  valuable  book,  written  to  show 
that  the  Terror  did  not  cease  with  Robespierre.  J.  R.  Seeley's 
"  A  Short  History  of  Napoleon  L"  (8vo,  London  and  New  York, 
1886)  is  the  most  able  of  the  brief  accounts  of  Napoleon  from  a 
hostile  point  of  view.  The  best  recent  account  from  the  other  side 
is  J.  C.  Ropes's  "  The  First  Napoleon,  a  Sketch  Political  and  Mili- 
tary "  (8vo,  Boston,  1885)  ;  it  is  an  able  attempt  to  stem  the  re- 
sistless tide  of  condemnation  that  set  in  with  the  publication  of 
Napoleon's  correspondence.  E.  Bavoux's  "  La  France  sous  Na- 
poleon in.,  TEmpire  et  la  Regime  Parlementaire"  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
Paris,  1870).  Maxime  Du  Camp's  "Les  Convulsions  de  Paris" 
(4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1878-79)  is  the  great  authority  on  the  com- 
mune of  1871. 


1 


HISTORIES  dF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  407 


ClIAPTEK   XL 

HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND. 

I.    HISTORIES    OF   EUSSIA. 

Bell,  Robert. — A  History  of  Russia.    3  vols.,  1 2rao,  London,  1836. 

Like  all  the  other  works  of  Dr.  Lardner's  series,  this  history 
was  written  by  an  author  selected  on  account  of  his  especial  quali- 
fications for  the  task.  The  volumes  are  wu-itten  with  care  and  are 
not  without  the  merit  of  a  graceful  and  attractive  style.  The  third 
volume  is  almost  exclusively  devoted  to  the  Napoleonic  period,  and 
will  be  found  by  most  readers  to  awaken  the  greatest  interest  and 
to  possess  the  most  value.  The  author  brings  his  work  to  a  close 
with  the  end  of  the  Napoleonic  wars.  No  foot-notes  or  references 
to  authorities  are  given,  and  the  presumption  is  justified  that  the 
volumes  are  made  up  chiefly  from  a  study  of  Levesque,  Tooke,  and 
Karamsin.     The  work  is  greatly  inferior  to  that  of  Rambaud. 


Bernhardi,  Theodor  von. — Geschichte  Russlands  und  der  euro- 
piiischen  Politik  in  den  Jahren  1814-31.  3  vols.,  8vo,  Leipsic, 
1868-78. 

The  author  acted  upon  the  theory  that  the  Napoleonic  wars 
were  something  quite  distinct  from  the  true  national  life  of  Russia. 
He  therefore  has  deemed  the  great  contest  which  culminated  in 
1813  an  episode  to  receive  separate  and  peculiar  treatment.  The 
first  volume,  accordingly,  is  devoted  exclusively  to  an  account  of 
the  contest  with  Napoleon.  Two  large  volumes  of  more  than 
twelve  hundred  pages  are  then  filled  with  a  description  of  Russian 


408  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

politics  during-  the  period  previous  to  the  time  at  which  the  his- 
tory avowedly  begins. 

But,  notwithstanding  these  unfortunate  peculiarities,  the  work 
has  remarkable  merits.  In  no  other  book  lias  the  traditional 
policy  of  Russia  been  more  ably  and  clearly  presented.  The 
author  furnishes  evidence  on  every  page  of  clear  insight  and  im- 
partial judgment.  When  the  work  is  completed  to  the  end  of 
the  Polish  revolt  in  1831,  it  will  probably  be  the  most  valuable 
history  of  modern  Russia  in  our  possession.  But  the  arrange- 
ment must  always  be  considered  unfortunate. 


Catherine  the  Second. — Memoirs  written  by  Herself,  with  a  Pref- 
ace by  Alexander  Ilerzen.  Translated  from  the  French.  8vo, 
London,  1859. 

As  this  work  was  not  published  until  the  outbreak  of  the  Cri- 
mean War,  the  question  of  its  genuineness  was  everywhere  raised. 
From  internal  evidence,  it  is  now  generally  accepted  as  authentic ; 
though  it  was  long  in  the  hands  of  Catherine's  imperial  suc- 
cessors, and  the  proof  that  it  was  not  tampered  with  is  not  quite 
complete. 

The  volume  has  to  do  almost  exclusively  "with  Catherine's  early 
years.  But  it  is  a  most  extraordinary  uncovering  of  Russian 
court  life.  The  imbecility  of  Peter  the  Third,  the  dissimulation 
lind  ambition  of  his  wife,  the  mixture  of  barbarism  and  brutality 
that  everywhere  prevailed,  are  nowhere  else  more  graphically  por- 
trayed. 


Howorth,  Henry  H. — History  of  the  Mongols  from  the  Ninth  to 
the  Nineteenth  Century.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1876-80. 

The  history  of  the  Mongols  is  so  interwoven  with  the  history 
of  Russia  that  the  student  who  would  learn  nuich  of  the  latter 
will  find  great  advantage  in  at  least  a  general  acquaintance  with 
tlie  former.  The  volumes  of  Howorth,  therefore,  may  serve  a  use- 
ful purpose,  though  they  arc  lacking  in  some  of  the  qualities 
necessary  to  a  work  of  high  merit. 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA    AND  POLAND.  409 

The  author  shows  great  industry  in  researcli,  a  very  intimate 
personal  knowlcilge  of  tlie  people  of  whom  he  writes,  and  not  a 
little  ingenuity  in  the  interprctati(?n  of  events.  But  he  is  not 
endowed  with  the  art  of  graceful  or  spirited  expression.  The 
work,  in  short,  is  written  in  a  dull  and  heavy  style.  It  is  also 
probably  somewhat  too  enthusiastic  in  its  praises  of  the  Mongol 
conquerors. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  "  The  Mongols  Proper  and  the 
Kalmucks ;"  the  second  to  "  The  so-called  Tartars  of  Russia  and 
Central  Asia." 


Karamsin,  N. — Ilistoire  de  I'Empire  de  Russie.  Traduite  par 
MM.  Saint-Thomas,  Jai^ret,  et  de  Divoff.  11  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1819-26. 

The  standard  history  of  the  early  centuries  of  the  empire.  The 
author  has  shown  great  erudition  as  ^vcll  as  industry.  At  the  end 
of  each  volume  he  has  given  a  series  of  notes  that  bear  ample 
testimony  to  his  faithfulness  in  the  examination  of  authorities. 
These  are  not  confined  to  native  sources.  The  historians  and 
travellers  of  other  countries — Greek,  Latin,  Arabian,  German,  Scan- 
dinavian, Polish,  Hungarian,  and  English — are  compelled  to  pay 
tribute  to  his  volumes.  The  result  is  an  amount  of  material  and 
information  in  regard  to  the  eai'ly  history  of  Russia  not  elsewhere 
to  be  easily  found. 

But  its  very  merits  exclude  it  from  general  use.  Its  extreme 
minuteness  of  detail  practically  destroys  its  utility  for  the  general 
reader.  The  eleven  volumes  only  bring  the  history  down  to  1606  ; 
and  consequently  do  not  even  reach  the  period  when  Russian  his- 
tory begins  to  be  either  very  interesting  or  very  important.  The 
highest  claim  of  the  work  is  that  of  an  industrious  compilation, 
for  it  shows  neither  critical  acumen  nor  sound  judgment. 

The  translation  is  not  very  faulty  in  style,  but  it  is  said  to 
abound  in  errors. 


Kelly,  W.  K. — The  History  of  Russia  from  the  Earliest  Period  to 
the  Present  Time.     Compiled  from  the  most  authentic  sources, 


410  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

including  the  works  of  Karamsin,  Tooke,  and  Segur.     2  vols., 
Crown  8vo,  London,  1854. 

The  author  of  these  voluni'es  makes  no  claim  to  the  credit  of 
original  research,  but  he  performed  a  meritorious  service  as  a  com- 
piler. The  writers  from  whose  materials  he  has  built  up  his 
structure  are  too  voluminous  for  the  purposes  of  the  ordinary 
student.  The  huge  volumes  of  Karamsin  and  Tooke,  nearly 
twenty  in  number,  are  condensed  into  a  handy  duodecimo,  which 
contains  all  that  most  people  will  take  the  trouble  to  learn  of  the 
history  of  Russia  before  the  time  of  Peter  the  Great.  The  second 
volume  of  Kelley  is  devoted  to  the  last  century,  and  carries  the 
history  to  the  close  of  the  Crimean  War. 

Though  the  work  is  not  generally  inaccurate,  many  errors,  some 
of  them  of  considerable  importance,  ha\*e  crept  into  it.  In  spite 
of  these  defects,  however,  in  the  estimation  of  a  majority  of  read- 
ers, it  will  take  rank  for  general  purposes  next  below  tliat  of 
Rambaud.  In  point  of  genuine  scholarship,  it  falls  much  below 
the  German  history  of  Strahl  and  Hermann. 


Lamartine,  Alphonse  de. — Ilistoire  de  la  Russie.     2  vols,,  8vo, 
Paris,  1855. 

The  ".York  of  a  poet,  compiled  on  a  bookseller's  order.  It  is 
written  with  that  brilliant  vivacity  so  characteristic  of  all  of  La- 
martine's  writings ;  but  as  a  history  it  has  no  value,  save  to  those 
who  have  no  access  to  other  authorities.  It  was  made  up  from 
the  writings  of  Levesque  and  others,  and  has  no  just  claim  to  any 
originality  save  the  originality  of  form.  It  is  undeniabl}^  one  of 
the  most  readable  histories  of  Russia ;  but  it  must  rank  with  the 
writings  of  Voltaire  on  the  same  subject,  in  that  its  merits  are 
literary  rather  than  historical. 


Levesque,  P.  C. — Ilistoire  de  Russie.  4*^  ed.,  continuee  jusqu'a 
la  mort  de  Paul  I.,  ct  publice  avec  dcs  notes  par  MM.  Maltc- 
P)run  et  Depping.     4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1812. 

For  many  years  these  volumes  enjoyed  the  distinction  of  being 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA   AND   POLAND.  411 

the  only  ones  from  which  foreii^ners  could  acquire  any  consider- 
able knowledge  of  Russia.  They  have  been  largely  used  by  writ- 
ers on  Russian  history  in  almost  all  the  countries  of  Western  Eu- 
rope. 

The  author  resided  for  some  years  at  the  Russian  capital,  wrote 
in  a  spirited  style,  and  had  access  to  many  chronicles  and  public 
documents.  But  he  had  no  very  clear  apprehension  of  his  sub- 
ject, chose  his  topics  for  treatment  without  discrimination,  and, 
consequently,  he  cither  omitted  or  but  slightly  touched  upon 
many  subjects  of  great  importance,  and  indulged  in  many  con- 
jectures which  subsequent  researches  have  shown  to  be  quite  un- 
founded. With  some  points  of  merit,  therefore,  the  work  is  no 
longer  of  any  especial  value.  It  is,  however,  accompanied  with 
an  atlas  of  sixty  excellent  maps. 


Rambaud,  Alfred. — The  History  of  Russia  from  the  Earliest 
Times  to  1877.  Translated  by  Leonora  B.  Lang;  also  a  better 
translation  by  N.  H.  Dole,  with  illustrations.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1879. 

By  far  the  best  history  of  Russia  accessible  to  the  reader  of 
English,  and  probably  even  the  best  in  any  of  the  languages  of 
Western  Europe.  The  author  is  thoroughly  conversant  with  Rus- 
sian literature,  and  in  the  preparation  of  the  work  he  has  made 
use  of  original  materials.  The  history  has  at  once  the  merits  of 
thoroughness  and  freshness,  while,  at  the  same  time,  it  is  made  up 
with  so  good  judgment  and  so  fine  a  sense  of  proportion  that  the 
perspective  leaves  nothing  to  be  desired.  The  author  has  laid 
under  constant  contribution  the  works  of  the  latest  Russian  his- 
torical writers ;  and  thus  the  reader  is  led  to  feel  that  he  is  at  all 
times  receiving  the  benefit  of  the  latest  and  the  best  thought  on 
the  period  under  examination. 

The  first  volume  gives  us  an  account  of  the  beginnings  of  Rus- 
sia, of  the  early  Russian  principalities  and  republics,  of  the  as- 
cendency of  the  Muscovite,  of  the  concentration  under  Ivan  the 
Terrible  and  the  Romanofs,  and,  finally,  of  the  turbulent  period 
just  before  the  accession  of  Peter  the  Great.  To  this  monarch 
the  author  gives  a  large  place,  and  one  has  only  to  look  over  his 
pages  to  see  how  completely  the  superficial  treatise  of  Voltaire 


412  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

lias  been  cast  into  tlic  shade.  The  author  seizes  upon  tlic  salient 
points  of  tlie  reign  witli  remarkable  ability,  and  shows  in  a  mas- 
terly manner  the  means  by  which  Peter  was  able  to  shake  off  the 
Oriental  traditions  of  his  ancestors.  Ilis  treatment  of  the  inva- 
sion by  Napoleon  is  very  graphic,  although  his  French  sympathies 
lead  him  to  some  statements  and  conclusions  with  which  the  read- 
er will  hardly  agree.  The  review  of  the  government  and  its  pol- 
icy under  the  four  emperors  of  the  present  century  is  also  most 
admirable. 

The  translation  is  excellent,  and,  as  the  English  version  contains 
several  chapters  specially  prepared  by  the  author  for  this  edition, 
it  is  to  be  preferred  to-  the  work  as  it  was  originally  written. 


Schnitzler,  J,  H. — Secret  History  of  the  Court  and  Government 
of  Russia  under  the  Emperors  Alexander  and  Nicholas.  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1847. 

Of  some  value  as  a  portrayal  of  the  difficulties  in  Russia  that 
led  to  the  revolts  of  1825  and  the  consequent  policy  of  Nicholas. 
The  author  spent  several  years  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  was  an  acute 
and  careful  observer  of  affairs.  The  volumes  are  devoted  quite 
exclusively  to  the  portrayal  of  political  matters,  and  for  the  stu- 
dent who  would  learn  what  is  to  be  known  of  more  recent  political 
troubles  in  Russia  they  are  not  without  considerable  importance. 


Segur,  General,  Count  de. — History  of  Russia  and  of  Peter  the 
Great.     8vo,  London,  1829# 

This  volume  is  not  without  value  as  a  summary  of  the  dreary 
centuries  of  early  Russian  history.  Put  it  may  be  said  that  the 
portion  doubtless  regarded  by  the  author  as  the  most  important 
is  of  least  value.  He  shows  an  absurd  idolatry  of  l*eter  the 
Great,  and  he  wrote  in  a  style  that  is  inflated  and  unnatural.  The 
volume  had  considerable  popularity  at  the  time  of  its  first  appear- 
ance, and  the  writings  of  Sogur  on  Russian  affairs  are  unquestion- 
ably entitled  to  some  notice  as  the  work  of  a  personal  observer ; 


HISTORIES  OF  IIUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  413 

but  when  the  author  abandons  tlic  pui'i)osc  of  telHng  us  what  he 
saw  for  the  task  of  tclUng  us  what  he  thinks,  lie  ceases  to  be 
either  interestinoc  or  instructive. 


Strahl,  Ph.,  und  Hermann,  E. — Gcschiclite  des  russischen  Staates. 
G  vols.,  Svo,  Hamburg,  1832-60. 

One  of  the  most  notable  and  one  of  the  best  of  the  complete 
histories  of  Russia.  It  was  prepared  with  great  care,  after  long 
and  painstaking  study,  and  takes  a  high  rank  among  the  Heercn 
and  Ukert  scries,  of  which  it  forms  a  part. 

For  readers  of  German  it  still  has  no  superior,  though  for  most 
students  the  more  spirited  history  by  Rambaud  will  be  preferred. 
The  part  of  the  work  devoted  to  the  eighteenth  century  is  of 
greatest  importance,  and  embodies  the  results  of  important  re- 
searches by  Hermann  on  the  puzzling  question  of  the  partitions 
of  Poland.  The  author  is  not  inclined  to  exculpate  Russia  from 
the  chief  responsibility  of  the  first  partition. 


Tissot,  Victor. — Russes  et  AUemands.     12mo,  New  York,  1881. 
Also  La  Russie  et  les  Russes.     12mo,  2^  ed.,  Paris,  1884, 

Though  the  first  work  professes  to  deal  with  Germans  as  well  as 
witli^  Russians,  its  importance  is  in  the  picture  it  gives  of  the  con- 
ditions which  have  developed  into  modern  Nihilism.  On  this 
particular  phase  of  modern  tliought  concerning  Russian  affairs  it 
is  the  most  clear  and  concise  account  we  have.  The  subject  which 
mainly  occupies  the  volume  is  so  important,  and  the  authors 
method  is  so  perspicuous  and  so  spirited,  that  the  volume  passed 
through  several  editions  within  the  first  month  after  its  publication. 

The  first  chapter,  that  devoted  to  the  "Fathers  of  Nihilism," 
describes  the  growth  and  development  of  this  sect,  and  indicates 
with,  sufficient  cleaniess  the  nature  of  the  doctrines  from  time  to 
time  entertained.  Of  especial  interest  is  the  account  of  the 
manner  in  which  the  apostles  of  this  negation  have  carried  on 
their  work  of  propagandism.  The  organization  of  the  NihiJists, 
or  rather  their  want  of  it,  is  also  explained. 


414  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Other  chapters  are  devoted  to  the  education  of  women  in  Rus- 
sia, the  Russian  universities,  the  army,  the  relations  between  Ger- 
many and  Russia,  and  the  important  part  of  German  officers  in 
Russian  affairs. 

The  account  of  Alexander  llerzen,  the  real  founder  of  Nihil- 
ism, is  inferior  to  that  given  by  Eckardt ;  but  the  volume  as  a 
whole  is  more  spirited,  and  for  that  reason  more  readable. 


Tooke,  William. — Russia ;  or,  A  Complete  Historical  Account  of 
all  the  Nations  which  Comprise  the  Russian  Empire.  4  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1780-83.  Also,  A  History  of  Russia  from  A.D. 
862  to  1762.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1806.  Also,  The  Life  of 
Catharine  H.     Fourth  edition,  3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1800. 

Mr.  Tooke  was  a  clergyman  of  the  English  Church,  stationed 
for  a  considerable  time  at  Cronstadt  and  St.  Petersburg.  Not- 
withstanding his  facilities,  however,  his  histories  are  crude  and 
unsatisfying.  But  for  the  fact  that  they  long  had  exclusive  pos- 
session of  the  field,  they  would  hardly  be  deserving  of  notice. 
The  history  of  Catharine  H.  approaches  nearest  to  having  some 
intrinsic  merit.  But  the  volumes  were  all  made  up  of  the  results 
of  very  superficial  observation  and  very  limited  acquaintance  with 
original  sources  of  information.  Levesque  was  the  author  from 
whose  untrustworthy  pages  he  drew  a  large  share  of  his  historical 
information  and  his  historical  ignorance. 


II.    HISTORIES    OF    POLAND. 

Dunham,  S.  A. — The  History  of  Poland.     12 mo,  London,  1834. 

This  excellent  little  volume  is  not  a  mere  compilation ;  but, 
like  most  of  tlie  other  histories  by  ])r.  Dunham,  is  founded  on 
original  research.  The  author  explored  the  best  sources  of  infor- 
mation in  the  l*olish,  Bohemian,  Hungarian,  German,  and  French 
languages,  and  has  wrought  liis  materials  into  admirable  form. 

For  the  first  partition  of  I'oland  he  is  inclined  to  hold  Fred- 
crick  the  Great  chiefiy  responsible,  though  he  confesses  to   no 


HISTOrJES   OF  RUSSIA  AND   POLAND.  415 

positive  evidence  on  the  subject,  and  consequently  expresses  his 
conjecture  with  judicious  moderation.  The  latter  part  of  the 
work  is  the  least  satisfactory,  chiefly  for  the  reason  that  sources 
of  original  and  correct  information  on  this  period  were  not  ac- 
cessible. Recent  investigations  have  thrown  much  additional 
light  on  Polish  history  during  the  last  century. 


Fletcher,  James. — The  History  of  Poland,  from  the  Earliest  Pe- 
riod to  the  I'reseiit  Time.     8vo,  London,  1831. 

One  of  the  most  readable  of  the  short  histories  of  Poland.  The 
author  brought  to  his  task  considerable  learning,  and  carried  for- 
ward his  researches  with  industry  and  patience.  His  methods, 
however,  are  much  less  exact  than  Dr.  Dunham's ;  and,  though  he 
will  perhaps  more  interest  the  general  reader,  his  opinions  will  be 
received  with  less  confidence  by  the  careful  student.  His  account 
of  the  several  partitions  of  the  country  is  made  valueless  by  the 
investigations  of  more  recent  writers. 


Lelevel,  Joachim.  —  Histoire  de  Pologne.     2  vols.,  Svo,  Paris, 
1844. 

A  standard  history  of  Poland  from  a  Polish  point  of  view'. 
But  no  work  was  ever  published  from  which  more  conclusive 
evidence  can  be  derived  of  the  essential  tyranny  of  Polish  insti- 
tutions. The  second  volume  gives  a  sad  picture  of  the  relations 
of  the  nobles  and  peasants — relations  which  grew  Avorse  and 
worse  from  13*74  to  1572. 

Although  the  book  was  w'ritten  as  a  sort  of  plea  for  Poland,  it 
is  a  conclusive  condemnation  of  Polish  institutions,  if  not  even  of 
Poland  itself. 


Rdpell,  R.,  und  Caro,  S. — Geschichte  Polens.     3  vols.,  Svo,  Ham- 
burg, 1840-C3. 

The  most  dispassionate  and  the  most  valuable  of  the  compre- 


416  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

hensive  histories  of  Poland.  Of  the  general  course  of  Polish 
history  the  student  will  find  it  the  most  satisfactory  account, 
though  for  a  view  of  individual  periods  other  and  special  works 
will  probably  liave  to  be  resorted  to.  It  is  much  fuller,  and  was 
prepared  with  e\'en  greater  care,  than  the  general  history  by  Dun- 
ham, and  therefore  for  the  special  student  is  much  superior;  but 
for  the  general  reader  the  small  volume  of  the  English  author  will 
be  more  readable  and  more  satisfactory.  Another  advantage  of 
the  English  work  is  in  the  fact  that  it  brings  the  narrative  down 
to  the  present  century,  whereas  Ropell  and  Caro  end  before  mod- 
ern history  fairly  begins.  For  the  more  interesting  period  of  the 
partitions  the  student  must  resort  to  the  later  works  of  Ropell  and 
others. 


Ropell,  Rich. — Polen  urn  die  Mitte  des  18.  Jahrhunderts.     8vo, 
Gotha,  1876. 

The  author  has  been  one  of  the  most  thorough  students  of  the 
original  sources  of  information  concerning  Polish  affairs,  and  he 
has  treated  the  limited  subject  here  undertaken  with  the  skill  and 
the  ability  so  conspicuous  in  his  larger  history. 

In  the  first  eight  chapters  of  the  volume  and  in  four  appen- 
dices he  pictures  in  a  masterly  manner  the  deplorable  political 
condition  of  Poland  from  1697  to  1763;  while  he  devotes  the 
remaining  portion  of  the  work  to  an  equally  graphic  and  success- 
ful description  of  ecclesiastical  turbulence. 

Especially  noteworthy  is  the  first  chapter,  entitled  "  Republik," 
in  which  the  author  points  out  the  characteristics  of  the  govern- 
ment, and  compares  its  condition  with  that  of  Rome  in  the  time 
of  the  Gracchi.  Equally  powerful  arc  the  descriptions  of  the  no- 
bility and  of  the  common  people.  The  attitude  of  the  one  is 
indicated  by  the  motto  "I)er  Adel  die  alleinigc  Macht;"  of  the 
other,  by  the  co)nmon  form  of  greeting,  "  Ich  kiisse  des  Ilerrn 
Fiisse." 

The  book,  as  a  whole,  is  one  of  the  most  powerful  pictures  ever 
drawn  of  Poland  just  before  the  first  partition,  and  no  student 
can  read  it  without  new  and  stronger  impressions  of  the  deplora- 
ble condition  of  the  countrv. 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  417 

Eulhiere,  Claude  Carloman  de. — Ilistoire  de  I'Anarcliie  de  Po- 
logne.  4  vols.,  8vo,  I'uris,  1807.  Posthumous  edition,  1819. 
Also, .as  a  supplemt'iitary  work,  Revolutions  de  Pologne.  3 
vols.,  8vo,  4th  cd.,  Paris,  "l  862. 

This  author  gives  what  was  for  many  years  the  most  complete 
and  graphic  account  of  the  national  turbulence  which  led  to  the 
fall  of  ].*oland.  It  is  chietly  from  this  work  that  Alison  and  oth- 
ers have  drawn  their  most  significant  facts.  Any  one  who  reads 
it  will  be  able  to  understand  the  tendencies  to  dissolution  which 
made  union  for  the  purpose  of  resisting  partition  quite  impossible. 
Whatever  may  be  the  opinion  of  a  student  concerning  the  atti- 
tude of  the  partitioning  powers,  a  careful  reading  of  these  vol- 
umes will  not  fail  to  convince  him  that  the  maladies  of  Poland 
were  very  grave,  if  not  absolutely  incurable. 


Salvandy,  M.  de. — Histoire  de  Pologne,  avant  et  sous  le  Roi  Jean 
Sobieski.    Nouvelle  e'd.,  revue  et  augmentee.    2  vols.,  Paris,  1855. 

Salvandy's  is  a  standard  history  of  Poland  to  the  end  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  The  work  is  valuable  to  any  student  de- 
sirous of  knowing  what  is  to  be  learned  of  the  early  power  and 
material  greatness  of  the  nation.  It  is  much  quoted  as  an  au- 
thority by  Alison  and  others,  but  it  ends  before  the  most  inter- 
esting portion  of  Polish  history  begins.  Even  on  the  early  his- 
tory of  Poland  it  may  be  regarded  as  less  important  than  the 
later  work  of  Ropell  and  Caro. 


Ferrand,  Le  Comte  Antoine  de.— Les  Trois  Demembrements  de 
la  Pologne,  pour  faire  suite  aux  Revolutions  de  Pologne  de 
Rulhiere.  Edition  revue  sur  le  texte  et  annotee  par  Christien 
Ostrowski.     3  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1865. 

The  first  edition  of  this  work  appeared  as  early  as  1820,  and 
it  has  done  much  to  shape  public  opinion  in  regard  to  the  subject 
of  which  it  treats.  It  has  not  great  intrinsic  merits,  however,  and 
it  was  written  before  the  archives  of  the  nations  engaged  in  the 

27 


418  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

several  partitions  liad  been  thrown  open  to  investigators.  What- 
ever value  the  work  may  at  one  time  seem  to  have  had,  it  has 
been  almost  entirely  taken  away  by  the  more  recent  and  thorough 
researches  of  Dunckei",  Beer,  and  others. 


Beer,  Adolf. — Die  erste  Theilung  Polens.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Vienna, 
1873. 

This  work  is  an  exhaustive  study  of  the  subject  of  which  it 
treats,  in  the  light  of  all  the  most  recent  researches.  Since  the 
appearance  of  Rulhiere's  history,  and  the  continuation  of  it  by 
Ferrand,  the  most  careful  studies  of  Polish  affairs  have  been  car- 
ried on,  and  the  most  fruitful  results  have  been  obtained.  Her- 
mann has  made  known  the  reports  of  the  Saxon  envoys,  Theiner 
has  published  the  despatches  of  the  Papal  nuncios,  Soloviev  has 
revealed  the  documents  at  St.  Petersburg,  Dunckcr  has  explored 
the  archives  at  Berlin,  and,  lastly.  Beer  has  made  the  most  com- 
prehensive researches  in  the  state-papers  at  Vienna. 

The  result  of  all  these  labors  has  been  to  lay  the  history  of  the 
first  partition  completely  open  to  the  eye  of  the  historical  student. 
Ranke,  with  characteristic  foresight,  long  since  predicted  that 
when  the  archives  came  to  be  fully  explored  it  would  be  found 
that  the  account  of  the  first  partition  given  by  Frederick  the 
Great  was  substantially  correct.  Events  ha\'e  justified  the  pre- 
diction. The  writings  alluded  to  have  conclusively  shown  that 
the  partition  was  not  the  result  of  a  deliberate  policy,  but  was 
adopted  in  an  emergency  as  a  means  of  preventing  a  general 
European  war.  Of  the  various  contributions  to  this  conchision, 
that  of  Beer  is  by  far  the  most  important.  The  author,  by  trac- 
ing the  history  of  events  from  the  close  of  the  Seven  Years'  War, 
and  by  following  the  diplomatic  threads  discovered  in  the  archives, 
makes  it  perfectly  clear  that  the  common  impression  that  Frederick 
was  the  originator  of  the  scheme  is  without  foundation.  The 
history  throughout  the  volumes  rests  upon  despatches  and  docu- 
ments tliat  are  quoted  at  Icngtli,  and  leave  no  chance  for  doubt 
as  to  tlie  correctness  of  the  ground  taken.  The  third  volume  is 
made  up  exclusively  of  state-papers,  now  for  the  first  time  brought 
to  light. 


HISTORIES  OF  liUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  419 

Von  der  Briig-gen,  Ernst. — Polcns  Auflosuno-.  Kulturgescluclit- 
liclic  Skizzcti  aus  den  letztcn  Jahrliundertcn  dcr  polnischcn 
Selbststandigkeit.     8vo,  Leipsic,  1878. 

A  series  of  essays,  published  from  time  to  time  on  Polish  his- 
tory and  Polish  society.  The  author  is  not  only  thoroughly  fa- 
miliar with  the  land  and  people  of  Poland,  hut  he  has  made  an 
especial  study  of  its  literature,  including  a  mass  of  memoirs  and 
correspondence,  in  part,  at  least,  as  yet  unpublished. 

The  volume  contains  seventeen  chapters,  the  most  important  of 
which  are  on  the  following  subjects :  "  An  Introductory  Sketch  of 
the  Political  and  Social  History  of  Poland  from  the  Fifteenth  to 
the  Eighteenth  Century;"  "The  Inhabitants;"  "The  Cities;" 
"  The  Finances,  the  Army,  and  the  Church  ;"  "  The  Clergy  and 
the  Schools;"  "The  Magnates;"  "Warsaw;"  "  Poniatowski ;" 
"  The  First  Partition  ;"  "  Concluding  Observations,  embracing  a 
View  of  the  Political  Development  of  Poland  from  the  Third 
Partition  to  the  Insurrection  of  1863." 

The  chapters  are  admirably  written,  and  the  impressions  left 
upon  the  mind  of  the  student  will  be  similar  to  those  left  by  the 
masterly  work  of  Eopel.  The  style  is  more  spirited,  and  conse- 
quently the  book  is  better  calculated  to  interest  the  general 
reader. 


III.    HISTORIES    OF    CIVILIZATION    AND    PEOGEESS. 

Celestin,  Fr.  J. — Russland  seit  Aufhebung  der  Leibeigenschaft. 

8vo,  Laibach,  1875. 

This  volume,  better  than  any  other,  better  even  than  that  of 
Wallace,  presents  a  view  of  what  the  government  in  Russia  has 
been  attempting  to  accomplish  since  the  accession  of  Alexander 
II.  The  reforms  attempted  in  finances,  in  judicial  affairs,  in  gen- 
eral administration,  and  in  education  are  explained  at  length. 
The  result  leads  to  the  conclusion  that  very  much  has  been  done, 
however  far  the  government  may  still  be  from  the  condition  of  a 
model  state.  The  Avork  admirably  treats  of  several  important 
subjects  not  touched  upon  by  Wallace  at  all. 


420  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Custine,  Le  Marquis  de. — La  Russie  en  1839.  Cinquieme  edi- 
tion, revue,  corrigee  et  augmentee,  sulvie  de  la  critique  de  I'on- 
vrage,  par  un  Russe.  4  vols.,  12mo,  Paris,  1844.  In  1854  an 
Englisli  version,  somewhat  abridged,  appeared  in  New  York. 

A  boot  of  considerable  value  as  a  picture  of  Russia  at  the  time 
when  Nicholas  I.  was  at  the  summit  of  his  power.  The  author 
appears,  however,  to  have  been  constitutionally  careless,  and  con- 
sequently the  first  edition  of  the  work  abounded  in  errors.  Many 
of  these  have  been  corrected  in  the  editions  after  the  first;  but 
the  work,  at  best,  is  not  entirely  trustworthy  in  its  statements. 
Its  great  popularity  has  been  due  to  the  attractiveness  of  the  sub- 
ject and  the  brilliancy  of  the  author's  style. 


Day,  W.  A. — The  Russian  Government  in  Poland.     With  a  Nar- 
rative of  the  Polish  Insurrection  of  1863.     8vo,  London,  1867. 

The  work  of  an  Englishman  Avho,  in  the  course  of  three  years 
in  Russia  and  Poland,  studied  the  various  phases  of  the  subject 
he  intended  to  describe.  The  result  is  a  book  of  real  value.  The 
author  describes  the  means  by  which  the  Emperor  Nicholas  alien- 
ated the  Polish  leaders,  first  by  destroying  their  universities,  and 
then  by  reducing  all  ranks  of  the  people  to  a  practical  servitude. 
He  shows  how  those  methods  were  all  changed  under  Alexander 
II.,  who  made  a  genuine  attempt  to  reform  the  condition  of  af- 
fairs in  that  unfortunate  land. 

But  the  state  of  society  made  permanent  reform  impossible. 
In  chapter  iii,  the  author  gives  an  excellent  picture  of  the  condi- 
tion to  which  the  peasants  had  been  reduced  while  Poland  was 
still  enjoying  what  was  called  freedom.  Among  other  evidences 
of  the  crude  and  even  barbarous  state  of  society,  he  notes  the 
fact  that  the  penalty  for  killing  a  peasant  was  a  fine  of  fifteen 
livres.  This  condition  of  affairs  liaving  existed  since  1572,  the 
author  finds  abundant  reasons  why  a  government  acceptable  to 
the  old  nobility  is  impossible. 


Eckardt,  Julius. — Modern  Ftussia.   Comprising  Russia  under  Alex- 
ander 11.;  Russian  Communism;  the  Greek  Orthodox  Church 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  421 

and  its  Sects  ;  the  Baltic  Provinces  of  Russia.    Translated  from 
the  Gennan.     8vo,  London,  1870. 

The  author  is  a  German  publicist  who  lived  for  many  years  in 
Russia  and  was  educated  in  part,  or  wholly,  in  St.  Petersburg.  He 
is  a  writer  of  unusual  ability  and  force.  Not  only  does  he  wield 
a  powerful  pen,  but  his  familiarity  with  Russian  institutions  and 
Russian  sentiment  extends  to  almost  every  branch  of  government 
and  society.  He  has  long  been  carrying  on  a  controversy  witli 
several  writers  of  the  extreme  Muscovite  school ;  and  his  papers 
have  attracted  very  general  attention  both  for  the  keen  intelli- 
gence of  the  author  and  for  the  comprehensive  acquaintance 
which  he  shows  with  the  several  ranks  of  Russian  society. 

All  the  writings  of  Eckardt  differ  from  those  of  Wallace  in 
that  they  are  less  descriptive  and  more  analytical.  They  deal 
with  the  physiology  of  society  rather  than  with  its  anatomy.  For 
imparting  a  knowledge  of  the  organization  of  the  government 
and  people,  Wallace's  volumes  will  be  the  most  useful ;  but  for 
gaining  an  insight  into  the  views  and  motives  of  the  intelligent 
classes,  those  of  Eckardt  are  superior. 


Russia  Before  and  After  the  War.  By  the  author  of  "  Society 
in  St.  l*etersburg,"  etc.  Translated  from  the  German  (with  later 
Additions  by  the  Author)  by  Edward  Fairfax  Taylor.  12 mo, 
London  and  New  York,  1880. 

Within  the  last  few  years  a  series  of  small  volumes  on  Russian 
affairs  have  attracted  great  attention  in  Europe  by  their  unusual 
ability  and  brilliancy.  They  have  appeared  without  the  author's 
name ;  but  while  they  purport  to  come  from  a  Russian,  they  are 
written  in  German.  The  peculiar  abilities  of  the  writer,  and  his 
great  familiarity  with  the  different  phases  of  Russian  society,  have 
led  to  the  general  supposition  that  the  author  is  none  other  than 
Julius  Eckardt. 

The  first  of  these  volumes  appeared  in  1873,  and  was  entitled, 
"Aus  der  Petersburger  Gesellschaft."  It  was  an  able  and  con- 
nected account  of  contemporaneous  Russian  events,  with  masterly 
sketches  of  some  of  the  most  important  personages  about  the 


422  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

government.  The  volume  rapidly  passed  through  many  editions, 
and  was  translated  into  several  of  the  languages  of  Europe.  Not 
long  after  appeared  "  Russland  vor  und  nach  dem  Kriege  ;"  and 
this,  in  1881,  was  followed  by  "Von  Nikolnus  I.  zu  Alexander 
III."  All  the  volumes  reveal  the  same  master's  hand,  and,  though 
only  one  of  them  has  appeared  in  English,  they  are  all  entitled  to 
the  student's  most  careful  consideration. 

The  leadmg  thought  is  that  the  cultivated  classes  of  Russia  are 
profoundly  dissatisfied  with  what  they  regard  as  the  harsh,  foolish, 
and  short-sighted  policy  of  repression.  The  author  gives  a  mul- 
titude of  facts  in  striking  confirmation  of  his  opinion.  He  as^ 
serts  that  in  consequence  of  the  prevailing  dissatisfaction  there  is 
almost  an  entire  absence,  even  among  the  cultivated  classes,  of 
what  may  be  called  public  spirit.  In  illustration  he  gives  his  own 
experience  as  a  student  in  1855  at  St.  Petersburg,  and  declares 
that  it  is  impossible  to  conceive  of  a  more  absolute  indifference 
than  that  with  which  the  students  received  the  bad  news  that  ar- 
rived almost  daily  from  the  Crimea. 

The  volumes  are  all  rich  in  precise  and  exhaustive  information 
on  subjects  of  the  utmost  importance  to  one  who  would  interpret 
the  recent  difficulties  of  the  Russian  government.  The  author  is 
entirely  fair-minded,  but  his  tone  is  severe  and  his  conclusions  arc 
far  from  cheerinsr. 


Gurowski,  Count  Adam. — Russia  as  it  is.      12mo,  New  York, 
1854. 

An  honest  and  entertaining  description  of  Russian  government 
and  society  by  an  acute  observer.  Gurowski,  however,  was  a 
Polish  exile  whose  estates  had  been  confiscated,  and  consequently 
he  wrote  as  an  enemy  of  Russia,  and  as  one  whose  hatred  was 
very  intense.  The  book  is  bright,  and,  with  a  remembrance  of 
the  circumstances  under  which  it  was  written,  may  be  read  with 
some  profit  as  well  as  with  great  interest. 


Haxthausen,  Le  Baron  Auguste  de.— Etudes  snr  la  Situation  In- 
terieurc,  la  Vic  Nationale,  ct  les  Institutions  de  la  Russic.     Edi- 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  423 

tion  frangaise.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Ilanovcr,  1848-53.     An  English 
version  was  published  in  2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  185G. 

Before  the  appearance  of  Wallace's  book  this  was  much  the 
best  general  description  of  Russia.  The  author  was  one  of  the 
most  thorough  as  well  as  one  of  the  wisest  "observers.  He  spent 
some  years  in  personal  study  of  the  country.  Of  especial  and 
exceptional  value  is  his  description  of  the  philosophical  school  of 
Herzen  as  he  found  and  observed  it  at  Moscow.  From  his  pres- 
entation of  their  modes  of  thought,  it  is  easy  to  account  for  the 
recent  disturbances  in  the  Russijui  Empire. 


Maxwell,  J.  S. — The  Czar;   his  Court  and  his  People.     12mo, 
New  York,  1849. 

A  little  book  of  some  value  to  the  student  as  a  picture  of  Russia 
just  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  War.  It  is  not  very  pro- 
found ;  but  it  is  a  judicious  sketch  of  what  was  seen  by  the  au- 
thor during  a  diplomatic  residence  at  St.  Petersburg.  It  is  not, 
however,  comparable  in  importance  with  the  works  of  Haxthausen, 
Eekardt,  and  Wallace,  though  as  a  sketch  it  may  be  read  with 
interest  bv  those  to  whom  the  larti-er  works  are  not  acces*ble. 


Ralston,  W.  R.  S.  —  Early  Russian  History.  Four  Lectures  de- 
livered at  Oxford  in  the  Taylor  Institution.  8vo,  London, 
1874. 

l\Ir.  Ralston  for  many  years  has  been  recognized  as  the  most 
eminent  English  authority  on  Russian  literature  and  history. 
This  little  volume,  therefore,  may  be  relied  upon  as  giving  the 
best  general  survey  extant  in  brief  space  of  early  Russian  institu- 
tions and  progress. 

The  four  lectures  have  been  rearranged  into  seven  chapters,  six 
of  which  relate  to  the  period  before  the  first  of  the  Ronianofs, 
while  the  seventh  is  devoted  to  a  critical  discussion  of  some 
points  that  are  yet  a  matter  of  controversy.  The  book  is  not  so 
much  a  presentation  of  opinions  as  an  effort  to  lay  before  the 


424  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

reader  "  the  judgment  on  vexed  questions  of  the  best  and  most 
recent  of  Russian  historians."  The  purpose  is  admirably  carried 
out,  and  the  volume  may  well  be  used  by  the  studeuL  as  an  in- 
troduction to  the  recent  work  of  Wallace. 


Schnitzler,  Jean  Henri. — Les  Institutions  de  la  Russie  depuis 
les  Reformes  de  I'Empereur  Alexandre  II.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1866. 

The  first  work  of  this  author  on  Russia  was  published  as  early 
as  1829.  Since  that  time  he  has  been  a  constant  student  of 
Russian  institutions,  and  probably  no  writer  has  ever  understood 
Russian  affairs  more  perfectly  than  he.  For  some  years  he  was 
an  officer  in  the  employ  of  the  government,  and  consequently  had 
good  opportunities  for  seeing  the  peculiarities  of  Russian  methods 
from  within  as  well  as  from  without.  The  writer  was  not  devoid 
of  sympathy  with  the  government ;  indeed,  his  most  important 
work  was  prepared  under  the  patronage  of  the  emperor  himself. 

Of  his  numerous  books  the  one  here  named  is  the  most  impor- 
tant. In  a  somewhat  less  amplified  form  it  originally  was  the 
third  volume  of  the  author's  work  "  L'Empirc  des  Tsars." 


Schnitzler,  Jean  Henri. — L'Empire  des  Tsars  au  point  actuel  de 
la  science.     4  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1856-69. 

The  most  comprehensive  of  the  accessible  works  on  Russia. 
The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  natural  re- 
sources of  the  country ;  the  second  describes  the  various  races, 
tribes,  and  divisions  of  the  people,  including  an  account  of  their 
social  habits  and  peculiarities;  the  third  portrays  the  organiza- 
tion and  administration  of  the  government  and  the  Church  ;  while 
the  fourth  is  given  up  to  a  description  of  material  and  private 
interests,  especially  agriculture,  and  the  various  branches  of  in- 
dustry and  commerce. 

The  great  familiarity  of  the  author  with  the  people  and  the 
institutions  of  Russia  gives  whatever  he  may  write  on  the  subject 
the  weight  of  an  authority,     lie  is  destitute,  however,  of  the  im- 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  425 

agination  necessary  to  give  life  and  spirit  to  his  writings.  The 
result  is  that  the  volumes  arc  not  very  readable.  With  all  his 
knowledge,  he  seems  not  quite  able  to  interpret  what  he  sees,  so 
as  to  indicate  and  impress  upon  his  readers  its  real  significance. 
On  this  account  the  work  will  generally  give  less  satisfaction  than 
those  of  Wallace,  Eckardt,  and  Tissot. 


Schuyler,  Eugene. — Turkistan.  Notes  of  a  Journey  in  Russian 
Turkistan,  Khokand,  Bukhara,  and  Kuldja.  With  three  maps 
and  numerous  illustrations.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  18V6. 

The  journey  here  described  was  made  in  1873  for  the  especial 
purpose  of  studying  the  political  and  social  condition  of  the  re- 
gions which,  at  the  extreme  southeast,  had  recently  been  annexed 
to  Russia.  Mr.  Schuyler  visited  all  the  more  important  cities  and 
towns  of  the  territory,  and,  by  reason  of  the  facilities  and  protec- 
tion afforded  him  by  the  Russian  government,  succeeded  in  mak- 
ing every  observation  he  desired.  He  had  ample  opportunities 
for  comparing  the  condition  of  the  inhabitants  under  Russia  q 
rule  with  the  condition  of  those  living  under  the  government  of 
the  Khans. 

The  first  volume  is  largely  devoted  to  descriptions  of  the  places 
visited  and  the  social  customs  observed.  In  the  latter  part  of  the 
work  are  given  a  few  admirable  chapters  on  the  condition  of  that 
portion  of  the  country  not  yet  brought  completely  under  Russian 
rule,  and  on  the  nature  of  Russian  administration  and  Russian 
foreign  policy  in  Asia.  The  Kliivan  campaign  and  its  conse- 
quences are  described  at  length.  In  an  appendix  is  an  historical 
sketch  of  "The  Russian  Policy  regarding  Central  Asia,"  prepared 
by  Professor  Grigorief.  The  despotism  of  the  Khans  is  made 
painfully  real  by  the  incidents  related  in  chapters  iii.  and  ix. 

The  work  is  not  only  instructive,  but  it  is  interesting.  Its  plan 
is  not  strictly  chronological ;  but  the  author  usually  devotes  a 
chapter  cither  to  a  city  or  a  district,  and  groups  his  information 
in  such  a  way  as  to  make  a  very  effective  picture.  He  not  only 
gives  his  impressions  of  what  he  saw,  but  he  also  makes  use  of 
what  he  was  able  to  learn  both  from  Russians  and  from  natives. 


426  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

He  does  not  hesitate  to  point  out  certain  weaknesses  in  Russian 
methods  of  administration  ;  but  his  tone  is  not  unf  riqndl y,  and  lie 
makes  it  abundantly  obvious  that  the  government  of  Russia  is 
vastly  superior  to  that  which  it  overthrew.  The  value  of  the 
work  is  much  increased  by  two  admirable  maps. 


Tilley,  Henry  Arthur. — Eastern  Europe  and  Western  Asia.  Po- 
litical and  Social  Sketches  on  Russia,  Greece,  and  Syria  in 
1861,  '62,  '63.     12mo,  London,  1864. 

The  chief  value  of  this  book  is  in  the  excellent  account  given 
in  chapters  iii.,  iv.,  and  v.  of  the  various  reforms  in  Russian  insti- 
tutions introduced  by  Alexander  II.  at  the  beginning  of  his  reign. 
The  \exed  Polish  question  is  also  treated  with  intelligence,  and 
three  chapters  of  some  merit  are  devoted  to  the  condition  of 
Greece. 

The  volume,  however,  is  not  an  authority  on  the  general  condi- 
tion of  Russian  affairs.  The  reader  will  gain  much  more  infor- 
mation from  the  use  of  the  better  works  of  Wallace  and  Eckardt. 


TourgueneflF,  N. — La  Russie  et  les  Russes.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Paris, 
1847. 

This  eminent  author  was  many  years  in  the  service  of  the 
Russian  government,  and  thus  he  became  thoroughly  familiar 
with  the  political  affairs  of  the  nation.  He  was  much  interested 
in  the  emancipation  of  the  serfs,  and  in  1825  became  involved  in 
such  a  way  that  he  was  sentenced  to  death.  Escaping  to  I\'iris,  he 
devoted  himself  henceforth  to  literary  work. 

The  first  volume  is  an  account  of  the  affairs  which  led  to  liis 
proscription,  and  is  no  longer  of  any  very  general  importance; 
the  second  is  a  political  and  social  picture  of  Russia  well  worth 
the  student's  attention ;  the  third  is  of  less  importance,  as  it  is 
devoted  to  speculations  concerning  the  future  of  the  country. 

The  author  received  his  political  bias  from  the  famous  Von 
Stein  when  tiiat  great  German  statesman  was  at  St.  Petersburg  in 
1813.     Tiic  work,  therefore,  is  marked  with  great  positiveness  of 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  427 

expression  and  cliaracter.  It  is  not  a  coiTcct  description  of  the 
Russia  of  to-day,  of  course ;  but  it  is  useful  as  a  means  of  show- 
ing the  great  advances  made  in  that  country  in  all  the  essential 
ways  of  civilization  since  the  accession  of  Alexander  II. 


Wallace,  D.  Mackenzie. — Russia.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London  ;   1  vol., 
8vo,  New  York,  1877  ;  9th  ed.,  London,  1885. 

As  a  picture  of  modern  Russia,  this  work  is,  for  the  reader  of 
English,  superior  to  all  others.  The  author  spent  six  years  in  the 
Russian  Empire,  travelling  into  its  various  parts,  and  conversing 
with  all  classes  of  people.  The  information  thus  gained  he  has 
embodied  in  a  work  which  is  nearly  a  perfect  model  of  its  kind. 
Not  every  subject  of  interest  is  considered,  but  whatever  is  de- 
scribed is  treated  in  a  most  thorough  and  satisfactory  manner.  It 
is  one  of  the  few  books  in  English  on  Russia  that  can  be  rccom-> 
mended  without  important  reserve. 

Several  subjects  of  importance  on  Russian  affairs  were  left  ap- 
parently for  future  treatment.  The  methods  of  imperial  admin- 
istration and  the  Russian  system  of  schools  are  almost  altogether 
untouched  in  the  present  volumes.  As  the  work  stands,  it  is  an 
admirable  description  of  the  Russian  people  and  of  local  affairs 
rather  than  of  that  more  comprehensive  subject  included  in  its 
title.  Fortunately,  the  subjects  omitted  by  Wallace  are  admira- 
bly treated  by  Eckardt  and  Celestin. 

In  point  of  literary  style  the  book  is  admirably  clear  and  inter- 
estino-. 


III.   SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND   EEADEES. 

1.  Rambaud's  history  is  the  best  continuous  account  of  Russia, 
Ihough  the  volumes  of  Kelly  are  not  without  some  merit.  The 
books  of  Schnitzler  followed  by  that  of  Wallace  are  the  best  au- 
thorities for  Russian  affairs  during  the  present  century.  The  ac- 
count of  Poland  given  in  Alison's  Europe  is  doubtless  the  best 
brief  description  in  English  of  Polish  difficulties.  Beer's  is  incom- 
parably the  best  in  German. 


428  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

2.  As  the  history  of  Russia  before  the  time  of  Peter  the  Great 
is  of  little  interest  to  the  general  reader,  the  works  of  Rambaud 
and  Kelly  will  be  found  adequate.  Ralston's  "  Early  Russian 
History,"  however,  gives  broad  views,  and  will  be  sure  to  interest  as 
well  as  instruct.  Of  the  work  of  Peter  the  Great,  no  account  yet 
given  is  very  satisfactory,  except,  perhaps,  that  in  Oncken's  "  Allge- 
meine  Geschichte."  Schuyler's  "  History  of  Peter  the  Great,"  now 
in  course  of  publication,  promises  to  supply  an  important  want. 
Schnitzler's  "  Russia  under  Alexander  and  Nicholas  "  is  a  good 
authority  ;  though,  if  the  student  commands  German,  Bernhardi 
should  be  preferred.  Haxthausen  enjoys  the  distinction  of  hav- 
ing been  the  first  to  reveal  the  real  condition  of  modern  Russia  to 
the  outer  world.  The  present  social  state  of  the  country  is  no- 
where else  so  well  described  as  in  the  admirable  book  of  Wallace. 
The  characteristics  of  the  Imperial  administration,  however,  are 
much  more  satisfactorily  treated  by  Celestin.  The  origin  of  Ni- 
Jiilism  is  admirably  explained  in  the  chapter  of  Eckardt's  "  Rus- 
sische  und  baltische  Bilder  "  entitled  "  Die  neue  Formel  der  Civi- 
lisation." A  more  spirited,  but  not  a  more  satisfactory,  account 
is  given  in  the  first  chapter  of  Tissot's  "  Russes  et  Allemands." 
The  educational  system,  including  the  reforms  under  Alexander 
II.,  is  best  portrayed  by  Celestin  and  Tissot.  The  most  interest- 
ing continuous  history  of  Poland  in  English  is  that  of  Dunham, 
though  the  difficulties  which  led  to  thq  partitions  must  be  sought 
in  RuUiiere,  Peer,  Von  der  Briiggen,  and  in  the  various  histories  of 
the  partitioning  powers.  Day's  book  is  of  some  value  as  an  ac- 
count of  Poland  under  Russian  rule. 

3,  The  bulky  history  of  Karamsin  is  reduced  into  a  nutshell 
by  Alison  in  one  of  his  essays.  The  chapters  on  Russia  in  Alison's 
"p]urope"  are  of  exceptional  value.  Gibbon,  chapter  lv\,  sketches 
the  origin  of  the  Russian  monarchy.  The  various  writings  of 
Ralston  are  of  the  first  importance  on  all  Russian  subjects.  Motley's 
famous  essay  on  Peter  the  Great,  originally  contributed  to  the 
North  American  Heview  for  October,  1845,  has  been  recently  re- 
published in  various  forms.  Voltaire's  "  Russia  in  the  Time  of 
Peter  the  Great "  is  a  graceful  Nummary  of  knowledge  possessed  a 
century  ago.  On  Catharine  II.,  see  Harper's  Monthhj  for  April, 
1H09,  and  Brougham's  sketch  in  the  second  series  of  his  "States- 
men in  the  Time  of  (ieorge  111."     The  "  Memoirs"  of  Catharine 


HISTORIES  OF  RUSSIA  AND  POLAND.  429 

throw  more  light  on  her  real  character  than  anything  that  can  be 
written  about  her.  The  traditional  policy  of  Russia  is  well  de- 
scribed in  the  Atlantic  Monthhj  for  November,  1868.  The  first 
partition  of  Poland  is  admirably  discussed  in  the  light  of  the 
latest  researches  by  Yon  Sybel  in  the  Fortmrfhtly  Revieio  for 
August,  1874. 

The  first  chapters  of  Kinglake's  "  Crimean  War"  give  the  best 
account  of  Russia's  position  under  Nicholas.  Fronde's  essay  on 
the  Eastern  Question  in  vol.  ii.  of  his  "  Short  Studies,"  and  llay- 
ward's  essay  on  the  Crimean  War,  are  among  the  most  interesting' 
papers  on  the  subject.  Madame  Swetchine's  "Memoirs"  give  a 
good  representation  of  court  life  under  Paul,  Alexander,  and 
Nicholas.  The  condition  of  affairs  which  led  to  emancipation  is 
best  described  in  Morley's  "  Sketches,"  Browne's  "  Land  of  Thor," 
Dixon's  "Free  Russia,"  the  Atlantic  Monthhj  for  July,  1861,  and 
November,  1862,  Westminster  Review  for  October,  1867,  North 
American  Review  for  July,  1867,  and  the  chapter  in  Eckardt's 
"Russische  und  baltische  Bilder"  entitled  "Die  neue  Formel  der 
Civilisation."  Tourguencff's  "  Fathers  and  Sons,"  "  Lisa,"  and 
"Smoke"  are  novels  of  great  power,  designed  to  portray  certain 
phases  of  Russian  life. 

The  struggles  of  Alexander  IL  to  introduce  financial,  judicial, 
administrative,  and  educational  reforms  are  best  described  by 
Celestin.  On  recent  reforms  in  education  see  also  International 
Revieio  for  July,  1879.  Certain  phases  of  Russian  international 
policy  are  discussed  with  great  brilliancy  by  Klaczko  in  his  "Two 
Chancellors."  The  questions  involved  in  the  recent  Russo-Tarkish 
war  are  fully  presented  in  Argyll's  "  Eastern  Question,"  and  in  the 
Contonporari/  Revieio  and  other  English  journals  of  the  time. 
The  most  brilliant  contribution  to  our  knowledge  of  Russia  since 
the  close  of  the  Turkish  war  is  Victor  Tissot's  striking  volume 
entitled  "  Russes  et  Allemands,"  and  the  various  works  of  Tolstoi. 
J.  Bnkowski's  "Histoire  de  la  Reformation  en  Pologne  depuis 
ses  Commencements  jusqu'a  sa  Fin  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Cracovie,  1886) 
is  highly  commended.  For  the  sources  of  Polish  history  the 
"  Monumenta  Poloniae  Historica,"  of  which  vol.  iv.  appeared  in 
1884,  is  of  the  greatest  importance. 


430  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 


Chapter  XIL 

HISTORIES  OF  THE  SMALLER  NATIONx^LITIES  OF  EUROPE. 
I.    IIISTOKIES    OF    SPAIN  AND    POKTUGAL. 

Baumgarten,  Hermann. — Geschiclite  Spaniens  vom  Ausbrucli  der 
franzosisclien  Revolution  bis  auf  unscre  Tage.  3  vols.,  8vo, 
Leipsic,  1860-71. 

As  a  description  of  the  turbulent  liistory  of  Spain  since  the 
outbreak  of  the  French  Revolution,  this  work  has  merits  superior 
to  those  of  any  other.  The  author  had  access  to  a  vast  amount 
of  material  hitherto  unedited,  and  he  used  it  with  rare  good  sense 
and  judgment.  The  nari'ative  is  attractive,  and  the  opinions  of 
the  author  are  founded  on  a  careful  examination  of  evidence. 
There  is  no  work  on  this  subject  of  similar  excellence  in  English ; 
indeed,  Baumgarten  is  the  only  worthy  continuation  of  Lenibke 
and  Schiifcr,  and  even  of  Dunham. 


Bollaert,  William.— The  Wars  of  Succession  in  Portugal  and 
Spain  from  18-26  to  1840  ;  with  a  Rosumo  of  the  Political  His- 
tory of  Portugal  and  Spain  to  the  Present  Time.  Maps  and 
Illustrations.     2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1870. 

The  recent  political  movements  in  Spain  have  not  been  very 
successfully  described  for  readers  of  English.  The  two  volumes 
of  Bollaert  owe  their  importance  almost  solely  to  the  dearth  of 
good  books  on  the  subject. 

The  author  participated  in  tlu'  movement  of  Dom  Pedro  of 
Portugal;  and  had  ho  coufintMl  Iiis  narrative  to  a  description  of 
what  he  saw,  he  would  at  least  have  produced  a  readable  and  a 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.  431 

useful  book.  But  he  possesses  very  few  of  the  quaUtics  of  an 
historian.  His  vohimes  are  bulky  and  arc  encumbered  with  a 
vast  amount  of  ill-chosen  and  irrelevant  matter.  As  a  picture  of 
the  atrocious  crimes  that  marked  the  conflict,  the  volumes,  in  spite 
of  their  faults,  arc  not  without  some  value. 


Conde,  J.  A. — History  of  the  Dominion  of  the  Arabs  in  Spain. 
Transhited  from  the  Spanish  by  Mrs.  Jonathan  Foster.  3  vols., 
12mo,  London,  ISOO. 

The  product  of  a  vast  amount  of  minute  learning  of  little  value 
save  for  the  purposes  of  reference.  The  book  is  a  record  of  in- 
terminable petty  Avars,  and  of  little  else.  It  gives  a  very  inade- 
quate picture  of  Arabic  civilization,  though  licrc  and  there  in  the 
midst  of  masses  of  rubbish  one  finds  something  of  value.  A  very 
full  index  affords  a  key  to  the  worthless  exploits  of  several  thou- 
sands of  worthless  Arabic  rulers  and  knights. 


Coppe'e,  Henry. — History  of  the  Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arab 
Moors,  With  a  Sketch  of  the  Civilization  which  they  Achieved 
and  Imparted  to  Europe.     2  vols.,  12mo,  Boston,  1881. 

The  most  recent  and  by  far  the  most  attractive  account  of  the 
Moorish  conquest  of  Spain.  It  rests  on  the  basis  of  Arabic  and 
Spanish  sources;  though  it  ought,  perhaps,  to  be  added  that  the 
most  important  of  the  authorities  is  not  of  an  earlier  date  than 
about  the  middle  of  the  seventeenth  century.  It  is  not,  therefore, 
a  history  of  the  highest  order  of  merit.'  Its  value  is  chiefly  in 
the  attractiveness  of  the  presentation,  and  in  the  fact  that  our 
literature  affords  no  other  readable  account  of  the  period. 

The  work  is  divided  into  ten  books.  The  first  is  devoted  to  a 
sketch  of  the  earliest  Mohammedan  history  and  to  the  causes  of  the 
Spanish  invasion.  The  second  is  a  description  of  Spain  before 
the  Conquest.  The  next  five  books  describe  the  progress  of  the 
invaders  from   the  year  711,  when  the  Arabs  first  crossed  the 


432  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Straits,  to  788,  when  their  authority  may  be  said  to  have  been  fully 
established.  The  eighth  book  gives  a  rapid  sketch  of  Moslem 
power  to  the  time  of  its  extinction  by  Ferdinand  and  Isabella, 
in  the  fifteenth  century  ;  and  the  ninth  and  tenth  treat  of  the  civil- 
ization and  achievements  of  the  Arabs  while  in  Spain. 


Coxe,  Archdeacon  William. — Memoirs  of  the  Kings  of  Spain  of 
the  House  of  Bourbon  from  the  Accession  of  Philip  V.  to  the 
Death  of  Charles  III.  (1700-88).  Drawn  from  original  and  un- 
published documents.     2d  ed.,  5  vo's.,  8vo,  London,  1815. 

The  author  of  this  work,  the  first  edition  of  which  appeared  in 
1813,  was  not  only  one  of  the  most  painstaking  historians  of  his 
time,  but  he  had  made  liimself  especially  familiar  by  his  previous 
studies  with  the  period  here  described.  The  work  is  the  fruit 
of  thorough  investigation  and  scrupulous  impartiality.  Though 
important  studies  in  the  same  field  have  since  been  carried  on,  the 
work  of  Coxe  has  not  been  superseded. 


Crawfurd,  Oswald. — Portugal,  Old  and  New.     With  Maps  and 
Illustrations.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1880. 

The  author  was  for  many  years  English  Consul  at  Oporto,  and 
had  excellent  opportunities  for  observing  and  studying  the  coun- 
try. His  volume  is  a  most  important  addition  to  our  scanty 
knowledge  of  Portugal.  It  may  be  called  a  scries  of  studies  of 
I'ortuguese  history,  literature,  and  social  life,  and  it  is  by  far  the 
most  accurate  and  discriminating  account  of  this  people  that  has 
been  given  to  English  readers. 

As  the  country  has  practically  been  cut  off  from  the  rest  of 
Europe  by  the  necessity  of  a  sea  voyage  to  reach  it,  so  it  has 
been  less  visited  by  Europeans  and  Americans  than  perhaps  any 
other  portion  of  the  Continent.  But  this  volume,  which  the  au- 
thor himself  describes  as  a  medley  of  history,  criticism,  and  de- 
scription, gives  an  admirable  idea  of  what  every  reader  will  agree 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         433 

to  call  an  interesting  country.     The  nutlior  is  a  ripe  scholar,  a  close 
observer,  and  a  zealous  student  of  history  and  antiquities. 


Dunham,  S.  A. — The  History  of  Spain  and  Portugal.     5  vols., 
l:2ni(),  London,  1832. 

This  work  covers  the  whole  period  from  the  earliest  history  of 
the  Spanish  peninsula  down  to  the  outbreak  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution. 

The  author  enjoyed  the  advantage  of  a  long  and  intimate  ac- 
quaintance with  Spain ;  and  he  turned  his  knowledge  to  excellent 
account  in  the  preparation  of  these  volumes.  The  literary  work- 
manship is  good;  but  the  greatest  merit  of  the  book  is  to  be 
found  in  the  conscientious  thoroughness  with  which  the  writer 
studied  the  mass  of  original  authorities  before  him,  and  the  judi- 
cious use  he  made  of  his  acqui^sitions.  The  value  of  the  book  is 
enhanced  by  excellent  tables,  full  analytical  tables  of  contents,  and 
a  very  complete  index.  It  is  not  only  the  best  general  history  of 
Spain  in  English,  but  is  one  of  the  best  in  any  language. 


Dunlap,  John. — Memoirs  of  Spain  during  the  Reigns  of  Philip 
IV.  and  Charles  II.  (1621-1700).  2  vols.,  8vo,  Edinburgh, 
1834. 

A  book  of  some  value,  inasmuch  as  it  conveniently  deals  with 
the  events  that  transpired  between  the  periods  described  respec- 
tively by  Watson  and  Coxe.  It  contains  much  information  of 
importance,  and  is  written  in  a  style  generally  agreeable  and. 
spirited.  The  judgments  of  the  author,  however,  are  not  entitled 
to  very  great  weight.  The  work,  therefore,  will  be  regarded  as 
quite  unimportant  by  those  who  can  make  use  of  larger  works  in 
French  and  German. 


Irving,  Washington. — Chronicle  of  the  Conquest  of  Granada. 
12mo,  New  York,  1850. 

One  of  the  most  important  and  one  of  the  most  charming  of 

28 


434  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Irving's  historical  works.  Its  plan  was  developed  when  the  author 
was  engaged  on  his  "Life  of  Columbus,"  and  was  brought  to  a 
close  only  after  a  careful  inspection  of  the  most  important  rec- 
ords, and  of  the  places  made  famous  by  the  events  described. 
The  work  received  the  hearty  endorsement  of  Prescott  for  its 
accuracy  and  good  judgment  as  well  as  for  the  almost  matchless 
beauty  of  its  style. 


Landmann,  George. — Historical,  Military,  and  Picturesque  Obser- 
vations on  Portugal.  Illustrated  by  sev^enty-five  colored  plates, 
and  numerous  maps  and  plans.  2  vols.,  imp.  4to,  London, 
1818. 

A  sumptuous  work,  prepared  by  an  officer  of  the  British  army, 
and  designed  to  give  to  English  readers  a  description  of  the  coun- 
try, which  at  the  close  of  the  Napoleonic  wars  first  began  to  at- 
tract considerable  attention.  The  historical  part  is  less  attractive 
than  the  descriptive  ;  but  as  an  account  of  the  nature  and  resources 
of  Portugal,  it  was  long  unsurpassed.  The  appearance  of  Craw- 
furd's  book  has  deprived  it  of  its  principal  importance.        , 


Lembke,  F.  W.,  und  Schafer,  H. — Geschichtc  von   Spanien.      3 

vols.,  8vo,  Hamburg,  1831-Gl. 

These  volumes,  forming  a  part  of  the  Heeren  and  Ukert  series, 
are  probably  the  best  general  history  of  Spain  yet  published.  If 
not  the  very  best,  they  dispute  the  palm  with  the  history  by  Dun- 
ham. In  point  of  thoroughness  they  are  superior  to  the  English 
author,  though  in  freshness  and  grace  of  style  they  are  inferior. 

The  authors  long  made  the  history  and  condition  of  the  Spanish 
peninsula  a  subject  of  special  and  careful  study,  and  they  have 
had  some  advantages,  in  the  way  of  access  to  archives,  not  en- 
joyed by  Dunham.  The  opinions  of  the  authors  are  therefore 
entitled  to  much  weight. 


Mariana,  John  de. — 'J'he  (Jcncral   History  of  Spain.     From  the 
I'^irst  Peoiiling  of  it  by  Tubal  till  the  Death  of  King  Ferdinand, 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         435 

who  United  tlic  Crowns  of  Castile  and  Arao-on,  with  a  Contin- 
uation to  the  Death  of  Kino-  Philip  III.  To  which  are  added 
two  Supplements  ;  the  first  by  F.  Ferdinand  Camargo  y  Salccdo, 
the  other  by  F.  Basil  Varen  de  Soto,  bringing  it  down  to  the 
Present  Reign.  The  whole  Translated  from  the  Spanish  by 
Capt.  John  Stephens.     Folio,  London,  1G99. 

This  great  work,  the  first  twenty  books  of  which  were  pub- 
lished as  early  as  1592,  is  the  most  important  liistorical  monu- 
ment ever  reared  in*  Spanish  literature.  The  author  was  a  learned 
Jesuit,  who,  after  withdrawing  from  the  active  duties  of  a  preacher 
and  teacher,  devoted  some  thirty  years  to  the  preparation  of  his 
great  history.  It  was  originally  written  in  Latin,  but  was  received 
with  so  much  favor  that  the  author  was  himself  persuaded  to 
translate  it  into  the  language  of  the  Spanish  people.  In  tlic 
course  of  the  successive  editions  it  was  greatly  enriched  and  en- 
larged, until,  at  the  time  of  the  author's  death,  it  liad  been  extended 
by  nearly  the  amount  of  an  octavo  volume. 

Even  in  the  English  version  the  remarkable  qualities  of  the 
author  do  not  fail  to  appear.  The  narrative  everywhere  moves 
on  with  a  graceful  but  stately  tread.  The  author  had  not  the 
characteristics  of  a  modern  critical  scholar.  He  generally  accepted 
evidence  as  he  found  it.  He  built  up  his  work  apparently  on  the 
model  of  Livy,  composing  speeches  for  his  orators  after  the  same 
antique  fashion.  In  many  respects  he  was  quite  the  equal  of  his 
Roman  exemplar.  The  turbulence  of  the  times  of  Peter  the  Cruel 
has  never  elsewhere  been  described  with  so  much  spirit,  and  that 
haughtiness  of  the  nobles  which  so  long  made  liberty  in  Spain  im- 
possible is  portrayed  with  a  power  not  often  found  in  historical 
literature.  The  qualities  of  the  work  are  so  remarkable  that  Tick- 
nor,  in  his  "  History  of  Spanish  Literature,"  does  not  hesitate  to 
affirm  that  "  it  presents  the  most  remarkable  union  of  picturesque 
chronicling  with  sober  history  that  the  world  has  ever  seen."  It 
is  a  book  which  every  true  historical  scholar  will  read  with  de- 
light, if  not  with  profit, 

Marliani,  M.  de. — Histoire  Politique  de  I'Espagne  Moderne,  sui- 
vie  d'un  Aper^u  sur  les  Finances.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1840. 

These  volumes  are  introduced  by  a  brief  review  of  Spanish 


436  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

history  from  the  days  of  Charles  Y.  to  those  of  the  Constitutional 
movement  in  1810.  At  this  point  the  body  of  the  work  begins. 
It  might  be  called  a  political  description  of  Spain  extending  over 
the  period  from  1810  to  1840. 

Though  the  book  is  not  without  substantial  value,  it  is  much 
inferior  to  the  German  work  of  Bauragarten  on  the  same  period. 
Its  value  is  in  the  view  it  affords  of  the  financial  weakness  of 
Spain  during  the  first  half  of  this  century. 


Mazade,  Charles  de.— L'Espagne  Moderne.     12mo,  Paris,  1855. 

Not  a  history,  but  a  descriptive  commentary.  Mazade  was  a 
very  shrewd  observer  of  political  events  and  tendencies.  As  one 
of  the  editors  of  the  Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  he  gathered  infor- 
mation from  all  sources.  His  commentary  on  Spanish  affairs 
shows  familiarity  with  the  subject,  and  a  deep  insight  into  the 
causes  of  Spanish  troubles.  No  other  small  book  on  Spain  during 
the  present  century  is  so  interesting  or  so  valuable.  It  will  be  all 
the  more  enjoyed  if  the  reader  is  already  possessed  of  some 
knowledge  of  current  Spanish  events. 


Napier,  Sir  William  Francis  Patrick. — History  of  the  War  in 
the  Peninsula  and  the  south  of  France.  Many  editions,  of  which 
the  best  are  those  of  London,  1857  and  1883,  6  vols.,  8vo.  A 
cheaper  edition  was  published  in  New  York  in  5  vols.,  12mo,  1856. 

The  volumes  of  this  history  first  appeared  at  intervals  between 
1828  and  1840,  and  attracted  universal  attention.  The  work 
has  gradually  settled  into  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the 
best,  if  not  the  very  best,  of  the  military  histories  in  our  lan- 
guage. 

At  the  time  of  its  appearance  it  was  highly  extolled  and  se- 
verely criticised.  The  author  himself  took  part  in  the  contest 
which  he  describes,  and  ho  wrote  with  as  much  earnestness  and 
gallantry  of  spirit  as  he  had  fouglit.  It  was  but  natural,  there- 
fure,  that  the  volumes  should  invite  criticism. 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.        437 

The  cli.aracteristics  of  Napier's  "  History  "  arc  vividness  of  de- 
scription and  beauty  of  narration,  llis  pictures  of  battles  and  of 
the  heart-stirring-  events  of  the  war  have  scarcely  been  surpassed 
by  any  descriptions  in  literature,  either  ancient  or  modern. 

The  defect  of  the  work  springs  naturally  out  of  what  may  be 
called  its  great  merits.  It  shows  a  want  of  calmness  of  judg- 
ment, especially  concerning  political  matters ;  and  it  is  inclined 
to  be  overcrowded  with  details  that  now  seem  to  be  unimportant. 
But  for  these  drawbacks  there  would  probably  be  few  to  dispute 
the  praise — sometimes  bestowed  upon  the  work — of  being  the 
most  successful  military  history  in  our  language. 


Prescott,  William  H. — History  of  the  Reign  of  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella.  Revised  edition.  Edited  by  J.  F.  Kirk.  3  vols., 
8vo,  Philadelphia,  1876. 

Though  this  history  was  the  first  written  by  Prescott,  it  has 
scarcely  been  excelled  in  merit  by  any  of  its  successors.  The 
author  expended  ten  years  of  arduous  labor  upon  the  work,  and 
on  its  publication  its  superior  qualities  were  everywhere  recog- 
nized, both  in  Europe  and  in  America. 

Prescott's  writings  are  conspicuous  for  thoroughness  of  re- 
search, keenness  of  insight,  impartiality  of  judgment,  picturesque- 
ness  of  narration,  exclusion  of  irrelevant  matter,  and  correctness 
and  elegance  of  style.  lie  had  not  much  of  the  passion  of  the 
politician  or  the  imagination  of  the  poet;  and  therefore  he  is 
never  quite  able  to  produce  the  highest  dramatic  effects  in  narra- 
tion, or  arouse  the  highest  enthusiasm  of  the  reader.  But  as  an 
offset  to  this  deficiency,  if,  indeed,  it  can  be  called  such,  he  has  the 
far  more  than  counterbalancing  merit  of  making  his  readers  feel 
that  they  are  listening  to  a  wise  and  learned  judge  rather  than 
to  a  skilful  advocate.  Prescott's  good  qualities  are  so  marked 
and  so  numerous  that  the  best  judges  will  hardly  hesitate  to  place 
him  at  the  head  of  American  historians. 

In  the  first  two  chapters  of  the  History  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella we  have  an  excellent  summary  of  Spanish  history  during 
the  Middle  Ages,  and  a  good  account,  in  brief  space,  of  the  gen- 
eral political  condition  of  Spain  in  the  fifteenth  century.     Chap- 


438  mSTORICAL  LITERATUllE. 

tcr  vii.  of  volume  i.  is  a  brief  but  admirable  sketch  of  "  The 
Establishment  of  the  Modern  Inquisition."  Chapter  viii.  gives  a 
"  Review  of  the  Political  and  Intellectual  Condition  of  the  Span- 
ish Arabs  previous  to  the  War  of  Granada." 

As  a  description  of  the  important  period  of  the  consolidation 
of  Spain  from  a  number  of  i)etty  governments  into  what  was 
practically  one  kingdom,  this  work  has  no  rival  in  any  language. 


Prescott,  William  H. — History  of  the  Reign  of  Philip  the  Sec- 
ond, King  of  Spain.  Revised  edition,  edited  by  J.  F.  Kirk, 
3  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  1876. 

This  history,  which  the  author,  unfortunately  for  letters,  did 
not  live  to  complete,  is  a  worthy  conclusion  of  the  literary  work 
of  our  foremost  historian.  It  is  a  monument  of  thorough  study 
and  research,  of  tolerant  and  dispassionate  judgment,  and  a  model 
of  skill  in  narration. 

The  terrible  shock  of  passions  in  the  reign  of  Philip  XL  seemed 
to  fill  the  author  with  a  gentle  and  wise  melancholy,  instead  of 
the  stormy  emotions  of  a  violent  indignation.  The  reader,  in 
consequence,  soon  learns  to  look  for  no  very  great  energy  in 
denunciation,  but  is  content  to  listen  to  the  careful  decisions  of 
a  dispassionate  judge. 

The  last  volume  completed  by  Prescott  brings  the  history  down 
only  to  1580.  The  work  covers  much  of  the  ground  traversed 
by  Motley  in  his  "  Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic."  But  as  the  pur- 
pose of  Prescott  included  a  view  of  the  whole  policy  of  Philip,  it 
is  far  more  comprehensive  in  its  scope  than  that  of  his  more  bi'ill- 
iant  but  less  judicious  countryman. 


Romey,  Charles. — Ilistoirc  d'P^spagne  dcpuis  Ics  premiers  temj)s 
jus(pr;i  iios  jours.     9  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1839-50. 

The  author  claims  tliat  this  is  the  first  earnest  effort  made  to 
apply  the  principles  of  modern  historical  composition  and  criti- 
cism to  the  history  of  Spain.     He  regarded  Augustin  Thierry  as 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         439 

his  model,  and  consequently  he  endeavored  to  sift  Lis  materials 
in  the  spirit  of  careful  discrimination.  In  this  effort  he  was  suc- 
cessful. 

But  the  work  became  so  voluminous  on  his  hands  that  he  was 
unable  to  fulfil  the  promise  made  in  the  title.  The  ninth  and 
last  volume  closes  with  the  marriage  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella. 
It  is  to  be  regarded,  therefore,  not  as  a  general  liistory,  but  as  sim- 
ply a  history  of  Spain  during  the  Middle  Ages.  It  ends  at  the 
point  where  Prescott  begins. 


Rosseeuw-Saint-Hilaire,  Eugene  Francois. — Ilistoire  d'Espagne 
depuis  rinvasion  des  Goths  jusqu'au  Commencement  du  XIX'^ 
Siecle.     14  vols.,  Paris,  1846-77. 

This  unfinished  work  brings  the  history  down  only  to  the  mid- 
dle of  the  sixteenth  century.  As  a  portrayal  of  the  mediaeval 
history  of  Spain,  it  is  in  one  respect  excellent.  It  shows  in  strong 
light  how,  from  first  to  last,  the  great  political  curse  of  Spain  was 
the  inordinate  power  of  the  nobility.  They  were  arrayed  against 
both  the  monarchs  and  the  people,  and  the  consequence  was  that 
although  the  people  of  Spain  had  an  earlier  representation  in  the 
government  than  did  the  people  of  England,  they  were  unable  to 
organize  any  influence  or  power  for  the  formation  of  political  in- 
stitutions. While  in  England  the  people,  led  by  the  nobles, 
formed  a  check  upon  the  monarch,  and  finally  organized  a  true 
representative  branch  of  government,  in  Spain  they  were  con- 
stantly oppressed  by  the  nobles,  and  consequently  were  unable  to 
exert  any  political  influence  whatever. 

This  great  lesson  of  the  mediaeval  history  of  Spain  is  here 
brought  out  with  great  force,  though  it  was  hardly  necessary  to 
write  ten  volumes  in  order  to  teach  it. 


Ticknor,  George.— History  of  Spanish  Literature.     3  vols.,  8vo, 
New  York,  1849.     New  and  revised  edition,  Boston,  1872. 

One  of  the  most  creditable  contributions  ever  made  to  Ameri- 
can letters.     It  is  founded  on   the  most  extensive  and  critical 


440  HISTOKICAL  LITERATUKE. 

studies ;  it  is  written  in  a  style  that  is  a  happy  combination  of 
force  and  o-race,  and  it  comprehends  within  its  scope  the  whole 
period  of  Spanish  literature  down  to  the  early  part  of  the  present 
century.  It  has  been  translated  into  the  most  important  lan- 
o-nao-es  of  Europe,  and  it  is  everywhere  recognized  as  a  work  of 
ffreat  and  permanent  qualities.  In  no  country  have  its  merits 
received  more  hearty  recognition  than  in  Spain. 

The  author's  method  of  treatment  combines  the  chronological 
and  the  philosophical.  He  groups  the  authors  -whose  works  he 
considers  into  such  connection  as  to  show  the  natural  development 
of  the  various  species  of  literary  production.  "  Early  National 
Literature,"  "  Old  Ballads,"  "  Chronicles,"  "  The  Early  Drama," 
"  Provencal  Literature  in  Spain,"  "  Courtly  School  in  Castile," 
"  Historical  Literature,"  are  the  titles  of  some  of  the  chapters  of 
the  first  volume.  In  the  second  and  third  are  described  at  length 
the  characteristics  of  dramatic  and  lyric  poetry,  as  well  as  the 
literature  of  history  and  romance. 

The  work  is  divided  into  three  periods — the  first  extending 
to  the  reign  of  Charles  V. ;  the  second  from  the  death  of  Charles 
y.  to  the  accession  of  the  Bourbon  family ;  the  third  from  the 
beo-inning  of  the  eighteenth  century  to  the  invasion  of  Bonaparte. 


Walton,  William.— Kevolutions  in  Spain,  1808-36.     2  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1837. 

A  graphic  picture  of  the  contests  that  raged  in  the  Spanish 
peninsula  during  the  early  years  of  this  century.  The  author 
wrote  with  great  clearness,  moderation,  and  ability.  He  explains 
the  objects  of  the  parties  engaged,  the  claims  of  the  competitors 
to  the  throne,  the  consequences  of  triumph  on  the  part  of  the 
one  claimant  or  the  other,  and  the  frightful  results  of  what  he 
considers  the  iniquitous  co-operation  of  the  English  with  the 
cause  of  oppression.  He  writes  as  an  ardent  Tory,  but  his  pages 
show  both  ability  and  candor. 


Watson,  Robert. — History  of  the  Reigns  of  Philip  H.  and  Philip 
111.     4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1777-83. 

These  books  have  been  somewhat  famous  ;  but  they  possess 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         441 

very  little  liistorical  value.  The  account  of  Philip  II.  has  been 
demolished  and  superseded  by  the  great  work  of  Prescott,  and 
the  Pliilip  III.  is  only  important  because  it  stands  in  a  gap  be- 
tween Prescott  and  Coxe.  The  author's  literary  skill  was  consid- 
erable, but  his  habits  of  investigation  were  careless,  and  his  con- 
clusions untrustworthy. 


II.   IIISTOKIES    OF    8WITZEKLAND. 

Daguet,  Alexandre. — Ilistoire  de  la  Confederation  Suisse  depuis 
les  temps  anciens  jusqu'en  1864.  7"^  ed.,refondu  et  considera- 
bleraent  augmentee.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Geneve  et  Paris,  1880. 

A  volume  acknowledged  in  Switzerland  to  be  an  authority,  and, 
indeed,  one  of  the  best  brief  histories  of  that  country  extant.  The 
sixth  edition  is  to  be  preferred  ;  for  it  embodies  numerous  correc- 
tions as  the  result  of  recent  investigations.  The  author  shows  by 
his  clinging  to  the  story  of  Tell  that  his  patriotic  sentiments  are 
somewhat  stronger  than  his  critical  judgment.  But  he  is  en- 
titled to  the  praise  of  having  generally  made  industrious  use  cf 
a  large  amount  of  original  material,  and  of  having  produced  a 
convenient  and  useful  book. 


The  History  of  Switzerland,  in   Lardner's  Cyclopaedia.     12 mo, 
London,  1832. 

A  useful  little  book,  descriptive  of  Switzerland  from  the  earliest 
times  down  to  1830. 

The  best  features  of  the  volume  arc  the  descriptions  of  the 
condition  of  the  people  at  different  periods.  In  chapter  viii.,  e.  g,, 
is  a  striking  account  of  the  prevalence  of  ignorance  before  the 
founding  of  the  university  at  Basle  in  1460. 


Morin,  A. — Precis  de  I'Histoire  Politique  de  la  Suisse.     5  vols., 
8vo,  Geneve,  1855-75. 

The  most  complete  and  valuable  history  of  Switzerland.     It  is 


442  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

all  the  more  to  be  esteemed  by  the  general  student  because  it 
deals  but  slightly  with  the  details  of  military  affairs.  The  nature 
of  the  struggles  of  Switzerland  with  surrounding  nations,  es- 
pecially with  Austria,  the  internal  contests  which  preceded  the 
final  organization  of  the  Confederation,  and  the  problems  which 
have  received  the  attentions  of  the  Confederation  itself  will  here 
be  found  adequately  described. 


Miiller,  Monnard  et  Vulliemin. — Ilistoire  de  la  Suisse.    19  vols., 
8 vo,  Paris,  1837-51. 

The  work  of  the  German  historian  Johannes  Miiller,  written  in 
the  latter  part  of  the  eighteenth  century,  has  been  universally 
received  as  the  most  important  work  on  the  early  history  of 
Switzerland  ever  published.  But  the  seven  volumes  of  that  his- 
tory bring  the  narrative  down  only  to  the  end  of  the  sixteenth 
century.  It  has  been  the  work  of  Monnard  and  Vuillemin  to 
translate  Miiller  into  French,  and  continue  the  history  down  to 
the  present  century. 

Though  the  work  is  too  elaborate  and  minute  in  its  details  for 
the  general  student,  it  is  invaluable  as  a  work  of  reference.  It  is 
the  most  comprehensive  of  the  histories,  and  its  positioms  are  al 
ways  entitled  at  least  to  respect. 


Rochholz,  E.  L. — Tell  und  Gessler  in  Sage  und  Geschichte.    Nach 
urkundlichen  Quellen.     8vo,  Heilbronn,  1877. 

The  most  critical  and  conclusive  examination  of  the  story  of 
Tell  and  Gessler. 

The  purpose  of  the  book  is  twofold — first,  to  show  that  the 
ordinarily  received  story  cannot  be  true,  and,  secondly,  to  indicate 
the  manner  in  which  the  myth  came  to  be  regarded  as  history. 
This  purpose  involves  an  examination  of  the  substance  of  the 
story  of  Tell,  and  a  history  of  the  family  of  Gessler.  To  most 
readers  the  presentation  will  be  conclusive. 


Vieusseux,  A. — The  History  of  Switzerland  from  the  First  Irrup- 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.        443 

tion  of  the  Northern  Tribes  to  the  I'resent  Time.     8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1846. 

A  compilation  from  the  great  works  of  Miiller,  Meyer,  Franscini, 
and  Kasthofer.  At  the  time  of  its  publication,  it  was  one  of  the 
best  of  the  short  histories  of  Switzerland.  Since  1846,  however, 
much  has  been  done  by  explorers  of  early  Swiss  annals;  and  con- 
sequently it  is  no  longer  of  its  former  value. 

The  portions  of  the  work  on  the  period  of  the  Reformation 
and  the  period  of  the  French  Revolution  are  of  most  value.  The 
author  has  no  doubt  whatever  of  the  truth  of  the  story  of  Tell 
and  Gessler. 


Zschokke,  H. — History  of  Switzerland,  with  a  Continuation  to 
1848  by  Emil  Zschokke.  12mo,  New  York,  1858  ;  new  edi 
tion,  1875. 

A  translation  from  a  well-known  German  work  of  value.  The 
book  is  generally  trustworthy  in  its  statements ;  and  as  a  sum- 
mary may  be  read  with  profit.  It  does  not  embody,  however,  the 
results  of  recent  research,  and  very  great  importance,  therefore, 
should  not  be  attached  to  its  conclusions.  It  is  one  of  the  most 
readable  of  the  small  books  on  the  subject. 


III.  HISTOEIES  OF  TURKEY  AND  MODERN  EGYPT. 

Freeman,  Edward  A. — The  History  and  Conquests  of  the  Saracens. 
Six  Lectures.  Third  edition,  with  new  preface.  Crown  8vo, 
London,  1880. 

The  first  edition  of  this  little  volume  was  published  as  early  as 
1856;  and  ever  since  that  time  it  has  been  the  most  interesting, 
and  perhaps  the  most  valuable,  introduction  we  have  to  the  study 
of  Turkish  history.  It  has  not  so  much  to  do  with  the  Ottoman 
Turks  as  with  the  other  Mohammedan  nations ;  but  it  indicates 
tlie  relations  of  the  Turks  to  the  races  and  tribes  of  the  East; 


444  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

and,  in  so  doing,  forms  a  fit  introduction  to  tlie  same  author's 
"Ottoman  Power  in  Europe." 


Baker,  James. — Turkey.    2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1876  ;  1  vol.,  8vo, 
New  York,  1 877, 

The  author  is  an  English  gentleman  who,  just  before  the  prepa- 
ration of  his  volume,  resided  three  years  in  Turkey,  and  visited 
nearly  every  part  of  the  country.  He  shows  little  of  that  spirit 
of  careful  and  patient  investigation  so  admirable  in  Wallace's 
Russia ;  but,  notwithstanding  this  fact,  the  book  is  not  without 
some  value.  It  is  descriptive  rather  than  historical ;  but  it  gives 
such  an  abundance  of  facts  that  the  reader  will  have  no  ditficulty 
in  forming  an  opinion  concerning  the  embarrassments  of  the 
Turkish  government. 

The  view  presented  is  more  favorable  to  Turkey  than  Ameri- 
cans generally  have  been  disposed  to  entertain.  The  most  satis- 
factory part  of  the  work  is  the  account  of  the  several  tribes  and 
races  that  go  to  make  up  the  conglomerate  population  of  the 
country.  Its  most  serious  fault  is  a  certain  flippant  and  jocose 
method  of  discussinac  even  matters  of  o-reatest  moment. 


Hammer-Purgstall,  Joseph  von.  —  Geschichtc  des  osmanischen 
liciches,  grt)ssentheils  aus  bishcr  unbcniitzten  Ilandschriften 
und  Archiven.  10  vols.,  8vo,  Pcsth,  1827-35.  A  second  edi- 
tion, slightly  revised,  but  without  the  documents,  was  published 
in  4  vols.,  8vo,  in  183G.  A  P^rench  translation  by  J.  J.  Ilellcrt 
appeared  in  18  vols.,  8vo,  at  Paris,  1835-44,  with  atlas  in  folio. 

A  work  designed  not  so  much  for  readers  as  for  investigators. 
It  is  the  great  mine  from  which  materials  are  procured  for  nearly 
all  the  other  histories  of  Turkey.  On  the  work  the  author  is 
said  to  have  expended  thirty  years  of  more  than  ordinary  German 
industry.  The  product  of  this  labor  and  learning  is  a  series  of 
volumes  that  take  high  rank  among  the  historical  productions  of 
this  centurv. 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         445 

Creasy,  Sir  Edward  S. — History  of  the  Ottoman  Turks  from  the 
lie'g-iniiiiin-  of  their  Empire  to  the  Present  Time,  Revised  edi- 
tion, 8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1877. 

One  of  the  most  satisfactory  histories  of  the  Ottoman  Turks 
in  our  hinguao'c.  The  author  lias  freely  availed  himself  of  the 
learning  of  Germany  and  France  on  the  subject.  E]specially  is 
he  indebted  to  the  great  Avork  of  Von  Ilammer-Purgstall. 

On  recent  Turkish  affairs  the  volume  is  not  especially  strong. 
It  differs  from  the  work  of  Freeman  in  being  more  historical  and 
much  less  descriptive  and  critical.  While,  therefore,  it  will  be 
found  somewhat  less  interesting  to  the  general  reader,  it  will  be 
perhaps  even  more  valuable  to  the  historical  student. 


Freeman,  Edward  A. — The  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe,  its  Nat- 
ure, its  Growth,  and  its  Decline.  With  three  colored  Maps. 
12mo,  London,  1877. 

A  companion  and  supplement  to  the  same  author's  "  History 
and  Conquests  of  the  Saracens."  While  in  the  earlier  Avork  Free- 
man treated  of  the  other  Mohammedan  races  and  nations,  he 
here  deals  with  the  history  and  character  of  the  Ottoman  Turks. 

The  conspicuous  characteristic  as  well  as  the  great  merit  of  the 
book  is  the  fact  that  it  deals  with  Eastern  and  Mohammedan 
affairs  from  a  Western  and  European  point  of  view.  It  is,  there- 
fore, political  more  than  historical.  The  author  discusses  "  Eastern 
and  Western  Europe ;"  "  The  Races  of  Eastern  Europe  ;"  "  The 
Ottoman  Turks  and  their  Religion ;"  "  The  Rise  and  Growth  of 
the  Ottoman  Power;"  "The  Decline  of  the  Ottoman  Power;" 
"  The  Revolts  against  the  Ottoman  Power ;"  and  "  The  Practical 
Question." 

At  the  end  of  the  preface  is  a  valuable  list  of  articles  written 
by  the  author  on  the  same  general  subject,  and  published  in  the 
various  English  reviews  in  the  course  of  the  last  twenty  years. 


Lane,  Edward  William.— Manners  and  Customs  of  the  M(xlern 
Egyptians.    2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1836.    Fifth  edition,  1848. 

For  many  years  in  the  early  part  of  this  century,  Mr.  Lane  re- 


446  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

sided  in  Egypt,  devoting  himself  to  the  preparation  of  an  Arabic 
lexicon.  As  a  scholar  he  is  well  known  through  his  translation 
of  the  "  Arabian  Nights." 

The  especial  and  exceptional  value  of  this  work  is  in  its  careful 
and  minute  account  of  the  social  conditions  and  habits  of  the 
people  of  Egypt.  Mr.  McCoan,  in  his  recent  work  on  Egypt,  as- 
sures us  that  the  descriptions  are  admirable  portrayals  of  Egyp- 
tian life  at  the  present  day. 


McCoan,  J.  C. — Egypt  as  it  is.  "With  a  Map,  taken  from  the  most 
recent  survey.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1878. 

This  work  is  entirely  descriptive,  but  it  describes  not  only  the 
present  condition  of  society  and  government,  but  also  the  recent 
efforts  to  revive  the  old  importance  of  the  country. 

The  author's  information  has  been  gained  chiefly  during  a  long- 
residence  in  Egypt ;  but  his  own  observations  have  been  supple- 
mented by  constant  reference  to  the  numerous  works  of  recent 
French  writers.  Of  German  authorities,  Mr.  McCoan  has  appar- 
ently made  no  use  whatever.  The  value  of  the  book  consists  in 
its  descriptions  of  Egypt's  present  material  and  administrative 
condition. 

Eanke,  Leopold  von. — A  History  of  Servia  and  the  Servian  Rev- 
olution, from  Original  MSS.  and  Documents.  Translated  from 
the  German  by  Mrs.  Alexander  Kerr.     8vo,  London,  1847. 

The  importance  of  this  volume  is  much  greater  than  at  first 
would  appear.  The  geographical  position  of  Servia  between  Tur- 
key and  Austria  has  made  the  country  the  seat  of  a  protracted 
struggle  between  European  civilization  and  Asiatic  despotism. 
Ranke's  work,  therefore,  is  nothing  less  than  an  account,  by  the 
most  eminent  of  living  historians,  of  the  international  interests 
involved  in  the  lont;  contest. 


Zinkeisen,  J.  W. — Gcschichte  des  osmanischen  Reiches  in  Europa. 
7  vols.,  Hvo,  Hamburg,  1840-03. 

The  work  on  the  history  of  Turkey  next  in  importance  to  the 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         447 

famous  production  of  Von  Ilaniiner-Purgstall.  For  all  but  writ- 
ers of  history  it  is  even  superior  to  the  more  celebrated  work, 
upon  which,  indeed,  it  is  largely  founded.  As  one  of  the  "  His- 
tories of  the  European  States"  edited  by  Ileeren  and  Ukert,  it 
partakes  of  the  characteristics  of  that  excellent  series.  The  use 
of  the  volumes  is  made  easy  by  a  good  index.  On  the  whole,  it 
is  the  best  history  of  Turkey. 


IV.   HISTORIES    OF    HOLLAND    AND    BELGIUM. 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de. — Holland  and  its  People.     Translated  from 
the  Italian  by  Caroline  Tilton.     12mo,  New  York,  1880. 

A  very  bright  book,  better  calculated  than  any  other  to  give 
the  reader  a  vivid  and  true  impression  of  the  country  and  people 
it  describes.  The  writer  is  an  Italian  gentleman  who  visited  all 
parts  of  the  Netherlands,  inspected  the  country  thoroughly,  be- 
came familiar  with  people  and  institutions,  and  wrote  down  on 
the  spot  his  descriptions  of  what  he  saw  and  thought.  The  most 
noteworthy  qualities  of  the  book  are  its  fresh,  original,  and  some- 
what enthusiastic  methods.  The  writer  is  at  times  somewhat  too 
voluble,  but  he  is  always  interesting  and  always  instructive.  The 
translation  is  excellent. 


Davies,  C.  M.— History  of  Holland  and  the  Dutch.     900-1799. 
3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1841-44.     New  edition,  1851. 

As  a  continuous  history  of  Holland,  these  volumes  are  not  with- 
out some  value.  Their  inherent  merits,  however,  are  not  great. 
A  work,  covering  the  whole  ground  of  the  national  life  of  the 
Dutch,  Avas  doubtless  needed  in  English  ;  but  the  student  is  like- 
ly to  be  better  satisfied  with  the  volumes  of  Motley,  Dunham,  and 
Schlosser.  The  most  useful  part  of  Davies's  book  is  that  which 
treats  of  Holland  from  the  wars  of  Louis  XIV.  to  the  French 
Revolution  ;  but  Schlosser's  "  History  of  the  Eighteenth  Century" 
will  be  found  quite  as  valuable  even  on  this  period. 


448  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Geddes,  James. — History  of  the  Administration  of  Jolin  De  Witt, 
Grand  Pensioner  of  Holland.  Vol.  i.,  1623-54,  12mo,  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1380. 


The  author  has  made  painstaking  search  in  the  archives  of  the 
Hague  for  information  illustrative  of  the  life  and  work  of  the 
Grand  Pensioner.  Much  that  he  presents  is  new  even  to  the  peo- 
ple of  Plolland. 

The  period  from  the  death  of  Barneveld  to  the  accession  of 
William  HI.  was  one  of  turbulence,  but  it  has  been  only  imper- 
fectly understood.  From  the  accession  of  John  De  Witt,  in 
1652,  to  the  time  of  his  assassination,  in  16V2,  he  ruled  the  Dutch 
provinces  with  a  firm  hand,  secured  internal  peace  and  prosperity, 
and  made  the  country  feared  and  honored  by  the  other  nations  of 
Europe. 

To  the  early  life  of  this  man,  who  once  more  made  Holland 
great  and  powerful,  the  author  devotes  his  first  volume.  He 
shows  that  the  government,  put  into  operation  after  the  establish- 
ment of  Dutch  independence,  was  a  government  full  of  corrup- 
tions and  weaknesses  ;  in  fact,  that  it  was  at  best  nothing  but  a 
spurious  republic.  The  States-General  was  a  packed  body,  filled 
with  the  creatures  of  the  prince  ;  and  the  mass  of  the  Dutch  people 
had  no  political  power  whatever.  The  authority  was  exclusively 
in'the  hands  of  the  wealthy  burghers,  who  ruled  the  local  govern- 
ments absolutely,  and  who  kept  themselves  united  under  the  cen- 
tral power  of  the  States-General  only  because  of  the  threatening 
attitude  of  foreign  aggression.  Such  was  the  condition  of  affairs 
when  the  De  Witts  came  forward,  not  as  the  advocates  of  liberty, 
but  as  the  opposers  of  the  tyranny  of  the  House  of  Orange,  and 
the  promoters  of  national  concentration  and  unity. 

The  first  volume  is  but  introductory  to  what  must  be  the  more 
important  portion  of  the  work;  but  it  gives  ample  promise  of  a 
substantial  addition  to  our  historical  literature.  In  the  years  from 
1652  to  1654  De  Witt  already  had  begun  to  have  important  deal- 
ings with  Cromwell ;  and  the  author,  in  treating  of  these  years, 
has  been  able  to  throw  new  light  upon  the  policy  of  England  as 
well  as  upon  that  of  Holland.  His  researches  have  been  most 
thorough,  and  the  first  volume  is  written  with  considerable  literary 
skill. 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.        449 

Grattan,  Thomas  Colley. — The  History  of  the  Netherlands.  1 2 mo, 
London  and  New  York,  1830. 

A  valuable  little  book  as  a  compendium  of  the  "  History  of  the 
Netherlands,  from  the  Christian  Jilra  down  to  the  Formation  of 
the  Kingdom  of  Belgium."  As  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  whole 
history  of  the  country,  this  is  one  of  the  best  in  English,  and  is 
really  excellent.  More  than  such  a  view,  however,  it  is  not ;  for 
it  embraces  in  its  narrative  the  whole  period  from  the  time  of 
Julius  Caesar  to  the  Revolution  of  1830.  In  point  of  style,  the 
volume  is  attractive  and  spirited. 


Juste,  Theodore. — Histoire  de  Belgique  depuis  les  temps  primi- 
tifs  jusqu'ti  la  fin  du  regne  de  Leopold  L  4®  ed.,  3  vols.,  8vo, 
Brussels,  1868. 

The  author  is  one  of  the  most  respected  historical  writers  and 
teachers  of  history  in  Belgium,  and  his  work  is  probably  the  most 
successful  of  the  several  attempts  to  describe  the  entire  history  of 
the  country  within  the  limits  of  a  single  treatise.  It  is  written 
in  a  spirited  style,  but  it  has  the  weakness  of  a  somewhat  undis- 
criminating  enthusiasm.  This  shows  itself  especially  in  the  his- 
tory of  Leopold  I.,  who  is  treated  with  altogether  extravagant 
praise. 


Juste,  Theodore. —  La  Revolution  Beige  de  1830,  d'apres  des 
documens  inedits.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Brussels,  1873. 

The  best  description  of  the  revolution  which  raised  Belgium  to 
an  independent  kingdom,  and  placed  the  nation  in  its  present 
condition.  The  volumes  have  the  same  general  characteristics  as 
the  author's  general  history  of  Belgium.  Though  this  is  perhaps 
the  best  account  of  the  revolution  we  have,  its  conclusions  are  not 
to  be  accepted  without  the  limitations  indicated  in  characterizing 
the  same  author's  general  historv. 


Motley,  John  Lothrop. — The  Rise  of  the  Dutcii  Republic.     A 

29 


450  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

History.     3   vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1856;    new  edition.  New 
York,  1880. 

This  is  a  remarkable  book.  It  is  a  vivid  portrayal  of  one  of 
the  most  dramatic  portions  of  modern  European  history.  Motley 
possessed  nearly  all  the  essentials  of  a  great  historical  writer.  His 
industry  was  unwearied,  and  his  opportunities  were  all  that  could 
be  desired.  He  penetrated  deep  below  the  surface  of  things,  and 
explored  their  hidden  causes.  His  pages  are  instinct  with  the 
love  of  freedom  and  hatred  of  tyranny.  His  style  is  clear,  vivid, 
and  eloquent.  His  analysis  of  character  is  remarkably  distinct, 
and  his  power  of  dramatic  narrative  has  not  often  been  excelled. 

But  the  work,  with  all  these  excellent  characteristics,  has  its 
drawbacks.  The  judicious  reader  constantly  labors  under  the  im- 
pression that  there  is  another  story  to  be  told.  The  author's 
aversions  are  so  strong  and  his  predilections  so  extreme  that  they 
seem  often  to  have  taken  absolute  possession  of  his  judgment. 
At  times  he  almost  appears  to  be  apprehensive  that  his  words  will 
not  adequately  express  the  energy  of  his  thoughts,  and  conse- 
quently his  language  sometimes  becomes  so  emphatic  as  to  appear 
stilted  and  declamatory. 

The  work,  after  an  historical  introduction  of  ninety-two  pages, 
is  devoted  to  that  turbulent  age  from  the  abdication  of  Charles 
v.,  in  1555,  to  the  assassination  of  William  of  Orange,  in  1584. 
Much  of  this  period,  therefore,  is  the  same  as  that  treated  by 
Prescott  in  his  "  History  of  Philip  H. ;"  but  the  point  of  view  is 
essentially  different.  While  the  one  is  looking  from  Spain,  the 
other  is  looking  from  Holland. 

Throughout  the  history,  AVilliam  of  Orange  is  Motley's  idol 
and  his  client.  In  his  behalf  he  has  certainly  made  a  magnificent 
plea;  but  it  is  a  plea,  not  a  decision. 


Motley,  John  Lothrop.  —  History  of  the  United  Netherlands, 
from  the  Death  of  William  the  Silent  to  the  Twelve  Years' 
Truce — 1609.  4  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1861-69  ;  new  edition, 
1880. 

The  period  covered  by  this  work  is  less  dramatic  than  that  de- 
scribed in  the  "Rise  of  the  Dutch  Republic,"  by  the  same  an- 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.        451 

thor;  but  it  was  scarcely  less  significant  in  its  influence  on  subse- 
quent events. 

There  have  been  few  more  important  years  in  all  modern  his- 
tory than  those  during  which  was  matured  the  great  Spanish 
project  of  conquering  England  and  the  Netherlands,  and  bringing 
them  again  under  Catholic  rule.  The  intimate  connection  of  the 
kingdom  of  England  and  the  republic  of  Holland  at  the  time 
when  the  fate  of  Protestantism  rested  with  them  alone,  made  the 
history  of  the  two  commonwealths,  in  many  respects,  nearly  iden- 
tical. It  is  this  period  and  this  struggle,  as  well  as  the  interior 
government  of  the  Netherlands,  that  Motley  has  portrayed  in  the 
work  before  us. 

The  book  has  the  same  general  characteristics  as  the  preceding 
one.  The  author,  in  his  preface,  characterizes  the  course  of  the 
Catholics  as  the  "  deep-laid  conspirac}'  of  Spain  and  Rome  against 
human  rights;"  and  the  period  seems  to  him  to  show  "the  dan- 
gers that  come  from  superstition  and  despotism,  and  the  blessings 
which  flow  from  the  maintenance  of  religious  and  political  free- 
dom." With  all  the  merits  of  the  work,  and  these  are  many  and 
conspicuous,  it  must  be  conceded  that  it  is  too  conti'oversial  in  its 
character  to  be  accepted  as  the  final  judgment  of  mankind. 
Though  these  faults  detract  from  the  value  of  the  history,  they 
will  not  diminish  in  the  least  the  interest  of  the  reader  in  its 
pages. 


Motley,  John  Lothrop.— The  Life  and  Death  of  John  of  Barne- 
veld,  Advocate  of  Holland.  AYith  a  View  of  the  Primary  Causes 
and  Movements  of  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  2  vols.,  Svo,  New 
York,  1874. 


The  author  intended  these  volumes  as  a  link  between  the  histo- 
ries he  had  already  published  and  the  even  more  important  work 
he  had  in  contemplation  on  the  Thirty  Years'  War.  They  are  an 
account  of  what  is  known  in  the  Netherlands  as  the  "Twelve 
Years'  Truee."  It  was  a  turbulent  period  of  intrigues  between 
the  conflict  that  for  more  than  forty  years  had  been  raging  in 
Holland,  and  that  greater  struggle  which  engrossed  the  energies 
of  all  Central  Europe  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century.     The 


452  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

years  included  within,  the  scope  of  the  work,  therefore,  were  not 
well  adapted  to  show  the  genius  of  Motley  to  best  advantage. 

Though  the  volumes  are  marked  with  the  same  general  charac- 
teristics as  the  former  ones  by  the  same  author,  yet  the  events 
they  describe  are  of  a  less  stirring  interest,  and  the  faults  of  the 
work  consequently  appear  in  a  much  stronger  light.  The  vol- 
umes, moreover,  lack  something  of  that  literary  finish  which  was 
so  striking  a  characteristic  of  the  author's  earlier  histories.  Many 
of  the  descriptions,  however,  are  exceedingly  interesting  and 
graphic.  Especially  worthy  of  note  is  the  account  of  the  deal- 
ings of  the  government  with  Grotius. 


V.   HISTOEIES    OF    SCAKDmAVIA. 

Anderson,  R.  B. — Norse  Mythology ;  or,  The  Eeligion  of  our 
Forefathers.  Containing  all  the  Mytlis  of  the  Eddas,  care- 
fully systematized  and  interpreted.  With  an  Introduction, 
Vocabulary,  and  Index.     12mo,  Chicago,  2d  ed.,  1878. 

Perhaps  the  most  convenient  summary  we  have  of  the  body  of 
Noi'thern  mythology.  As  such  it  is  not  only  interesting,  but  valu- 
able. The  author  believes  in  the  essentially  indigenous  character- 
istics of  the  Teutonic  and  Scandinavian  myths,  and  also  in  their 
marked  moral  superiority  over  the  mythology  of  Greece  and  Rome. 
In  this  he  differs  sharply  from  some  of  the  best  authorities  on  the 
subject ;  but  his  volume  is  one  which  may  be  read  with  profit  as 
well  as  interest. 


Baring-Gould,  Sabine. — Iceland,  its    Scenes    and    Sagas.     Svo, 
London,  1  .s7;3. 

For  English  readers  this  portly  volume  is  the  best  modern  pop- 
ular description  of  Iceland.  It  is  written  in  a  free  and  easy  style 
by  one  who  visited  the  island  for  the  purpose  of  making  sketches 
of  its  scenery,  and  of  studying  the  scenes  of  its  sagas.  Its  fault 
is  its  great  size.  It  is  too  large  a  book  for  a  description  of  so 
small  a  country  ;  but  it  is  made  interesting  by  an  attractive  style 


THE   SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.        453 

and  numerous  weil-drawn  illustrations.  With  the  use  of  the  tabic 
of  contents  judicious  omissions  may  be  made  and  the  volume  may 
thus  be  of  essential  service. 


Carlyle,  Thomas.— The   Early  Kings  of  Norway.     12^io,  New 

York,  1875- 

A  slight  work,  that  owes  its  importance  chiefly  to  the  fame  of 
its  author  rather  than  to  its  own  intrinsic  merit.  It  is  mainly  a 
compilation  from  Sturleson  and  Daldmann,  with  here  and  there  a 
bright  phrase  thrown  in  by  the  distinguished  writer.  Though 
published  as  one  of  the  latest  of  Carlyle's  works,  it  was  prepared 
during  the  early  years  of  his  literary  career,  and  is  not  to  be  re- 
garded as  of  much  intrinsic  importance. 


Dahlmann,  F.  C. — Geschichte  von  Diinemark  bis  zur  Reforma- 
tion, mit  Inbegritf  von  Norwegen  und  Island.  3  vols.,  8vo, 
Hamburg,  1840-43. 

During  many  years  Dahlmann  was  a  professor  of  history  and  a 
prominent  historical  writer.  He  was  identified  with  the  political 
agitations  of  1848,  and  \yas  an  ardent  advocate  of  liberty. 

His  "  History  of  Denmark  "  is  his  most  considerable  work,  and 
it  has  a  standard  value.  But,  as  it  has  to  do  with  the  Middle 
Ages  exclusively,  it  gives  no  information  in  regard  to  the  period 
of  most  interest  in  Danish  atfairs.  The  days  when  the  Danes 
were  the  terror  of  French  and  Eno-lish  alike  are  skilfully  described. 


Dunham,  S.  A. — History  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway.     3 
vols..,  i6mo,  London,  1840. 

As  a  brief  history  of  Scandinavia  these  volumes  still  have  no 
superior  in  English.  The  writer  brought  to  his  task  the  same 
characteristics  that  he  has  shown  in  his  other  works.  As  a  brief 
general  history  for  the  purposes  of  the  general  reader,  it  leaves 
very  little  to  be  desired. 


454  HISTORICAL  LITEKATURE. 

Fryxell,  Anders. — The  History  of  Sweden.  Translated  from  the 
original.  Edited  by  Mary  Hovvitt.  2  vols.,  12mo,  London, 
1844. 

The  original  has  great  popularity  in  Sweden,  and  has  been 
translate^  into  the  principal  European  languages.  It  was  written 
for  strictly  popular  purposes,  and  was  successfully  done. 

The  translation  into  English,  however,  has  never  been  continued 
beyond  that  portion  of  the  work  which  reaches  the  year  1612. 
It  ends,  therefore,  before  the  reign  of  Gustavus  Adolphus,  conse- 
quently before  the  history  of  Sweden  began  to  assume  European 
importance. 


Geijer,E.J.,und Carlson, F.F.—GeschichteSchwedens.  TJebersetzt 
von  S.  P.  LefHer  und  J.  E.  Petersen.   5  vols.,  8vo,  Gotha,  1 844-75. 

The  standard  and  by  far  the  most  important  history  of  Swe- 
den. The  volumes,  the  first  three  of  which  were  prepared  by  Geij- 
ger,  have  steadily  maintained  the  reputation  of  ranking  among 
the  most  successful  of  the  admirable  series  published  under  the 
editorial  direction  of  Ilecren  and  Ukert.  The  portion  written  by 
,Geijer  appeared  in  a  French  version,  at  Brussels,  in  1845;  but 
the  work  has  never  been  translated  into  English. 

The  volumes  by  Carlson  arc  in  most  respects  superior  to  the 
others.  They  show  unusual  powers  of  description  united  with  a 
keen  insight  into  the  complicated  relations  of  Sweden  with  the 
nations  adjacent.  These  qualities  appear  to  great  advantage  in 
the  fifth  volume — the  one  devoted  to  the  trying  years  between 
IGSO  and  1097.  In  1679  the  war  had  ended  which  made  France 
the  first  power  in  Europe.  Into  that  great  war  SwedcJi  Jiad  been 
drawn,  and  during  some  years  the  contest  was  nothing  less  than  a 
struggle  for  national  existence.  The  period  that  followed  was 
one  of  reconstruction.  The  restoration  of  internal  order,  and  the 
establishment  of  new  relations  with  the  altered  nationalitii's  of 
Europe,  were  the  two  g;"eat  political  problems  demanding  solution. 
The  way  in  wliich  the  difiicult  task  was  performed  is  described 
with  a  clearness  of  insight  and  a  vigor  of  expression  that  leave 
little  to  be  desired. 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         455 

Gosch,  Charles  A. — Denmark  and  Germany  since  1815.     With 
four  Maps.     8vo,  London,  1802. 

An  important  work,  descriptive  of  the  relations  of  Denmark  and 
Germany  during  the  twenty  years  before  the  Schleswig-IIolstein 
War.  The  involved  nature  of  those  relations  is  hinted  at  in  the 
saying  that  they  were  never  understood  except  by  one  man,  and 
that  he  died  without  imparting  the  secret. 

The  author  shows  a  bias  towards  the  Danish  side ;  but,  on  the 
whole,  his  statements  are  honest  and  fair.  Perhaps  the  account 
is  the  most  satisfactory  we  liave  in  English,  though  the  pages 
must  be  read  with  the  constant  remembrance  that  the  writer  can 
make  no  claim  to  impartiality. 


Laing,  Samuel. — The  Heimskringla  ;  or.  Chronicle  of  the  Kings  of 
Norway.  Translated  from  the  Icelandic  of  Snorro  Sturleson. 
AVith  a  Preliminary  Dissertation.     3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1844. 

The  original  of  this  work,  written  by  Sturleson,  an  Icelander 
of  the  twelfth  and  thirteenth  centuries,  is  a  picture  of  the  North- 
men and  their  institutions  by  a  rough,  wild,  and  vigorous  member 
of  their  number,  who  possessed  remarkable  literary  gifts.  No  one 
will  doubt  the  importance  of  the  work  who  remembers  that  the 
Northmen  colonized  Northumberland  and  other  parts  of  England, 
amounting  to  a  third  of  the  whole  island.  It  is  thought  by  many 
that  they  were  the  forefathers  of  nearly  as  large  a  proportion  of 
the  present  English  race  as  the  Anglo-Saxons  themselves.  Under 
their  own  laws,  moreover,  they  occupied  this  territory  for  cen- 
turies. 

Tlie  work  consists  chiefly  of  a  collection  of  sagas  that  indicate 
the  history  from  the  earliest  traditions  to  the  time  of  the  author. 
It  has  been  translated  into  nearly  all  the  languages  of  Europe,  and 
has  a  standard  and  permanent  value. 

In  the  first  volume  the  translator  has  prefixed  to  the  work  a 
valuable  dissertation  of  some  two  hundred  pages,  the  purpose  of 
which  is  to  explain  the  condition  of  the  Northmen  and  their  title 
to  our  attention.  An  appendix  to  the  third  volume  is  also  of 
value. 


456  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Mallet,  M. — Nortliern  Antiquities ;  or,  An  Historical  Account  of 
the  Manners,  Customs,  Religion  and  Laws,  Maritime  Expedi- 
tions and  Discoveries,  Languages  and  Literature,  of  the  Ancient 
Scandinavians  (Danes,  Swedes,  Norwegians,  and  Icelanders) ; 
with  Incidental  Notes  respecting  our  Saxon  Ancestors.  Trans- 
lated from  the  French  by  Bishop  Percy.  New  edition,  revised 
throughout,  and  enlarged  with  a  Translation  of  the  Prose  Edda 
from  the  original  of  the  old  Norse  text ;  with  Notes,  Critical  and 
Explanatory,  by  J.  A.  Blackwell,  Esq.  Crown  8vo,  London, 
1847. 

The  author  was  a  French  scholar  wdio  spent  several  years  in 
Denmark  as  the  instructor  of  the  Prince,  who  afterwards  ascended 
the  throne  as  King  Christian  VII.  During  his  residence  at  the 
Danish  court  he  began  the  preparation  of  a  history  of  Denmark. 
As  an  introduction  to  that  history  he  drew  up  the  two  volumes 
which  Bishop  Percy  translated  and  published  in  1770  and  1809. 
The  importance  of  the  work  was  recognized  in  all  parts  of  Europe 
on  its  first  appearance.  But  the  investigations  of  half  a  century 
have  brought  together  a  mass  of  materials  which  it  was  well  to 
make  use  of  in  the  preparation  of  a  third  edition.  Mr.  Blackwell 
has  added  much  to  the  bulk  of  the  book  ;  but  his  work  was  not  very 
judiciously  done.  His  notes  are  not  scholarly,  and  his  explanations 
are  sometimes  erroneous. 


MaureT,  Konrad. — Island  von  seiner  eK,ston  Entdeckung  bis  zum 
Untergange  des  Freistaates.     8vo,  Munich,  1874. 

This  volume  was  published  on  the  2d  of  August,  on  the  occa- 
sion of  the  celebration  of  the  one  thousandth  anniversary  of  the 
settlement  of  the  island.  But  it  is  not  sinxply  an  ordinary  con- 
tribution to  a  national  jubilee.  No  other  liviiV  writer  has  studied 
Iceland  so  thoroughly  as  has  Konrad  MaurerV  and  he  has  here 
brought  together  the  ripe  fruit  of  thirty  years  of  industrious 
labor.     It  is  by  far  the  best  book  on  Iceland. 

TIjc  island  appears  to  have  been  discovered  by  Celts  about  the 
vear  795.  A  few  years  later  came  the  Norsemen  discoverers.  But 
it  was  not  until  the  year  874  that  the  first  immigrants  established 
themficlvcs  in  a  periuMnent  home.     Within  sixty  years  the  num- 


THE   SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         457 

ber  of  the  population  grew  to  be  nearly  70,000,  a  number  that 
has  varied  but  slightly  down  to  the  present  time.  As  the  new  set- 
tlers— Celts,  Norwegians,  Swedes,  and  Danes — brought  their  own 
institutions,  the  mixture  resulted  in  many  new  forms  and  methods. 
And  it  is  in  the  develoi)ment  and  history  of  these  that  our  inter- 
est in  Iceland  chiefly  centres.  The  social  customs  were  in  many 
respects  different  from  any  that  have  elsewhere  appeared  in  Eu- 
rope. The  families  were,  for  the  most  part,  isolated,  and  there- 
fore were  chietiy  dependent  upon  themselves.  Under  such  in- 
fluences there  grew  up  a  peculiar  but  a  rich  national  culture 
which  found  expression  in  poetry  and  song.  The  history  of  this 
singular  development  the  author  has  portrayed  in  a  manner  as 
interestino;  as  it  is  instructive. 


Maurer,  Konrad. — Isliindische  Volkssagen  der  Gegenwart  gesam- 
melt  und  verdeutscht.     8vo,  Leipsic,  18G0. 

This  work,  by  the  most  accomplished  living  scholar  in  Icelandic 
lore,  is  of  more  importance  than  any  other  on  the  subject,  and 
is  entitled  to  be  regarded  as  the  standard  authority.  It  throws 
much  light  on  the  popular  traditions  of  the  North,  and  should  be 
carefully  studied  by  every  student  of  Scandinavia.  It  is  also  not 
without  importance  in  the  general  study  of  modern  folk-lore.  It 
may  well  be  read  in  connection  with  the  author's  later  and  more 
important  work. 


Rink,  Dr.  Henry. — Danish  Greenland.  Its  People  and  its  Products. 
Edited  by  Dr.  Robert  Brown.  With  Illustrations  by  the  Es- 
kimo, and  a' Map.     12mo,  London,  1877. 

The  best  account  we  have  of  Greenland.  It  is  both  historical 
and  descriptive.  The  author  was  a  Danish  official  whose  duties 
brought  him  into  the  most  intimate  knowledge  of  the  subject, 
and  who  made  industrious  and  judicious  use  of  his  opportunities. 


Sinding",  Paul    C.  —  History  of  Scandinavia   from  the  Earliest 


458  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Times   of  the   Norsemen   and  Vikings  to   the  Present  Dav. 
12mo,  New  York,  1858. 

If  English  literature  abounded  in  histories  of  Scandinavia,  this 
book  would  be  considered  as  of  very  small  importance.  But  it  is 
a  sketch  inspired  by  the  dearth  of  works  on  the  subject,  and  by 
the  prevailing  ignorance  concerning  the  nations  described.  It  is 
characterized  by  a  certain  naive  goodishness  not  very  much  to  be 
admired  ;  but  it  has  the  merit  of  making  an  honest  effort  to  fill  a 
place  in  which  a  good  book  was  felt  by  the  author  to  be  needed. 


Thorpe,  Benjamin. — Northern  Mythology,  comi)rising  the  Prin- 
cipal Popular  Traditions  and  Superstitions  of  Scandinavia, 
North  Germany,  and  the  Netherlands.  Compiled  from  original 
and  other  sources.     3  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1852. 

A  work  on  this  subject  by  one  of  the  most  eminent  of  Anglo- 
Saxon  scholars  in  England  could  not  fail  to  have  great  literary 
and  historical  value.  The  very  copious  and  scholarly  notes  with 
which  it  is  fortified  render  it  perhaps  the  most  valuable  collection 
we  possess  of  the  Northern  sagas.  It  is  more  voluminous  than  An- 
derson's work  on  the  same  subject,  and  to  the  general  reader  may  be 
not  less  interesting ;  but  as  it  is  devoted  largely  to  mere  traditions 
and  superstitions,  for  the  scholar  it  is  less  complete  and  satisfactory. 


Wheaton,  Henry. — History  of  tlie  Northmen,  or  Danes  and  Nor- 
mans, from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Conquest  of  William  of 
Normandy.     12mo,  London,  1831. 

Few  men  have  done  more  for  the  honor  of  Ainerican  letters 
than  Henry  Wheaton.  The  work  before  us  was  written  during 
the  period  when  he  was  American  Charge  d'Affaires  at  Copcn- 
liagen,  and  after  he  had  become  a  member  of  the  Scandinavian 
and  Icelandic  societies. 

In  the  preparation  of  the  work  the  author  made  use  of  all  the 
best  authorities,  and  selected  from  them  what  was  likely  to  be  of 
most  interest  and  value.  He  wrote  with  a  combination  of  judg- 
metit,  learning,  and  enthusiasm  that  has  justly  secured  for  the 
work  a  high  place  in  the  literature  of  the  North.    Its  merits  have 


1 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROPE.         459 

been  recognized  by  translation  into  all  the  more  important  lan- 
guages of  Europe. 

Worsaae,  J.  J.  A. — An  Account  of  the  Danes  and  Northmen  in 
England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland.      12mo,  London,  1852. 

In  1846  a  commission  was  appointed  by  Christian  VIII.  of 
Denmark  to  investigate  and  report  upon  any  existing  monuments 
and  memorials  of  Danes  and  Norwegians  in  the  British  Isles.  In 
the  work  of  carrying  on  the  resulting  investigations,  the  com- 
mission received  generous  assistance  in  England. 

The  volume  before  ns  is  a  translation  of  an  account  of  the  re- 
mains discovered.  The  plan  of  the  book  is  historical  rather 
than  archajological,  and  is  a  good  presentation  of  the  part  taken 
by  the  Danes  in  the  inediteval  history  of  England. 


VI.   SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND    READERS. 

1.  The  best  of  all  general  histories  of  Spain,  in  English,  is  that 
of  Dunham.  If  the  reader  desires  a  less  elaborate  account  of 
the  medifeval  turbulence  of  the  country,  he  will  find  an  excellent 
summary  in  the  first  two  chapters  of  Prescott's  "  Ferdinand  and 
Isabella."  In  connection  with  these  chapters  the  account  of 
Spanish  institutions  in  Ilallam's  "  Middle  Ages,"  and  also  that  in 
Robertson's  "  Introduction  to  the  History  of  Charles  the  Fifth," 
will  be  found  at  once  interesting  and  valuable.  If  the  reader 
uses  German,  he  should  follow  Dunham  with  Baumgarten  ;  if 
not,  he  may  well  read  the  chapters  on  the  Peninsular  War  in 
Seeley's  "  Stein  "  or  Alison's  "  French  Revolution." 

Daguet's  "Switzerland"  is  to  be  preferred;  though  if  a  work 
in  English  is  desired,  Vieusseux,  Zschokke,  or  the  volume  on  the 
subject  in  Lardner's  "  Cyclopaidia  "  should  be  used. 

On  the  history  of  Turkey,  Freeman  and  Creasy  will  be  found 
most  valuable.  Freeman  is  more  readable,  and  is  not  without 
peculiar  and  characteristic  merits.  Lane  and  McCoan  are  the  au- 
thorities on  modern  Egypt. 

Grattan's  "  Netherlands  "  is  perhaps  the  most  satisfactory  brief 
history.     Dunham's  "  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway  "  is  a  useful 


460  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

summary.  Gosch's  "Denmark  and  Germany  since  1815  "  is  de- 
voted to  a  description  of  the  relations  and  difficulties  which  re- 
sulted in  the  Schlcswig-IIolstein  war.  Wheaton's  is  still  one  of 
the  best  accounts  of  the  early  Northmen. 

2.  Lembke  and  Schafer's  is  the  best  of  the  larger  histories  of 
Spain.  If  the  reader  must  confine  himself  to  English,  Dunham's 
"Spain"  may  be  used,  and  may  well  be  followed  by  Prescott's 
"  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,"  Robertson's  "  Charles  V.,"  and  Pres- 
cott's "  Philip  II."  These  are  most  worthily  succeeded  by  Dunlop, 
Watson,  Coxe,  Baumgarten,  Napier,  and  Mazade.  The  portions 
of  Mariana  on  the  history  of  Spain  in  the  Middle  Ages  may  be 
read  with  pleasure  as  Avell  as  profit. 

Of  the  large  histories  of  Switzerland,  Morin  is  likely  to  be  most 
satisfactory,  though  Miiller  has  not  been  completely  superseded. 
Rochholz  has  made  the  most  complete  examination  of  the  legend 
of  Tell. 

Baker's  "  Turkey  "  gives  an  alleviating  view  of  the  Turkish 
government.  Argyll's  "  Eastern  Question  "  discusses  the  general 
relations  of  Turkey  to  the  adjacent  nationalities.  For  an  account 
of  events  leading  to  the  complications  of  1875-80,  recourse  should 
be  had  to  the  "Annual  Register"  and  to  the  English  reviews  for 
tkose  years.  For  a  thorough  history  of  Turkey,  Zinkeisen  is 
above  all  others,  except  Von  Ilammer-Purgstall. 

The  great  struggle  by  Avhich  the  Netherlands  achieved  their 
independence  is  portrayed  Avith  remarkable  spirit  by  Motley. 
The  same  author's  "  History  of  the  United  Netherlands  "  is  also 
a  work  of  very  liigh  repute.  The  work  of  Geddes  is  one  of 
n^reat  promise.  Juste's  "  Belgium  "  is  the  standard  book  on  the 
subject. 

If  the  reader  desires  a  very  complete  history  of  mediaeval  Den- 
mark, he  will  be  satisfied  with  Dahlmann  only,  though  for  most 
readers  Dunham  will  be  entirely  adequate.  The  monographs  of 
Worsaae  and  Gosch  are  of  considerable  merit.  Fryxell's  "Sweden" 
may  be  read  for  a  fuller  account  than  that  of  Dunham  ;  but  the 
great  authority  is  that  of  Geijger  and  Carlson.  The  growth  of 
Swedish  power  under  the  House  of  Vasa  is  admirably  sketched  by 
Ilaussor  in  his  "  Period  of  the  Reformation."  Droysen's  "  Gus- 
tavus  Adolphus,"  without  going  very  fully  into  the  details  of  the 
king's  career,  throws  inucli  light  on  the  relations  of  Sweden  to 


THE  SMALLER  NATIONALITIES  OF  EUROrK.        401 

Germany.     Voltaire's  "  History  of  Charles  XII."  is  justly  one 
of  the  most  popular  of  the  witty  Frenchman's  works. 

3.  The  works  of  Bouterwek  and  SismonJi  on  the  literature 
of  Spain  have  been  greatly  surpassed  in  merit  by  that  of  Ticknor ; 
though  the  second  chapter  of  Sismondi's  "  Literature  of  the  South 
of  Europe  "  is,  perhaps,  the  most  graphic  account  we  have  of  the 
learning  of  the  Arabs.  Important  papers  on  the  subject  of  Span- 
ish literature  are  to  be  found  in  Gibbon,  chapter  li.;  in  Schlegel's 
" Dramatic  Literature,"  in  the  Ed'mburcfh  Review  for  January, 
1841,  and  in  the  Quarterly  Revieio  for  July,  1837.  Irving's  "Al- 
hambra  "  is  a  semi-fictitious  account  of  Spanish  manners ;  and  the 
same  writer's  "Conquest  of  Granada"  is  a  graphic  portrayal  of 
the  terrible  struggle  which  led  to  the  downfall  of  the  Moors. 
Southey's  "Chronicle  of  the  Cid"  is  one  of  the  best  portrayals 
of  Spanish  manners.  Irving's  "Spanish  Papers"  give  an  inter- 
esting account  of  the  union  of  Castile  and  Leon.  On  the  subject 
of  the  Inquisition,  Llorcnte  is  the  great  Roman  Catholic  authority  ; 
Rule  the  Protestant  authority.  Macaulay's  essay  in  review  of 
"  Stanhope's  War  of  the  Succession  "  is  a  brief  but  an  entertain- 
ing account  of  an  important  period.  The  great  work  on  this  war, 
however,  is  the  recent  history  by  Noorden.  The  Cornhill  Maga- 
zine for  1871  has  a  scries  of  important  papers  on  more  recent 
Spanish  affairs.  Two  of  these  papers  are  reprinted  in  LitteWs* 
Living  Age  for  the  same  year.  Instructive  articles  may  also  be 
found  in  the  Atlantic  Monthly  for  April,  1868,  and  i-n  volumes 
xl.,  xli.,  Ixii.,  and  Ixiii.  of  Harpe/s  Montlily.  Crawfurd's  "  Portu- 
gal "  is  a  recent  book,  combining  description  and  history  in  an 
agreeable  manner.  Cervantes's  view  of  Spanish  manners  has  the 
high  endorsement  of  Prcscott.  Cooper's  "  Mercedes  of  Castile  " 
aims  to  describe  Spanish  affairs  in  the  time  of  Ferdinand  and  Isa- 
bella. Picton's  "Spanish  Brothers"  relates  to  the  Inquisition, 
Coleridge's  "Remorse"  to  the  times  of  Philip  II.,  and  Mrs, 
Charles's  "  Martyrs  of  Spain  "  to  the  days  of  the  Reformation. 

Illustrative  of  the  history  of  Switzerland,  much  of  importance 
is  to  be  found  in  Coxe's  "  House  of  Austria "  and  Barante's 
"Dukes  of  Burgundy."  For  the  value  of  the  myth  concerning 
William  Tell,  see  Atlantic  Monthly  for  March,  1861,  where  the 
evidences  are  balanced.  See  also  on  the  same  subject,  Baring- 
Gould's  "Curious  Myths  of  the  Middle  Ages,"  and  the  Edinburgh 


462  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

RevieiD  for  January,  1869.  Scott's  "Anne  of  Geierstein  "  is  a 
graceful  tribute  to  Swiss  devotion  and  heroism  in  the  last  struggle 
with  Charles  the  Bold.  For  the  historical  details  of  this  contest, 
Kirk's  "  Charles  the  Bold  "  may  be  consulted.  The  Reformation 
in  Switzerland  is  described  at  length  by  D'Aubigne,  and  concisely 
by  Hausser  and  Fisher.  The  part  of  Switzerland  in  the  Revolu- 
tionary period  is  well  portrayed  by  Alison. 

The  establishment  of  Turkish  power  in  Europe  is  described  by 
Gibbon  and  Finlay,  as  well  as  by  Freeman  and  Creasy.  Pi-escott, 
in  his  histories  of  Spain,  especially  his  "  Philip  II.,"  gives  very 
graphic  portrayals  of  the  long  contest  between  the  Spaniards  and 
the  Moslems  in  the  sixteenth  century.  The  more  recent  history 
of  Turkey  is  illustrated  by  Benjamin's  "The  Turk  and  the 
Greek,"  Crowe's  "  The  Greek  and  the  Turk,"  MacCulloch's  "  Rus- 
sia and  Turkey,"  Moltke's  "Russians  in  Bulgaria  in  1828-29," 
Noyes's  "  Roumania,"  and  Oscanyan's  "  The  Sultan  and  his  Peo- 
ple." See  also  Harper's  Magazine,  volumes  xxiv.  and  xxxv.,  Inter- 
national Review  for  1876,  and  the  several  English  reviews  since 
1875.  In  the  preface  to  Freeman's  "  Ottoman  Power  in  Europe  " 
is  an  important  list  of  articles  on  modern  Turkish  affairs. 

Miss  Barrett,  in  her  "  William  the  Silent,"  has  condensed  the 
histories  of  Motley  and  Prescott.  The  reign  of  Charles  V.  in 
the  Netherlands  is  well  described  by  Juste.  Butler's  "  Life  of 
Grotius  "  is  a  good  account  of  the  period  just  before  the  Thirty 
Years'  War.  Schiller's  "  Revolt  of  the  Netherlands  "  is  much  more 
admirable  from  a  literary  than  from  an  historical  point  of  view. 
Grattan's  account  of  the  more  recent  history  of  Holland  is  best 
supplemented  by  special  portions  of  the  general  histories.  James's 
"  Mary  of  Burgundy "  and  Pichler's  "  Artist  Lovers "  depict 
phases  of  Dutch  society  in  the  fifteenth  and  sixteenth  centuries. 
Goethe's  "Egmont"  is  a  powerful  rendering  of  one  of  the  most 
painful  episodes  of  tliat  terrible  struggle. 

On  the  early  history  of  Scandinavia,  Maurer,  Thorpe,  Laing,  and 
Mallet  arc  the  authors  of  most  importance.  A  briefer  book  of 
great  merit  is  that  of  Whoaton.  Professor  Anderson's  mono- 
graphs throw  much  light  on  special  subjects.  His  "  Norse  M}'- 
thology  "  is  the  most  comprehensive  and  trustworthy  work  on  the 
subject;  and  his  translation  of  "The  Younger  Edda"  is  all  that 
<;oiild  be  desired.  In  all  that  pertains  to  the  history  of  the  institu- 
IIdus  of  Tcciland,  Koiirad  Maurer  is  the  most  trustworthy  authority. 


THE   SMALLER   NATIONALITIES   OF  EUROPE.         463 

4.  The  following,  for  the  most  part  recent  works  of  impor- 
tance, are  worthy  of  note:  E.  C.  Otte's  "Scandinavian  History" 
(8vo,  London,  1874)  is  the  most  important  general  history  of 
Scandinavia  in  English,  A.  Geffroy's  "  Ilistoire  des  Etats  Scan- 
dinaves"  (l2mo,  Paris)  is  one  of  Duruy's  valuable  series.  George 
Stephens's  "Old  Northern  Runic  Monuments  of  Scandinavia  and 
England"  (3  vols.,  folio,  London,  1866-84)  is  of  great  interest 
and  importance.  Sven  Nilsson's  "  Primitive  Inhabitants  of  Scan- 
dinavia, translated  into  English  by  Sir  John  Lubbock"  (8vo,  Lon- 
don, 3d  ed.,  1868).  G.  W.  Dasent's  "  Story  of  the  Burnt  Njal  " 
(2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1861)  is  of  the  first  importance.  Rasmus 
Nyerup's  "  Kulturgeschichte  von  Danemark  und  Norwegen  "  (8vo, 
AJtona,  1804).  G.  Vigfusson's  "  Sturlunga  Saga"  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
Oxford,  1878);  also  "The  Orkneyinga  Saga"  (8vo,  Edinburgh, 
1873) — both  of  importance.  P.  E.  Miiller's  "Saga  Bibliothek" 
(3  vols.,  8vo,  Copenhagen,  1817-20).  J.  C.  H.  R.  Stcenstrup's 
"Normannerne"  (vols.  L-IV.,  8vo,  Copenhagen,  1876-82),  though 
still  incomplete,  is  said  by  high  authority  to  be  the  best  book  on 
the  Northmen  ever  ■written.  R.  B.  Anderson's  "  The  Younger 
Edda"  (l2mo,  Chicago,  1884). 

K.  Th.  Wenzelbui-ger's  "  Geschichte  der  Niederliinde"  (2  vols., 
8vo,  Gotha,  1879-1886)  is  the  most  satisfactory  general  history 
of  the  Netherlands; — one  of  the  Heeren  and  Ukert  series.  Don 
Modesto  Lafuente's  "  Historia  general  de  Espafla"  (30  vols.,  8vo, 
Madrid,  1850-67)  is  the  great  national  history.  B.  de  Sahagun's 
"Histoire  Generale  desChosesde  la  Nouvelle  Espagne"  (8vo,  Paris, 
1800),  a  work  of  originality  and  ability.  L.  Viardot's  "Histoire 
des  Arabes  et  des  Mores  d'Espagne  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1851). 
C.  M.  Yonge,  "Christians  and  Moors  in  Spain"  (l2mo,  London, 
1878) — a  convenient  but  not  very  important  book.  H.  Forne- 
ron's  "Hi-stoire  de  Philippe  H."  (vols.  L-IV.,  8vo,  Paris,  1880- 
82) — founded  on  evidence  a  considerable  part  of  which  was  un- 
known when  Prescott  wrote  ;  still  incomplete.  Hefele's  "  Life  of 
Cardinal  Ximenez,  translated  from  the  German  by  Canon  Dalton  " 
(8vo,  London,  1860).  J.  A.  los  Rios's  "Historia  Critica  de  la 
Litteratura  Espanola"  (7  vols.,  8vo,  Madrid,  1861-65) — the  most 
important  work  on  Spanish  literature.  Lafuente's  "  Historia  Ec- 
clesiastica  de  Espana"  (6  vols.,  8vo,  Madrid,  1873-75) — the  most 
important  ecclesiastical  history  of  Spain,  but  written  from  a  fervid 


464  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Catholic's  point  of  view.  "\V.  Scbirrmacliei's  "  Geschicbte  von 
Spanien  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Gotlia)  is  a  valuable  part  of  tbe  Ileeren 
and  Ukert  series.  Augusta  Boucbot's  "  Histoire  do  Portugal  et 
de  ses  Colonies"  (8vo,  Paris). 

Fr.  Palacky's  "  Gescbicbtc  Bobmen's  "  (5  vols.,  8vo,  Prag,  1836- 
68)  is  tbe  standard  bistory  of  Bobemia.  A.  Billiet's  "  Les  Origi- 
nes  de  la  Confederation  Suisse"  (2  vols.,  2°  ed.,  Paris,  1869)  and 
Henne-am-Rbyn's  "  Gescbicbte  dcs  Scbweizervolkes  und  seiner 
Kultur"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig,  3te  Aufl.,  1878)  are  works  of  im- 
portance. G.  Rosen's  "  Geschicbte  der  Tiirkei  von  dem  Siege  der 
Reform,  1826,  bis  zuin  Pariser  Tractat "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Leipzig, 
1866-67).  C.  K.  Tuckerraan's  "  Greeks  of  To-day  "  (12mo,  New 
York,  1878).  R.  C.  Jebb's  "Modern  Greece"  (8vo,  London, 
1880).  J.  K.  Jirecek's  "Gescbicbte  der  Bulgaren  "  (8vo,  Prag, 
1876).  D.  C.  Boulger's  "  History  of  China"  (3  vols.,  Bvo,  Lon- 
don, 1885) — the  first  volume  giving  a  rapid  survey  of  four  thou- 
sand years,  the  second  and  third  to  the  present  century;  a  work 
of  considerable  value,  especially  as  we  have  no  other  carefully 
written  history  of  China. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  465 


Chapter  XIII. 

HISTORIES    or    ENGLAND. 
I.    GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Brewer,  J.  S.— The  Student's  Hume.     12mo,  New  York,  1880. 

Before  the  appearance  of  Green's  "  Short  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish People  "  the  volume  known  as  "  The  Student's  Hume  "  was 
the  best  brief  account  of  England  for  the  use  of  a  student.  It 
was  generally  free  from  errors,  it  contained  interesting  illustra- 
tions, and  it  presented  to  the  student  many  of  the  most  impor- 
tant documents  of  English  history. 

Professor  Brewer  undertook  the  work  of  revising  and  editing 
this  volume  with  the  ostensible  purpose  of  giving  it  all  the  ben- 
efits of  modern  historical  research  and  criticism.  But,  though 
he  was  thoroughly  qualified  for  his  task,  the  result  leaves  much 
still  to  be  desired.  Many  portions  of  the  volume  that  are  in 
great  need  of  revision  retain  the  unmodified  language  and  judg- 
ments of  Hume.  Unlike  the  work  of  which  it  is  still  for  the 
most  part  only  an  abridgment,  it  brings  the  history  down  very 
nearly  to  the  present  time. 


Bright,  Frank. — English  History  for  the  Use  of  Public  Schools. 
3  vols.,  12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1878. 

The  author  is  a  lecturer  on  history  in  Baliol,  New,  and  Uni- 
versity colleges  at  Oxford,  and  he  has  produced  for  the  use  of 
college  students  one  of  the  best  text-books  on  the  history  of  Eng- 
land in  the  language. 

30 


4G6  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

It  is  clear,  careful,  and  accurate ;  is  fortified  with  excellent  ta- 
bles and  maps,  is  a  magazine  of  information,  and  in  matters  of 
opinion  is  fully  abreast  of  the  latest  conclusions  and  criticisms. 

Its  style  is  very  compact,  and  on  this  account,  unless  consider- 
able time  be  given  to  it,  there  is  danger  of  its  being  thought  hard 
and  dry.  If  the  student  is  unable  to  do  much  collateral  reading 
in  connection  with  it,  the  results  are  likely  to  be  inferior  to  those 
secured  from  the  study  of  Green.  It  is  a  book  of  solid  rather 
than  of  brilliant  qualities. 


Burton,  John  Hill.  —  The  History  of  Scotland  from  Agricola's 
Invasion  to  the  last  Jacobite  Insurrection.  8  vols.,  12mo,  Lon- 
don and  New  York.     2d  ed.,  1875. 

It  is  but  simple  justice  to  say  that  this  work  has  superseded  in 
value  all  other  histories  of  Scotland.  As  a  complete  record  of 
one  of  the  most  turbulent  of  all  histories,  it  is  eminently  suc- 
cessful. To  the  preparation  of  the  work  the  author  devoted 
many  industrious  years,  and  on  several  of  the  most  disputed  ques- 
tions of  Scottish  history  ho  has  thrown  a  welcome  light.  The 
work  is  clear  in  style,  and  is  arranged  with  an  admirable  regard 
for  historical  perspective.  The  events  of  the  sixteenth  century 
accordingly  receive  a  large  amount  of  space. 


Campbell,  John  Lord. — The  Lives  of  the  Lord  Chancellors  and 
Keepers  of  the  (Jreat  Seal  of  England  from  the  Earliest  Times 
till  the  Reign  of  Queen  Victoria.  8  vols.,  8vo,  and  10  vols., 
12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1869,  and  many  other  editions. 
Also,  Lives  of  the  Chief  Justices  of  England  from  the  Norman 
Conquest  till  the  Death  of  Lord  Tenterden.  4  vols.,  Svo  and 
12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1857,  and  subsequent  editions. 

The  writings  of  Lord  Campbell  have  great  merits,  but  they  are 
not  without  great  defects.  They  embody  a  vast  amount  of  inter- 
esting as  well  as  valuable  information.  The  author  was  an  emi- 
nent lawyer,  and  a  statesman  of  considerable  prominence.     Ilis 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  467 

works  show  an  case  and  an  animation  of  expression  which  make 
them  popular  with  a  large  class  of  readers. 

The  defects  of  the  work  are  nearly  allied  to  its  merits.  They 
are  to  be  found  chiefly  in  the  strong  partialities  and  animosities 
of  the  author ;  and,  while  these  characteristics  impart  spirit  to  his 
pao-es,  they  detract  very  considerably  from  their  real  value.  Lord 
Campbell  was  an  energetic  hater,  and  he  never  hesitated  to  give 
expression  to  his  animosities.  The  value  of  his  writings,  there- 
fore, is  in  the  general  impressions  and  the  entertainment  they  af- 
ford, rather  than  in  the  correctness  of  the  information  they  give 
or  the  soundness  of  the  conclusions  they  reach.  The  freedom 
with  which  the  author  reproduced  the  productions  of  others 
amounted  at  times  to  unblushing  plagiarism. 


Green,  John  Richard. — A  Short  History  of  the  English  People. 
Crown  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1875. 

This  book  has  extraordinary  merits.  It  is  rather  a  commentary 
on  the  history  of  England  than  a  history  itself,  and  therefore 
those  who  already  have  some  knowledge  of  the  subject  are  likely 
to  be  most  profited  by  its  use. 

The  qualities  which  have  given  to  the  work  its  great  popular- 
ity are  the  brilliancy  of  its  style,  the  breadth  of  its  generaliza- 
tions, the  vividness  with  which  it  portrays  the  general  drift  of 
events,  the  clearness  with  which  it  shows  the  relations  of  cause 
and  effect,  the  prominence  which  it  gives  to  the  literary  and  so- 
cial progress  of  the  people,  and  the  skill  with  which  the~authof~ 
has  made  his  selections  and  exclusions.  The  book  has  been 
shown  to  be  somewhat  inaccurate  in  matters  of  minor  detail ;  but 
the  inaccuracies  are,  for  the  most  part,  such  as  may  easily  be 
remedied  by  careful  revision,  without  disturbing  the  general  ar- 
rangement of  the  work.  Fn^  \h(^  piu-pot^pi;  of  the  general  reader 
it  is  superior  to  all  other  works_in  a  single  volume.  Its  value  is 
also  increased  by  a  carefully  drawn  list  of  authorities  at  the  be- 
ginning of  each  subject.  These  lists  afford  a  somewhat  compre- 
hensive and  very  valuable  bibliography  of  English  history. 


468  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Green,  John  Richard. — History  of  the  English  People.     4  vols., 
8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1878-80. 

By  far  the  most  important  general  history  of  England  that  has 
ever  been  written.  It  not  only  covers  the  whole  period  of  Eng- 
lish history  down  to  the  close  of  the  Napoleonic  wars,  but  it  also 
embodies  the  results  of  those  researches  into  special  periods 
which  of  late  have  been  so  characteristic  of  English  historical  ac- 
tivity. 

To  these  merits  must  be  added  several  others  of  scarcely  less 
importance.  The  author  writes  in  an  unusually  vigorous  and  in- 
teresting style.  His  pages  are  not  encumbered  with  notes,  but  at 
the  beginning  of  the  history  of  each  period  is  to  be  found  a  very 
complete  and  valuable  account  of  the  sources  from  which  infor- 
mation on  the  subject  treated  is  to  be  drawn.  These  bibliograph- 
ical introductions  will  be  found  of  the  greatest  use  to  the  special 
student  of  English  history. 

Another  important  feature  of  the  work  is  the  amount  of  space 
devoted  to  descriptions  of  the  social  condition  of  the  people — a 
method  of  treatment  that  adds  greatly  to  the  interest  of  the  reader 
as  well  as  to  his  profit.  The  first  volume  brings  the  history  down 
to  the  close  of  the  Parliament  of  1461,  the  second  to  1603,  the 
third  to  1688,  the  fourth  to  1815.  The  fourth  volume  is  gener- 
ally thought  to  be  somewhat  less  meritorious  than  the  others. 
Finallv,  the  book  is  admirably  equipped  Avith  maps  and  tables, 
and  is  brought  to  a  close  by  a  very  full  index. 


Guizot,  F. — The  History  of  England,  from  the  Earliest  Times  to 
the  Accession  of  Queen  A'ictoria.  llelated  for  the  Rising  Gen- 
eration. Translated  from  the  French.  4  vols.,  8vo  and  12mo, 
London  and  Boston,  1879. 

A  history  especially  intended  for  the  young,  or,  as  the  venera- 
ablc  author  chose  to  say,  for  his  grandchildren.  But  in  the  prep- 
aration of  it  the  characteristics  of  the  renowned  historian  and 
statesman  did  not  desert  him.  lie  had  made  a  profound  study 
of  English  history,  and  had  followed  the  different  steps  in  the 
growth  of  the  English  political  system  with  a  keen  and  a  sympa- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  469 

thetic  intelligence.     This  history,  therefore,  may  always  be  con- 
sulted with  profit  as  well  as  with  interest. 


Hume,  David. — The  History  of  England,  from  the  Invasion  of 
Julius  Cicsar  to  the  Revolution  in  1688.  Various  editions,  one 
of  the  best  being  in  six  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1880. 

This  work,  written  more  than  a  hundred  years  ago,  has  enjoyed 
the  rank  of  a  classic  in  historical  literature  from  the  day  of  its 
completion  to  the  present  time.  In  point  of  clearness,  elegance, 
and  simplicity  of  style  it  has  never  been  surpassed.  This  pecu- 
liarity, however,  united  as  it  is  with  the  calm  and  philosophical 
spirit  with  which  the  author  contemplates  the  events  he  describes, 
has  given  the  work  a  rank  to  which  its  strictly  historical  merits 
inever  would  have  entitled  it.  Indeed,  Hume  was  not  an  historical 
investigator  in  any  true  sense  of  the  term.  He  was  under  much 
greater  obligations  to  some  of  his  predecessors  than  he  ever  ac- 
knowledged. AVith  some  propriety  it  may  be  said  that  Carte 
was  the  miner,  while  Hume  was  only  the  finisher  of  the  materials 
brought  together  by  his  more  industrious  and  thorough  predeces- 
sor. 

An  historical  work  written  as  Hume  wrote  could  hardly  fail  to 
abound  in  gross  errors.  For  a  long  time  many  of  the  mistakes 
of  this  history  escaped  detection  ;  but  of  late  the  errors  have 
been  shown  to  be  so  abundant  and  so  flagrant  that  the  opinion 
of  scholars  concerning  the  value  of  the  work  has  been  completely 
modified. 

The  portion  relating  to  the  reign  of  the  Stuarts  was  the  first 
written,  and  is,  perhaps,  the  most  faulty.  It  is  founded  on  an 
erroneous  conception  of  the  nature  of  the  English  government  at 
the  time  of  the  accession  of  James  I.  Brodie,  in  his  "Consti- 
tutional History,"  has  shown  the  worthlessness  of  Hume's  account 
of  this  period,  and  has  made  it  plain  that  it  is  "  a  fictitious  phi- 
losophy buttressed  by  a  fictitious  narrative." 

Of  the  numerous  "continuations"  of  Hume,  no  one  is  worthy 
of  the  student's  notice.  The  best  edition,  as  above  indicated,  is 
that  published  in  New  York  in  1880;  but  editions  are  to  be 
judged  chiefly  by  the  external  qualities  of  paper  and  print ;  for 


470  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  revisions  of  the  author  were  of  political  rather  than  of  his- 
torical importance,  and  were  really  of  no  value.  In  1770  he 
wrote :  "  I  am  running  over  the  last  edition  of  my  History  in 
order  to  correct  it  still  further.  I  either  soften  or  expunge  many 
villanous,  seditious  Whig  strokes  which  had  crept  into  it.  I  am 
sensible  that  the  first  editions  were  too  full  of  those  foolish  Eng- 
lish prejudices  which  all  nations  and  all  ages  disavow."  It  was 
thus  that  what  he  called  the  "firm  conduct  and  manly  resentment 
of  George  III."  convinced  him  that  he  had  not  done  enough  to 
canonize  Laud  and  whitewash  Strafford  and  Jeffreys. 


Knight,  Charles. — The  Popular  History  of  England.  An  Illus- 
trated History  of  Society  and  Government,  from  the  Earliest 
Period  to  our  own  Times.  8  vols.,  London,  1856-62.  Also, 
without  the  illustrations,  6  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  1878,  and 
2  vols.,  4to,  New  York,  1880. 

This  work  was  written,  as  the  author  declares,  for  "  young  men 
of  eighteen,"  for  whom  there  was  no  history  of  England  but 
that  of  "  the  cool,  scofliing  philosopher  who  could  relate  with  un- 
rufiled  temper  the  outrages  of  despotism,  the  vices  of  kings,  and 
the  extravagances  of  superstition,  and  who  reserved  his  criticisms 
for  genius  and  his  sarcasms  for  zeal." 

As  will  be  inferred  from  this  declaration,  the  ambition  of  Mr. 
Knight  was  not  to  write  a  history  of  the  highest  order  of  merit; 
but  to  produce  one  which  should  be  light  and  readable  without 
being  superficial,  which  should  abound  in  pictures  rather  than  dis- 
sertations, and,  above  all,  which  should  carry  the  reader  through 
a  survey  of  English  life  with  a  generous  sympathy  for  what  is 
noble  in  all  parties,  without  losing  in  philosophic  indifference  his 
manly  confidence  in  truth  and  fact. 

The  volumes  cover  the  wliolc  period  of  English  history  down 
to  the  pn^sent  generation.  Wliile  the  work  is  not  profound,  it  is 
thoroughly  healthful  in  tone;  and,  with  the  exception  of  Green, 
for  the  purposes  of  the  general  reader,  is  probably  the  best  his- 
tory of  England  yet  completed.  The  English  edition  abounds  in 
illustrations,  introduced  not  merely  for  the  embellishment  of  the 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  471 

volumes,  but  for  the  elucidation  of  the  narrative.    The  illustrations 
are  unusually  excellent,  both  in  Icind  and  quality. 

Four  of  the  volumes  are  devoted  to  the  period  subsequent  to 
the  Revolution  of  1688.  On  the  history  of  more  recent  events, 
therefore,  it  is  much  fuller  than  any  of  the  other  histories  of 
similar  scope  and  purpose. 


The  Pictorial  History  of  England. — Being  a  History  of  the 
People  as  well  as  a  History  of  the  Kingdom.  Illustrated  with 
many  hundred  wood-cuts.  8  vols.,  royal  8vo,  London  ;  4  vols.. 
New  York,  1838. 

Although  this  is  a  pictorial  history,  it  can  hardly  be  called  a 
popular  history.  It  is  a  book  of  solid  rather  than  brilliant  quali- 
ties. In  the  preparation  of  it  a  large  number  of  the  most  emi- 
nent English  scholars  were  engaged,  and  it  is  likely  to  be  much 
more  highly  prized  by  scholars  than  by  general  readers. 

The  editor  has  divided  the  history  of  England  into  periods, 
and  he  has  caused  each  period  to  be  treated  under  seven  different 
heads,  and  by  as  many  different  hands.  These  several  depart- 
ments are  "  Civil  and  Military  Transactions ;"  "  Religious  His- 
tory ;"  "  The  Constitution  and  Laws ;"  "  National  Industry  ;" 
"  Literature,  Science,  and  the  Arts ;"  "  Manners  and  Customs ;" 
and  "  The  Condition  of  the  People." 

The  illustrations  are  well  chosen  and  well  engraved.  The  his- 
tory closes  with  the  year  1820. 


Lin^ard,  John. — A  History  of  England  from  the  First  Invasion 
of  the  Romans  to  the  Accession  of  AVilliam  and  Mary,  in  1688. 
Of  this  work  there  are  numerous  editions,  the  most  accessible 
and  one  of  the  best  being  that  in  10  vols.,  London  and  New 
York.  The  fourth  edition  (1837-39)  was  revised  with  extraor- 
dinary care  by  the  author ;  and  so  many  changes  were  made 
that  the  former  editions  may  be  regarded  as  of  little  value. 
The  best  edition  is  the  5th,  London,  10  vols.,  8vo,  1849. 

The  great  Roman  Catholic  authority  on  the  history  of  Eng- 


472  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

land.  It  covers  about  the  same  period  as  the  work  of  Ilame, 
but  it  is  written  with  far  more  historical  learning  and  care.  No 
history  was  ever  more  violently  assailed  (see  Edinburgh  Review 
for  April,  1825,  and  July,  1826),  and  yet  the  author  succeeded  in 
vindicating  himself  from  the  most  serious  charges  brought  against 
him.  No  one,  however,  can  read  the  work  without  perceiving 
that  it  is  pervaded  by  a  strong  bias,  which  appears,  perhaps,  not 
more  in  what  is  said  than  in  what  is  omitted.  It  will  be  difficult 
to  detect  the  author  in  false  assertion  ;  but  very  much  that  is 
known  to  be  fact,  but  adverse  to  his  position,  is,  either  purposely 
or  unwittingly,  kept  out  of  view.  At  the  same  time,  it  is  not 
free  from  positive  and  inexcusable  errors.  For  example,  his  state- 
ments in  regard  to  the  conduct  of  Cromwell's  army  at  Drogheda 
and  Wexford  not  only  have  no  foundation  in  trustworthy  evi- 
dence, but  are  in  direct  opposition  to  very  positive  evidence  of  a 
contrary  nature.  These  peculiarities  make  it  desirable  that  the 
student  should  read  it  in  constant  connection  with  some  other 
author.  Dr.  Lingard's  talents  were  of  a  high  order,  and  his  char- 
acter was  above  all  reproach :  it  is  not  easy,  therefore,  to  under- 
stand how,  in  the  light  of  this  century,  he  could  have  written  a 
history  so  pervaded  with  the  spirit  of  religious  partisanship. 
Aside  from  this  very  considerable  drawback,  the  work  is  the  best 
general  history  of  England  before  1688  yet  written  for  the  pur- 
poses of  a  student.  The  scholar  who  keeps  these  characteristics 
in  mind  will  have  no  difficulty  in  making  all  due  allowances,  and 
may  use  the  work  with  great  profit. 


MacMullen,  John. — The  History  of  Canada,  from  its  first  Dis- 
covery to  the  l*resent  Time.  8vo,  Brockwith  and  London, 
1868.' 

As  a  continuous  account  of  Canadian  history,  this  is  one  of  the 
most  satisfactory. 

Tiie  early  settlement  of  Canada  was  so  intimately  associated 
with  our  own  that  the  first  chapters  of  the  book  will  present  to 
the  reader  very  little  that  is  new  or  especially  valuable.  But 
after  chapter  xii.  the  v(jlume  is  of  greater  interest.    It  gives  a  very 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  473 

clear  picture  of  the  difficulties  which  led  to  the  Papincau  Rebell- 
ion and  the  reforms  under  Lord  Durham.  From  the  twentieth 
chapter  to  the  end  the  reader  will  find  a  good  account  of  recent 
Canadian  affairs.  

Mill,  James. — The  History  of  British  India.  4th  ed.,  with  Notes, 
and  a  Continuation  by  Horace  Hayman  Wilson.  9  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1851  ;  5th  ed.,  9  vols.,  12nio,  1858. 

A  book  of  great  ability,  of  strong  prejudices,  and  of  very  ex- 
tensive learning.  The  author  plunged  deep  into  the  most  obscure 
sources  of  knowledge,  and,  for  such  information  a^  he  desired,  fol- 
lowed out  every  clew  to  its  end.  He  culled  frOm  old  despatches 
everything  that  could  throw  light  on  the  subject  in  hand. 

The  point  of  view  from  which  he  wrote  was  that  of  an  oppo- 
nent of  the  purposes  and  methods  of  the  East  India  Company. 
The  volumes  might  be  called  an  elaborate  and  sustained  arraign- 
ment of  the  entire  policy  of  the  Company. 

The  work  has  been  much  improved  by  the  careful  hand  of  the 
editor.  Professor  Wilson,  one  of  the  foremost  Oriental  scholars  of 
his  day.  Under  his  supervision  many  errors  have  been  corrected, 
and  a  still  greater  number  of  extravagant  statements  have  been 
modified  or  explained. 

Though  the  work,  as  a  whole,  is  a  monument  of  learning,  if  not 
of  historical  skill,  it  ought  to  be  said,  perhaps,  that  in  point  of 
style  it  lacks  animation  and  picturesqueness.  This  characteristic 
will  always  prevent  it  from  attracting  and  holding  a  very  large 
number  of  general  readers.  On  this  account  its  popularity  can 
never  equal  its  intrinsic  merits.  For  the  special  student  of  the 
English  policy  in  the  East  it  is  invaluable. 


Strickland,  Agnes. — Lives  of  the  Queens  of  England,  from  the 
Norman  Conquest ;  with  Anecdotes  of  their  Courts,  now  fii-st 
published  from  Official  Records  and  other  Authentic  Docu-- 
ments.  Private  as  well  as  Public.  New  edition,  with  Coitcc- 
tions  and  Additions.  8  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1864.  Several  sub- 
sequent editions  in  England  and  America. 

The  author  has  produced  a  spirited  and  interesting  series  of 


^^ 


474  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

biographical  sketches.  It  cannot  be  claimed,  however,  that  they 
possess  very  great  historical  value.  The  writer  studied  carefully 
and  thoroughly,  and  she  has  given  her  readers  the  advantage  of  a 
large  number  of  valuable  extracts  from  original  and  somewhat 
obscure  sources.  But  she  was  moved  by  strong  partialities  and 
prejudices,  and  her  pages  constantly  show  that  her  judgment  was 
not  above  being  warped  by  her  sympathies.  This  characteristic 
is  most  obvious  in  her  partiality  for  the  Stuarts  and  in  her  an- 
tipathy to  the  supporters  of  the  Revolution. 


White,  Rev.  James. — History  of  England,  from  the  Earliest  Times 
to  the  Year  1858.     12mo,  London,  1860. 

Before  the  publication  of  Green's  "  Short  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish People,"  this  book  was  much  read.  It  is  a  sketch  of  the 
more  striking  incidents  of  English  history,  -written  with  an  obvi- 
ous effort  to  avoid  dulness.  It  is  much  inferior  to  Green,  though 
it  presents  the  various  phases  of  English  history  in  a  manner  that 
is  very  attractive.  Next  to  the  "Short  History  of  the  English 
People "  it  is  still,  perhaps,  the  most  readable  of  the  smaller 
works  on  the  subject. 


The  Parliamentary  or  Constitutional  History  of  England,  being 
a  Faithful  Account  of  all  the  most  Remarkable  Transactions  in 
Parliament  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Restoration  of  King 
Charles  II.  Collected  from  the  Journals  of  both  Houses,  the 
Records,  Original  MSS.,  Scarce  Speeches  and  Tracts,  by  Several 
Hands.     24  vols.,  Bvo,  London,  1751-01. 

This  scries  of  volumes  is  very  often  used  as  an  authority,  and 
as  such  it  is  not  without  some  value.  Its  chief  merits  are  in  its 
somewhat  elaborate  presentation  of  the  views  of  different  men  on 
the  various  questions  in  hand,  and  in  the  authority  of  the  work  as 
a  means  of  verification.  It  contains  many  speeches,  in  full  or  in 
part,  not  elsewhere  so  easily  accessible. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  475 


ir.    HISTORIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

Green,  John  Richard. — The  Makinjr  of  England.  The  Conquest  of 
England.  With  Maps.  2  vols.,  8vo,'  London  and  New  York,  1 882-3, 

The  somewhat  ambiguous  title  of  the  first  work  indicates  the  au- 
thor's belief  that  the  political  character  of  England  was  substan- 
tially determined  before  the  time  of  Edward  the  Confessor.  In- 
deed, he  regards  the  earlier  period  as  the  time  of  formation  ;  while 
that  which  has  elapsed  since  Edward  the  Confessor  has  been  sim- 
ply the  period  of  development.  The  work  is  the  result  of  a 
plan  long  cherished  by  the  author ;  and  it  shows  the  same  his- 
torical ability  as  that  which,  in  his  more  strictly  popular  works, 
has  made  so  great  an  impression.  It  is  not  only  the  latest,  but 
also  by  far  the  most  satisfactory  description  of  the  Anglo-Saxon 
conquest  and  settlement.  The  Conquest,  though  valuable,  is  less 
important.  

Lappenberg,  J.  M. — A  History  of  England  under  the  Anglo-Saxon 
Kings.  Translated  from  the  German  by  Ben  j.  Thorpe.  With  Ad- 
ditions and  Corrections  by  the  Author  and  the  Translator.  2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1845;  new  edition,  2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1880. 

At  the  time  of  the  first  appearance  of  this  work  in  Germany, 
in  1833,  it  was,  beyond  all  question,  the  best  authority  on  the 
subject.  Time  and  subsequent  investigations  have  deprived  it  of 
a  part  of  its  value,  though  the  edition  before  us  has  been  greatly 
improved  by  the  leai'ning  and  care  of  its  translator,  who  was  one 
of  the  profoundest  Saxon  scholars  in  England. 

It  is  a  history  of  events  rather  than  a  description  of  the  time, 
and  by  most  readers  will  probably  be  found  somewhat  juiceless. 
Part  v.  of  vol.  ii.  is  devoted  to  the  "  Social  State  of  the  Anglo- 
Saxons,"  and  is  perhaps  the  most  interesting  portion  of  the  book. 


Turner,  Sharon.  —  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons.     3  vols.,  8vo, 
London.     Seventh  edition,  1852. 

The  first  edition  was  published  as  early  as  1805  ;  and  though  for 
the  edition  of  1807  the  work  Avas  carefully  revised,  it  can  hardly 
be  considered  a  standard  authority  at  the  present  day.     The  in- 


476  IlISTOllICAL   LITERATURE. 

vestigations  of  Keinble,  Palgrave,  and  others  liavc  deprived  it  of 
a  value  it  once  possessed. 

Aside  from  its  intrinsic  merits,  the  Avork  is  entitled  to  some 
respect ;  for,  when  it  was  first  published,  it  was  a  genuine  reve- 
lation to  the  Englisli  people.  Until  that  time,  no  one  had  taken 
the  trouble  to  collect  the  accessible  evidence  and  bring  it  into 
a  single  book.  Turner,  therefore,  performed  a  very  useful  work 
in  calling  attention  to  a  field  which  has  since  been  very  success- 
fully cultivated. 

Palgrave,  Sir  Francis. — The  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 
Commonwealth.  Anglo-Saxon  Period,  containing  the  Anglo- 
Saxon  Policy,  and  the  Institutions  Arising  out  of  Laws  and 
Usages  which  Prevailed  before  the  Conquest.  2  vols.,  4to, 
London,  1831. 

These  volumes,  at  the  time  of  their  publication,  were  said  by  the 
Edinburgh  Review  to  be  "  beyond  all  question  the  most  luminous 
work  that  has  ever  been  produced  on  the  early  history  of  Eng- 
land." They  threw  so  much  light  on  the  subject  of  the  origin 
of  modern  English  jurisprudence  that  Chancellor  Kent  declared  of 
the  Droduction  that  it  surpasses  "  every  modern  work  whatever 
in  ingenious  and  profound  antiquarian  erudition  relative  to  Eng- 
lish legal  antiquities." 

Some  of  the  author's  positions  have  been  made  at  least  question- 
able by  the  more  recent  researches  of  Kemblc  and  Stubbs ;  but  the 
work  will  always  be  esteemed  by  scholars  on  account  of  the  great 
ability  with  which  it  points  out  some  of  the  most  subtle  charac- 
teristics of  English  jurisprudence.  For  a  student  of  the  legal 
antiquities  of  England  the  work  still  remains  without  an  equal. 
The  account  of  tlie  famous  Vchmgericht  of  mediaeval  Germany 
is  one  of  the  best  accessible.  It  consists  of  two  parts — part  i., 
of  the  text  proper;  part  ii.,  of  proofs  and  illustrations.  The 
table  of  contents  is  very  full  and  satisfactory,  but,  much  to  the 
annoyance  of  the  investigator,  it  has  no  index. 


Palgrave,  Sir  Francis. — History  of  Normandy  and  of  England. 
4  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York.     New  edition,  1878. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  477 

A  work  full  of  learning,  and,  before  the  appearance  of  Freeman's 
great  history,  the  best  account  of  the  period.  It  was  originally 
intended  by  the  author  as  a  continuation  of  his  work  on  the 
Anglo-Saxons ;  but  the  richness  of  the  materials  induced  him  to 
extend  his  plan  so  as  to  embrace  a  history  of  the  Norman  duchy 
before  the  Conquest. 

The  first  volume  is  scarcely  more  than  introductory,  and  the 
whole  work,  so  far  as  the  author  lived  to  complete  it,  is  quite  as 
much  a  survey  of  the  groundwork  of  European  history  as  a  his- 
tory of  England.  Though  this  book  has  great  merits,  it  is  too 
obviously  the  work  of  an  antiquarian  rather  than  that  of  an  his- 
torical artist  to  be  in  great  popular  demand. 

The  work  was  very  ably  examined  by  Freeman  in  a  paper  pub- 
lislied  in  the  Edinlmrgh  Revieio  for  April,  1859,  and  republished 
in  that  author's  "  Historical  Essays."  As  the  period  embraced  in 
the  work  is  considerably  less  than  the  author  had  in  mind  when 
it  was  begun,  its  title  is  somewhat  misleading.  It  is  nmch  more 
a  history  of  Northern  France  than  a  history  of  England. 


Freeman,  E.  A. — The  History  of  the  Norman  Conquest  of  Eng- 
land. Its  Causes  and  its  Results.  6  vols.,  8vo,  London  and 
New  York,  revised  ed.,  1877-79.  Also  Reign  of  William  Ru- 
fus.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  l'882. 

One  of  the  greatest  monuments  of  English  liistorical  scholar- 
ship. It  not  only  surpasses  in  importance  every  former  work  on 
the  period,  but  for  the  purposes  of  the  general  student  is  of 
greater  value  than  all  former  works  combined. 

The  first  volume  is  entitled  "  The  Preliminary  History,  to  the 
Election  of  Edward  the  Confessor ;"  the  second,  "  The  Reign  of 
Edward  the  Confessor;"  the  third,  "The  Reign  of  Harold  and 
the  Interregnum;"  the  fourth,  "The  Reign  of  William  the  Con- 
queror ;"  the  fifth, "  The  Effects  of  the  Norman  Conquest ;"  the 
sixth,  "  Index  Volume." 

The  style  of  the  author  is  remarkable  for  its  perspicuity,  and 
his  learning  is  everywhere  obvious.  While  lie  is  the  advocate  of 
a  particular  theory,  he  furnishes  the  means  by  which  those  who 


478  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

differ  from  his  conclusions  may  determine  on  what  basis  their  own 
views  rest.  He  is  a  firm  believer  in  the  continuity  of  tlie  Saxon, 
or,  as  be  prefers  to  call  it,  the  English,  element,  maintaining  that 
the  Norman  Conquest,  instead  of  overthrowing  the  Saxon  civil- 
ization, only  modified  it  somewhat,  and  that  its  essential  character- 
istics have  continued  to  be  predominant  throughout  the  whole 
history  of  England. 

In  chapter  iii.  of  vol.  i.  is  the  best  account  of  the  English  con- 
stitution in  the  tenth  and  eleventh  centuries ;  and  chapter  xxiv. 
of  vol.  V.  is  the  best  presentation  of  "  The  Political  Results  of  the 
Norman  Conquest."  The  consequences  of  the  change  of  dynasty 
are  summed  up  in  a  manner  at  once  masterly  and  interesting. 
Nowhere  else  can  an  equal  amount  of  valuable  information  on 
the  period  be  found.  The  work  contains  full  analytical  tables  of 
contents. 


Pearson,  Charles  H. — History  of  England  during  the  Early  and 
Middle  Ages.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1867. 

The  production  of  one  who  is  at  the  same  time  a  good  general 
scholar  and  a  learned  specialist.  It  is  a  successful  attempt  to  bring 
into  a  convenient  form  for  the  use  of  students  the  latest  results 
of  investigations  into  the  history  of  early  and  mediaeval  England. 
Every  page  of  the  book  bristles  with  evidence  of  the  author's 
superior  qualifications  for  his  work. 

The  volumes  have  two  peculiarities  worthy  of  note.  In  the 
first  place,  they  form  distinctively  a  political  history,  and  therefore 
are  of  great  consequence  to  the  student  of  politics.  Secondly, 
the  author  is  strongly  impressed  with  the  continuity  of  British 
history.  He  holds  that  the  Roman  infiuences  were  perpetuated 
through  the  Saxon  times,  and,  indeed,  that  since  the  beginning  of 
civilization,  all  changes  in  the  constitution  of  society  have  been 
gradual  and  partial.  The  author's  view  of  the  condition  of 
society  in  the  Middle  Ages  is  more  favorable  than  has  generally 
been  held. 

The  first  volume  ends  with  the  reign  of  Richard  I.,  and  con- 
cludes with  a  good  description  of  the  literary  and  social  condition 
of  England  at  that  time.     The  second  volume  continues  the  work 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  479 

to  the  time  of  the  full  cstahlishmcnt  of  the  English  constitution 
under  the  Lancastrian  kinu;s. 

To  the  student  of  English  political  history,  many  of  Pearson's 
chapters  will  be  found  to  be  of  the  utmost  value. 


Stubbs,  William. — The  Early  Plantagenets.     16mo,  London  and 
New  York,  1877. 

One  of  the  ablest  and  most  useful  of  the  series  known  as 
"  Epochs  of  History."  It  presents  in  readable  form  and  brief 
space  the  course  of  events  in  England  during  the  period  in  which 
parliainentaiy  government  was  established.  The  Great  Charter 
and  the  founding  of  the  House  of  Commons  are  the  events  of 
greatest  importance.  They  have  been  described  by  the  author 
with  brevity,  but  with  rare  ability  and  discrimination.  In  no 
other  volume  are  the  important  characteristics  of  the  time  when 
the  foundations  of  legislative  government  were  laid  so  well  pointed 
out. 


Longman,  William. — Tlie  History   of   the   Life   and  Times  of 
Edward  the  Third.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1869. 

A  history  of  much  importance.  It  is  the  first  adequate  presen- 
tation of  that  great  reign  which  saw  fifty  years  of  earnest  struggle 
for  the  crown  of  France,  the  development  of  the  House  of  Com- 
mons into  a  regular  part  of  the  government,  and  the  first  full 
bloom  of  English  litcBature. 

This  work  of  Longman  has  several  distinctive  merits.  It  is  a 
perspicuous  account  of  what  the  most  recent  investigation  has  to 
reveal  of  an  important  and  interesting  reign.  It  is  admirably 
supplied  with  maps  and  illustrations,  which  throw  great  light, 
not  only  on  the  wars  of  Edward  and  the  Black  Prince  in  France, 
but  also  on  the  social  condition  of  the  English  people. 

In  the  first  chapter  of  vol.  ii.  is  a  good  account  of  "The 
English  Rule  in  Ireland,  and  its  really  Mischievous  Character." 
Chapters  x.  and  xiii.  of  the  same  volume  show  how  the  necessities 


480  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

of  the  king  contributed  to  tlie  development   of  parliamentary 
power. 

Gairdner,  James. — History  of  the  Life  and  Reign  of  Richard  the 
Third;  to  which  is  added  the  Story  of  Perkin  Warbeck,  from 
Original  Documents.     8vo,  London,  1878. 

ft-obably  no  scholar  in  England  is  more  thoroughly  acquainted 
with  the  period  of  Richard  III.  than  is  Mr.  Gairdner;  and  since 
the  publication  of  this  volume  all  doubt  in  regard  to  the  character 
of  that  monarch  may  be  set  aside.  The  author  tells  us  that  for 
twenty  years  he  labored  to  convince  himself  that  Richard  had 
been  maligned,  and  that,  if  the  facts  could  only  be  known,  it 
would  be  seen  that  the  king  was  not  a  tyrant.  But  he  confesses 
that  his  long  efforts  have  been  in  vain,  and  that  he  is  finally  com- 
pelled to  testify  to  the  general  correctness  of  the  picture  given  by 
More  and  Shakespeare. 

As  an  account  of  a  reign  that  has  long  been  a  kind  of  riddle, 
this  book  must  supersede  all  its  predecessors. 


Gairdner,  James. — The  Houses  of  Lancaster  and  York,  with  the 
Conquest  and  Loss  of  France.  With  five  Maps.  16mo,  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1877, 

A  compact  and  readable  history  of  England  during  the  turbu- 
lent century  between  the  death  of  Edward  IIL  and  the  accession 
of  Henry  VH.  Though  a  time  of  incessant  wars,  this  was  a  pe- 
riod during  which  great  efforts  were  made  to  secure  guarantees 
for  the  liberties  of  the  English  people. 

Why  so  much,  and  no  more,  was  done  is  well  shown  by  this 
little  book.  Of  especial  interest  are  the  reigns  of  Henry  IV.  and 
Henry  \'I.,  when  many  things  were  accomplished  to  place  the 
representative  branch  of  the  government  on  a  firm  footing. 


Fenn,  Sir  John. — J*aston   Letters,  written  during  the  Reigns  of 
Ib.nry  I\'.,  J'^dward  IV.,  and  Richard  HI.,  by  various  Persons 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  481 

of  Rank  and  Consequence.  New  edition,  by  A.  Ramsey.  2 
vols.,  12iuo,  London,  1859;  also  published  in  one  volume.  A 
still  more  recent  and  superior  edition,  edited  by  James  Gaird- 
ner,  was  published  in  3  vols.,  8vo,  1872-75. 

These  letters,  passing  between  the  members  of  a  family  of  some 
note,  are  probably  the  best  account  now  extant  of  social  life  in 
England  during  the  latter  half  of  the  fifteenth  century.  Inci- 
dentally, there  is  also  much  light  thrown  on  affairs  of  State,  and 
on  the  prevailing  methods  of  political  wire-pulling.  The  influ- 
ence of  the  aristocracy  on  the  elections  of  members  of  Parliament 
is  amply  shown  in  the  introduction,  and  in  the  course  of  the  let- 
ters. Almost  every  imaginable  subject  is  touched  upon,  from  the 
mightiest  affairs  of  State  to  a  valentine  from  "  the  merriest 
maiden  on  ground  to  her  right  worshipful  dear  John." 

The  great  value  of  the  collection  is  in  the  fact  that  the  letters 
give  us  a  real  view  of  the  coarseness  of  feeling,  the  rudeness  of 
manners,  and  the  low  moral  sense  that  prevailed  in  England  dur- 
ing the  century  when  chivalry  is  supposed  to  have  been  in  its 
perfection. 

The  prefaces  in  Gairdner's  edition  are  of  great  value  to  the 
reader,  as  they  show  with  much  clearness  the  social  animosities 
that  found  vent  in  the  Wars  of  the  Roses. 


Froude,  James  Anthony. — History  of  England,  from  the  Fall  of 
Wolscy  to  the  Death  of  Elizabeth.  12  vols.,  8vo  and  12mo, 
London,  12mo,  New  York,  1870.     New  ed.,  12  vols.,  1881-82. 

Since  the  appearance  of  Macaulay's  great  work  no  volumes 
on  English  history  have  awakened  so  great  a  popular  interest  as 
these.  The  period  of  the  Reformation  in  England  is  not  only 
of  great  political  importance,  but  is  filled  with  such  incidents 
as  encourage  a  spirited  narration.  The  characteristics  of  the  peri- 
od, therefore,  in  the  hands  of  a  literary  artist  of  Mr.  Fronde's  skill 
could  not  fail  to  result  in  the  production  of  a  work  of  great  pop- 
ularity. The  author's  style  is  remarkable  for  its  perspicuity,  his 
narrative  is  vivacious,  his  theories  are  ingenious,  and  his  sympa- 
thies are  intense.    Li  consequence  of  these  peculiarities,  the  pages 

31 


482  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

of  the  work  often  have  more  of  the  characteristics  of  an  essay 
than  of  a  history,  and  the  author  appears  to  write  as  an  advocate 
rather  than  a  judge.  While  these  features  increase  the  spirit 
of  the  narration,  they  detract  from  the  vahie  of  the  work  as  an 
authority. 

The  author  has  made  a  strenuous  effort  to  reclaim  the  memory 
of  Henry  VIII.  from  the  obloquy  under  which  it  has  long  rested, 
and  in  his  effort  he  has  been  at  least  partially  successful.  Not 
only  on  the  reign  of  Henry,  but  also  on  that  of  Elizabeth,  he  has 
brought  to  light  much  new  evidence.  In  the  archives  of  Simancas 
he  discovered  many  important  documents  never  before  used.  In 
the  new  light  of  this  evidence  Mr.  Fronde  holds  that  the  mascu- 
line ability  of  Elizabeth  appears  not  more  conspicuous  than  her 
jealousies,  her  prevarications,  her  treacheries,  and  her  cruelties. 
And  yet  it  is  shown  that  the  greatness  of  England  was  really  es- 
tablished on  a  permanent  basis  during  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  and 
largely  through  the  direct  or  indirect  efforts  of  the  queen.  As 
for  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  she  is  represented  as  having  little  but 
her  physical  beauty  and  her  mental  vivacity  to  command  our  ad- 
miration, our  respect,  or  our  sympathy. 

Numerous  errors  have  been  brought  to  light  by  the  vigorous 
criticisms  to  which  Mr.  Fronde's  work  has  been  subjected.  But 
the  princi{)al  fault  of  the  history  is  not  in  its  errors  in  matters 
of  detail  so  much  as  in  its  constant  tendency  to  one-sidedness. 
The  likes  and  dislikes  of  the  author  are  too  intense  to  allow  him 
ever  to  be  strictly  judicial.  Hence,  while  this  history  never  fails 
to  interest,  it  always  leaves  the  impression  that  there  is  still 
something  of  importance  to  be  said  in  reply. 

The  work  is  made  easy  of  use  by  an  admirable  equipment  of 
tables  of  contents,  marginal  titles,  and  index. 


Burnet,  Bishop  Gilbert, — A  History  of  the  Reformation  of  the 

Church  of  J:]iiglaiid,     V  vols.,  8vo,  London,  18G0. 

This  new  and  best  edition  is  the  result  of  a  careful  revision  and 
collation  of  the  records  by  the  Rev.  N.  I'ocock.  The  original 
history,  while  it  had  many  of  the  characteristics  of  a  great  book, 


HISTORIES   OF   ENGLAND.  483 

abounded  in  errors  and  crudities.  These  it  has  been  tlie  editor's 
effort  to  clear  away,  and  his  work  is  a  monument  of  critical  in- 
dustry and  learning.  The  edition  is  not  only  the  best,  but  it  is 
the  only  one  that  may  safely  be  relied  upon. 

This  history  was  received  with  the  greatest  favor  by  the  people 
and  Parliament  of  England  when  it  first  appeared,  but  the  critics 
soon  showed  that  it  abounded  in  errors.  It  is  probable,  however, 
that  it  will  not  compare  unfavorably,  even  in  this  respect,  with  the 
other  historical  works  of  the  time.  I'erhaps  any  of  the  other 
histories  written  in  the  seventeenth  century,  if  subjected  to  the 
same  scrutiny,  would  be  found  to  be  no  less  inaccurate  and  vul- 
nerable. 

But  this  is  only  saying  that  it  is  probably  not  worse  than  other 
books  of  its  time.  Even  with  the  best  of  editing,  it  is  not  en- 
tirely a  safe  guide. 


Geikie,  Cunningham. — The  English  Reformation  :  How  it  Came 
About,  and  Why  we  should  Uphold  it.  12mo,  London  and 
New  York,  1879. 

An  essay  rather  than  a  history.  It  is,  however,  a  strong  pres- 
entation of  the  Protestant  side  of  the  Reformation.  The  book 
is  argumentative  rather  than  judicial,  and  is  written  from  the 
Church-of-England  point  of  view.  It  is  interesting  and  forcible, 
but  it  should  be  regarded  as  a  plea  rather  than  a  decision. 


Cobbett,  "William. — History   of  the  Protestant  Reformation  in 
England  and  Ireland.     2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1846. 

A  curious  and  elaborate  defence  of  Queen  Mary  and  Bishop 
Bonner,  as  well  as  a  vigorous  attack  upon  the  Reformation  and 
all  those  who  attempted  to  bring  it  about.  Its  strength  is  in  its 
style,  which  partakes  of  the  autlior's  well-known  vehemence.  Its 
statements  are  quite  untrustworthy,  but  the  energy  of  the  author's 
method  has  caused  it  to  be  translated  into  several  Continental 
languages,  and  to  be  much  read  by  Roman  Catholics. 


484  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Labanoff,  Prince  Alexandre.  —  Marie  Stuart.  Lettrcs,  Instruc- 
tions, et  Memoires  de  Marie  Stuart,  Reine  d'Ecosse ;  publics 
sur  les  Originaux  et  les  Manuscrits  du  State -paper  Office  de 
Londres  et  des  principales  Archives  et  Bibliotheques  de  I'Eu- 
rope,  et  accompagnes  d'une  Resume  Chronologique.  8  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1844-59. 

The  most  important  of  all  sources  of  knowledge  in  regard  to 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots.  The  collection  is  the  result  of  a  long  and 
laborious  etfort  to  bring  together  the  bits  of  information  scattered 
throughout  a  vast  number  of  more  or  less  inaccessible  works. 
The  collector  seems  to  have  been  entirely  devoted  to  the  memory 
of  the  unfortunate  queen. 

At  the  end  of  the  seventh  volume  is  a  notice  of  the  printed 
works  in  which  the  letters  of  Mary  are  to  be  found,  as  well 
as  a  glossary  of  the  peculiar  French  words  then  in  use.  The 
eighth  volume  is  supplementary,  and  was  not  published  until  fif- 
teen years  after  the  appearance  of  the  others. 


Tytler,  William. — An  Historical  and  Critical  Enquiry  into  the 
Evidence  Produced  by  the  Earls  of  Murray  and  Morton  against 
Mary  Queen  of  Scots;  with  an  Examination  of  the  Rev.  Dr. 
Robertson's  Dissertation  and  Mr.  Hume's  History  with  respect 
to  that  Evidence.  4th  ed.,  with  large  Additions,  2  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1790. 

A  very  ingenious  and  able  effort  to  free  Queen  Mary  from  the 
imputations  cast  upon  her  by  Hume,  Robertson,  and  others.  The 
aim  of  the  author  is  to  show  that  the  murder  of  Darnley  was 
committed  by  Morton,  Murray,  and  their  confederates,  and  not 
by  Mary,  or  with  her  knowledge. 

It  lias  been  one  of  the  most  influential  of  the  defences  of  the 
queen,  and,  until  the  appearance  of  the  work  In'  Ilosaek,  was  pcr- 
liaps  the  ablest.  It  has  to  do,  however,  exclusively  with  the  early 
portions  of  the  queen's  career.  A  translation  edited  and'  revised 
by  Prince  Labanoff,  appeared  in  French  in  1800. 


Hosack,  John. — Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  and  her  Accusers.    2  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1809-74. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  485 

The  author  is  a  learned  Scotch  barrister  and  a  Protestant,  but 
he  has  shown  liiinself  the  most  able  and  ardent  of  Mary's  defend- 
ers. His  work  is  the  powerful  plea  of  a  well-endowed  advocate. 
He  has  not  much  new  evidence ;  but  he  has  liandled  his  materi- 
als with  great  ingenuity,  and  has  made  at  least  a  manly  effort  to 
relieve  a  poor  woman's  reputation.  He  paints  the  character  of 
Elizabeth  in  the  darkest  hues,  and  believes  that  "  the  great  and 
unpardonable  crime  of  the  Queen  of  Scots  was  her  religion."  His 
theory  is  that  Mary  was  the  hope  of  the  Catholics,  Elizabeth  the 
hope  of  the  Protestants,  and  that  Mary  was  sacrificed  in  the  gen- 
eral interests  of  the  Reformed  religion.  Whether  he  has  done 
much  to  relieve  Mary  from  the  imputations  cast  upon  her,  he  has 
at  least  succeeded  in  making  more  obvious  the  insincerity  of  the 
English  court. 

The  first  volume  carries  the  history  to  the  death  of  Regent 
Murray,  in  1570 ;  the  second  closes  with  an  index  that  makes  the 
work  easy  of  use.  As  a  whole,  it  is  to  be  regarded  as  by  far  the 
most  successful  defence  of  the  queen. 


Mignet,  F.  M.  A.  —  Histoire  de  Marie  Stuart.     2  vols.,  8vo,  2« 
ed.,  Paris,  1854. 

Of  the  many  recent  books  on  Mary  Stuart,  that  of  Mignet  still 
remains  the  most  trustworthy  and  most  satisfactory.  The  author 
is  renowned  for  his  judicial  fairness ;  and  in  this  work  he  has 
sifted  and  weighed  the  evidence  with  great  care. 

He  is  led  to  condemn  the  queen,  though  his  condemnation  is 
entirely  free  from  bitterness  or  prejudice.  His  conclusions  are 
not  essentially  different  from  those  of  Hume,  though  his  judg- 
ment is  founded  on  a  careful  examination  of  all  the  material  in 
Labanoff's  collection,  and  such  evidence  of  intrigue  as  he  dis- 
covered in  the  Spanish  archives. 


Gardiner,  Samuel  Rawson. — History  of  England  from  the  Acces- 
sion of  James  I.  to  tlie  Disgrace  of  Chief-justice  Coke,  2  vols. 
Prince  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage,  2  vols.     England  un- 


486  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

der  the  Duke  of  Buckingham  and  Charles  I.,  2  vols.  The  Per- 
sonal Government  of  Charles  I.,  2  vols.  8  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1867-77. 

This  series  of  works,  on  which  the  author  is  still  engaced, 
promises  to  be  the  long-needed  history  of  the  Stuart  dynasty,  Mr. 
Gardiner  does  not  belong  to  the  school  of  Macaulay  and  Froude, 
but  rather  to  that  of  Freeman  and  Stubbs.  He  does  not  carry 
his  reader  along  by  any  such  marvels  of  literary  art  as  those  by 
which  Macaulay  enchanted  so  many  thousands  of  seekers  of 
literary  pleasure ;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  he  never  allows  his 
enthusiasm  to  gain  dominion  over  his  judgment,  or  to  interfere 
with  the  absolute  impartiality  with  which  he  holds  the  balance  of 
evidence. 

The  author  has  availed  himself  of  many  new  and  important 
authorities  that  have  been  brought  to  light  by  recent  research, 
and  he  has  therefore  been  able  to  modify  many  conclusions 
previously  reached.  He  has  adopted  the  highest  ideal  of  the 
duty  of  an  historian,  and  he  has  drawn  his  pictures,  for  the  most 
part,  with  a  firm  hand.  The  most  conspicuous  characteristic  of 
the  work  is  an  obvious  and  ever-present  desire  to  do  even  justice 
to  all  persons  with  whom  he  has  to  deal.  Hence,  what  appears  at 
first  thought  as  one  of  the  faults  of  the  book  grows  out  of  one  of 
its  great  merits.  The  author's  scrupulous  anxiety  to  be  fair  tow- 
ards all  the  characters  that  pass  before  him  appears  to  tempt  him 
at  times  to  pare  down  his  statements  until  they  lose  much  of  their 
force.  There  is  also,  perhaps,  at  times  an  over-subtlety  of  argu- 
ment growing  out  of  the  same  characteristic.  And  yet  the 
volumes  afford  abundant  materials  from  which  the  thoughtful 
reader  will  have  no  difficulty  in  forming  downright  judgments. 

In  one  other  respect  these  volumes  are  slightly  deficient:  they 
fail  to  give  an  adequate  account  of  the  people,  of  that  great 
power  which  was  now,  for  the  first  time  in  English  history,  mak- 
ing itself  duly  felt,  and  which  in  the  end  baffled  the  king  and 
swept  him  away. 

But,  notwithstanding  these  slight  defects,  the  work  is  one  of 
great  merit,  and  the  remaining  volumes  will  be  looked  for  with 
interest. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  487 

Guizot,  Francois. — History  of  the  English  Revolution  of  1G40,  2 
vols.  History  of  Englmid  under  Oliver  Cromwell,  2  vols.  His- 
tory of  England  under  Richard  Cromwell,  1  vol.  History  of 
Monk,  1  vol.     6  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1845. 

It  is  nearly  fifty  years  since  these  volumes  first  appeared;  and 
yet,  though  a  few  of  the  author's  conclusions  have  been  over- 
thrown by  the  results  of  more  recent  researches,  they  are  still 
worthy  of  the  most  careful  consultation. 

Guizot  deals  but  slightly  with  the  remote  causes  of  the  Revo- 
lution, a  method  of  treatment  manifestly  defective.  But  he  has 
seized  with  great  firmness  the  leading  characteristics  of  the  period, 
though,  if  the  fruits  of  recent  research  had  been  before  him  at  the 
time  of  writing,  we  cannot  but  suppose  that  his  views  on  some 
points  would  have  undergone  important  modifications.  This  is 
especially  the  case  with  the  history  of  Cromwell.  It  is  the  por- 
tion in  which  the  author  himself  had  most  confidence ;  but  it  is 
the  portion  which  now  most  needs  modification  on  account  of 
the  more  recent  studies  of  Carlyle  and  Bisset. 

The  volumes  on  Richard  Cromwell  and  Monk  are  very  full  and 
satisfactory,  and  form  an  almost  unique  description  of  the  diffi- 
culties and  complications  of  the  time. 


Disraeli,  Isaac. — Commentaries  on  the  Life  and  Reign  of  Charles 
the  First,  King  of  England.  A  new  edition,  revised  by  the 
author  and  edited  by  his  son.     2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1851. 

This  was  the  closing  work  of  a  remarkable  literary  life.  It  is 
written  with  all  that  force  and  command  of  obscure  and  remote 
resources  which  always  characterized  the  author  of  the  "  Curiosi- 
ties of  Literature." 

Disraeli's  point  of  view  is  that  of  a  High  Tory,  and  it  is  prob- 
ably the  most  powerful  plea  ever  made  in  behalf  of  Charles  I. 
But,  notwithstanding  the  ardor  of  its  advocacy,  it  is  temperate  in 
language  and  dignified  in  tone.  The  greatest  value  of  the  vol- 
umes is  not  so  much  in  the  new  evidence  brought  to  light,  though 
new  evidence  is  not  wanting,  as  in  the  ingenuity  with  which 
known  facts  are  woven  into  the  argument  and  made  to  support 


488  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

his  cause.  The  most  interesting  portions  are  those  on  the  trial 
and  death  of  Strafford,  the  Army  Plot,  the  significance  of  the 
letter  of  the  Scotch  to  the  king,  the  Grand  Remonstrance,  and 
the  chapter  entitled  "  AVho  Began  the  Wars  ?" 

The  plea  is  a  much  more  powerful  one  than  that  of  Hume ; 
and  the  student  would  do  well  to  examine  it  in  connection  with 
the  work  on  the  same  events  bv  Brodie. 


Bisset,  Andrew. — The  History  of  the  Struggle  for  Parliamentary 
Government  in  England.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1877. 

The  success  of  Mr.  Bisset's  work  on  the  Commonwealth  led 
him  to  undertake  an  exammation,  in  similar  spirit,  of  the  reign  of 
Charles  I.  His  second  undertaking  has  been  no  less  successful 
than  was  the  earlier  one.  His  theory  is  that  representative  gov- 
ernment was  constitutionally  established  from  the  days  of  Ed- 
ward IV. ;  that  the  Wars  of  the  Ptoses  and  the  consequent  inde- 
pendence of  the  Tudors  enabled  them  to  usurp  the  powers  of  the 
government,  and  that  those  powers  could  only  be  regained  by  a 
second  civil  war  greater  than  that  which  had  established  them. 

The  first  and  second  chapters  contain  a  powerful  arraignment 
of  the  Plantagenet,  Tudor,  and  Stuart  monarchs,  and  a  graphic 
description  of  the  attempt  to  reduce  the  people  to  slavery.  The 
author  considers  the  means  employed  to  overthrow  this  despotism 
as  entirely  justifiable,  even  to  the  dethronement  and  execution  of 
Charles  I.  He  believes  that  the  only  mistake  made  by  the  king's 
opponents  was  in  bringing  him  to  trial,  and  that  necessity  war- 
ranted a  more  summary  course.  His  belief  is  that  the  most  note- 
worthy influence  of  the  death  of  Charles  was  that  it  broke  "  the 
spell  of  inviolability  and  consequent  impunity  for  crimes  that  had 
by  the  divine-right  fiction  of  the  two  preceding  centuries  been 
woven  around  kings." 

This  sentence  is  a  key,  to  the  whole  work.  It  is  the  fruit  of 
long  and  careful  investigation,  and  is  one  of  the  strongest  pres- 
entations of  the  case  against  the  king  ever  published. 


Bisset,  Andrew. — History   of  the  Commonwealth   of  England, 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  489 

from  the  Death  of  Charles  I.  to  the  Expulsion  of  the  Long 
Parliament  by  Cromwell.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1867. 

Volumes  of  great  merit  and  importance.  They  are  not  so 
much  a  history,  in  the  ordinary  sense  of  the  term,  as  a  criticism 
on  the  histories  of  this  period  previously  written.  The  basis  of 
the  author's  work  was  the  "  MS.  minutes  of  the  Council  of  State," 
which  had  never  before  been  thoroughly  explored  by  an  English 
historian. 

Mr.  Bissct  condemns  Cromwell  for  the  course  he  took  in  dis- 
solving the  Long  Parliament,  and  thinks  that  much  of  the  credit 
of  the  Protector's  rule  was  due  to  the  Council,  and  especially 
to  the  wisdom  of  Blake,  for  whom  he  entertains  an  extravagant 
and  almost  unbounded  admiration. 


Carlyle,  Thomas. — Oliver  Cromwell's  Letters  and  Speeches,  with 
^Elucidations.  3  vols.,  8vo  and  12rao,  London  ;  2  vols.,  12mo, 
New  York,  1850. 

A  very  extraordinary  book,  one  that  has  had  almost  influence 
enough  to  reverse  public  opinion  in  regard  to  the  Protector.  For 
nearly  two  hundred  years  Cromwell  had  rested  under  the  obloquy 
heaped  upon  him  by  the  writers  of  the  Restoration  ;  and  it  was 
the  purpose  of  Carlyle  in  this  book  to  give  Cromwell  a  hearing 
in  his  own  behalf. 

Though  the  editor  is  strongly  in  sympathy  with  his  hero,  the 
chief  strength  and  the  greatest  value  of  the  book  are  in  the  original 
papers  here  collected,  many  of  which  were  now  for  the  first  time 
published.  Carlyle  professes  to  write  for  no  other  purpose  than 
a  mere  elucidation  of  the  text,  but  he  has  so  far  exceeded  his 
professions  as  to  frame  the  most  powerful  argument  in  behalf  of 
Cromwell  ever  written. 

The  second  and  subsequent  editions  (those  published  since 
1846)  are  much  superior  to  the  first. 


Forster,  John.  — Sir  John   Eliot.      A  Biography.     1590-1642. 

2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1864. 

A  work  of  the  very  first  importance  to  the  student  of  this 


490  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

period.  Sir  Jolin  Eliot  was  the  most  eloquent  leader  of  the  first 
Parliament  of  Charles  I. ;  but,  until  the  appearance  of  this  biog- 
raphy, there  was  no  means  of  obtaining  an  account  of  the  part 
he  took.  His  speeches,  of  whicli  MSS.  generally  remained,  had 
not  previously  been  published  or  even  read. 

These  volumes,  therefore,  contain  a  vast  amount  of  valuable  in- 
formation not  to  be  found  elsewhere.  This  material  comprises 
not  only  Eliot's  speeches,  but  also  a  voluminous  correspondence 
with  all  the  prominent  leaders  of  the  popular  movement.  No 
one  will  ever  understand  thoroughly  what  the  rising  against  the 
Stuarts  meant  until  he  is  well  acquainted  with  its  beginning,  and 
no  one  can  get  such  an  acquaintance  better  than  by  studying 
tliese  volumes.  Mr.  Forster  was  long  considered  the  best  English 
biographer;  and  the  Life  of  Sir  John  Eliot  is  his  most  valuable 
production. 

Forster,  John. — The  Statesmen  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Eng- 
land. 7  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1840;  also  in  1  vol.,  8vo,  New 
York,  1847. 

This  series  of  biographies,  prepared  by  several  hands,  but  edit- 
ed by  Forster,  includes  lives  of  Eliot,  Wentworth,  Pyni,  Hamp- 
den, Vane,  Marten,  and  CromweU. 

The  Cromwell  has  been  superseded  by  the  work  of  Carlyle,  and 
the  Eliot  has  lost  its  importance  in  the  larger  work  by  the  same 
author.  The  other  biographies  continue  to  retain  their  great 
value.  Taken  as  a  whole,  the  volumes  constitute  a  continuous 
narrative,  in  the  form  of  biography,  of  the  most  extraordinary 
and  eventful  period  of  English  history. 

Though  Forster  sympathized  thoroughly  with  the  Revolution- 
ary movement,  he  condemns  Cromwell  severely  for  the  part  he 
took  after  the  death  of  the  king.  As  Carlyle  is  Cromwell's  most 
able  defender,  Forster  is  perhaps  his  most  able  prosecutor. 


Forster,  John. — Arrest  of  the  Five  Members  by  Charles  the  First. 
A  Clia[)ter  of  English  History  Rewritten.     12mo,  London,  1880. 

An  important  and  successful  attempt  to  counteract  the  elabo- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  491 

rate,  ingenious,  and  studied  misrepresentation  of  that  act  by  Lord 
Clarendon.  Forster's  account  is  made  up  from  contemporary  and 
unpublished  records,  and  is  indispensable  to  the  most  complete 
understanding  of  the  relations  of  the  Royal  and  Parliamentary 
parties. 

Though  the  act  which  precipitated  the  war  was  by  no  means 
the  cause  of  it,  yet  the  attempt  to  arrest  the  membei's  placed  the 
king  so  clearly  in  the  wrong  that  the  cause  of  Parliament  re- 
ceived a  powerful  impulse. 


Nugent,  Lord. — Memorials  of  John  Hampden.     12mo,  London, 
1825. 

A  valuable  work,  brought  into  general  notice  by  Macaulay's  es- 
say on  Hampden.  It  will  hardly  be  found  to  be  of  so  great  ser- 
vice as  the  work  of  Forster ;  but  for  the  student  who  would  study 
the  period  exhaustively  it  is  indispensable.  It  deals,  of  course, 
exclusively  with  the  period  during  which  the  disagreements  of 
Crown  and  Parliament  ripened  into  civil  conflict. 


Ranke,  Leopold  von. — A  History  of  England,  principally  in  the 
Seventeenth  Century.     6  vols.,  8vo,  Oxford,  1876. 

One  of  the  greatest  works  of  the  foremost  of  living  historians. 
No  other  scholar  has  studied  the  period  of  the  Reformation  with 
such  profound  insight  and  such  fruitful  results.  In  many  respects 
this  history  differs  from  all  other  histories  of  England;  but  its 
most  striking  difference  is  in  the  fact  that  the  author  regards  Eng- 
land as  playing  not  an  isolated  part,  but  a  portion  of  a  great  Eu- 
ropean drama.  The  bearings  of  foreign  policy  on  the  course  of 
England  during  the  sixteenth  and  seventeenth  centuries  have  no- 
where else  been  so  well  described.  The  author  has  shown  how 
completely  many  of  the  most  puzzling  events  of  the  period  are 
easily  explained  by  the  relations  of  the  country  to  foreign  pow- 
ers. This  is  notably  the  fact  in  his  treatment  of  the  reigns  of 
Elizabeth  and  Cromwell. 

Thouo-h  the  author  deals  in  some  measure  with  the  whole  of 


492  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Eoglisli  history  to  the  death  of  George  II.,  yet  he  evidently  re- 
garded the  portions  relating  to  the  Revolutionary  periods  as  the 
body  of  the  work.  The  whole  of  the  sixth  volume  is  devoted  to 
an  Appendix,  in  which  original  authorities  are  discussed  "with  the 
author's  unrivalled  acumen.  The  three  chapters  in  which  are  de- 
scribed the  general  characteristics  of  the  development  of  English 
institutions  down  to  the  time  of  James  I.  are  among  the  most 
masterly  generalizations  of  modern  historical  writing. 

To  one  who  is  just  beginning  the  study  of  English  history, 
much  of  Ranlce's  work  will  be  in  a  measure  incomprehensible ; 
for  one  Avho  has  already  considerable  knowledge  of  the  subject,  it 
is  perhaps  superior  to  all  others.     It  is  the  history  for  historians. 


Raumer,  Frederick  von. — The  Political  History  of  England  dur- 
ing the  Sixteenth,  Seventeenth,  and  Eighteenth  Centuries.  2 
vols.,  8vo,  London,  1837. 

The  value  of  this  work  is  in  the  fact  that  it  is  strictly  political. 
It  is  by  no  means  the  most  exhaustive  treatment  of  the  subject 
we  have;  but  the  author's  well-known  eminence  and  sagacity  on 
all  political  questions  entitle  his  opinions  to  a  respectful  consid- 
eration. He  was  thoroughly  familiar  with  English  political  metli- 
ods  as  well  as  with  English  political  events.  Compared  with  the 
history  by  Ranke,  however,  that  of  Raumer  will  be  seen  to  touch 
only  the  surface. 


Bayne,  Peter.— The  Chief  Actors  in  the  Puritan  Revolution.    8vo, 
London,  1878. 

A  series  of  eleven  chapters  planned  as  a  whole,  but  published 
originally  in  tlie  Contemporary  Revieio.  The  chapters  are  studies 
founded  on  the  most  recent  researches,  and  are  admirable  speci- 
mens of  judicious,  incisive,  and  well-sustained  criticism.  They 
are  entitled  to  rank  with  the  best  of  modern  historical  essays. 

The  subjects  treated  are,  "  James  I.,"  "  Laud,"  "  Henrietta  Ma- 
ria," "Charles  L,"  "Charles  IL,"  "  Argyle,"  "Montrose,"  "Mil- 
ton," "Sir  Henry  Vane,"  "Oliver  Cronnvell,"  "Clarendon." 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  493 

Smith,  Goldwin. — Three  English  Statesmen.  A  Course  of  Lect- 
ures on  the  Political  History  of  England.  New  and  revised 
edition.     12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1868. 

Three  very  brilliant  and  valuable  lectures  on  Pym,  Cromwell, 
and  the  younger  Pitt.  The  paper  on  Pitt  is  divided  into  two 
parts,  one  being  devoted  to  a  consideration  of  his  education  and 
his  early  views,  the  other  to  his  views  and  course  after  the  French 
Revolution. 

The  lectures  on  Pym  and  Pitt  will  be  found  to  have  the  great- 
est value.  Pym  is  regarded  by  the  author  as  the  greatest  parlia- 
mentary leader  England  has  ever  known. 


Godwin,  William. — History  of  the  Commonwealth  of  England 
from  the  Commencement  to  the  Restoration  of  Charles  the 
Second.     4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1824-28. 

This  is  not  a  work  of  great  importance,  but  the  author  is  per- 
haps the  most  vigorous  champion  of  the  Cromwellian  policy  that 
has  written.  The  work,  as  a  plea  for  Cromwell,  may  at  times 
be  used  with  advantage.  As  it  was  written  before  the  great  work 
of  Carlyle  appeared,  however,  its  positions  were  not  always  very 
wisely  chosen.     It  no  longer  has  the  reputation  it  once  enjoyed. 


Vaughan,  Robert— Memorials  of  the  Stuart  Dynasty,  including 
the  Constitutional  and  Ecclesiastical  History  of  England  from 
the  Decease  of  Elizabeth  to  the  Abdication  of  James  II.  2 
vols.,  Bvo,  London,  1831. 

We  here  see  the  same  general  characteristics  as  those  Ave  find 
in  Godwin,  although  the  author  is  less  emphatic  in  his  approval 
of  Cromwell's  policy.  For  some  years  this  work  was  regarded 
as  an  authority  on  the  Cromwellian  period ;  but,  since  the  pub- 
lication of  the  more  important  writings  of  Carlyle,  Guizot,  and 
Bisset,  it  is  no  longer  of  much  consequence. 


Burnet,  Bishop  Gilbert.— History  of  His  Own  Time.     6  vols 


494  HISTOKICAL   LITERATURE. 

8vo,  Oxford,  1833;  and  2  vols.,  royal  Bvo,  with  fifty-one  Por- 
traits, 1847.     These  are  the  best  of  the  several  editions. 

This  famous  work  covers  the  period  extending  from  1659  to 
the  Treaty  of  Utrecht  in  1713.  It  was  highly  prized  by  Macau- 
lay,  not  only  on  account  of  the  author's  familiarity  with  the 
scenes  he  describes,  but  also  on  account  of  his  prominence  and 
his  character. 

The  sympathies  of  Burnet  were  strongly  with  the  Whigs,  and 
perhaps  for  this  reason  Macaulay  looked  upon  his  writings  with 
too  great  favor.  Ranke,  on  the  other  hand,  in  the  sixth  volume 
of  his  history,  has  subjected  him  to  a  dissection  that  completely 
destroys  his  value  as  an  authority.  He  is  shown  to  be  quite  un- 
trustworthy by  a  comparison  of  many  of  his  statements  with 
those  of  the  Dutch  Reports.  Ranke  also  shows  that  the  printed 
copy  differs  in  many  important  respects  from  the  manuscript  left 
by  Burnet. 

Pepys,  Samuel. — The  Diary  and  Correspondence  of.  From  his 
MS.  Cypher  in  the  Pepysian  Library,  with  a  Life  and  Notes  by 
Richard,  Lord  Braybrooke ;  Deciphered,  with  Additional  Notes, 
by  the  Rev.  jNIynors  Bright,  ^yitll  numerous  Portraits.  6  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1875-79.  This  famous  diary  was  originally  writ- 
ten in  a  very  obscure  short-hand,  and  all  the  editions  previous 
to  that  of  i3right  suffered  from  more  or  less  numerous  sup- 
pressions and  omissions.  The  edition  in  4  vols.,  crown  8vo, 
London  and  New  York,  is  much  superior  to  all  issues  before 
1848  ;  but  even  this  is  marked  by  serious  deficiencies. 

The  Diary  of  Pepys  is  unquestionably  one  of  the  most  singu- 
lar and  one  of  the  most  entertaining  in  any  language.  Though 
the  author  was  not  without  royal  favor  in  the  days  of  Charles  IL, 
he  was  not  above  the  work  of  making  record  in  his  diary  of  the 
most  insignificant  affairs.  lie  was  stage-struck  and  a  tippler;  yet, 
in  recounting  all  his  singular  adventures  and  experiences,  he  ev- 
erywhere preserves  an  undertone  of  gravity  that  is  ineffably  ludi- 
crous and' entertaining.  At  one  time  telling  us  of  the  hymn  that 
he  sang  before  he  arose  in  the  morning ;  at  another  time  how  he 
was  made  glad  by  being  spit  upon  by  a  very  fair  lady ;  at  all 
times  how  resolutely  he  tried  to  get  the  mastery  of  his  appetites, 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  495 

and  liow  sio'nally  he  always  failed — he  ijives  us  an  insight  into 
much  that  otherwise  never  Avould  have  been  known  concerning 
the  society  in  which  he  lived  and  moved. 

The  diary  covers  the  interesting  period  from  1659  to  1669,  and 
throws  a  flood  of  light  on  the  character  of  that  singular  decade. 
It  deals  with  social  far  more  than  with  political  affairs;  but  the 
student  of  politics  will  here  find  not  only  much  that  will  enter- 
tain, but  also  something  that  will  instruct. 


Evelyn,  John. — Diary  and  Correspondence  of.  To  which  is  sub- 
joined the  Private  Correspondence  between  King  Charles  1.  and 
Sir  Edward  Nicholas,  and  between  Sir  Edward  Hyde  (after- 
wards the  Earl  of  Clarendon)  and  Sir  Richard  Browne.  Edited 
from  the  original  MS.  at  Wotton  by  William  Bray,  Esq.  New 
edition  in  4  "vols.,  12 mo,  London,  1868;  8vo,  1869. 

The  Diary  of  Evelyn  covers  the  long  period  from  1641  to  1705. 
The  author  was  a  much  more  important  and  worthy  personage 
than  his  friend  Pepys,  and  yet  his  work  is  of  somewhat  less  in- 
terest, if  not  of  less  value.  He  travelled  extensively  in  different 
parts  of  Europe,  and  he  made  record  of  what  impressed  him 
most.  But  those  objects  which  interested  Evelyn  were  the  very 
objects  which  Pepys  cared  least  about.  In  this  way  the  works 
supplement  each  other,  and  give  us  the  most  perfect  view  we  have 
of  manners  and  customs  in  England  during  the  latter  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century. 

The  edition  above  named  contains  numerous  portraits  and  a 
very  good  index. 

Macaulay,  Lord  T.  B. — The  History  of  England  from  the  Acces- 
sion of  James  H.  5  vols.,  Svo,  London  and  New  York,  1879. 
The  first  four  volumes,  first  published  in  1849-55,  were  revised 
by  Macaulay  in  1857.  In  selecting  an  edition,  care  should  be 
taken  not  to  procure  a  reprint  of  the  earliest  issue. 

This  is  undoubtedly  the  most  brilliant  and  the  most  popular 
history  ever  written  in  the  English  language.  Though  the  work 
covers  a  period  of  only  seventeen  years,  and  those  not  among  the 
most  eventful  ones  in  English  annals,  yet  the  splendor  of  the  au- 


496  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

thor's  style  has  caused  it  to  be  more  universally  read  than  any 
other  history  in  English  literature.  It  shows  vast  research,  ex- 
traordinary power  in  the  portraiture  of  individual  character,  and 
a  literary  skill  that  is  unrivalled. 

But  with  these  great  qualities  it  shows  also  certain  defects. 
The  author  was  always  the  victim  of  an  intense  partisan  spirit, 
and  therefore  all  his  writings  have  something  of  the  flavor  of  a 
political  pamphlet.  His  sympathies  always  inclined  strongly  to 
the  Whigs,  and  consequently  he  was  invariably  more  than  just  to 
the  Whigs  and  less  than  just  to  the  Tories,  On  some  particular 
points,  also,  he  has  been  successfully  refuted.  His  severe  treat- 
ment of  William  Penn  appears  to  have  arisen  from  a  confound- 
ing of  two  different  persons.  His  description  and  judgment  of 
Marlborough,  his  account  of  the  Massacre  of  Glencoe,  and  his 
general  representations  of  the  condition  of  the  Highlands  of  Scot- 
land have  been  successfully  refuted.  The  portions  of  the  his- 
tory relating  to  these  subjects  should  be  read  in  connection  with 
W.  E.  Forster's  "  William  Penn  and  Thomas  B.  Macaulay  "  (Lon- 
don, 1849),  and  John  Paget's  "  New  Examen"  (London,  1861). 

But,  in  spite  of  these  drawbacks,  Macaulay's  history  is  executed 
with  such  consummate  art  that  it  will  hardly  fail  to  have  a  last- 
ing place  in  the  literature  of  the  language.  It  is  a  book  that  ev- 
ery person  of  the  slightest  literary  taste  must  read  with  pleasure, 
and  nearly  every  person  with  profit. 


Froude,  James  A. —  The  English  in  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth 
Century.  3  vols.,  8vo,  London  ;  2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  18V3. 
New  ed.,  London,  3  vols.,  8vo,  1881. 

The  graphic  pen  of  this  author  has  given  a  very  vivid  picture 
of  Irish  affairs,  from  the  time  of  the  Revolution  in  the  middle  of 
the  seventeenth  century  to  the  Union  at  the  close  of  the  eigh- 
teenth. Mr.  Froude  always  has  an  opinion.  He  is  firm  in  the 
belief  that  the  greater  part  of  the  evils  to  which  Ireland  has  been 
subjected  would  have  been  avoided  had  the  Cromwellian  policy 
not  been  repealed.  The  book  is  written  with  great  force,  but  it  is 
not  judicial  in  tone,  and  consequently  most  readers  will  conclude 
that  the  last  word  on  the  subject  has  not  yet  been  written.  Father 
Burke's  review  of  it  may  well  bo  read  in  the  same  connection. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND,  497 

Lecky,  William  Edward  Hartpole. — A  History  of  England  in  the 
Eighteenth  Century.    2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1 878. 

The  high  expectations  raised  by  the  great  merits  of  this  au- 
thor's previous  works  were  fully  met  by  the  admirable  qualities 
of  these  two  volumes.  They  arc  written  in  the  author's  well- 
known  method.  He  has  not  chosen  to  deal  with  events  in  chro- 
nological order,  nor  does  he  present  the  details  of  personal,  party, 
or  military  affairs.  The  work  is  rather  an  attempt  "  to  disengage 
from  the  great  mass  of  facts  those  which  relate  to  the  permanent 
forces  of  the  nation,  or  which  indicate  some  of  the  more  enduring- 
features  of  national  life." 

The  author's  purpose  has  led  liim  to  treat  of  the  power  of 
monarchy,  aristocracy,  and  democracy  ;  of  the  history  of  political 
ideas ;  of  manners  and  of  beliefs,  as  well  as  of  the  increasing  pow- 
ers of  Parliament  and  of  the  press. 

The  two  volumes  already  published  cover  much  of  the  ground 
examined  and  described  by  Mahon ;  but  the  object  of  Lecky  is  so 
different  that  he  can  hardly  be  said  to  traverse  the  same  field. 
Lecky's  work  will  appear  all  the  more  valuable  to  one  who  is  fa- 
miliar with  the  pages  of  the  other  histories. 

The  most  interesting  portions  to  most  readers  will  probably  be 
chapter  iii.  of  vol.  i.,  on  the  general  condition  of  the  people,  and 
the  last  chapter  in  vol.  ii.,  on  the  religious  revival  and  the  growth 
of  Methodism. 


Stanhope,  Earl  (Lord  Mahon).  —  History  of  England,  compris- 
ing the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne  until  the  Peace  of  Utrecht, 
1701-13.     2"  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1870. 

This  work  was  written  for  the  purpose  of  filling  the  gap  be- 
tween the  larger  work  by  the  same  author  (then  known  as  Lord 
Mahon)  and  that  of  Macaulay.  Before  the  appearance  of  Bur- 
ton's, it  was  the  best  history  of  England  during  the  important  pe- 
riod of  the  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession.  It  is  largely  made 
up  of  descriptions  of  the  campaigns  of  Marlborough. 

The  sympathies  of  Stanhope  are  with  the  Tories,  and  are  there- 
fore the  very  opposite  of  those  of  Macaulay.  In  point  of  style, 
too,  the  works  are  very  dissimilar.     Stanhope  has  shown  great 

32 


498  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

diligence  in  examining  authorities,  good  judgment  in  weighing 
testimony,  and  great  impartiality  in  estimating  characters ;  but  in 
the  presentation  of  his  results  he  is  quite  devoid  of  that  literary 
skill  which  made  his  predecessor  so  famous.  The  style,  though 
generally  perspicuous,  is  formal  and  stiff,  sometimes  even  incor- 
rect. 


Burton,  John  Hill. — A  History  of  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne. 

3  vols.,  Svo,  Edinburgh  and  New  York,  1880. 

This  work,  by  the  well-known  historian  of  Scotland,  is  at  once 
the  fullest  and  the  ablest  account  of  Queen  Anne's  reign.  It  is 
especially  successful  in  its  description  of  the  great  event  of  that 
period — the  union  of  England  aud  Scotland  into  Great  Britain. 

The  author  shows  much  skill  in  the  portrayal  of  the  various 
influences  which  had  determined  the  peculiar  attitudes  of  England 
and  Scotland  towards  each  other,  and  which  finally,  under  the  di- 
rection of  a  statesmanship  of  rare  ability,  brought  the  two  nations 
into  an  harmonious  union.  He  shows  that  while  in  the  specific 
terms  of  the  union  Scotland  got  the  advantage,  inasmuch  as  nearly 
every  concession  was  made  to  the  weaker  nation,  yet,  in  the  long- 
run,  it  was  so  beneficial  to  England  that  it  may  fairly  be  said  to 
have  laid  the  foundations  of  the  greatness  of  the  British  Empire. 
In  the  author's  opinion,  the  union  has  produced  greater  national 
prosperity  than  any  other  deliberate  act  of  policy  of  modern 
times,  with  the  exception  of  the  formation  of  the  United  States. 

The  military  campaigns  of  Marlborough  are  admirably  de- 
scribed ;  but  the  general  characteristics  of  the  course  of  political 
events  during  the  reign  are  less  skilfully  delineated. 

The  work  is  disfigured  by  many  misprints,  but  the  errors  will 
doubtless  be  corrected  in  a  second  edition. 


Wyon,  Frederick  William. — The  History  of  Great  Britain  dur- 
ing the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne.     2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1876. 

These  volumes  relate  the  story  of  Queen  Anne's  reign  in  a 
manner  that  will  probably  both  interest  and  disappoint  the  gen- 
eral reader.     The  account  of  the  union  of  England  and  Scotland, 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  499 

though  in  the  main  correct,  is  inferior  to  that  of  Burton,  and 
the  description  of  the  great  military  events  is  not  so  good  as 
either  Burton's  or  Stanhope's.  The  book  is  a  very  difficult  one 
to  use,  as  the  chapters  have  no  titles,  and  there  is  no  table  of  con- 
tents.    The  style  is  hard,  and  the  index  is  inferior. 


Stanhope,  Earl  (Lord  Mahon). — History  of  England,  from  the 
Peace  of  Utrecht  to  the  Peace  of  Versailles,  1713-83.  7  vols., 
12mo,  London  and  Boston,  3d  ed.,  revised,  1853. 

The  best  history  of  England  daring  the  period  just  before  and 
including  the  American  Revolutionary  War.  Though  the  author's 
sympathies  were  constantly  with  the  Tory  party,  his  Avorlc  is  gen- 
erally pervaded  with  a  fair  and  generous  spirit  towards  the  colo- 
nies struggling  for  their  independence.  Onl)-  a  small  portion  of 
the  work  is  devoted  to  American  a£fairs,  and  yet  the  account  of 
the  Revolutionary  War  is,  with  some  defects,  perhaps  the  best 
written  in  England.  With  this  portion  of  the  work  a  student 
may  read  with  great  profit  an  elaborate  review  of  the  author's 
account  of  American  affairs,  by  J.  G.  Palfrey,  in  the  North  Ameri- 
can Hevietv,  vol.  Ixxv.  (July,  1852),  pp.  125-208. 

The  author's  condemnation  of  Washington  for  the  execution 
of  Andre  called  forth  numerous  replies,  the  most  important  being 
that  of  Major  Charles  Biddle,  published  in  the  Historical  Maga- 
zine for  July,  1857.  After  the  publication  of  this  paper  the 
London  Critic  declared,  "  Lord  Mahon  owes  to  the  memory  of 
the  great  American  patriot  the  reparation  of  an  apology,  or  else 
he  owes  to  his  own  fame  as  an  historian  a  refutation  of  the  facts 
on  which  the  Americans  rely."  The  same  authority  adds  that  in 
its  opinion  the  evidence  produced  by  Major  Biddle  "  would  be 
sufficient  to  bring  an  English  jury  to  the  same  way  of  tliinking." 

But,  with  the  exception  of  a  few  very  weak  points  of  this  kind, 
the  book,  as  a  whole,  is  entitled  to  general  respect. 


Trevelyan,  George  Otto.— The  Eaily  History  of  Charles  James 
Fox.      8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1880. 

Although  this  volume  purports  to  be  only  a  history  of  a  small 


500  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

part  of  the  life  of  a  single  person,  yet  its  historical  importance  is 
such  as  to  entitle  it  to  the  student's  most  careful  consideration. 
The  work  is  fitly  described  by  saying  that  it  is  the  best  picture 
that  has  ever  been  drawn  of  the  transition  from  the  old  methods 
of  statesmanship  to  the  new.  The  author  holds  that  Fox  was  the 
first  great  statesman  of  the  modern  school. 

To  the  student  of  the  last  century  nothing  can  be  more  instruc- 
tive than  the  picture  painted  of  the  methods  of  government  in  the 
early  years  of  George  the  Third's  reign,  and  of  the  processes  by 
which  those  methods  were  gradually  swept  away.  The  volume 
may  be  regarded  as  the  best  history  we  have  of  the  English  gov- 
ernment from  the  fall  of  the  Whigs  in  1760  to  the  close  of  the 
American  War.  It  is  an  admirable  specimen  of  literary  work- 
manship, and  its  charming  pages  are  as  instructive  as  they  are 
fascinatino-. 


Malcolm,  Maj.-Gen.  Sir  John.— The  Tolitical  History  of  India, 
from  1784  to  1823.     2  vols.,  London,  1826. 

A  book  written  at  the  urgent  suggestion  of  Sir  James  Mackin- 
tosh, and  one  of  considerable  importance.  It  presents  the  history 
of  India  from  a  point  of  view  exactly  the  opposite  of  that  as- 
sumed by  Mill. 

Malcolm  applauds  the  course  of  Clive  and  Hastings,  and  is  the 
ablest  defender  of  the  British  policy  in  subduing  and  governing 
the  people.  The  style  of  the  book  is  graphic ;  in  this  respect  it 
is  far  superior  to  that  of  Mill.  It  goes  less  into  obscure  and  in- 
tricate details,  but  deals  largely  with  general  events  and  results. 


Adolphus,  John. — A  History  of  England,  from  tlie  Accession  of 
George  111.  to  1803.     New  edition.     7  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1840. 

This  work  originally  appeared  as  early  as  1802.  It  is  a  maga- 
zine of  valuable  facts;  but,  on  the  whole,  it  is  a  dull  book,  which 
no  one  in  these  days  ought  to  spend  nuich  time  in  reading.  It 
lias  been  quite  superst^ded  by  other  works  of  greater  value.  Its 
style  is  cumlrersome,  its  author's  political  views  arc  those  of  an 
absolutist,  and  it  is  made  dillicult  of  use  by  the  absence  of  con- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  501 

tents  and  index.  It  was  mucli  used  by  tlic  English  Tories  in  the 
early  part  of  this  century,  and  before  the  revision  of  1840  was 
carried  through  several  editions.  The  authorities  quoted,  how- 
ever, do  not  include  some  of  the  most  important. 


Massey,  William. — A  History  of  England  during  the  Reign  of 
George  the  Third.     4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1855-63. 

A  production  of  marked  ability,  and  written  from  a  point  of 
view  the  opposite  of  that  of  Adolphus.  The  author's  sympathies 
are  with  the  Whigs,  and  he  criticises  the  course  of  the  government 
in  its  dealings  with  the  American  colonies  with  severity.  The 
style  is  graceful,  but  is,  perhaps,  slightly  lacking  in  vigor.  His 
condemnation  of  George  HI.  has  commonly  been  thought  to  be 
too  severe. 

The  first  volume  deals  with  events  extending  from  1745  to 
1770;  the  second  with  those  between  1770  and  1780;  the  third, 
those  from  1781  to  1793;  and  the  fourth  from  1793  to  1802. 


Wright,  Thomas.  —  Caricature  History  of  the  Georges;  or,  An- 
nals of  the  House  of  Hanover,  compiled  from  the  Squibs, 
Broadsides,  Window  Pictures,  Lampoons,  and  Pictorial  Carica- 
tures of  the  Time.     8vo,  London,  1867. 

The  petty  spirit  with  which  party  warfare  was  often  carried  on 
a  century  ago  is  liere  abundantly  shown.  In  this  sense  tlie  vol- 
ume affords  not  a  little  instruction.  In  other  respects  it  is  less 
valuable  than  amusing. 


Cory, William. — A  Guide  to  Modern  English  History.  Part  i.,  1815- 
30.     Part  ii.,  1830-35.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1880-82. 

This  little  volume  can  hardly  fail  to  interest  the  student  of  the 
recent  history  of  England.  It  is  an  attempt  to  give  a  philosoph- 
ical explanation  of  events  in  the  light  of  political  science  and  po- 
litical economy.     In  point  of  style  it  is  remarkably  epigranmiatic 


502  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

and  pungent.  The  author  is  an  ardent  admirer  of  bis  own  coun- 
try, but  his  judgments  are  generally  sound  and  well  balanced. 
His  powers  of  analysis,  as  shown,  for  example,  in  his  portrayal  of 
Wellington  as  a  general  and  a  statesman,  are  altogether  excep- 
tional.   

Martineau,  Harriet. — The  History  of  England,  from  the  Com- 
mencement of  the  Nineteenth  Century  to  the  Crimean  War.  4 
vols.,  12mo,  London  and  Philadelphia,  1864. 

A  work  containing  much  information  of  interest  and  value,  and 
written  with  the  author's  well  known  spirit  and  vivacity.  It  is 
strongly  tinged  with  personal  feeling,  and,  for  this  reason,  the 
work  can  hardly  be  said  to  have  permanent  value.  Miss  Marti- 
neau entered  into  the  life  and  activity  of  political  affairs  with  great 
zeal,  and,  as  she  grasped  every  subject  with  the  energy  of  a  strong 
mind,  her  opinions  are  always  entertaining,  and  are  generally  well 
worth  listening  to.  Her  description  of  the  deplorable  financial 
and  social  condition  of  England  after  the  Napoleonic  wars  is  per- 
haps the  most  successful  part  of  the  work. 

The  volumes  are  pervaded  with  an  ardent  sympathy  for  the 
people  in  their  struggles  for  greater  liberties.  In  the  preparation 
of  the  work  the  author  had  access  to  much  unpublished  material, 
and  received  the  assistance  of  numerous  friends,  a  fact  that  con- 
tributed largely  to  its  value.  The  first  book  was  written  by 
Charles  Knight;  and  the  early  editions  ended  with  the  year  1846. 
The  American  edition,  in  4  vols.,  continues  the  narrative  to  the 
outbreak  of  the  Crimean  War  in  1854. 


Walpole,  Spencer. — A  History  of  England  from  the  Conclusion 

of  the  Great  War  in  1815.     5  vols.,  8vo,  London,  18*78-86. 

A  production  of  the  most  substantial  merits.  It  is  the  result 
of  a  careful  study  into  the  social  conditions  of  the  English  people, 
and  of  the  difliculties  with  which  the  English  statesmen  have  had 
to  contend.  It  abounds  in  most  interesting  knowledge,  is  Avrittcn 
in  a  truly  philosophical  spirit,  and  is  arranged  in  methodical  or- 
der. Though  it  has  not  the  same  elements  of  popularity  which 
have  insured  the  great  success  of  McCarthy's  history  of  the  same 


HISTORIES  OF   ENGLAND.  503 

period,  its  merits  are  of  a  more  solid  quality,  and  its  favor  witli 
historical  readers  is  likely  to  be  more  permanent.  It  is  careful 
and  accurate  in  its  statements,  tolerant  in  its  judgments,  success- 
ful and  methodical  in  its  arrangement,  and,  in  the  main,  is  fHce 
from  party  prejudices. 

The  first  volume  deals  with  the  policy  of  the  Tories  from  the 
close  of  the  war  to  the  accession  of  George  IV. ;  the  second  re- 
cords the  great  reforms  in  administration,  legislation,  and  finance 
under  the  Whigs ;  and  the  third  describes  the  use  which  the  AVhigs 
made  of  their  victories  under  Grey  and  Melbourne.  The  terrible 
condition  of  England's  social  life,  the  abolition  of  slavery,  the  Fac- 
tory Act,  the  Irish  Church  Act,  the  reform  of  the  Poor  Laws,  the 
O'Connell  agitation,  the  postal  reform,  the  rebellion  in  Canada, 
and  the  Jamaica  crisis  are  some  of  the  subjects  which  pass  under 
review. 


Molesworth,  W.  N.— The  History  of  PJngland,  from  the  Year 
1830  to  1874.     3  vols.,  12mo,  London,  f874. 

A  valuable  history  of  England  during  the  generation  that  saw 
the  reforms  of  1832  and  1807.  Though  it  is  strictly  a  political 
history,  it  enters  sufficiently  into  military  and  social  events  to  give 
to  political  affairs  their  true  significance.  The  account  of  the 
great  Reform  of  1832  is  the  best  accessible,  and  perhaps  the  same 
may  be  said  of  the  Reform  of  1867,  unless  that  of  Mr.  Homers- 
ham  Cox  be  an  exception.  The  narrative  is  pervaded  with  life 
and  spirit.  The  work  is  written  from  a  liberal  point  of  view, 
and  may  be  read  by  all  students  with  profit. 


McCarthy,  Justin.— A  History  of  Our  Own  Times,  from  the  Ac- 
cession of  Queen  Victoria  to  the  Berlin  Congress.  4  vols.,  8vo, 
London;  2  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  1878-80.  Also  England 
under  the  Georges,  2  vols. ;  and  England  under  Gladstone. 

The  work  of  a  writer  who  is  at  once  a  journalist,  a  novelist,  a 
member  of  Parliament,  and  an  active  observer  of  political  affairs. 
For  his  materials  he  has  drawn  from  a  capacious  memory  and 
from  contemporaneous  accounts  of  current  events. 


504  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

His  pages  give  no  evidence  of  familiarity  witli  secret  state-pa- 
pers. Indeed,  his  history  may  be  said  to  be  the  worlc  of  a  skilful 
journalist  rather  than  of  a  practised  historian.  But  it  has  snb- 
stantial  merits.  The  admirable  accounts  it  gives  of  the  men  who 
have  directed  English  political  affairs  during  the  past  fifty  years 
are  among  the  most  fascinating  pages  of  modern  historical  liter- 
ature. The  volumes  are  far  more  interesting  than  any  of  the  au- 
thor's novels,  and  that  is  saying  a  great  deal.  It  is  an  admira- 
ble book  for  those  who  seldom  try  their  intellects  with  anything 
stronger  than  a  newspaper  or  a  romance;  for  the  reader  is  be- 
guiled in  the  most  delightful  manner  into  the  possession  of  a 
large  amount  of  interesting  and  valuable  information.  The  chap- 
ters on  Palmerston,  Peel,  and  Beaconsfield  are  among  the  best 
specimens  of  their  kind,  even  if  the  kind  is  not  of  the  highest. 
All  readers  of  these  agreeable  volumes  will  cease  to  be  astonished 
at  the  remarkable  success  of  the  work  both  in  England  and  in 
America. 

Duffy,  Sir  Charles  Gavan. — Young  Ireland  :  a  Fragment  of  Irish 
History,  1840-50.  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1880.  Also 
Four  Years  of  Irish  History  (1845-49).  8vo,London  and  New 
York,  1883. 

Late  in  the  life  of  O'Connell  a  revolt  from  his  leadership  was 
brought  about  by  a  considerable  number  of  the  most  spirited 
actors  in  the  general  movement  of  opposition  to  England.  They 
advocated  an  abandonment  of  the  pacific  policy  of  O'Connell, 
and  the  adoption  of  more  energetic  and  coercive  measures.  The 
party  was  made  up  chiefly  of  young  men,  and  prominent  among 
them  was  the  author  of  this  volume. 

The  account  is  very  clear  and  interesting  as  a  picture  of  the 
condition  of  affairs  in  Ireland  a  generation  ago.  It  is  ably  writ- 
ten by  one  who  has  since  ha  1  large  and  successful  experience  in 
the  British  colonics  in  the  South  Pacific.  The  liot  temper  and 
the  turbulent  genius  of  the  Irish  are  abundantly  shown.  The 
most  notable  defect  of  what,  on  the  whole,  is  a  good  account  is 
tlie  fact  that  it  does  not  point  out  the  mad  folly  of  an  appeal  to 
arms  by  a  group  of  young  enthusiasts  who  had  neither  officers, 
arms,  organization,  nor  money. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  605 

Kinglake,  Alexander  William.  —  Tlie  Invasion  of  tlie  Crimea. 
Its  Origin  and  an  Account  of  its  Progress  to  tlie  Death  of 
Lord  Raglan.  8  vols.,  8vo,  London  ;  6  vols.,  12nio,  New  York, 
18C3-87. 

A  work  that  has  taken  rank  as  one  of  the  most  important  mil- 
itary histories  in  the  English  language.  It  is  still  incomplete,  the 
last  volume  yet  published  bringing  tlic  history  down  only  to  the 
Battle  of  lukcrmann ;  but  enough  has  been  published  to  estab- 
lish its  reputation. 

The  author's  style  differs  from  that  of  Napier — perhaps  the 
only  other  great  military  historian  with  whom  he  may  properly 
be  compared — in  being  less  graceful,  but  more  vigorous.  While 
his  descriptive  powers  are  scarcely  inferior,  his  political  acumen 
is  far  greater,  and  his  research  into  the  complicated  relations  of 
the  different  nations  at  war  far  more  subtle  and  successful. 

The  presentation  of  the  causes  of  the  war,  occupying  more 
than  three  hundred  pages  of  the  first  volume,  is  perhaps  the  most 
brilliant  part  of  the  history.  The  grasp  and  insight  with  which 
the  author  traced  the  impulses  that  finally  led  to  the  conflict  are 
worthy  of  great  admiration.  The  chapter  devoted  to  the  history 
of  France  just  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Crimean  difficulties  still 
remains  one  of  the  severest  arraignments  to  which  Napoleon  III. 
was  ever  subjected. 

The  book  abounds  in  pictures  of  great  vividness  and  power. 
The  author  is  an  energetic  hater,  and,  consequently,  his  words 
have  provoked  the  most  energetic  criticism.  By  many  the  work 
is  thought  to  be  strongly  partisan,  but  this  appearance  of  parti- 
sanship probably  comes  from  energy  of  feeling  rather  than  from 
any  consistent  bias. 


Cox,  Homersham.— A  History  of  the  Reform  Bills  of  1866-67. 
Svo,  London,  1868. 

The  best  account,  from  a  Liberal  point  of  view,  of  the  Reform 
under  the  Derby-Disraeli  government.  It  is  spiced  with  consid- 
erable political  feeling,  but  it  is  generally  trustworthy,  and  always 
interesting. 


506  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Prentice,  Archibald. — History  of  the  Anti-Corn-Law  League.     2 
vols.,  12ino,  London,  1853. 

This  book,  by  one  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the  League,  is 
a  sketchy  account  of  the  great  movement  which  broke  down  the 
system  of  protection  in  England. 

As  a  description  of  an  important  economical  revolution  the 
book  is  graphic  and  interesting,  though  for  the  general  reader  the 
account  given  in  Martineau's  "  History  of  the  Peace*'  vf'iW  be  found 
less  diffuse  and  more  satisfactory.  A  full  table  of  contents  will 
enable  the  student  to  use  the  volumes  without  inconvenience, 
thouo[h  there  is  no  index. 


III.   POLITICAL,   CONSTITUTIONAL,   AND    SOCIAL    HISTORIES. 

Thorpe,  Benjamin.  —  Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of  England; 
comprising  Laws  enacted  under  the  Anglo-Saxon  Kings  from 
u^thelbirht  to  Cnut,  with  an  English  Translation  of  the  Saxon. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1840. 

To  the  student  of  early  English  history  this  compilation  is  of 
supreme  value.  Its  title  is  perhaps  enough  to  recommend  it;  but 
the  scholarly  manner  in  which  the  work  has  been  edited  gives  it 
great  additional  importance.  Mr.  Thorpe  was  one  of  the  most 
accomplished  Anglo-Saxon  scholars  England  has  produced,  and 
his  editing  has  not  only  made  the  laws  accessible,  but  materially 
augmented  their  value. 


Adams,  Lodge,  Young,  and  Laughlin. — Essays  in  Anglo-Saxon 
Law:  containing  Titles  of  AVorks  Cited;  The  Anglo-Saxon 
Courts  of  Law,  by  Henry  Adams;  The  Anglo-Saxon  Land  Law, 
by  H.  Caltot  Lodge;  The  Anglo-Saxon  Family  Law,  by  Ernest 
Young ;  Tlie  Anglo-Saxon  Legal  Procedure,  by  J.  Lawrence 
Laugiilin  ;  Select  Cases  in  Anglo-Saxon  Law.  With  an  Index. 
8vo,  Boston,  187G. 

These  admirable  ei=>says  are  the  result  of  special  studies  carried 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  507 

on  in  the  most  scholarly  spirit  at  Harvard  University.  The  top- 
ics treated,  though  somewhat  obscure  and  difficult,  are  of  much 
interest;  and  the  student  of  Anglo-Saxon  times  will  profit  by 
giving  them  very  careful  attention. 


Kemble,  J.  M. — The  Saxons  in  England.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London ; 
new  edition,  1877. 

This  work,  ever  since  the  first  edition  was  published  in  1848, 
has  taken  rank  as  the  highest  authority  on  the  period  of  which  it 
treats.  It  is  not  a  book  which  one  who  reads  simply  for  recrea- 
tion is  likely  to  choose ;  and  yet,  if  one  desires  the  most  complete 
understanding  attainable  of  the  political  and  social  conditions  of 
the  country  at  this  early  period,  Kemble  is  the  most  helpful  of 
all  authors. 

The  volumes  deal  but  slightly  with  military  affairs.  Their 
pages  are  confined  chiefly  to  a  careful  description  of  the  consti- 
tutional, political,  and  social  condition  of  the  people.  By  most 
readers  they  will  probably  be  found  more  interesting  than  the 
pages  of  either  Turner  or  Lappenberg,  since  these  enter  with  con- 
siderable minuteness  into  the  petty  and  unimportant  conflicts  of 
the  time. 

Kemble's  views  and  conclusions  command  the  highest  respect 
of  all  historians,  and  his  work  should  not  be  slighted  by  the  stu- 
dent. 


Wright,  Thomas. — Biographia  Britannica  Literaria ;  or.  Biogra- 
phy of  the  Literary  Characters  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland  ar- 
ranged in  Chronological  Order.  Vol.  i.,  Anglo-Saxon  Period ; 
Vol.  ii.,  Anglo-Norman  Period.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1842-46. 

The  most  important  work  on  the  subject  of  which  it  treats. 
Nowhere  else  can  so  much  information  be  found  on  the  earliest 
writers  of  English  prose  and  poetry. 

The  volumes  may  often  be  referred  to  with  profit  for  accounts 
of  the  earliest  historical  writings. 


508  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Wright,  Thomas. — A  History  of  Domestic  Manners  and  Senti- 
ments in  England  during  the  Middle  Ages.  With  Illnstrations 
from  illuminations  in  contemporary  manuscripts.  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1862. 

The  author  was  one  of  the  foremost  of  English  antiquarians, 
and,  like  all  of  his  other  works,  this  one  is  worthy  of  some  atten- 
tion. It  abounds  in  crude  and  interesting  illustrations,  and  fur- 
nishes as  good  evidence  as  we  have  of  the  way  in  which  the 
people  of  the  Middle  Ages  lived  and  amused  themselves.  It  is 
strictly  the  production  of  an  antiquarian,  not  that  of  an  historian  ; 
the  student,  therefore,  must  not  look  for  generalizations,  or  even 
for  very  suggestive  speculations. 


Wright,  Thomas. — Political  Poems  and  Songs  relating  to  Eng- 
lish History,  composed  during  the  Period  from  the  Accession 
of  Edward  III.  to  that  of  Richard  III.  2  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1859. 

An  invaluable  collection,  made  with  great  care  by  one  who  was 
in  every  way  qualified  for  the  somewhat  difficult  task.  It  is  pro- 
verbial that  the  sentiments  and  feelings  of  a  people  shape  them- 
selves in  songs  before  they  arc  embodied  in  laws.  In  no  way 
can  we  learn  more  of  the  ideas  and  feelings  of  the  people  during 
the  turbulent  and  important  period  between  the  third  Henry  and 
the  third  Richard  than  by  an  inspection  of  the  somewhat  crude 
lyric  poetry  here  brought  together. 


Wright,  Thomas. — Essays  on  Subjects  Connected  with  the  Litera- 
ture, P()|)u]ar  Superstitions,  and  History  of  England  in  the 
Middle  Ages.     2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  184G. 

The  importance  of  the  subjects  discussed  in  these  volumes  is 
sufficiently  indicated  by  the  titles  of  a  few  of  the  chapters. 
"Anglo-Saxon  Poetry,"  " Anglo-Xorman  Poetry,"  "Adventures 
of  Hereward  tlic  Saxon,"  "The  Robin  Hood  P>allads,"  and  "  Old 
Political  Songs  "  are,  perhaps,  the  most  important.     These  sub- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  509 

jects  are  treated  in  a  manner  quite  worthy  of  the  author's  great 
reputation. 


Cox,  Homersham. — Anticnt  Parliamentary  Elections ;  a  History 
showiiiiji;  how  rarliamcnts  were  Constituted  and  Representatives 
of  the  I'eople  Elected  in  Antient  Times.     8vo,  Loudon,  1868. 

A  very  scholarly  and  valuable  work — the  only  one  in  which 
satisfactory  information  on  this  important  subject  can  be  obtained 
in  brief  and  convenient  space. 

The  volume  may  be  used  with  profit,  not  only  in  the  study  of 
English  institutions,  but  also  for  a  comparison  with  the  methods 
that  prevailed  on  the  Continent. 


Stubbs,  William. — The  Constitutional  History  of  England  in  its 
Origin  and  Development.  3  vols.,  8vo  and  12mo,  Oxford  and 
New  York,  1874-79. 

This  is  incomparably  superior  to  all  other  general  authorities 
on  the  period  of  which  it  treats.  The  first  volume  closes  with 
the  reign  of  Henry  II. ;  the  second  with  that  of  Richard  II. ;  and 
the  third  with  that  of  Richard  HI.  The  work  thus  ends  at  the 
point  where  that  of  Hallam  begins.  Mr.  Freeman,  one  of  the 
best  living  judges,  has  not  hesitated  to  characterize  it  as  "  the 
greatest  monument  yet  reared  by  English  historical  scholarship." 

The  nature  of  the  history  may  be  correctly  inferred  from  the 
sentences  with  which  the  first  volume  begins.  "The  history  of 
institutions  cannot  be  mastered  —  can  scarcely  be  approached  — 
without  an  effort.  It  affords  little  of  romantic  incident  or  of  the 
picturesque  grouping  which  constitutes  the  charm  of  historv  in 
general,  and  holds  out  small  temptation  to  the  mind  that  requires 
to  be  tempted  to  the  study  of  truth.  But  it  has  a  deep  value 
and  an  abiding  interest  to  those  who  have  the  courage  to  work 
upon  it." 

With  this  spirit  of  sober  earnestness,  the  author  has  brought  to 
his  work  unrivalled  familiarity  with  the  original  sources  of  infor- 
mation, untiring  industry,  coolness  of  judgment,  and  keenness  of 


510  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

discrimination.  Every  student  of  English  constitutional  history 
should  make  this  his  text-book  and  his  chief  authority.  By  some 
students  it  may  be  deemed  dry ;  but  all  such  should  remember 
that  nine  tenths  of  all  fruitful  work  is  drudgery  ;  and,  if  tlicy  find 
it  impossible  to  take  an  interest  in  this  work,  they  may  as  well 
abandon  all  hope  of  acquiring  any  comprehensive  knowledge  of 
the  subject  Chapters  v.,  vi.,  x.,  xi.,  xiii.,  xv.,  and  xvii.  will  prob- 
ably be  found  to  have  greatest  value ;  though  a  glance  at  the 
table  of  contents  will  show  a  great  number  of  chapters  that  will 
tempt  the  diligent  and  inquiring  student. 

As  will  be  inferred  from  the  above  quotation,  it  is  a  work  for 
earnest  study  rather  than  listless  reading ;  but  every  sentence  has 
its  value,  and  it  is  diflBcult  to  see  how  it  can  ever  be  super- 
seded. 


Stubbs,  William, — Select  Charters  and  other  Illustrations  of  Eng- 
lish Constitutional  History  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the 
Reign  of  Edward  the  First.   12mo,  Oxford  and  New  York,  1875, 

A  book  that  is  almost  indispensable  to  one  who  would  under- 
stand thoroughly  the  nature  of  the  times  of  which  it  treats.  The 
documcuts  are  all  given  in  the  original  tongue ;  but  even  for  one 
who  cannot  read  the  easy  Latin  of  the  Middle  Ages,  the  judicious 
introductions  and  explanations  of  Professor  Stnbbs  will  be  found 
to  possess  great  interest  and  value.  One  who  is  seriously  study- 
ing any  portion  of  the  early  history  of  England  would  do  well  to 
liave  this  little  book  constantly  at  his  elbow  or  in  his  hand.  An 
appendix  contains  the  text  of  the  Petition  of  Right,  and  of  the 
Bill  of  Rights. 


Gneist,  Dr.  Rudolf, — Gcschichte  und  houtigc  Gestalt  der  engli- 
schcn  Kdnunuiialverfassung,  oder  dos  Sclfgovernment,  Zweite 
voUig  umgearbeitete  AuHage.     2  vols,,  8vo,  Berlin,  1863, 

For  fulness,  thoroughness,  and  accuracy,  this  is  superior  to  all 
other  works  descriptive  of  the  J<)nglish  constitution  and  govern- 
ment.    It  is  the  product  of  long  study  of  the  subject  by  one  who 


HISTORIES   OF  ENGLAND.  oil 

has  devoted  liis  life  very  lart^cly  to  tlie  work  of  teaching  German 
students  the  characteristics  of  the  English  constitution. 

Gneist,  as  professor  in  the  University  of  Berlin,  lias  for  years 
lectured  on  English  political  institutions.  His  work  enters  into 
the  minutest  details.  It  describes  the  workings  of  all  the  more 
important  parts  of  the  central  gDVcrninent  as  well  as  all  the  es- 
sential characteristics  of  local  administration.  It  is  therefore  ex- 
ceedingly elaborate  ;  indeed,  it  is  swollen  to  the  bulk  of  more  than 
fifteen  hundred  closely  printed  octavo  pages.  But  it  is  an  au- 
thority recognized  by  English  and  Germans  alike  as  of  the  first 
importance.  It  is  too  ponderous  for  the  purposes  of  the  general 
reader ;  but  as  a  mine  from  which  materials  may  be  gathered,  it 
has  no  equal.  Though  it  is  doubtful  whether  the  author  has  al- 
ways caught  the  real  spirit  of  English  institutions,  his  views  are 
always  worthy  of  thoughtful  consideration. 


Gneist,  Dr.  Rudolf. — Das  cnglische  Vcrwaltungsrecht,  mit  Ein- 
schluss  des  Heeres,  der  Gerichte  und  dcr  Kirche,  geschichtlich 
und  systcmatisch.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  2d  cd.,  revised,  1SG7. 

The  most  exhaustive  treatise  extant  on  the  subject  of  English 
administrative  law.  It  describes  with  great  minuteness  the  various 
organizations  not  only  of  the  general  civil  government,  but  also 
of  the  army,  the  courts,  and  the  Church.  The  work  contains 
1360  large  and  closely  printed  pages;  and  these  are  crowded  with 
details  and  references.  The  English  themselves  have  no  work  on 
the  subject  comparable  with  it  in  completeness.  It  is  an  enor- 
mous storehouse  of  facts,  rather  than  a  record  of  opinions. 


Fischel,  Edward. — The  English  Constitution.  Translated  from 
the  second  German  edition  by  Richard  Jcnery  Shee.  Svo,  Lon- 
don, 1863. 

A  work  originally  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  giving  to  Ger- 
man readers  a  knowledge  of  the  details  of  the  English  govern- 
ment.    The  various  subjects  are  treated  descriptively  as  well  as 


512  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

historically  ;  and  in  no  otlier  volume  in  English  dress  is  so  much 
knowledge  conveyed  of  the  minutiae  of  English  political  methods. 

The  translator  has  net  strictly  followed  the  original,  but  has 
omitted  such  portions  as  seemed  of  value  to  Germans  only.  He 
has  also  taken  some  liberties  in  changing  the  arrangement  of  the 
material  and  in  citing  additional  authorities. 

The  book  is  much  less  attractive  to  the  general  reader  than 
Bagehot,  but  for  most  persons  it  will  be  found  not  less  valuable. 
While  Bagehot  discusses  principles,  Fischel  describes  forms.  The 
one  explains  fundamental  ideas,  the  other  deals  with  practical 
every-day  workings.  Fischel  describes  how,  Bagehot  explains  why. 
The  books,  therefore,  may  well  be  read  together. 


Creasy,  Sir  Edward.  —  The  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English 

Constitution.     12mo,  London  and  New  York,  1855. 

As  a  manual  for  the  use  of  the  historical  student  while  he  is 
laying  the  foundation  for  a  knowledge  of  the  English  constitu- 
tion, this  little  book  is  without  a  superior.  It  is  not  written  as  a 
disquisition,  but  rather  as  an  historical  and  descriptive  text-book. 
It  combines  accuracy  with  vivacity  ;  and  should  be  constantly 
used  by  the  student  in  the  early  period  of  his  studies. 

The  best  portion  of  the  book  is  that  which  gives  an  account 
of  the  growth  of  the  constitution  before  the  revolutions  of  the 
seventeenth  centurv. 


Taswell-Langmead,  Thomas  Pitt. — English  Constitutional  His- 
tory, from  the  Teutonic  Conquest  to  the  Present  Time.  8vo, 
2d  ed.,  with  important  revisions  and  additions,  London,  1880. 

As  a  description  of  the  growth  of  the  English  constitution,  this 
volume  is  somewhat  fuller  than  that  of  Creasy.  It  shows  more 
learning,  though  less  of  ability  and  good  judgment.  In  the  text 
and  in  the  notes  the  author  introduces  a  large  amount  of  material 
which  a  more  judicious  writer  would  have  condensed  into  a  more 
liomogeneous  form. 

But,  notwithstanding  some  lack  of  skill  in  the  literary  work- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  513 

niaiisliip  of  tlic  volume,  it  sliould  be  prized  for  the  vast  amount 
of  information  it  brings  to  the  reader.  It  was  intended  as  a 
text-book  for  the  use  of  students  at  the  English  universities  and 
inns  of  court,  and  was  designed  to  give  a  concise  but  compre- 
hensive history  of  the  origin  and  development  of  the  English 
constitution.  It  cannot  be  said  that  the  author  lias  failed  to  ac- 
complish his  purpose,  though,  on  the  other  hand,  his  success  can 
iiardlv  be  called  brilliant. 


Brougham,  Henry,  Lord. — The  British  Constitution.      Its  His- 
tory, Structure,  and  Working.      12mo,  London,  18GL 

The  great  ability  and  the  prominence  of  this  author  entitle  this 
volume  to  consideration. 

The  first  eleven  chapters  are  largely  speculative,  and  to  most 
students  will  be  of  less  value  than  those  which  follow.  From 
chapter  xii.  to  the  end,  the  volume  is  of  considerable  historical 
value.  Especially  able  and  discriminating  is  the  discussion  of 
the  relations  of  monarch  and  Parliament  in  the  time  of  the 
Plantagcnets  and  Tudors.  Chapter  xix.,  on  judicial  establish- 
ments in  different  countries  and  in  England,  is  of  especial  value 
to  the  student  of  law. 


Freeman,  E.  A. — The  Growth  of  the  English  Constitution  from 
the  Earliest  Times.     12mo,  London,  1872. 

A  small  book  expanded  into  its  present  form  from  two  popular 
lectures.  Its  object  is  to  "  show  that  the  earliest  institutions  of 
England  and  of  other  Teutonic  lands  are  not  mere  matters  of 
curious  speculation,  but  matters  closely  connected  with  our  pres- 
ent political  being."  It  is  a  successful  attempt  to  explain  in  a 
popular  way  the  continuity  of  English  political  life.  The  author 
makes  prominent  his  theory  that  since  the  Saxons  got  possession 
of  England,  no  fundamental  changes  in  English  institutions  have 
taken  place. 

Hallam,  Henry. — The  Constitutional  History  of  England  from 

33 


514  HISTORICAL  LITERATUHE. 

the  Accession  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  Death    of  George  III. 
3  vols.,  12mo,  New  York,  1864  ;  and  2  vols.,  12mo,  1880. 

This  work  was  greatly  revised  some  years  after  the  publication 
of  the  first  edition,  the  revisions  amounting  to  nearly  a  third  part 
of  the  whole  text  of  the  work.  This  new  version  contains  so  im- 
portant modifications  and  enlargements  that  the  earlier  issues 
may  be  regarded  as  practically  \vorthless.  The  various  editions 
in  one  volume  are  generally  reprints  of  the  earliest  versions,  and 
should  be  avoided. 

In  connection  with  chapter  viii.  of  the  same  author's  "  History 
of  the  Middle  Ages,"  these  volumes  liave  long  been  considered  the 
standard  authority  on  the  subject  of  which  they  treat. 

They  are  the  result  of  most  laborious  research,  and  are  written 
with  so  judicial  a  spirit  that  Macaulay,  in  his  essay  on  the  work, 
characterized  it  as  the  most  impartial  book  he  had  ever  read. 
But,  notwithstanding  these  great  qualities,  the  work  no  longer  has 
quite  the  same  value  it  formerly  possessed.  Though  it  was  care- 
fully revised  in  1846,  the  subsequent  investigations  of  Stubbs, 
Gardiner,  Forster,  and  Bisset  have  thrown  floods  of  new  light  on 
many  of  the  questions  which  Ilallam  discussed. 

The  author's  literary  style  is  so  faulty  that  but  for  his  great 
learning  and  good  sense  the  work  would  long  since  have  been 
condemned  to  obscurity.  Its  judicial  spirit  of  fairness  to  all  per- 
sons and  parties  makes  it  popular  with  judicious  minds,  in  spite 
of  all  its  shortcomings. 


May,  Thomas  Erskine. — The  Constitutional  History  of  England 
since  the  Accession  of  George  the  Third.  3  vols.,  8vo  and 
12mo,  revised  edition,  London,  1871;  2  vols.,  12mo,  New 
York,  1880.  The  latest  Elnglish  edition,  of  which  the  New 
York  edition  of  1880  is  a  reprint,  brings  the  history  down  to 
1870,  and  is  therefore  much  to  be  preferred  to  the  reprints  of 
the  first  edition. 

In  some  sense,  a  continuation  of  Ilallam's  "  Constitutional  His- 
tory." The  author  has  deviated  from  a  strictly  chronological 
narrative,  and  has  adopted  a  much  more  effective  method  of  treat- 
ment by  a  grouping  of  leading  subjects.     Each  inquiry  is  pursued 


IIISTORIKS  OF  ENGLAND.  515 

tlirouo-li  the  entire  century,  and  is  devoted  strictly  to  the  branch 
of  the  work  in  liand. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  a  liistory  of  the  prerogatives, 
influence,  and  revenues  of  the  crown,  toy-ether  witli  the  constitu- 
tion, powers,  functions,  and  political  relations  of  the  Houses  of 
Parliament.  The  second  comprises  a  history  of  parties,  of  the 
press,  of  political  agitation,  of  the  Church,  of  political  and  civil 
liberty.  The  work  is  concluded  with  a  general  review  of  English 
legislation  during  the  whole  period. 

Though  the  author  has  had  to  deal  with  many  controverted 
points,  he  has  generally  been  successful  in  avoiding  a  tone  of  con- 
troversy. In  literary  style  the  work  will  be  found  more  spirited 
and  readable  than  that  of  Hallam,  while  as  an  authority  it  is 
scarcely  less  trustworthy.  No  other  work  will  give  to  the  student 
so  good  a  view  of  the  political  history  of  England  during  the  cen- 
tury of  its  greatest  progress  and  power.  As  a  political  text-book 
it  is  invaluable. 


Brodie,  George.— A  Constitutional  History  of  the  British  Empire 
from  the  Accession  of  Charles  I.  to  the  Restoration,  with  an 
Introduction  tracing  the  Progress  of  Society  and  of  the  Consti- 
tution from  the  Feudal  Times  to  the  Opening  of  the  History, 
and  including  a  Particular  Examination  of  Mr.  Hume's  State- 
ments relative  to  the  Character  of  the  English  Government.  3 
vols.,  8vo,  London,  1866. 

A  new  and  improved  edition  of  a  work  in  four  volumes,  pub- 
lished in  1822  under  a  different  title.  The  author  is  an  admirer 
of  the  Revolutionary  policy,  and  is  one  of  the  strongest  advocates 
of  that  cause.  The  literary  style  of  the  work  is  involved  and 
without  much  art;  and,  for  this  reason,  the  book  is  somewhat  un- 
attractive. But  it  has  substantial  merits.  The  criticism  of  Hume 
has,  without  doubt,  done  much  to  damage  the  reputation  of  that 
historian  for  accuracy,  if  not  even  for  honesty.  Few  persons  can 
read  Brodie's  pages  without  seeing  that  Hume's  history  for  the 
period  after  the  Tudors  is  essentially  worthless. 

While  the  author  is  a  vigorous  supporter  of  the  Revolutionary 
policy,  he  condemns  the  course  of  Cromwell  after  the  establish- 
ment of  the  Commonwealth. 


616  HISTORICAL  LITERATUHE. 

Russell,  Lord  John. — An  Essay  on  the  English  Government  and 
Constitution  from  the  Reign  of  Henry  VII.  to  the  Present 
Time.     12mo,  London,  revised  edition,  1866. 

This  little  book  has  enjoyed  a  just  popularity  in  England,  not 
only  on  account  of  the  author's  political  prominence,  but  also  on 
account  of  its  intrinsic  merit. 

The  last  five  chapters  are  of  more  consequence  than  the  others. 
Originally  published  in  1820,  the  book  has  been  brought  down  to 
modern  times  by  the  concluding  chapter  of  the  last  edition.  The 
author's  sympathies  are  strongly  Whig. 


De  Lolme,  J,  L. — Tlic  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  English  Constitu- 
tion, with  an  Historical  and  Legal  Introduction,  and  Notes  by 
A.  J.  Stephens.     2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1838. 

Of  the  celebrated  essay  of  De  Lolme  there  have  been  several 
editions,  but  that  of  Ste])hens  is  to  be  preferred.  The  historical 
and  legal  introduction  embraces  the  whole  of  the  first  volume, 
and  has  been  prepared  with  great  care  and  skill.  The  notes  also 
on  the  text  of  I)e  Lolme  have  corrected  certain  errors  of  the 
French  author,  and  hijve  made  such  modifications  as  time  has  ren- 
dered desirable. 

De  Lolme  wrote  nearly  a  century  ago,  and  at  the  present  time 
his  treatise  is  of  value  chiefly  as  a  study  of  com[)arative  politics. 
Strictly  speaking,  the  work  is  an  essay,  and  was  written  for  the 
purj)ose  of  showing  to  the  people  of  France  the  superiority  of  the 
English  constitution  and  government  over  those  then  existing  on 
the  Continent.  The  author  was  a  learned  and  brilliant  writer, 
though  at  times  his  brilliancy  ran  into  a  certain  i)ertness  that  is 
fantastic,  if  not  offensive. 

Tiie  first  three  chapters,  "  The  Causes  of  the  Liberty  of  the 
English  Nation,"  and  the  last  four,  "  Very  Essential  Differences 
between  the  English  Monarchy,  as  a  Monarchy,  and  all  those  with 
which  we  arc  Acquainted,"  will  probably  be  found  of  greatest 
value. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  517 

Smith,  Philip  V. — History  of  Eiigli.>Ii  Institutions.     12mo,  Lon- 
don and  I'hiladclphia,  1874. 

The  object  of  tliis  little  volnmc  is  to  show  tlie  student  tlic  orii;;in 
of  Knj;lisli  local  institutions,  on  the  one  hand,  and  of  the  central 
government  on  the  other.  In  a  word,  it  is  the  history  of  the  evo- 
lution of  the  present  government  out  of  its  original  elements. 

The  subject  is  treated  under  three  general  heads ;  first,  the 
"  Social  Development  of  the  Constitution  ;"  secondly,  "  Constitu- 
ents of  the  Central  Authority ;"  and,  thirdly,  "  Central  Govern- 
ment." Each  of  these  parts  is  subdivided,  and  every  subject  is 
treated  briefly,  but  generally  with  sufficient  fulness  and  clearness. 
If  fault  is  to  be  found  with  the  book,  it  is  that  it  deals  somewhat 
too  exclusively  with  facts  themselves,  and  not  quite  enough  with 
the  meaning  and  relations  of  facts.  With  this  qualifying  remark, 
the  volume  niav  be  commended  without  further  reserve. 


Hearn,  William  Edward.  —  The   Government  of  England,  its 
Structure  and  its  Development,     8vo,  London,  1867. 

The  author  of  this  work  is  professor  of  liistory  and  politic:d 
economy  in  the  L^niversity  of  Melbourne,  and  the  book  was  pre- 
sumably written  for  the  purpose  of  supplying  a  convenient  means 
of  information  on  the  subject  of  the  home  government  to  inquir- 
ers in  Australia. 

Dr.  Ilcarn  advocates  no  particular  political  doctrines.  lie  treats 
the  subject  strictly  from  a  constitutional  and  a  legal  point  of  view. 
The  kingship,  the  cabinet,  the  various  councils  of  the  crown,  the 
systems  of  tenure,  the  growth  and  character  of  Parliament,  and 
the  checks  on  the  various  branches  of  the  government  are  all 
passed  in  review. 

Tiie  metliod  of  treatment,  as  well  as  the  purpose  of  the  autlior, 
renders  it  one  of  the  most  useful  books  on  the  subject  for  a 
foreiijn  student. 


Cox,  Homersham. — The  Institutions  of  the  English  Government ; 
being  an  Account  of  the  Constitution,  Powers,  and  Procedure 
of  its  Legislative,  Judicial,  and   Ailministrativc  Departments, 


518  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

witli  Copious  References  to  Antient  and  Modern  Authorities. 
8vo,  London,  1863. 

The  work  is  divided  into  tliree  books,  each  of  whicli  treats  of 
one  of  the  three  several  branches  of  the  government.  To  the 
student  of  constitutional  forms  each  of  the  parts  will  be  found  to 
be  of  great  importance.  That  portion  which  relates  to  the  modes 
of  procedure  in  Parliament  and  to  the  constitution  of  the  respec- 
tive branches  of  Legislature  is  of  especial  interest. 

The  work  shows  extensive  legal  knowledge  and  unwearying 
industry  in  the  collection  and  marshalling  of  authorities.  If  a 
student  would  master  the  details  of  the  English  governmental 
methods,  he  will  derive  the  greatest  assistance  from  this  work. 
None  but  that  of  Gneist  is  comparable  with  it  in  value.  For  the 
purposes  of  a  general  reader  it  may  be  found  inferior  to  that  of 
Todd,  but  it  is  far  more  learned,  and  better  adapted  to  the  wants 
of  a  special  student. 


Ewald,  Alexander  Charles. — The  Crown  and  its  Advisers ;  or, 
Queen,  Ministers,  Lords,  and  Commons.     12mo,  London,  1870. 

Four  lectures,  delivered  to  audiences  of  conservative  working- 
men  in  London  and  vicinity.  It  was  the  author's  design  to  give 
to  his  hearers  a  knowledge  of  the  leading  characteristics  of  the 
English  constitution.     He  succeeded  admirably. 

The  book  is  strictly  elementary,  dealing  largely  with  the  sim- 
ple, every-day  workings  of  the  government ;  but  on  that  account 
it  serves  its  purpose  all  the  better.  Any  person  in  the  least  inter- 
ested in  political  forms  will  read  the  book  with  pleasure  from 
beginning  to  end.  It  is  one  of  the  best,  if  not  the  very  best,  of 
the  small  books. 


Fonblanque,  Albany  de. — How  wc  are  Governed ;  or,  The  Crown, 
the  Senate,  and  the  Bench.  A  Hand-book  of  the  Constitution, 
Government,  Laws,  and  Towers  of  (Jreat  Britain.  1.3th  cd., 
revised  to  present  date,  and  considerably  enlarged,  by  a  Barris- 
ter.     12mo,  London,  1879. 

One  of  the  most  useful  manuals  for  a  student.     Its  great  pop- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  519 

ularity  in  England  is  well  deserved.  It  is  a  sketch  rather  than 
a  book  of  rc'forcncc.  It  is  more  brilliantly  written  than  that  of 
Ewald,  though  it  is  not  more  informing.  It  tempts  the  reader  to 
the  furlht'r  [)ursiiit  of  information. 


Todd,  Alpheus.  —  Parliamentary  Government  in  England.  Its 
( )rigin,  1  >cvflt)pment,  and  Tractical  Operation.  2  vols.,  8vo, 
London,  1807. 

A  work  of  unquestionable  value  to  one  who  would  study  the 
machinery  of  the  English  government  in  all  its  parts.  Indeed,  for 
giving  an  insight  into  the  practical  affairs  of  the  politics  of  Eng- 
land there  is  no  other  work  of  so  great  value. 

After  a  general  and  historical  introduction  of  nearly  two  hun- 
dred pages,  in  which  the  growth  of  the  government  is  traced,  the 
author  divides  the  subject  into  the  three  natural  divisions,  and 
discusses  each  of  them,  both  historically  and  constitutionally.  The 
work  happily  combines  a  discussion  of  principles  with  a  description 
of  methods,  though  it  must  be  admitted  that  the  author's  Tory 
sympathies  occasionally  lead  him  to  obtrude  opinions  which  a  more 
judicious  historian  would  keep  out  of  view.  The  book  deals  less 
with  civil  affairs  than  does  the  great  work  of  Cox ;  but  in  strictly 
political  matters  it  will  be  found  by  most  students  to  be  more 
satisfactory.  

Palgrave,  Reginald  F.  D. — The  House  of  Commons.  Illustra- 
tions of  its  History  and  Practice.     12mo,  London,  1878. 

An  entertaining  and  useful  little  book,  by  one  of  the  oflRcers  of 
the  House  of  Commons.  It  is  a  series  of  descriptions  and  discus- 
sions thrown  together  for  the  purpose  of  making  English  people 
more  familiar  with  the  methods  of  that  great  legislative  body 
which  virtually  rules  so  large  a  part  of  the  globe. 

It  abounds  in  sketches  and  incidents,  and  its  literary  workman- 
ship is  of  a  liigh  order  of  merit. 


Jennings,  George  Henry. — An  Anecdotical  History  of  the  British 
Parliament,  from  the  Earliest  Periods  to  the  Present  Time. 


520  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

With  Notices  of  Eminent  Parliamentary  Men,  and  Examples  of 
tlieir  Oratory.     8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1881. 

This  production  is  in  no  sense  a  history,  but  is  rather  a  collec- 
tion of  anecdotes,  extending  in  its  scope  from  the  rise  of  Parlia- 
mentary institutions  down  to  the  present  day. 

The  anecdotes  are  arranged  in  chronological  order.  A  few  of 
them  are  bright,  but  by  far  the  greater  number  are  very  dull. 
Few  persons  will  find  themselves  able  to  read  the  volume  from 
beginning  to  end ;  but  those  who  do  "will  find  here  and  there  a 
passage  that  will  afford  temporary  relief  in  what,  as  a  whole,  must 
be  a  tedious  process. 


Cooke,  George  Wingrove. — History  of  Party,  from  the  Rise  of 
the  AVhig  and  Tory  Factions,  in  the  Reign  of  Charles  II.,  to 
the  Passing  of  the  Reform  Bill.    3  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1836-37. 

A  book  that  is  strongly  Whig  in  its  sympathies,  and  one  that 
makes  no  pretensions  to  impartiality.  The  author  speaks  freely 
of  the  "intrigues"  of  the  Tories,  and  of  the  "liberal  policy"  of 
the  AVhigs.  But  in  spite  of  the  manifest  and  strong  prejudices 
of  the  author,  the  book  is  of  value  for  its  able  presentations  of 
the  questions  at  issue  at  different  times  in  the  past  two  centuries. 
It  should  be  studied  in  connection  with  the  works  of  Bolingbrokc 
and  Disraeli. 

The  first  volume  covers  the  ground  from  1666  to  1V14;  the 
second,  from  1714  to  1762  ;  the  third,  from  1762  to  1832. 


Disraeli,  B,  (Lord  Beaconsfield). — Vindication  of  the  English 
Constitution.     8vo,  London,  1835. 

The  purpose  of  the  author  in  this  volume  was  to  show,  first, 
that  the  nature  of  the  English  government  was  essentially  Tory; 
second,  that  the  Tory  party  is  democratic  in  character;  and, 
third,  that  the  tendency  of  Whiggism  is  to  the  establishment  of 
an  oligarchy. 

The  views  here  presented  and  urged  are  essentially  the  same 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  521 

as  those  advanced  in  Disraeli's  *'  Life  of  Lord  George  Bentinck," 
and  also  in  liis  novels  of  "  Coninifsby  "  and  "  Sybil."  Next  to  the 
wiitinj^s  of  JJolingbrokc,  these  works  present  the  most  cogent  ar- 
gument for  Toryism  easily  accessible. 


Cox,  Homersham. — Whig  and  Tory  Administrations  during  the 
last  Tiiirteen  Years.     8vo,  London,  1868. 

A  liberal  politician's  view  of  affairs  since  the  accession  of  Lord 
Palmerston  in  1855.  The  book  has  a  strong  coloring  of  partv 
bias.  But  the  severe  criticisms  of  the  author  abound  in  evi- 
dences of  honesty  as  well  as  of  ability  and  of  zeal.  It  is  one  of  the 
most  powerful  arraignments  of  the  Conservative  partv,  and  as 
such  it  mav  well  receive  the  student's  attention. 


Amos,  Sheldon.— Fifty  Years  of  the  English  Constitution,  1830- 
80.      12nio,  London  and  Boston,  1880. 

Since  1830  the  unwritten  constitution  of  Great  Britain  has 
been  slowly  changing.  The  great  Reform  Bill  of  1832  brought 
into  operation  forces  which  have  been  showing  their  power  from 
that  day  to  this.  The  author  of  this  volume  is  one  of  the  most 
capable  exponents  of  this  silent  revolution.  The  work  is  not 
marked  by  that  keen  insight  into  the  hidden  characteristics  of 
affairs  which  we  so  much  admire  in  Bagehot,  but  it  has  succeeded 
admirably  in  placing  before  the  eyes  of  its  readers  a  picture  of 
the  slow  transformations  that  have  taken  place. 


Bagehot,  Walter.— The  English   Constitution.     12mo,  London 
and  lioslon,  1873. 

A  series  of  essays  on  the  various  branches  and  functions  of  the 
English  government.  It  is  the  most  brilliant  political  work  that 
has  appeared  in  Europe  in  many  years ;  the  most  brilliant  that 
has  appeared  in  England  since  the  death  of  Burke.     It  should  be 


522  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

thoughtfully  studied  by  every  student  of  political  forms  and 
methods, 

Bao^eliot's  leading  characteristic  is  not  so  much  that  he  de- 
scribes the  English  government  as  that  he  penetrates  beyond  its 
forms  and  examines  the  essence  and  significance  of  whatever  part 
of  it  he  has  in  hand.  To  a  student,  therefore,  who  already  knows 
something  of  the  organization  of  the  government,  Bagehot  is 
likely  to  be  the  most  suggestive  and  awakening  of  all  writers. 
The  work  is  so  free  from  all  controversial  spirit  that  it  is  not 
easy  to  decide  from  it  whether  the  author  ranks  himself  as  a  Lib- 
eral or  as  a  Conservative.  While  he  admires  the  English  govern- 
ment as  a  whole,  he  does  not  hesitate  to  criticise  it  sharply  wherev- 
er he  finds  a  weak  point.  Another  feature  of  the  volume  is  in  the 
frequent  comparisons  into  which  the  author  enters  of  the  results 
of  English  methods,  and  of  the  results  of  other  methods  else- 
where. These  comparisons  may  not  always  be  accepted  as  en- 
tirely just,  but  they  are  always  suggestive  and  never  common- 
place. 

The  author's  style  is  exceedingly  vivacious,  and  therefore  the 
book  is  as  interesting  as  it  is  valuable. 


Merewether,  H.  A.,  and  Stephens,  A.  J.  —  The  History  of  the 
])oroughs  and  Municipal  Corporations  in  the  United  Kingdom, 
from  the  Earliest  to  the  Present  Time.  3  vols.,  large  8vo, 
London,  1835. 

The  great  authority  on  the  English  system  of  local  govern- 
ment. The  minuteness  with  which  various  peculiarities  are  de- 
scribed and  various  questions  discussed  enables  the  student  gen- 
erally to  got  from  the  work  any  information  he  may  desire  con- 
cerning the  general  subject  of  which  the  volumes  treat. 


Argyll,  The  Duke  of. — The  Eastern  Question,  from  the  Treaty  of 
Paris  in  185G  to  the  Treaty  of  Berlin  in  1878,  and  to  the  Sec- 
ond Afghan  War.     2  vols.,  12mo,  London,  1879. 

The  sketch  of  the  Eastern  Question  here  presented  is  almost 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  523 

entirely  made  up  of  official  documents.  These,  however,  are 
bound  together  by  connectins^f  threads  in  such  a  way  as  to  make 
an  eminently  readable  narrative. 

The  point  of  view  is  that  of  an  energetic  opponent  of  the  Bea- 
consfield  policy.  The  author  holds  tliat  England,  having  taken 
a'pmininont  part  in  the  settlement  of  the  Eastern  Question,  by 
the  Treaty  of  1850,  was  morally  bound  to  make  her  influence  felt 
in  the  adjustment  of  those  difficulties  which  brought  on  the  late 
war.  In  his  opinion,  it  was  "the  duty  of  England  to  join  the 
other  powers  in  acting  upon  the  moral  obligations  they  had  in- 
curred in  the  Treaty  of  1856,"  and  that  "  the  uncertain  sound 
given  upon  this  subject  at  the  beginning  of  the  contest  was  a  fatal 
mistake."  It  is  his  opinion  that  if  England  had  united  with  the 
other  powers  in  the  Berlin  Memorandum,  and  had  been  ready 
to  act  promptly  in  case  of  its  rejection,  a  far  better  result  would 
have  been  secured. 

The  history  of  the  Turkish  Question,  ending  with  the  chapter 
on  "The  Congress  and  the  Treaty  of  Berlin,"  extends  to  about 
the  middle  of  the  second  volume.  The  last  five  chapters  are  de- 
voted to  a  discussion,  in  similar  spirit,  of  the  English  policy  in 
Afghanistan. 


De  Worms,  Baron  Henry.— ]:ngland's  Policy  in  the  East.  An 
Account  of  the  I'olicy  and  Interest  of  England  in  the  Eastern 
Question  as  Compared  with  those  of  other  European  Powers. 
8vo,  Gth  ed.,  London,  18V8. 

This  work,  prepared  by  a  government  officer  who  lias  been 
much  in  the  East,  had,  until  the  appearance  of  the  work  of  Argyll, 
unique  value.  It  presents  the  English  case  in  a  strong  light,  and 
is  a  convenient  work  of  reference  in  the  study  of  Eastern  politics. 
The  volume  has  valuable  tables  and  maps,  and  an  appendix  con- 
tains copies  of  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  the  Andrassy  Note,  the  Berlin 
Memorandum,  the  Derby  Despatches,  and  the  Treaties  of  1856 
and  1871. 


Martin,  Montgomery. — The  Progress  and  Present  State  of  Brit- 
ish India.      A  Manual  for  General  Use,  based  on  Official  Docu- 


524  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

ments  furnislied  under  the  Authority  of  Her  Majesty's  Secre- 
tary of  State  for  India.     12ino,  London,  1862. 

A  digest  of  the  principal  facts  that  distinguished  the  condition 
of  India  at  the  time  the  book  was  written.  It  is  an  admirable 
little  volume  for  one  who  would  get  an  idea  of  the  greatness  and 
importance  of  India  without  the  inconvenience  of  reading  one  of 
the  elaborate  works. 

The  author  shows  that  great  wrongs  have  been  perpetrated, 
but  also  that  the  government,  as  a  whole,  is  slowly  but  constantly 
improving,  and  that  it  has  greatly  ameliorated  the  condition  of 
the  native  population. 

Rogers,  James  E.  Thorold.— A  History  of  Agriculture  and  Prices 
in  England,  from  the  Year  after  the  Oxford  Parliament  (1259) 
to  the  Commencement  of  the  Continental  "War  (1793).  Com- 
piled entirely  from  original  and  contemporaneous  records.  6 
vols.,  large  8vo,  London,  1866,  Also  Six  Centuries  of  Work 
and  Wages,  2  vols.,  London  ;  1  vol..  New  York,  1884.  A  very 
valuable  general  survey. 

No  other  work  gives  so  full  and  satisfactory  an  account  of  the 
condition  of  the  people  of  England  in  the  Middle  Ages  as  this. 
Though  the  author's  design,  as  expressed  in  the  title,  is  to  bring 
the  work  down  to  the  present  day,  the  two  volumes  already  pub- 
lished are  devoted  to  the  years  prior  to  A.D.  1400. 

The  first  volume  is  made  up  of  discussions  and  descriptions 
founded  on  the  author's  tireless  investigations.  The  second  is 
devoted  to  tables  and  statistics,  gathered  from  all  conceivable 
sources,  for  the  purpose  of  showing  the  prices  that  prevailed  dur- 
ing the  thirteenth  and  fourteenth  eentuiies. 

The  author's  well-known  eminence  as  a  political  economist  en- 
titles his  opinions  to  great  weight,  especially  when,  as  in  this  in- 
stance, they  are  founded  on  careful  and  long-continned  investigations. 

Some  of  the  chapters  in  the  first  volume  are  invaluable.  As 
especially  worthy  of  note  may  be  mentioned  the  chapters  on 
"  Social  Distinctions  and  the  General  Distribution  of  Wealth," 
"  Mediaeval  Justice  and  Courts,"  '*  Taxes  and  Contributions," 
♦'Averages  of  Prices,"  "The  Price  of  Labor,"  "The  Price  of 
Live-stock,"  and  "The  Purchasing  Power  of  Wages." 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  525 

Nicholls,  Sir  George. — A  History  uf  tlie  Enijlish  Poor  L:i\v  in 
coniK'ctiini  with  tliu  Loffislatioii  and  other  Circuinstaiices  Af- 
fecting the  Condiliun  of  tlio  IVoplc.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Loiuhm, 
1854.  Also,  A  llisttJiv  of  the  Scotch  Poor  Law,  and  A  His- 
tory of  the  Irish  I'oor  Law.     2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1850. 

The  author  for  many  years  held  the  responsible  position  of 
Poor-law  Commissioner.  In  this  office  he  had  extended  obser- 
vation and  experience.  These  he  has  turned  to  advantage  in  tlie 
preparation  of  his  works,  though  it  cannot  be  said  that  the  result 
has  been  altogether  satisfactory.  The  works  are  too  narrow  in 
their  scope,  in  that  they  are  a  history  of  I'oor  Laws  rather  than  a 
history  of  the  poor.  A  long  series  of  legislative  acts,  tests,  penal- 
ties, and  modes  of  relief  are  given  ;  but  how  the  masses  of  the 
people  were  affected  by  them  is  not  made  very  clear. 

In  the  treatment  of  the  Poor  Laws  of  Ireland  and  Scotland  the 
work  is  more  satisfactory.  The  real  condition  of  the  poor  is  de- 
scribed, not  iiidecd  with  skill,  bat  at  least  with  some  effectiveness. 


Jardine,  David.— Criminal  Trials.     2  vols.,  lOmo,  London,  1832. 

These  little  volumes,  forming  a  part  of  the  "  Library  of  Enter- 
taining Knowledge,"  are  of  unusual  value  for  the  light  they  tlirow 
on  the  metliods  of  judicial  procedure  in  England  in  the  seven- 
teenth century.  Of  especial  importance  is  the  introductory  es- 
say on  the  general  subject  of  criminal  trials  before  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  body  of  the  first  volume  contains  accounts  of  twelve 
noted  trials,  from  that  of  Sir  Nicholas  Throckmorton  to  that  of 
Sir  AValter  Raleigh.  The  second  volume  is  dcA'otcd  cxclusivelv 
to  a  study  of  the  Gunpowder  Plot. 


Fuller,  Thomas. — The  Church  History  of  Britain  from  the  IJirth 
of  .lesus  Christ  until  the  Year  10-48.  A  new  edition  with  the 
Author's  corrections.     0  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1845. 

No  writer  of  English  prose  lias  been  a  greater  favorite  with  a 
certain  class  of  literarv  men  than  Thomas  Fuller.    Coleridge  wrote 


526  HISTORICAL   LITEKATUKE. 

of  him,  "  Next  to  Shakespeare,  I  am  not  certain  whether  Thomas 
Fuller,  bevond  all  other  writers,  does  not  excite  in  me  the  sense 
and  emotion  of  the  marvellous.  .  .  .  You  will  scarcely  find  a  page 
in  which  some  one  sentence  out  of  every  three  does  not  deserve 
to  be  quoted  by  itself,  as  motto  or  as  maxim." 

This  praise,  though  altogether  extravagant,  describes  the  quality 
of  the  book.  It  is  especially  a  subjective  history ;  but  it  is  per- 
meated with  a  candid  and  liberal  spirit.  Though  Fuller  was  a 
firm  supporter  of  the  national  Church  and  of  the  king,  yet  he 
made  an  honest  endeavor  to  reconcile  contending  factions,  and  to 
soften  the  bitterness  of  ecclesiastical  controversy. 


Blackstone,  Sir  William. — Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  Eng- 
land, in  Four  Books ;  with  an  Analysis  of  the  "Work.  Edited 
by  Thomas  M.  Coolcy.     2  vols.,  large  8vo,  Chicago,  1876. 

The  grace,  clearness,  and  dignity  of  style  in  whicli  Blackstone 
wrote  have  made  his  work  a  favorite  text-book  with  young  law- 
yers for  somewhat  more  than  a  century.  But  its  popularity  has 
been  far  greater  than  its  intrinsic  merits  alone  would  have  justi- 
fied. Blackstone  was  not  a  profound  historical  scholar;  and  ho 
wrote  at  a  period  before  the  investigation  of  sources  had  taught 
students  what  to  accept  and  what  to  reject.  It  is  not  singular, 
therefore,  that  many  of  his  statements  of  fact  have  been  shown 
to  be  erroneous,  and  that  some  of  his  conclusions  have  been  over- 
thrown. 

The  author's  legal  opinions  are  probably  entitled  to  much  more 
respect  than  his  historical  knowledge,  though  on  this  point  there 
has  been  some  disagreement  among  the  best  judges ;  but,  liow- 
ever  this  may  be,  as  an  historical  authority  liis  "Commentaries" 
are  of  verv  little  value. 


Forsyth,  William.  —  History   of  Trial   by  Jury.     8vo,  London, 
1.S52  ;  also,  edited  by  J.  A.  Morgan,  Chicago,  1875. 

Not  only  a  very  useful  sketch  of  the  origin  and  growth  of  the 
system  of  trial  by  jury,  but  also  a  good  comparative  view  of 
methods  of  trial  in  different  countries. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  r,27 

After  dcscril)iii£i;  tlie  nature  of  tlic  jury  system  and  explaining 
the  several  theories  concerniuo;  its  orit^in,  the  author  discusses  the 
primitive  tribunals  of  Scandinavia  and  Germany,  and  points  out 
the  way  iti  which  the  English  system  was  evolved  from  germs 
brought  from  the  Continent.  The  view  is  held  that  tlic  origin 
of  the  system  cannot  properly  be  referred  to  a  period  earlier  than 
the  reign  of  Henry  II.  Earlier  methods  of  trial  not  only  in  Eng- 
land, but  on  the  Continent,  are  carefully  analyzed  for  the  purpose 
of  showing  that  they  nowhere  presented  the  essential  charac- 
teristics of  tlic  modern  jury. 

Not  the  least  interesting  portion  of  the  volume  are  those  chap- 
ters devoted  to  a  comparative  view  of  the  jury  systems  of  Scot- 
land, America,  France,  Germany,  and  other  parts  of  Europe,  The 
work  at  all  points  is  able  and  learned,  and  is  fully  entitled  to 
the  recognition  it  has  received. 


Escott,  T.  H.  S.  — England:    her   People,  Polity,  and   Pursuits. 
2  vols.,  Svo,  London  ;   1  vol.,  8vo,  New  York,  1880. 

This  admirable  work  is  designed  to  present  to  the  reader  a 
faithful  and  complete  picture  of  the  England  of  the  present  day. 
In  the  preparation  of  the  materials  for  his  book,  the  author  visited 
nearly  all  parts  of  the  country  and  conversed  with  all  classes  of 
people. 

The  titles  of  some  of  the  most  important  of  the  chapters  will 
convey  an  adequate  idea  of  the  nature  of  the  work.  Some  of 
these  are  :  "  The  English  Village ;"  "  Great  Landlords  and  Estate- 
management  ;"  "  Municipal  Government ;"  "  Commercial  and 
Fiiianeial  England  ;"  "  The  Working  Classes  ;"  "  Pauperism  and 
Tlirift ;"  "  Co-operation  ;"  "  Criminal  England  ;"  "  Educational 
England  ;"  "  The  Structure  of  English  Society  ;"  "  Crown  and 
Crowd;"  "Official  England;"  "The  House  of  Commons  ;"  "The 
House  of  Lords  ;"  "  The  Law  Courts  ;"  "  Religious  England  ;" 
"Popular  Amusements;"  "Professional  England;"  and  "Impe- 
rial England." 

The  descriptions  and  discussions  are  carried  on  in  a  manner  at 
once  philosophical  and  attractive.  The  work  gives  a  iKar  insight 
into  the  fundamental  ideas  and  the  methods  of  English  society, 


528  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

and  it  may  be  studied  with  equal  interest  and  profit  by  every 
intelligent  person  at  all  interested  in  English  affairs. 


Creasy,  Sir  Edward. — The  Imperial  and  Colonial  Constitutions 
of  the  Britannic  Empire,  including  Indian  Institutions.  8vo, 
London,  1872. 

This  admirable  work  gives  a  very  complete  and  satisfactory 
account  of  the  vast  colonial  possessions  of  the  British  Empire. 

The  various  forms  of  government  and  administration  are  de- 
scribed in  sufficient  detail,  and  the  volume  is  accompanied  with 
excellent  maps,  showing  all  the  colonies  and  provinces.  From  no 
other  work  can  the  student  get  so  good  an  idea  of  the  vastness, 
and,  at  the  same  time,  of  the  general  liberality  and  excellence,  of 
the  methods  of  administration  in  the  various  parts  of  the  empire. 


Todd,  Alpheus. — Parliamentary  Government  in  the  British  Col- 
onies.    Svo,  Boston,  1880. 

This  volume  may  be  regarded  as  in  some  sense  a  continuation 
of  the  work  on  "  Parliamentary  Government  in  England,"  which 
has  made  the  author's  name  so  well  known.  It  was  written  prima- 
rily for  the  use  of  Canadian  readers,  but  it  is  well  adapted  to 
the  use  of  all  students  who  would  make  themselves  familiar  with 
the  recent  development  of  English  political  methods.  It  is  not 
quite  so  readable  a  volume  as  the  work  on  the  same  general  sub- 
ject by  Sir  Edward  Creasy ;  but  what  it  loses  on  this  account  it 
fully  makes  up  by  its  more  philosophical  methods  of  treatment. 


IV.    SUGGESTIONS    TO    STUDENTS    AND   RE-VDEKS. 

1.  Green's  "  History  of  the  English  People,"  for  general  use, 
is  superior  to  all  others.  Tiiis  author's  "  Short  History"  may  be 
preferred  by  a  few  students,  but  for  most  persons  the  work  in  four 
volumes  is  better.     Bright  is  better  adapted  to  certain  uicthods  of 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  529 

instruction  in  ;i  class-room  tlian  Green,  though  much  less  inter- 
esting to  the  general  reader.  Brewer's  edition  of  "The  Student's 
Hume"  is  also  a  book  of  many  excellences,  among  which  are  the 
reprints  of  important  historical  (hjcuments.  Next  to  Green  in  im- 
portance is  Knight,  and  next  to  Knight,  Lingard.  On  the  growth 
and  characteristics  of  the  Knglish  gcnernmcnt  Creasy's  is  the  best 
of  the  small  books.  Taswell-Langmcad's  is  a  larger  book,  found- 
ed on  the  most  recent  authorities.  More  purely  descriptive  of 
the  present  methods  of  the  government  are  the  books  of  Fon- 
blancjuo,  Ewald,  and  Iloani.  Modern  life  in  England,  in  its  vari- 
ous phases,  is  well  described  in  Escott's  "  England."  Bagehot's 
"  E^nglish  Constitution  "  is  the  most  brilliant  discussion  of  actual 
English  political  methods. 

2.  In  connection  with  Green,  Lingard  may  be  profitably  read, 
for  the  views  of  a  scholarly  Koman  Catholic.  The  popularity  of 
"  Hume  "  has  an  astonishing  vitality  ;  but  this  is  owing  to  the 
literary  rather  than  to  the  historical  value  of  the  work.  The 
controversy  concerning  Mary  Queen  of  Scots  is  most  ably  conduct- 
ed on  the  one  side  by  Mignet,  on  the  other  by  Ilosack.  The  queen's 
most  ardent  advocates,  however,  arc  Tytler  and  Miss  Strickland, 
while  her  most  pronounced  accusers  are  Hume  and  Froude. 

On  the  course  of  the  Reformation  in  England,  Hiiusser's  is 
perhaps  the  best  brief  account;  Geikie  is  somewhat  fuller,  and  is 
excellent.  The  revolution  in  the  seventeenth  century  should  be 
studied  in  the  works  of  Gardiner  and  Guizot.  These  may  be 
followed  in  order  by  Macaulay,  Stanhope,  Mahon,  and  either  Wal- 
pole  or  McCarthy.  The  great  works  on  the  "  Constitutional 
History  of  England"  are  tho.se  of  Stubbs,  Ilallam,  and  May. 
Stubbs  treats  of  the  subject  during  the  formative  })criod,  from 
the  earliest  times  to  the  accession  of  the  Tudors;  Ilallam,  during 
the  period  of  struggle,  from  Henry  VII.  to  George  HI. ;  and  May, 
during  the  period  of  development,  from  George  III.  to  the  pres- 
ent time.  For  the  most  complete  descriptions  of  governmental 
methods,  Todd's  "Parliamentary  Government"  and  Cox's  "In- 
stitutions "  arc  the  authorities.  Bagehot  is  unrivalled  for  the 
suggestiveness  of  his  commentaries  on  the  present  workings  of 
the  government.  For  the  purpose  of  teaching  the  real  spirit  of 
English  institutions,  his  little  book  is  worth  a  score  of  others. 

3.  For  the  more  thorough  study  of  English  history  there  arc 

34 


530  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

certain  catalogues  and  serial  publications  that  are  of  the  greatest 
importance  to  the  student.  Among  these  the  following  are  per- 
haps most  worthy  of  note : 

Sir  Thomas  D.  Hardy,  in  1862-71,  published  an  invaluable 
work  in  three  volumes,  entitled  "  Descriptive  Catalogue  of  Ma- 
terials relating  to  the  History  of  Great  Britain  aiid  Ireland." 
It  furnishes  a  detailed  critical  account  of  the  printed  and  un- 
printed  sources  of  English  history,  from  the  earliest  times  down 
to  the  accession  of  Edward  III.,  and  is  by  far  the  most  important 
of  all  works  on  the  subject.  If  this  masterpiece  of  historical  bib- 
liography is  not  at  hand,  adequate  accounts  of  early  writers  on 
historical  subjects  may  generally  be  found  in  Wright's  "  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica  Litcraria,"  and  in  Morley's  "English  Writers." 

Sir  Henry  Ellis,  in  1824-46,  published  three  series  of  histori- 
cal letters  of  much  value.  The  first  series,  in  three  volumes, 
embraces  a  collection  extending  from  Henry  V.  to  the  end  of 
Elizabeth's  reign  ;  the  second  series,  in  four  volumes,  from  the 
outbreak  of  Glendower's  Rebellion  to  the  reign  of  George  II. ; 
the  third  series,  also  in  four  volumes,  from  the  time  of  Lanfranc 
to  the  reign  of  George  III. 

In  1857,  on  the  recommendation  of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls, 
the  Lords  Commissioners  of  the  Treasury  determined  upon  the 
publication  of  a  series  to  be  known  as  "  Chronicles  and  Memo- 
rials of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  from  the  Invasion  by  the  Ro- 
mans to  the  Reign  of  Henry  VIII."  The  conditions  of  publica- 
tion were  such  as  to  contribute  greatly  to  the  usefulness  of  the 
works.  Three  important  rules  for  the  guidance  of  editors  were 
adopted.  First,  the  works  selected  were  to  be  published  without 
mutilation  or  abridgment ;  second,  the  text  adopted  should  bo 
founded  on  a  careful  collation  of  the  best  manuscripts ;  and,  third, 
each  paper  should  be  preceded  by  an  account  of  the  manuscripts 
used,  a  notice  of  the  era  in  which  the  author  wrote,  and  an  expla- 
nation of  all  chronological  difficulties.  These  conditions  have 
brought  to  the  work  of  editing  some  of  the  most  eminent  histor- 
ical talent  in  the  realm.  This  series,  popularly  known  as  the 
"  Rolls  Series,"  contains  many  volumes,  each  of  which  has  been 
edited  by  an  eminent  specialist.  The  prefaces  arc  of  the  greatest 
importance,  often  representing  an  amount  of  special  knowledge 
possessed  by  no  other  person  than  the  editor. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND,  531 

Unlil  after  tlic  Rcstonition,  all  papers  with  respect  to  negotia- 
tions of  State  were  kept  carefully  secluded  from  men  of  letters. 
Four  treaties  were  ordered  published  by  Charles  II.,  and  on  the 
recommendation  of  the  ministry,  at  a  somewhat  later  period, 
Thomas  llymer,  in  his  capacity  as  historiographer  royal,  was  di- 
rected to  transcribe  and  publish  "  all  the  leagues,  treaties,  alli- 
ances, capitulations,  and  confederacies"  which,  up  to  that  time, had 
been  made  between  England  and  the  other  powers  of  the  world. 
The  result  of  this  commission  was  the  series  of  volumes  known 
as  "  Rymer's  Fu'dera,''  published  first  in  the  early  part  of  the 
eighteenth  century,  but  republished  in  a  better  edition  at  the 
Hague  in  1737-45.  A  complete  account  of  the  contents  of  the 
series  may  be  found  in  Hardy's  "  Catalogue." 

"What  arc  commonly  known  as  the  "Rolls  of  Parliament"  are 
six  folio  volumes,  published  by  the  government  in  1767,  and  de- 
voted to  the  period  extending  from  the  reign  of  Edward  I.  to  that 
of  Henry  VII.  They  form  the  most  valuable  and  authentic 
source  of  information  on  the  constitutional  and  parliamentary 
liistory  of  the  country.  A  general  index  of  the  volumes  was  pub- 
lished in  1832. 

In  1855  the  Lords  of  the  Treasury,  on  the  suggestion  of  the 
Master  of  the  Rolls,  gave  orders  for  the  preparation  and  publica- 
tion of  a  series  of  indexes,  or,  as  they  were  known,  "  Calendars 
of  State-Papers,"  intended  ultimately  to  cover  the  several  divis- 
ions under  which  the  records  are  classified — Domestic,  Foreign, 
Colonial,  and  Irish.  Thus  the  contents  of  the  vast  stores  of  doc- 
uments preserved  in  the  British  archives  are  to  be  placed  before 
the  literary  world.  The  number  of  volumes  already  published 
reaches  nearly  a  hundred,  and  is  rapidly  increasing.  A  complete 
list  is  published  in  Longman's  "  Catalogue  of  Books." 

The  collection  known  as  the  "  Parliamentary  History "  was 
projected  in  the  early  part  of  this  century  by  the  famous  demo- 
cratic leader  William  Cobbett.  It  is  embraced  in  thirty-six  vol- 
umes, and  is  so  well  edited  as  to  supersede  in  importance  most  of 
the  several  collections  made  in  the  last  century.  The  history 
covers  the  whole  period  from  1066  to  1803.  The  index  is  in  a 
separate  volume. 

The  work  begun  by  Cobbett  has  been  continued  in  the  series 
known  as  "  Parliamentary  Debates,"  often  called,  from  the  name 


532  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

of  the  editor  and  printer,  "  Hansard's  Debates."  They  form  a 
complete  record  of  parliamentary  proceedings  since  1803,  and 
already  number  about  three  hundred  volumes.  There  are  two 
indexes,  covering  the  portions  before  1830,  since  which  time  there 
is  a  separate  index  for  each  session  of  Parliament. 

AH  the  above  works  have  been  supplemented  during  this  cen- 
tury by  the  publication  of  the  "  Journals  of  the  House  of  Lords," 
beginning  with  the  year  1509,  and  the  "Journals  of  the  House 
of  Commons,"  since  the  year  1547.  Each  of  the  volumes  has  a 
separate  index. 

The  series  of  twelve  quarto  volumes  known  as  the  "  Harleian 
Miscellany  "  contains  a  vast  number  of  papers  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance, on  almost  every  subject  of  modern  history.  But  the 
papers  are  arranged  without  system,  and  no  index  has  yet  been 
prepared.  A  list  of  the  contents  is  published  in  the  "  Catalogue 
of  the  Boston  Athenteum." 

Of  the  papers  printed  by  the  learned  societies,  many  possess 
not  a  little  interest  and  importance,  though  by  far  the  greater 
number  are  of  purely  local  and  antiquarian  interest.  The  names 
of  these  societies,  the  purposes  for  which  they  were  severally  or- 
ganized, and  complete  lists  of  the  publications  they  contain  may 
be  found  in  the  first  volume  of  Hardy's  "  Catalogue."  The  Cam- 
den Society,  one  of  the  most  important,  has  an  excellent  catalogue 
descriptive  of  all  the  publications  of  the  society  down  to  1872. 
The  Early  English  Text  Society  is  one  of  the  most  important,  as 
its  list  of  publications  contains  many  works  never  before  printed, 
some  of  them  possessing  much  value  for  the  historical  student. 
The  papers  arc  generally  edited  with  praiseworthy  ability  and  care. 

On  the  history  of  special  phases  of  English  progress  and  civili- 
zation a  number  of  works  arc  noteworthy. 

A  clew  to  the  leading  authorities  on  ecclesiastical  and  university 
l)istory  may  be  attained  in  Le  Neve's  "  Fasti  P^cclesiju  Anglicana; ; 
or,  Calendar  of  the  Principal  Dignitaries  in  England  and  Wales, 
and  of  the  Chief  Oflicers  of  the  Universities  of  Oxford  and  Cam- 
bridge, from  the  I-ilarliest  Times  to  the  Year  1715.  Corrected 
and  continued  to  the  present  time  by  T.  Duffus  Hardy,"  3  vols., 
8vo,  London,  1854. 

The  "  Athen.'c  Oxonienses  "  of  Anthony  Wood  is  a  valuable 
collection  of  biographies  of  eminent  persons  educated  at  Oxford. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  533 

It  was  first  publislic'd  in  IGOl,  and  lias  acquired  a  fame  perliaps 
sonicwliat  exceeding  its  deserts. 

Fuller's  "History  of  the  Wortliies  of  England"  is  a  book  tliat 
will  not  only  give  miicli  knowledge  of  early  ilnglish  life,  but,  by 
reason  of  the  remarkable  qualities  of  the  author's  wit,  will  afford 
unfailing  entertainment. 

Macplicrson's  "  Aimals  of  Commerce,  Manufactories,  Fisheries, 
and  Navigation  "  was  published  in  1805,  in  4  vols.,  4to,  and  was  in- 
tended to  give  a  history  of  the  intercourse  of  England  with  other 
nations,  from  the  earliest  times  down  to  tlie  beginning  of  the 
present  century.  "  The  Progress  of  the  Nation,"  by  R.  G.  Porter, 
carries  on  the  narrative  down  to  the  date  of  publication  of  tlic 
third  edition,  in  1851,  A  more  philosophic  and  successful  pres- 
entation of  the  same  subject  is  that  in  Levi's  "  Ilistory  of  British 
Commerce  and  of  the  Economic  Progress  of  the  Nation."  It  is 
in  one  volume,  and  covers  the  period  from  1763  to  1878. 

The  naval  history  of  Great  Britain  is  best  described  in  the  work 
by  William  James.  A  new  and  improved  edition,  in  six  volumes, 
appeared  in  1878,  in  which  the  accounts  of  the  growth  of  the  navy, 
the  changes  in  the  methods  of  naval  warfare,  and  the  improve- 
ments in  vessels  of  war  and  in  artillery  arc  continued  down  to 
the  battle  of  Navarino,  in  1827. 

Of  the  numerous  histories  of  English  literature,  a  few  arc  so 
important  as  to  deserve  mention. 

Thomas  "NVarton's  "Ilistory  of  English  Poetry,  from  the  Close 
of  the  Eleventh  to  the  Commencement  of  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury," is  a  very  curious  and  valuable  work.  It  has  had  the  rep- 
utation of  a  classic  ever  since  its  first  publication,  in  1774. 
The  best  edition  is  that  in  4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1871.  Henry 
Morley's  "  English  Writers  "  is  the  most  exhaustive  description 
of  the  earliest  literature  of  the  language,  but  the  two  volumes 
published  bring  the  wurk  down  only  to  Dunbar.  George  L. 
Craik's  "  Compendious  Ilistory  of  English  Literature  and  of  the 
English  Language  "  is  the  production  of  a  ripe  scholar  and  a 
specialist;  but  it  everywhere  shows  solid  rather  than  brilliant 
qualities.  The  second  volume  ends  with  a  chapter  on  the  general 
character  of  the  Victorian  literature.  Of  the  manuals  of  English 
literature  in  a  single  volume,  that  of  Morley  and  Tyler  and  that 
of  Shaw  are  the  most  valuable.     J.  Pavne  Collier's  "  Historv  of 


634  HISTORICAL  LITER ATUEE. 

English  Dramatic  Poetry  to  the  Time  of  Shakespeare,  and  Annals 
of  the  Stage  to  the  Restoration  "  is  a  work  of  much  renown,  and 
abounds  in  minute  and  curious  information.  A  new  and  much  im- 
proved edition  in  three  vols.,  large  8vo,  appeared  in  London,  1879. 
Adolphus  William  Ward's  "  History  of  Dramatic  Literature  to  the 
Death  of  Queen  Anne"  deals  with  the  subject  from  a  literary 
rather  than  an  antiquarian  point  of  view.  Thomas  Ilumpliiy 
Ward's  "  EngUsh  Poets  :  Selections,  with  Critical  Litroductions 
by  Various  Authors,  and  a  General  Introduction  by  Matthew 
Arnold,"  is  a  delightful  collection  of  the  gems  of  English  poetr}'. 
The  first  volume  covers  the  period  from  Chaucer  to  Donne ;  the 
second,  from  Ben  Jonson  to  Dryden  ;  the  third,  from  Addison  to 
Blake ;  the  fourth,  from  Wordsworth  to  Sydney  Dobell.  H. 
Taine's  "History  of  English  Literature"  is  by  far  the  most  brill- 
iant and  the  most  suggestive  of  the  general  works  on  the  subject. 
The  peculiar  theories  of  the  author  confront  the  reader  at  every 
point;  but  the  brilHancy  of  the  book  is  everywhere  unquestion- 
able. Of  the  numerous  editions,  that  in  4  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
1878,  is  the  best. 

4.  For  a  thorough  study  of  the  constitutional  and  politic«il 
history  of  England,  the  topical  method  is  earnestly  recommended. 
Not  only  does  it  secure  far  more  satisfactory  results,  but  it  has 
the  additional  advantage  of  giving  the  student  an  invaluable 
knowledge  of  the  sources  of  information.  The  following  sugges- 
tions and  references  may  serve  as  a  guide  to  the  student  in  the 
prosecution  of  his  work. 

L  The  Anglo-Saxon  Period. — The  first  thirteen  pages  of 
Stubbs's  "Select  Charters,"  and  chapters  iii.  to  viii.,  especially 
chapters  v,  and  vi.,  of  the  same  author's  "  Constitutional  His- 
tory," are  the  most  important  of  all  authorities  on  the  subject. 
Kemble's  "  Saxons  in  England "  is  also  worthy  of  the  highest 
consideration.  Palgravc's  "  Commonwealth,"  vol.  i.,  chapters  iv. 
and  vii.,  gives  the  most  trustworthy  account  of  the  early  courts. 
For  valuable  illustrated  papers  on  Anglo-Saxon  antiquities  and  ar- 
chitecture, see  Wright's  "  Essays  on  Arclueology,"  vol.  i.,  chap- 
ters vii.  and  ix.  The  same  author's ."  History  of  Domestic  Man- 
ners and  Sentiments,"  chapters  i.-v.,  arc  of  value.  Pearson's 
"  Early  and  Middle  Ages,"  chapters  xvi.-xviii.,  embodies,  in  a 
scholarly  manner,  the  results  of  recent  investigations.     Green's 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  535 

"  Maklnrr  of  England  "  is  the  best  of  all  authorities.  Book  viii. 
of  Turner  will  be  found  to  give  an  interesting  though  not  very 
accurate  account  of  the  early  witenageinots.  The  most  valuable 
part  of  Lappenbcrg  is  vol.  ii.,  part  v.,  in  which  the  origin  of 
titles  uf  nubility,  the  duties  of  nobles,  the  condition  of  freemen, 
slaves,  and  clergy,  may  be  studied  with  advantage.  On  p.  350 
et  seq.  of  the  same  volume  may  be  found  a  brief  and  persjjicuous 
account  of  the  origin  of  guilds  and  of  the  municipal  system  of 
England. 

Ilallain,  in  "  Middle  Ages,"  vol.  ii.,  chapter  viii.,  part  i.,  presents 
a  very  clear  and  concise  account  of  the  most  important  Anglo- 
Sa.xon  institutions.  Especially  worthy  of  remark  is  the  discus- 
sion upon  feudal  tenures  before  the  Conque-st.  On  the  courts, 
notes  v.-viii.  are  entitled  to  particular  consideration.  Though 
llallam  wrote  with  the  most  judicious  care,  the  student  should 
not  forget  that  the  first  edition  of  "The  Middle  Ages"  was  writ- 
ten as  early  as  18IS,  and  that  even  the  very  thorough  and  impor- 
tant revision  of  1848  did  not  embody  the  results  of  the  most  re- 
cent researches. 

Guizot's  "Representative  Government"  is  remarkable  for  the 
clearness  of  the  author's  style  and  the  judicial  habit  of  his  mind. 
The  most  important  characteristic  of  this  history  consists  of  the 
comparisons  frequently  drawn  between  the  various  governments 
of  Europe  in  early  times.  Lectures  ii.-v.  of  part  i.  pertain  espe- 
cially to  this  period. 

Freeman,  in  vol.  i.,  chapter  iii.,  gives  one  of  the  best  accounts 
of  the  origin  and  power  of  the  witenagemot  and  of  the  imperial 
power  of  the  king.  Crcasy's  "  English  Constitution  "  contains  an 
admirable  discussion  of  the  opinions  of  llallam,  Palgrave,  and 
Kemble;  and  for  a  student  who  desires  opinions  and  conclusions, 
rather  than  facts  on  which  to  found  opinions,  it  is  probably  the 
best  of  the  manuals.  Brougham's  "  British  Constitution "  is  a 
work  of  great  ability,  of  considerable  knowledge,  and  of  much 
ignorance.  Of  the  condition  of  the  Anglo-Sa.\on  government, 
Brougham  gives  a  much  too  lugubrious  account;  but  the  intel- 
lectual power  of  the  author  makes  his  pages  always  worthy  of 
consultation.  The  first  part  of  Freeman's  "Growth  of  the  Eng- 
lish Constitution "  embodies  the  opinions  of  one  of  the  most 
careful  students  of  tac  period. 


536 


HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 


Adams's  "  Essays  in  Anglo-Saxon  Law  "  are  of  especial  value 
to  a  student  of  the  legal  phases  of  the  Anglo-Saxon  constitution. 

The  much-disputed  question  concerning  the  permanence  of  Ro- 
man influence  may  be  studied  in  Pearson,  vol.  i.,  pp.  83-103  ;  in  the 
Quarterly  Review,  vol.  cxli.,  pp.  295-301  ;  in  Dr.  Edwin  Guest's 
"  Early  English  Settlements  in  South  Britain  ;"  and  in  Mr.  Coate's 
"The  Romans  in  Britain."  All  these  authorities  hold  to  the 
greater  or  less  permanence  of  Roman  institutions.  On  the  other 
side  of  the  question  arc  ranged  Lappenberg,  Stubbs,  Freeman,  and 
Wright.  On  the  same  subject  Algernon  Herbert's  "Britannia 
after  the  Romans,"  in  2  vols.,  1836-41,  will  throw  some  light, 
though  its  authority  is  not  very  great.  On  the  influence  of  the 
Danish  Conquest,  Worsaac,  in  his  "  Account  of  the  Danes  and  Nor- 
wegians in  England,"  is  the  best  authority,  though  it  seems  prob- 
able that  he  pushes  his  theories  and  conclusions  somewhat  too  far. 

Of  the  historical  literature  on  this  period  an  admirable  account 
is  given  in  Lappenbcrg's  "  Introduction."  Anglo-Saxon  authors 
are  best  described  and  characterized  by  Wright  in  his  "  Bio- 
graphia  Britannica  Literaria."  The  most  valuable  and  accessible 
original  authorities  are  Thorpe's  "  Anglo-Saxon  Laws,"  the  same 
author's  "  Anglo-Saxon  Chronicle,"  and  the  writings  of  Gildas, 
Bede,  Asser,  Ethelward,  Florence  of  W^orcester,  William  of 
Malmesbury,  Geoffrey  of  Monmouth,  and  Ingulph  of  Croyland. 
Translations  of  these  important  original  authorities  have  been 
published  by  Bohn,  and  will  be  found  not  only  valuable,  but  also 
curiously  interesting.  ILirdy's  "Catalogue"  furnishes  a  critical  ac- 
count of  all  the  original  authorities  on  the  period.  Gardiner  and 
Mullinger's  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  English  History  "  also 
contains  excellent  descriptions  and  characterizations. 

II.  The  History  and  the  Influence  of^he  Norman  Con- 
quest.— The  writings  of  Thierry  and  Palgrave  on  the  history  of 
the  Conquest  have  been  practically  superseded  by  the  great  work 
of  Freeman.  The  political  results  of  the  Conquest  arc  nowhere 
else  so  ably  and  exhaustively  treated  as  in  Freeman,  vol.  v.,  chap. 
xxiv.  The  pcculiaritv  of  this  masterly  work  is  in  its  showing  how 
the  Conquest  made,  rather  than  nnmadc,  the  English  people.  The 
same  author,  in  his  lectures  on  the  "  Growth  of  the  Constitution," 
has  treated  the  subject  from  the  same  point  of  view,  but  m  a 
more  popular  manner. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  587 

Stiibbs,  in  vol.  i.,  cliaptcrs  ix.-xiii.,  also  discusses  the  subject  in 
a  manner  woitliy  of  the  most  careful  attention.  In  cliapter  xiii.  is 
to  be  found  the  best  l)rief  account  of  the  origin  of  juries.  For 
a  fuller  account,  Forsyth's  "  History  of  Trial  by  Jury  "  should  be 
consulted. 

Guizot's  lectures  iii.-v.  of  part  ii.  explain  in  an  admirable  man- 
ner the  peculiar  dilfcrences  between  the  fortunes  of  liberty  in 
England  and  in  the  countries  of  the  Continent.  Notice  especially 
the  author's  position,  in  lectures  iv.  and  v.,  on  the  influence  of 
the  inordinate  power  of  royalty  in  moulding  baronial  opinions 
and  producing  a  gradual  resistance  on  the  part  of  the  feudal  aris- 
tocracy. 

Ilallani's  treatment  of  this  question,  vol.  ii.,  chapter  viii.,  part 
ii.,  also  note  x.,  is  worthy  of  notice  for  the  account  it  gives  of  the 
Anglo-Norman  courts  and  of  the  origin  of  the  common  law. 

Creasy's  account,  in  cliapters  vii.  and  viii.  of  the  Feudal  System,  is 
worthy  of  note,  though  it  is  not  an  exhaustive  presentation.  Ste- 
phens's edition  of  l)e  Lolme,  chapter  ii.,  section  i.,  explains  in  a  very 
satisfactory  manner  the  terms  *'  sac  "  and  "  soc,"  and  others  used 
under  tlie  feudal  regime.  The  various  tenures  of  land  are  also 
clearly  described.  In  the  "Pictorial  History  of  England,"  vol.  i., 
p.  562,  is  to  be  found  a  good  description  of  tlie  changes  from  a 
system  of  local  to  a  system  of  general  jurisdiction. 

Turner,  in  cliapter  xiv.  of  vol.  iv.,  lias  an  interesting  account  of 
the  rise  of  chivalry  in  England  '^  and  Mills's  "  History  of  Chiv- 
alry," vol.  i.,  cliapter  viii.,  gives  a  sketch  of  chivalry  from  the  Nor- 
man Conquest  to  the  death  of  Edward  II.  "Wright's  "Domestic 
Manners,"  chapters  v.  and  vi.,  contains  interesting  accounts  and 
illustrations. 

Pearson,  in  chapter  xxiii.,  gives  an  excellent  general  vicAV  of 
the  results  of  the  Conquest,  and  in  chapter  xxxiii.  perhaps  the 
best  brief  account  we  have  of  the  Anglo-Norman  law-courts, 
Longman's  "  Lectures  on  the  Early  History  of  England,"  lecture 
ii.,  gives  a  popular  statement  of  the  feudal  system  and  of  the 
courts  of  law  under  the  Normans.  The  list  of  authorities  on  p. 
151  may  be  found  useful.  Green's  "History,"  vol.  i.,  book  ii., 
chapter  i.,  contains  a  characteristically  neat  statement  of  the  con- 
dition of  affairs  in  the  latter  part  of  the  eleventh  century.  Note 
this  author's  estimate  of  the  real  benefit  derived  from  the  Con- 


538  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

quest ;  also  the  way  in  which  he  differs  from  the  view  of  Scott 
in  "  Ivanhoe ''  as  to  the  time  when  the  two  races  became  assimi- 
lated into  one  people. 

Johnson's  "  Xormans  in  Europe  "  gives  a  bird's-eye  view,  in  a 
manner  that  affords  both  information  and  pleasure.  Lingard's 
account  of  this  period  is  spirited,  though  the  author's  tendency 
to  take  the  side  of  the  conquered  party  gives  one  a  more  favorable 
impression  of  his  humanity  than  of  his  judgment.  Ilume's  ac- 
count is  slipshod  and  unimportant.  Kingsley's  "  Hereward  "  and 
Scott's  "  Ivanhoe  "  are  spirited  and  famous  novels,  illustrative  of 
the  period  of  the  Conquest. 

The  first  chapter  of  the  sixth  of  Guizot's  "  Essais  sur  I'llistoire 
de  France "'  gives  a  view  of  the  strong  contrast  between  English 
and  French  constitutional  history  at  the  period  of  the  Conquest. 
Ecclesiastical  questions  and  their  relations  to  politics  may  be 
studied  to  advantage  in  the  essay  on  Thomas  a  Becket  in  the 
second  series  of  Freeman's  "  Historical  Essays,"  in  Dean  Church's 
"  Life  of  Anselm,"  in  Perry's  "  Life  of  St.  Hugh  of  Lincoln,"  and 
in  Ci-ozat's  "  Lanfranc  :  sa  Vie,  son  Enseignement,  sa  Politique." 

For  the  best  account  of  modern  works  on  the  period  see  Lap- 
penberg,  vol.  i.,  literary  introduction,  pp.  Ixii.-lxviii.  The  best 
descriptions  of  the  original  authorities  are  given  in  "Wright's 
"Biographia  Literaria"  (Anglo -Norman  Period),  in  Hardy's 
"  Catalogue,"  and  in  Lappenberg,  pp.  Iv.-lxii.  Valuable  bibli- 
ographical statements  are  also  given  in  the  "  Student's  Hume," 
and  especially  in  Green's  "  Short  History." 

The  most  important  of  the  original  authorities  are  the  "Saxon 
Chronicle,"  Roger  of  Hovcden,  Ingulph,  Henry  of  Huntingdon, 
Florence  of  Worcester,  William  of  Malmesbury,  Odericus  Vitalis, 
Roger  of  Wendovcr,  William  of  Poitiers,  and  William  of  Ju- 
mieges.  Of  these,  the  last  four  are  of  special  value.  Stubbs's 
"Documents  Illustrative,"  etc.,  with  the  comments  of  the  editor, 
is  invaluable,  and  should  constantly  be  within  the  student's 
reach. 

III.  The  Great  Charter,  and  itb  Influence  on  the  Growth 
OF  Liberty. — The  immediate  causes  of  the  charter  are  described 
with  most  judicious  discrimination  by  Stubbs  in  his  "Constitu- 
tional History,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  513-544.  The  account  includes  a  de- 
scription of  John's  quarrel  with  the  Church,  of  his  general  misgov- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  539 

ernment,  of  his  ill-trcatmetit  of  the  barons  personally,  as  well  as  of 
the  more  remarkable  causes  of  M;iiftia  Carta  itself.  Stiibbs's 
"Select  Charters,"  j)|).  2G0-298,  allords  the  means  of  comparing 
the  Great  Charter  with  others. 

Thompson's  "Essay  on  Magna  Charta"  contains  not  only  an 
English  translation  of  the  great  document  itself,  but  copies  of  the 
confirmation  charters,  together  with  very  full  illustrative  notes. 
A  careful  study  of  pp.  159-328  will  be  found  at  once  more  te- 
dious and  more  profitable  than  the  study  of  any  other  authority. 

Blackstonc's  monograph  on  the  charters  is  worthy  of  more 
respect  for  historical  merit  than  is  the  same  author's  more  cele- 
brated commentaries.  Creasy's  "Constitution,"  chapters  xi.-xiii., • 
gives  the  text  of  Jolm's  charter  in  English ;  also  the  charter  as 
confirmed  in  the  ninth  year  of  Ilcnry  III.,  and  a  valuable  dis- 
cussion of  the  principles  embodied  in  the  charter  as  a  whole. 
Brougham,  in  chapter  xii.,  has  called  attention  to  the  important 
evidence  of  union  between  the  barons  and  the  people. 

Stephens's  "De  Lolme,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  50-65,  has  some  suggestive 
remarks  on  certain  fine-spun  theories  concerning  the  influence  of 
the  Great  Charter  on  legislative  assemblies  and  borough  institu- 
tions. The  same  author,  however,  shows  the  real  advantages  of 
the  charter  to  the  clergy,  the  barons,  and  the  people,  llallam,  in 
his  "  Middle  Ages,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  308  et  seq.,  maintains  that  the 
charter  really  "  infused  a  new  soul  into  the  people  of  England," 
and  points  out  the  advantages  accruing  to  the  cause  of  liberty 
from  the  reign  of  Ilcnry  III.  Guizot,  part  ii.,  lecture  vii.,  gives  a 
characteristic  analysis  of  the  most  important  clauses,  and  in  lect- 
ures viii.  and  ix.  discusses  the  charters  of  Henry  III.  and  Edward 
I.  This  sequel  to  the  history  of  the  Great  Charter  conveys  much 
valuable  information  in  regard  to  the  Great  Charter  itself. 

Lingard's  account  of  John's  reign  is  one  of  the  most  skilfully 
drawn  we  have.  Few  will  be  able  to  read  it  without  an  increased 
hatred  for  the  meanness  and  the  mad  folly  of  the  king.  The 
author's  Catholicism  clearly  shows  itself  in  his  effort  to  exculpate 
the  monarch's  whining  submission  to  the  Pope.  Hume's  account, 
though  written  with  this  author's  unfailing  literary  skill,  is  much 
inferior. 

The  struggle  for  the  charters  after  the  death  of  John  is  well 
portrayed  in  Stubbs,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  1-V2.     A  more   vivid  account 


540  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

of  the  alternate  violation  and  confirmation  of  the  charter  will  be 
found  in  Gnizot,  part  ii.,  lectures  viii.  and  ix.  Stubbs's  "Early 
Plantagenets "  is  one  of  the  most  admirable  of  the  "Epochs  of 
History"  Series,  and  at  page  151  it  gives  a  short  and  clear  state- 
ment of  the  bar6nial  quarrel  and  its  results.  Accounts  of  the 
Great  Charter  are  also  given  by  Green,  vol.  iv.,  p.  240  ;  by  Turner, 
vol.  iv.,  p.  420;  by  Knight,  chapter  xxiii.,  and  by  the  "Pictorial 
History,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  515  and  671. 

Of  the  contemporaneous  writers,  Matthew  Paris  is  much  the 
most  important.  The  great  work  known  commonly  as  "  Historia 
Major  "is  universally  associated  with  his  name,  though  it  seems 
•probable  that  only  a  portion  of  it  is  the  production  of  his  pen. 
It  is  the  opinion  of  Mr.  Luard,  the  editor  of  the  best  edition,  that 
the  narrative  up  to  the  year  1119  was  the  production  of  John  de 
Cella;  that  it  was  continued  by  Roger  of  Wendover  to  1235,  and 
that  from  1235  to  1259  it  was  exclusively  the  work  of  Matthew 
Paris.  The  whole  of  the  history  was  transcribed  by  Paris,  and 
in  many  places  corrected  and  amplified.  Its  importance  is  largely 
in  the  fact  that  it  is  not  merely  a  chronicle,  like  the  works  that 
had  preceded  it,  but  that  it  is  the  first  of  English  works  to  rise 
to  something,  of  the  dignity  of  history.  The  author  shows  him- 
self an  opponent  of  political  and  ecclesiastical  tyranny,  and  a 
warm  ad\'ocate  of  civil  rights  and  liberties. 

Of  the  other  contemporaneous  writers,  full  accounts  may  be 
found  in  ILu'dy's  "  Catalogue,"  in  Wright's  "  Biographia  Lite- 
raria,"  in  Luard's  "Annalcs  Monastici,"  and  in  Gardiner  and 
Mullinger's  "  Introduction."  Luard's  work,  published  in  the  "  Rolls 
Series,"  will  be  found  of  value,  not  only  for  the  chronicles  them- 
selves, but  for  the  admirable  prefaces  of  the  editor. 

Wright's  "Political  Songs  of  England,  from  the  Reign  of  John 
to  that  of  Edward  II.,"  and  Shirley's  "  Royal  and  Historical  Let- 
ters Illustrative  of  the  Reign  of  Henry  HI.,"  reveal  the  senti- 
ments and  opinions  of  different  classes  on  the  political  questions 
of  the  day. 

IV.  The  Estaulishment  of  Representative  Government. — 
Stubbs's  authority  on  this  subject  is  undoubtedly  the  best.  Chap- 
ter V.  of  vol.  i.  contains  much  valuable  information  concerning 
the  township  assemblies  under  the  Saxons — the  burh-gemots,  the 
hundred-moots,  the  shires,  and  the  shirc-moots.     Note  especially 


HISTORIES   01'   ENGLAND.  541 

tliL'  iiiacliiiK-ry  of  tlie  courts,  the  noiiiiiiation  and  powers  of  tlic 
geivfa,  of  the  caldoniieii,  and  of  the  four  best  men.  Tlie  ques- 
tion of  double  government  in  the  shire-moot  is  one  of  intcrc^st,  as 
is  also  that  of  legislative  action  in  the  same  court.  The  AVitcna- 
gemot,  chapter  vi.,  p[).  118-140,  must  be  thoroughly  understood 
before  any  very  prolitablo  examination  of  subsequent  assemblies 
can  be  made.  Chapter  ix.,  §  123,  on  the  Magnum  Concilium  of 
the  Norman  kings,  is  properly  a  continuation  of  cha})ter  vi. 
What  is  said  on  the  "  Assizes  "  of  Clarendon  should  be  read ;  also 
the  description  in  chapter  xii.  of  the  amalgamation  of  races,  of 
tongues,  and  of  institutions.  On  the  characteristics  of  local  rep- 
resentation before  the  time  of  the  Great  Charter,  useful  informa- 
tion may  be  obtained  from  the  references  already  made  to  Pal- 
gravc,  Kemble,  Freeman,  Creasy,  Guizot,  and  others.  Chapters 
xiv.  auvl  XV.,  vol.  ii.,  of  Stubbs,  describe  the  parliaments  in  the 
last  half  of  the  thirteenth  century,  and  show,  in  a  masterly  man- 
ncr,  the  characteristics  of  each. 

Guizot  has  several  very  attractive  lectures  on  this  period.  Es- 
pecially to  be  noted  arc  lectures  xii.  and  xiii.  of  part  ii.  The  ad- 
mission of  shire,  borough,  and  city  members  in  the  pavliamcnts 
of  1-J54,  1273,  and  1283  should  not  be  overlooked.  Stubbs's 
"Select  Charters"  is  an  invaluable  authority  on  the  early  parlia- 
ments. Tauli,  in  his  "  Pictures  of  Old  England,"  has  reviewed 
the  parliaments  of  the  fourteenth  century.  The  same  author's 
"  Simon  de  Montfort "  throws  much  light  on  the  motives  of  the 
duke  in  summoning  the  commoners  in  12G4.  Prothero's  "  Simon 
de  Montfort"  is  less  a  biography  and  more  a  history  of  constitu- 
tional changes  than  the  book  of  Pauli.  The  chapters  on  the 
revolution  of  1258  and  on  the  government  of  the  duke  arc  per- 
haps most  worthy  of  note. 

llomershain  Cox's  "  Antient  Parliamentary  Elections"  is  a 
very  scholarly  work,  the  preliminary  chapters  of  which  are  well 
adapted  to  the  proper  examination  of  the  first  part  of  this  ques- 
tion ;  and  chapters  iii.  and  iv.  will  be  found  to  present  some  novel 
ideas  on  the  construction  of  county  courts  before  and  after  the 
Conquest.  Note  that  the  author  insists  on  the  democratic  char- 
acter of  the  courts,  and  that  he  brings  evidence  to  show  the  pres- 
ence of  villeins  even  in  the  assemblies  of  the  Saxons.  Chapters 
v.,  viii.,  and  ix.  will  be  found  especially  suggestive  and  valuable. 


542  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Chapters  ix.  and  x.  of  Stubbs's  "  Plantagcnets  "  contain  a  con- 
cise account  of  the  parliaments  of  Edward  I.  Freeman,  in  "  His- 
torical Essays,"  series  i.,  essay  ii.,  in  discussing  the  continuity  of 
Eno-lish  history,  presents  a  contrast  of  the  several  peculiarities  of 
English,  French,  and  German  legislative  institutions.  The  "Notes " 
appended  to  part  iii.  of  chapter  viii.  of  Ilallam's  "  Middle  Ages," 
especially  notes  iii.-x.,  are  of  considerable  value,  inasmuch  as  they 
correct  certain  errors  of  the  text  into  which  the  author  had  fallen 
in  the  earlier  editions.  The  one-volume  editions  do  not  gener- 
allv  contain  these  invaluable  notes. 

Hume's  treatment  of  De  Montfort  is  marked  by  the  most  spite- 
ful and  unwarranted  bias.  Green,  vol.  i.,  book  iii.,  contains  a  clear 
treatment  of  the  parliamentary  reforms  of  Edward  I.  Milman's 
"  Latin  Christianity,"  book  ix.,  chapters  ix.  and  x.,  gives  an  excel- 
lent account  of  the  Church  at  this  period.  The  same  subject 
may  be  studied  in  detail  in  the  lives  of  Stephen  de  Langton,  Bon- 
iface of  Savoy,  Edmund  Rich,  and  Robert  Winchelsey,  in  Dean 
Hook's  "  Lives  of  the  Archbishops  of  Canterbury."  The  general 
effects  of  the  policy  of  Pope  Boniface  VHL  on  the  condition  of 
England  and  the  other  countries  of  Europe  are  considered  in 
Milman's  ''  Latin  Christianity,"  book  xi.,  chapters  vii.,  viii.,  and  ix. 

Of  original  authorities,  Hardy's  "  Catalogue "  gives  the  most 
complete  information  down  to  the  year  1327.  Gardiner  and  Mul- 
linger's  "  Litroduction  "  also  gives  a  clew  to  the  most  important 
sources. 

V.  The  Development  of  Representative  Institutions. — 
The  history  of  the  House  of  Commons  is  the  distinctive  feature 
of  the  history  of  England  during  the  fourteenth  century.  On 
this,  as  on  previous  topics,  the  best  single  authority  is  that  of 
Stubbs.  Chapter  xviii.  gives  to  the  knights  of  the  shire  due 
praise  as  the  true  upholders  of  national  right,  and  explains  the 
reciprocal  action  of  the  principles  of  constitutional  freedom  and 
the  counter-principles  of  royal  prerogative.  Note  also  the  checks 
on  royal  abuses,  through  the  impeachment  of  1376,  as  well  as 
tiirqugh  the  tightening  of  the  vulgar  clutch  on  the  purse-strings. 
The  history  of  petitions,  the  evasions  of  royal  promises,  tlie  grow- 
ing freedom  of  discussion,  and  the  influence  of  legislation  on  the 
nobility  and  clergy  arc  all  treated  with  the  author's  characteristic 
good  judgment. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  543 

The  subject  is  also  well  treated  by  Green,  in  vol.  i.,  book  iv.,  of 
his  larger  "  History."  The  importance  of  tlic  union  of  knights 
and  burjfcsscs  is  pointed  out,  and  the  etfect  of  the  wars  of  Etlward 
III.  on  the  powers  of  Parliament  is  set  forth.  The  observing 
reader  will  note  the  growing  weakness  of  the  baronage  and  cler- 
gy, and  the  growing  strength  of  the  Commons,  as  well  as  the  re- 
sult of  a  limitation  of  the  suflrage. 

Cox's  "Antient  I'arliamentary  Elections"  throws  much  light 
on  this  question.  It  clears  up  completely  the  disputed  question 
as  to  the  early  nature  of  county  suflFrage.  Quotations  and  ex- 
tremely useful  inferences  from  petitions,  writs,  statutes,  etc.,  are 
given  concerning  the  parliaments  between  1327  and  1485,  Note 
the  two  important  questions  on  p.  148. 

Longman's  "Life  and  Times  of  Edward  IIL"  vol.  i.,  chapter  xix., 
treats  skilfully  of  domestic  legislation.  The  exclusion  of  lawyers 
from  Parliament  is  pointed  out.  Of  especial  importance  are  chap- 
ters v.,  X.,  and  xiii.  The  paper  in  the  first  series  of  Freeman's 
"Historical  Essays"  on  the  French  wars  of  Edward  IIL  and 
Henry  V.  is  the  best  general  review  and  criticism  of  England's 
Continental  polic}'. 

In  (iuizot,  part  ii.,  lectures  xiv.,  xv.,  and  xvi.,  is  an  examination 
of  the  electoral  system  of  the  fourteenth  century.  Beginning  with 
the  separation  of  the  houses  of  Parliament,  the  author  reviews 
the  wliole  life  of  representation  until  the  accession  of  Henry  ^'II. 
This  is  the  most  interesting  and  pliilosopliieal  treatment  of  the 
subject  accessible  to  the  student ;  but  it  should  be  read  in  connec- 
tion with  one  of  the  more  recent  authorities,  for  the  correction  of 
certain  errors  of  detail. 

Hallani's  account  in  part  iii.  of  chapter  viii.  will  be  found  useful, 
if  road  in  connection  with  Notes  iii.,  viii.,  ix.,  xi.  In  Freeman's 
"  Historical  Essays,"  series  i.,  essay  v.,  the  author  calls  attention  to 
the  accidental  growth  of  parliamentary  power,  as  aided  by  the  use- 
less victories  and  territorial  losses  of  Edward  IIL  Brougham,  in 
chapter  xiii.  of  his  "  British  Constitution,"  has  some  suggestive 
pages  on  the  careless  preparation  of  acts  of  Parliament,  the  even 
tenor  of  constitutional  government,  and  the  irregularity  of  baronial 
and  plebeian  influence  upon  the  acts  of  the  crown.  Creasy's  ac- 
count is  concise,  but  clear.  The  development  of  the  Commons 
is  also  treated,  but  not  in  a  very  satisfactory  manner,  by  Lingard, 


544  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Knight,  and  Hume.  Ranke's  account,  in  vol.  i.,  pp.  74-96,  is  of 
more  real  value,  as  it  indicates  the  influence  on  domestic  institu- 
tions of  foreign  complications.  Brougham's  "  History  of  England 
under  the  House  of  Lancaster  "  is  a  useful  sketch,  though  it  is 
not  without  the  faults  of  the  author's  other  historical  writings. 
Much  more  valuable  are  the  works  of  Gairdner  on  "liichard  HI." 
and  on  the  "  Houses  of  York  and  Lancaster."  Wallon's  "  Richard 
IL"  is  the  best  authority  on  the  life  of  that  monarch. 

"Wyclifs  Select  English  Works,"  edited  by  T.  Arnold,  3 
vols.,  1871,  and  "The  English  Works  of  Wyclif,  hitherto  un- 
printed,"  edited  by  F.  D.  Matthew,  and  published  in  1880,  are  not 
only  admirable  specimens  of  early  English,  but  are  also  of  consid- 
erable historical  value.  Wright's  "•  Political  Poems  and  Songs, 
from  Edward  HL  to  Henry  VHL"  will  both  interest  and  instruct. 

The  most  important  of  the  original  authorities  are  in  the  pub- 
lications of  the  Master  of  the  Rolls.  Fabyan's  "  New  Chronicles," 
however,  are  worthy  of  mention  as  the  massive  and  dull  writings 
of  a  contemporaneous  London  alderman.  His  musty  pages  give 
much  information  in  regard  to  the  city,  and  a  little  in  regard  to 
the  country  as  a  whole.  His  partialities  for  the  Lancastrian  House 
were  very  strong.  Sir  Thomas  Morc's  "  History  of  Richard  HL," 
though  not  precisely  an  original  authority,  set  a  seal  upon  the 
name  of  that  monarch  which  no  subsequent  investigation  lias 
been  able  to  break.  Fenn's  "Paston  Letters"  are  among  the 
most  interesting  relics  of  this  age.  These  letters  passed  between 
members  of  a  family  of  some  note,  and  treat  of  all  subjects.  The 
prefaces  in  Gairdner's  edition  are  especially  interesting  and  val- 
uable. Sir  John  Fortescue's  "  De  Laudibus  Legum  Angliai "  is 
of  great  importance  as  showing  the  manner  in  which  the  king's 
chancellor  regarded  the  limitations  of  the  king's  power.  Chap- 
ters xvii.-xix.  arc  of  especial  value.  The  popular  feeling  of  Eng- 
land during  this  period  is  best  shown,  perhaps,  in  Wright's  "Po- 
litical Songs,  from  Edward  HL  to  Richard  HL"  The  other  au- 
thorities are  named  in  "  Student's  Hume,"  p.  240,  and  in  Green, 
vol.  i.,  p.  375,  and  in  Gardiner  and  Miillinger's  "  Litroduction," 
part  ii.,  chapters  v.  and  vi. 

VL  The  Relations  of  Monarch  and  People  during  the 
Reign  of  the  Tudors. — The  great  authority  of  Stubbs  now 
fails  us,  but  we  are  not  without  some  compensation  in  the  supe- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  545 

riority  of  Ilallam's  "Constitutional  History"  over  his  "Middle 
Ages."  The  judicious  student  will  always  retain  some  measure 
of  fondness  for  this  author,  on  account  of  his  unswerving  impar- 
tiality. The  various  questions  involved  in  this  subject  are  com- 
prehensively treated  in  the  first  five  chapters  of  vol.  i.  And 
no  part  of  this  treatment  can  safely  be  omitted.  The  subtle  dis- 
tinctions and  contrary  inlluences  embodied  in  the  statute  of  fines, 
the  exaction  of  benevolences,  the  statutes  of  treason,  the  creation 
of  boroughs,  the  force  of  royal  proclamations,  are  all  wurthy  of 
the  most  thoughtful  attention. 

Hume,  in  ap{)endix  iii.  of  vol.  v.,  labors  to  show  that  England 
was  in  a  state  of  serfdom  under  the  reign  of  Elizabeth,  giving  as 
the  basis  of  his  authority  some  instances  of  ancient  royal  prerog- 
atives exercised  by  the  queen.  Having  read  this  account,  with  a 
fitting  reserve  of  confidence  in  Hume,  the  student  should  turn  to 
Brodie's  "Constitutional  History,"  vol.  i.,  chapter  ii.,  and  witness 
the  flagellation  of  the  more  famous  historian  at  the  hands  of  his 
brother  Scot. 

Brougham,  in  chapter  xiv.,  sots  forth  with  great  power  the  sub- 
serviency of  Parliament  to  the  first  of  the  Tudors ;  also  the  some- 
what progressive  attitude  of  liberty  under  Elizabeth.  Russell,  in 
his  "English  Government  and  Constitution,"  points  out  with 
great  clearness  and  force,  in  chapter  i.,  the  elements  of  freedom 
under  the  Tudors,  and  in  chapter  v.  the  elements  of  Elizabeth's 
success. 

Froude  shows  the  temper  of  Parliament  in  its  relation  to  the 
power  of  the  crown,  in  vol.  i.,  p.  209  ;  vol.  iv.,  p.  150.  The  anxi- 
ety of  the  crown  in  regard  to  general  elections,  and  the  signifi- 
cance of  that  anxiety,  may  be  gathered  from  vol.  iii.,  p.  374.  The 
monarch's  fear  of  Parliament  is  well  shown  in  vols.  x.  and  xi. 

Forster,  in  his  "Biographical  and  Historical  Essays,"  vol.  i.,  pp. 
212-227,  has  given  a  very  able  analysis  of  the  character  of  par- 
liamentary action  under  the  Tudors.  The  most  potent  cause  of 
the  peculiar  despotism  that  prevailed — namely,  the  faintness  of 
leaders — is  pointed  out  with  proper  emphasis. 

Freeman,  in  his  "English  Constitution,"  pp.  98-105,  draws  an 
interesting  comparison  between  William  I.  and  Henry  VHf.  The 
second  volume  of  Green  treats  chiefly  of  the  Tudor  government. 
The  influence  of  Thomas  Cromwell  in  the  development  of  Parlia- 

35 


546  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

ment  is  shown  at  p.  197;  and  tlie  movement  towards  liberty  in 
the  reign  of  Elizabeth  at  p.  354. 

On  the  condition  of  political,  religious,  and  social  affairs  during 
the  period  of  the  Reformation,  Blunt's  "  Reformation  in  Eng- 
land," Dixon's  "History  of  the  Church  of  England,"  and  Ha- 
weis's  "  Sketches  of  the  Reformation  "  are  of  much  value. 

In  volume  ii.  of  the  "Pictorial  History"  is  to  be  found  an 
eminently  legal  discussion  of  the  constitution  and  laws  under  the 
Tudors.     The  argument  is  founded  on  the  statutes  of  the  period. 

Stephens's  De  Lolme,  vol.  i.,  p.  151  et  seq.,  shows  the  degrada- 
tion and  servility  of  parliaments  during  the  whole  of  this  period. 
The  significance  of  Mary's  interference  with  elections  is  pointed 
out.  The  concluding  words  of  Guizot's  "  Representative  Govern- 
ment "  are  of  importance.  Lingard  takes  the  same  general  posi- 
tions as  Hume.  In  the  first  chapter  of  Macaulay's  "  History  "  some 
twenty  pages  are  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  canny  tempera- 
ment of  the  Tudors,  their  confidence  in  discretion,  and  their  will- 
ingness to  yield  when  surrender  was  necessary.  The  same  au- 
thor's essay  on  Nares's  "Life  of  Burleigh"  is  a  very  interesting 
discussion  of  certain  phases  of  the  question. 

Lists  of  the  original  authorities,  with  brief  characterizations, 
may  be  found  in  "  Student's  Hume,"  pp.  240  and  367  ;  Green, 
vol.  fi.,  p.  195  ;  and  Bright,  vol.  ii.,  p.  iii.  From  tliis  period  the 
authorities  become  so  numerous  that  it  is  not  easy  to  indicate  the 
most  important  without  extending  the  list  beyond  proper  limits. 
They  may  readily  be  found  in  the  authors  named,  or,  better  still, 
in  Gardiner  and  Mullinger's  "Introduction  to  the  Study  of  Eng- 
lish History." 

VII.     TeIE    GOVEIINMENT    FROM    THE    ACCESSION    OF    JaMES    I. 

TO  THE  End  of  the  Civil  War. — Forster's  "  Biography  of  Sir 
John  Eliot"  is  perhaps  the  most  useful  book  on  the  early  years 
of  this  period.  The  work  is  so  arranged  as  to  afford  easy  access 
to  what  the  reader  wants.  The  celebrated  speeches  of  the  patriot 
will  be  read  with  great  interest  and  advantage. 

On  tlie  personal  characteristics  of  James,  and  liis  relations  with 
his  ministers,  Dalrymple's  "Memorials"  is  of  importance.  In 
Harris's  "  Lives  of  the  Stuarts,"  curious  information  on  the  same 
subject  may  also  be  found. 

Another  work  of  supreme  importance  on  this  period  is  Mack- 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  547 

intosh,  Courtenay,  and  Forstci's  "J>iitUli  Statesmen.''  In  vol.  ii. 
is  a  valuable  life  of  Wentwoitli,  and  a  good  account  of  that  min- 
ister's policy  of  "  Tlnji-ongli "  in  Ireland.  The  sketches  in  the 
same  volume  of  Pym  and  Hampden  arc  also  important.  Note 
especially  Pym's  speeches. 

In  Forster's  "  Historical  and  r.ioi,n'aphical  Essays,"  vol.  i.,  pp. 
2:i8-239,  is  a  strong  portrait  of  the  weak  character  of  James  I. 

Bisset's  "Struggle  for  Parliamentary  (jrovernmcnt "  is  one  of 
the  latest  and  best  authorities.  The  first  chapter  shows  the  real 
nature  of  the  attempt  to  reduce  the  people  to  slavery.  The  four 
chapters  which  immediately  follow  cover  the  period  of  the  first 
four  parliaments  of  Charles  I.,  and  explain  the  unconstitutionality 
of  the  government  of  Laud  and  Stratford. 

Gardiner's  great  work  on  this  period  is  the  latest  and  most 
trustworthy  of  all  general  authorities,  and  on  every  phase  of  the 
great  struggle  should,  if  possible,  be  consulted.  The  two  volumes 
on  "  I'rincc  Charles  and  the  Spanish  Marriage  "  are  not  so  impor- 
tant as  those  which  follow;  but  in  vol.  i.,  pp.  176-209,  the  condi- 
tion of  James's  finances  is  well  explained.  Other  passages  of  im- 
portance will  be  found  by  consulting  the  table  of  contents.  Es- 
pecially worthy  of  note  is  the  account  of  the  Parliament  of  1G21, 
given  on  the  first  pages  of  the  second  volume.  In  the  first  chap- 
ters of  this  author's  "England  under  the  Duke  of  Buckingham 
and  Charles"  is  a  judicious  account  of  the  connection  between 
parliamentary  difliiculties  in  the  last  years  of  James  and  the  early 
difticulties  of  Charles.  The  description  of  the  several  parliaments 
given  in  these  volumes  is  of  great  importance.  The  volumes  on 
the  "Personal  Government  of  Charles"  bear  particularly  on  the 
later  years  embraced  in  this  question.  It  is  not  easy  to  designate 
the  most  important  chapters.  In  vol.  ii.,  chapter  x.,  Wentworth's 
Irish  policy  is  described.  Note  that  this  author  differs  from 
Forstcr  in  regard  to  some  of  the  facts  of  this  administration. 

Kanke's  "History"  is  of  great  value  on  this  subject;  not  so 
much  for  the  new  facts  he  brings  to  light  as  for  the  fairness 
of  his  judgment,  the  scholarly  nature  of  his  deductions,  and  the 
unrivalled  general  knowledge  of  this  century  which  lie  brings 
to  bear  on  all  English  questions.  As  a  good  illustration  of  the 
author's  methods,  see  book  vi.,  chapters  ii.,  iv.,  and  v.,  on  the  criti- 
cal relations  of  Scotland  and  France. 


548  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

In  the  first  volume  of  Masson's  "Life  of  Milton"  is  a  good 
account  of  the  Short  Parliament  and  of  the  events  just  before  the 
Long  Parliament. 

Guizot's  "  History  of  the  English  Revolution  "  will  not  fail  to 
be  found  agreeable.  The  account  which  he  gives  at  the  opening  of 
the  work  of  the  two  opposing  revolutions  is  very  suggestive  and 
of  great  importance.  The  sketches  of  events  in  the  parliaments 
of  Charles  are  also  very  excellent  in  their  way. 

Disraeli,  in  his  "Commentaries  on  the  Life  and  Reign  of 
Charles  L,"  is  the  most  valorous  champion  history  has  ever  fur- 
nished the  unlucky  king.  The  beauty  of  his  style  and  the  fervor 
of  liis  passion  are  such  that  the  reader's  judgment  is  in  some  dan- 
ger of  being  carried  by  storm.  The  chapters  most  worthy  of 
note  are  chapters  xxxii.  in  vol.  i.,  on  the  queen's  influence  over 
the  king's  conduct,  and  chapters  ix.  and  x.  of  vol.  ii.,  on  the  influ- 
ence of  Richelieu  over  Charles  L  For  the  rest,  the  book  is  a 
warm  vindication  of  the  royal  claims  to  sympathy. 

Of  the  essays  on  this  period,  those  of  Bayne,  in  his  "  Chief 
Actors  of  the  Puritan  Revolution,"  are  among  the  most  worthy 
of  note.  Chapter  ii.  is  a  very  bright  account  of  James  L  The 
pictures  of  the  Anglo-Catholic  reaction,  of  Henrietta  Maria,  and 
of  Charles  are  full  of  the  keenest  thought  and  most  genial 
humor. 

Macaulay's  essays  on  ITallam  and  Hampden  are  of  the  utmost 
interest.  Professor  Goldwin  Smith's  essay  on  Pym,  in  his  "Three 
ilnglish  Statesmen,"  is  excellent.  In  J.  B.  Mozley's  "Essays" 
(2  vols.,  1878)  are  to  be  found  very  important  papers  on  Straf- 
ford, Laud,  and  Cromwell,  written  from  the  royalist  point  of  view. 
Bisset's  "  Essays  on  Historical  Truth  "  contains  several  papers  of 
value  from  a  firm  advocate  of  the  Revolutionary  party. 

On  the  later  years  embraced  in  the  question,  Carlyle's  "  Crom- 
well," Forstcr's  "  Arrest  of  the  Five  Members  "  and  "  Grand  Re- 
monstrance," the  latter  in  vol.  i.  of  "  Historical  and  Biographical 
Essays,"  arc  of  the  greatest  importance. 

In  vol.  i.  of  "Milt(jn's  Prose  Works,"  Bohn's  edition,  are  to  be 
found  three  powerful  replies  to  the  defenders  of  the  king.  His 
reply  to  Salmasius  is  bitter  and  coarse,  and  his  "  Eikonoclastes  " 
is  a  singular  combination  of  Puritanic  disdain  and  sarcasm,  aimed 
at  the  unreasoning  worshippers  of  "  EikOn  BasilikO,"  because  it 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  549 

was  supposed  to  bo  a  kind's  book,  'riicro  is  no  more  suggestive 
comiiieiitary  on  tlic  spirit  that  generally  prevailed  than  that  afford- 
ed by  the  brutal  feroeity  of  this  givat  poet's  political  writings. 

Hallam's  treatment  of  this  period  is  marked  by  the  judicious 
fairness  wliicli  he  always  observes,  though  lie  wrote  before  the 
fruitful  investigations  of  the  last  twenty-tive  years  had  been  made. 

Of  the  accounts  in  the  general  histories,  that  of  Green  is  the 
best ;  that  of  Knight  is  next  in  importance.  Lingard's  fondness 
for  royal  methods  and  hatred  of  fanaticism  incline  him  to  the 
side  of  despotism,  though  evidently,  in  his  opinion,  James  and 
Charles  were  despots  of  a  bad  kind.  Hume,  as  an  authority  on 
this  period,  is  worthless.  Clarendon  is  the  great  original  source 
of  information  for  the  later  years  included  in  the  question ;  but 
if  he  is  made  use  of,  he  should  be  read  in  connection  with  Bayne's 
essay,  or,  better  still,  the 'masterly  analysis  of  his  qualities  in  vol. 
vi.  of  llanke's  "History." 

The  debates  in  Parliament  during  this  period  are  of  the  first 
importance ;  but  they  have  nowhere  been  collected  in  a  single 
work.  Some  of  the  speeches  may  be  found  in  volume  i.  of  the 
"  Parliamentary  History;"  others  in  the  collections  by  liushworth, 
Whitelock,  and  May.  Several  volumes  of  original  notes  on  the 
debates  between  1610  and  1629  have  been  collected  and  edited 
by  S.  R.  Gardiner,  and  published  by  the  Camden  Society.  May's 
"  History  of  the  Long  Parliament"  is  a  standard  authority,  and 
contains  reports  of  many  of  the  speeches ;  but  many  of  them  are 
more  fully  given  in  the  "  Notes  "*of  Sir  Ralph  Yerney,  edited  by 
John  l>ruce,  and  published  by  the  Camden  Society. 

The  other  authorities  on  the  period  are  generally  less  impor- 
tant, though  they  are  very  numerous,  and  some  on  special  points 
are  of  great  consequence.  The  student  who  would  pursue  the 
subject  into  a  more  thorough  examination  of  original  sources  will 
find  an  ample  account  of  the  materials  in  chapter  vii.  of  Gardiner 
and  Mullinger's  *'  Introduction." 

YHI.  IInglaxd  under  the  Rule  of  Cromwell. — Carlyle's 
"Cromwell"  was  written  on  the  principle  that  every  man  is  en- 
titled to  be  lieard  before  he  is  condemned.  The  work,  therefore, 
is  made  up  chiefly  of  the  Protector's  letters  and  speeches.  These 
arc  tacked  together  by  Carlyle  in  his  inimitable  manner,  but  in 
such  a  way  as  to  make  a  continuous  narrative.     It  is  scarcely  too 


550  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

mncli  to  say  that  this  book  revolutionized  public  opinion  concern- 
ing Oliver  Cromwell.  Certainly  it  is  the  most  important  of  all 
authorities  on  this  subject,  and  should  be  studied  at  every  point, 
whether  its  opinions  and  conclusions  are  adopted  or  not. 

Of  especial  importance  are  the  accounts  of  the  Irish  campaign 
in  the  first  volume,  and  of  the  Protector's  policy  in  England  in 
the  second.  See  also  the  speeches  on  the  second  parliament  and 
on  the  kingship. 

Forster,  in  vol.  vi.  of  "British  Statesmen,"  gives  another  and  a 
very  different  view  of  Cromwell's  character  and  statesmanship.  At 
p.  148  this  same  author  gives  his  views  on  the  origin  of  Cromwell's 
greatness  ;  at  p.  190,  on  his  statesmanship  ;  and  at  p.  236,  on  his 
opinions  concerning  the  establishment  of  a  republic.  The  same 
author's  essays  on  the  "  Civil  Wars  and  Oliver  Cromwell,"  in  "  His- 
torical and  Biographical  Essays,"  vol.  i.,  is  another  presenta,tion  of 
essentially  the  same  views.  The  aspects  of  Cromwell's  character  as 
presented  by  Guizot  and  Carlyle  ai-e  well  discussed,  pp.  280-287. 

Guizot's  "  History  of  the  Revolution,"  followed  by  the  "  His- 
tory of  England  under  Cromwell,''  will  be  found  generally  one  of 
the  most  judicious  and  useful  authorities.  The  history  is  admira- 
bly impartial,  but  at  times  the  author's  information  was  not  com- 
plete. As  an  example,  compare  his  account  of  the  Irish  massa- 
cre with  that  of  Carlyle  and  Prcndergast. 

On  the  complications  and  difficulties  in  Ireland,  the  best  ac- 
counts arc  to  be  found  in  Graham's  "  Annals,"  covering  the  period 
from  1641  to  1653  ;  in  Cox's  "  Hibernia  Anglicana;"  and  in  War- 
ner's "History  of  the  Rebellion  of  1641."  The  Roman  Catholic 
view  may  be  obtained  from  Lingard,  and  from  the  "  History  of 
Ireland  "*l)y  MacGeoghegan.  The  American  edition  of  O'llallo- 
ran's  "  History  "  also  contains  a  continuation  that  embraces  this 
period.  Temple,  Borlace,  and  Clarendon  are  entirely  untrust- 
worthy. On  the  Cromwellian  settlement,  Prcndergast  is  the  latest 
and  best  authority. 

Ranke's  opinions  are  entitled  to  great  weight.  In  vol.  iii.  arc 
to  be  found  the  author's  views  of  the  dissolution  of  the  Long 
Parliament  and  the  formation  of  the  Runip.  Note  that,  in  vol. 
v.,  p.  517,  Rankc  gives  another  version  of  the  April  speech  of  1657 
which  so  staggered  Carlyle.  Ranke  understands  the  speech  as  a 
positive  refusal  of  the  kingship. 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  551 

Brodic,  in  vol.  iii.  of  liis  "  History,"  gives  an  elaborate  account 
of  the  early  coniinoinvcaltli  and  of  the  Irish  ditliculties.  The 
work,  however,  was  written  too  early  to  contain  the  results  of  re- 
cent researches.  On  the  earlier  periods  liis  authority  is  more  im- 
portant. In  chapters  iii.  and  iv.  of  vol.  ii.,  the  fearful  state  of  Eng- 
land and  Ireland  is  well  set  forth.  The  first  four  chapters  of  vol. 
iii.  contain  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  accounts  of  the  Solemn 
League  and  Covenant  (p.  80) ;  of  the  Self-denying  Ordinance  (p. 
151);  of  Naseby  and  the  capture  of  the  king's  letters  (p.  181); 
and  of  the  king's  last  days  (chapter  iv.). 

Bissct's  "Commonwealth  "  is  one  of  the  latest  and  most  care- 
fully written  books  on  the  subject.  By  consulting  the  contents, 
the  grounds  of  the  author's  unfavorable  estimate  of  Cromwell 
may  be  easily  ascertained.  The  same  author's  "  Struggle  for 
Parliamentary  Government"  is  an  able  presentation  of  the  justice 
of  parliamentary  dealings,  and  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  books 
on  this  whole  subject. 

Bayne's  "  Chief  Actors "  shows  admirably  the  casuistry,  the 
double-dealing,  and  the  folly  of  the  king  in  his  relations  with  the 
Long  Parliament  and  the  Grand  Remonstrance. 

As  on  the  previous  period,  the  great  champion  of  the  royal 
party  is  Isaac  Disraeli.  On  p.  205  of  vol.  i.  is  a  valuable  exam- 
ination of  various  statements  concerning  the  Army  Plot.  The 
author  uses  with  great  force  the  Scotch  letter  to  Louis  XIII.,  vol. 
i.,  p.  254.  Chapter  xxv.,  "  Who  Began  the  Wars,"  and  chapter 
xxxvi.,  on  the  letter  intercepted  by  Cromwell  and  Ireton,  arc  am- 
ply worth  examination. 

llallam's  treatment  of  the  subject  is  vitiated  by  the  erroneous 
notion  with  which  the  author  was  haunted,  that  constitutional 
forms  and  methods  must  be  observed  even  after  the  outbreak  of 
the  Civil  War;  whereas  the  Civil  War  was  a  confession  that  con- 
stitutional forms  were  inadequate. 

Smith's  "  Three  English  Statesmen "  gives  an  adipiring  ac- 
count of  Cromwell.  Godwin's  "  Commonwealth  "  is  a  very  elabo- 
rate and  intemperate  defence  of  Cromwell's  methods  and  policy. 
The  closing  chapter  of  vol.  iv.  gives  an  analysis  of  the  period  and 
of  the  career  of  the  Protector. 

Prendergast's  "  CromwcUian  Settlement  in  Ireland  "  is  a  useful 
book  on  a  dismal  subject.     The  whole  of  the  work  may  be  read 


552  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

with  profit.  The  latest  contribution  to  the  literature  of  this  sub- 
ject is  "A  Contemporary  History  of  Affairs  in  Ireland  from  1641  to 
1652 ;"  edited  by  J.  T.  Gilbert,  and  published  by  the  Irish  Archaeo- 
logical and  Celtic  Society,  1879-80.  The  new  evidence  tends  to 
convict  Charles  I.  of  complicity  with  the  Irish  Catholics,  in  order  to 
secure  their  assistance  against  his  own  Parliament.  Bisset's  "Com- 
monwealth "  should  be  consulted  on  the  same  subject.  Fronde's 
"  Ireland  in  the  Eighteenth  Century  "  deals  with  this  period  in 
his  first  four  chapters  with  the  author's  characteristic  brilliancy. 
Lingard  adopts  certain  erroneous  reports  concerning  the  massa- 
cres, which  are  corrected  by  Carlyle  and  Prendergast.  Macaulay's 
"  Speeches,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  176,  gives  the  author's  views  on  the  state 
of  Ireland.  On  the  same  subject  see  also  the  same  author's  es- 
say on  "  Sir  William  Temple." 

Of  the  general  histories.  Green  and  Knight  will  be  found  most 
serviceable.  In  Knight,  vol.  v.,  chapter  xiv.,  the  general  fruits  of 
the  Civil  War  are  pointed  out.  Neal's  "  History  of  the  Puritans," 
vol.  ii.,  part  iv.,  chapters  i.-iii.,  and  May's  "Democracy  in  Eu- 
rope," vol.  ii.,  pp.  438-451,  and  the  last  three  volumes  of  Masson's 
"Life  and  Times  of  Milton,"  may  be  consulted  with  profit. 

IX.  The  Revolution  of  1688. — A  proper  consideration  of 
this  event  must  include  a  survey  of  the  reaction  under  Charles  II. 
and  James  II. 

Guizot's  "  Life  of  Monk  "  gives  the  most  interesting  and  most 
valuable  account  of  the  conditions  which  led  to  the  Restoration. 
The  anarchy  of  the  protectorate  of  Richard  Cromwell  is  well  por- 
trayed in  vol.  v.,  book  iii.,  of  Masson's  "Life  and  Times  of  Mil- 
ton." 

Consult  also  Rankc,  vol.  iii.,  book  xiv.,  chapter  i. ;  also  the  in- 
troduction to  book  xiii.  These  passages  arc  valuable  not  only  as 
a  description  of  the  antagonistic  elements  which  convulsed  the 
nation  at  Cromwell's  death,  but  also  as  indicating  the  grounds  of 
Lambert's,  failure,  of  Monk's  success,  and  of  the  king's  recall. 

The  tone  of  public  opinion  at  the  time  of  the  Restoration  is 
best  described  in  Vaughan's  "Stuart  Dynasty,"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  266- 
296,  and  in  the  "Diaries"  of  Evelyn  and  Pepys.  The  political 
and  social  condition  of  affairs  under  Charles  II.  may  be  gathered 
from  chapter  ii.  of  Macaulay's  "  History,"  and  from  liis  essay 
on  "The  Comic  Dramatists  of  the  Restoration." 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  5.53 

This  satnc  oluqui-nt  writer  is  the  j^resit  aiitliority  on  the  reiifii 
of  James  II.  and  the  Kevokitioii.  His  famous  third  chapter  may 
well  be  read  for  a  knowledt^e  of  the  condition  of  the  country.  In 
vol.  ii.,  chapter  x.,  may  be  found  a  description  of  the  necessity  of 
the  Revolution.  The  remarkable  nature  of  the  movement  is  made 
clear,  and  the  quiet  but  mighty  chanoe  in  public  sentiment  is  de- 
lineated with  masterly  skill.  The  Bill  of  Rights,  the  Corporation 
Bill,  the  origin  of  the  land-tax,  the  prevalence  of  parliamentary 
corruption,  projects  of  parliamentary  reform,  the  bill  on  high- 
treason,  the  Mutiny  Act,  and  the  origin  of  the  public  debt,  all  re- 
ceive the  studied  attention  of  his  magic  pen. 

But  the  most  important  of  all  the  great  changes  resulting  from 
the  Revolution  was  the  introduction  of  a  true  ministerial  govern- 
ment, the  real  nature  of  whicli  is  explained  in  vol.  iv.,  chapter  xx. 
Rankc  brings  liis  judicial  methods  to  a  careful  consideration  of 
the  reforms  attempted  by  ^ViHiam  in  vol.  iv.,  book  xix.,  chapter 
iii.  The  position  of  parties  (vol.  v.,  book  xx.,  chapter  v.)  and 
the  financial  condition  of  the  country  (book  xx.,  chapter  vi.)  are 
discussed  in  a  manner  worthy  of  note.  In  the  study  of  Macau- 
lay  the  student  will  find  some  advantage  in  consulting  AV.  E.  For- 
stcr's  "William  Pcnn  and  Thomas  B.  Macaulay ;"  and  the  "New 
Exaraen  into  Passages  of  Lord  Macaulay's  History,''  a  later  and 
more  extended  criticism  by  John  Paget. 

In  the  first  pages  of  Stanhope's  "Reign  of  Queen  Anne"  is  a 
l)rief  but  well-drawn  sketch  of  the  relation  of  AVilliam  to  his  par- 
liaments during  the  last  years  of  his  reign.  Stanhope  was  a  Tory 
in  sympathy,  and  his  account,  therefore,  was  less  favorable  to 
William. 

Mackintosh's  fragment  on  the  Revolution  gives  a  good  account 
of  the  causes  of  the  uprising;  and  in  the  rather  bad  continuation 
of  it  there  is  a  good  review  of  parties  in  1088.  Macaulay's  essay 
on  "  Mackintosh's  History  "  names  concisely  the  benefits  spring- 
ing from  the  Revolution,  and  explains  the  secret  of  the  seventv 
years  of  Wliiggism  that  ensued. 

Cooke's  "History  of  Party"  contains  a  very  valuable  account 
of  the  AVhigs  and  Tories  during  the  Revolutionary  period-  Chap- 
ter ii.  and  chapters  xvi.-xix.  delineate  the  party  views  in  the  Con- 
vention Parliament,  and  the  history  of  changes  in  the  methods  of 
administration. 


55  i  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Disraeli's  "  Vindication  of  the  EngUsli  Constitution  "  was  writ- 
ten two  years  before  the  author  entered  Parliament,  and  aims  to 
show  that  the  tendency  of  Whiggisra,  from  William  III.  to  George 
III.,  was  towards  oligarchical  government.  Consult  pp.  168-188 
for  the  gist  of  the  work.  The  author  stoutly  maintains  that  the 
Whigs  were  "  odious  to  the  people ;"  that  the  Tories  were  re- 
formed, under  the  happy  influence  of  Bolingbroke,  so  as  to  be 
the  real  defenders  of  the  popular  interests. 

Bolingbroke's  works,  though  they  relate  chiefly  to  the  period 
which  follows,  may  be  consulted  with  profit.  The  most  impor- 
tant are  the  letters  on  "Parties"  and  the  political  "Tracts." 

In  Canning's  "  Speeches,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  363-373,  is  to  be  found 
a  curious  and  interesting  passage  on  the  monarch's  right  to  inter- 
fere with  elections.     The  notes  especially  are  exceedingly  curious. 

Burke's  famous  "Appeal  from  the  New  Whigs  to  the  Old" 
("Works,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  120-151)  contains  a  very  valuable  series 
of  extracts  from  the  Whigs  of  1688,  and  throws  much  light  on 
the  doctrines  held. 

May's  "  Constitutional  History,"  vol.  ii.,  chapters  vii.-ix.,  gives 
a  clear  account  of  the  rise  of  parliamentary  control  over  the  reve- 
nue ;  of  the  development  and  influence  of  parties ;  of  the  growth 
of  the  freedom  of  the  press  after  the  Revolution  ;  and  of  the  con- 
nection between  religion  and  politics  during  the  struggle  for  re- 
ligious liberty.  Hallara,  in  chapter  xvi.,  describes  the  features  of 
Whig  and  Tory  principles.  Creasy,  pp.  280-309,  has  given  a 
good  outline  of  the  constitutional  fruits  of  the  Revolution.  Green's 
account  in  vol.  iv.  is  very  able,  though  it  seems  to  have  been  more 
liastily  prepared  than  the  earlier  portions  of  his  work.  That  of 
Knight,  in  vols.  iv.  and  v.,  though  less  valuable,  will,  if  read  with 
judicious  omissions,  give  some  insight  into  the  character  of  the 
struggle. 

Of  the  contemporaneous  writings  the  most  worthy  of  note  are, 
Burnet's  "  History  of  His  Own  Time ;"  the  "  Memoirs  "  by  Sir 
William  Temple;  the  "Diaries"  of  Evelyn,  Pepys,  Luttrell,  and 
Burton;  the  "Memoirs  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland"  by  Sir 
John  Dalrymple ;  and  the  "  Autobiography  "  of  Ricliard  Baxter. 
Descriptions  of  other  works  of  greater  or  less  importance  may 
b(!  f<»uiid  in  chapter  viii.  of  Gardiner  and  Muliingcr's  "Introduc- 
ti(;n." 


lUSTOUlES  OF  ENGLAND.  555 

X.  The  Struggles  of  Partv  Government  in  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century. — The  great  apostle  of  Toryism  is  Boliiigbruke, 
aiul  his  works  arc  the  arsi'iial  from  wliicli  all  tlic  Later  Tories  have 
drawn  the  best  of  their  ammunition.  The  letters  on  the  "Spirit 
of  Patriotism,"  the  "  Idea  of  a  Patriot  Kinj;,"  and  the  "  State  of 
Parties  on  the  Accession  of  Kini^  George  I."  are  the  most  famous 
and  the  most  important.  In  addition  to  these,  the  series  of  nine- 
teen letters  on  "Parties,"  and  tlie  volume  of  "Tracts,"  all  deal  on 
this  general  subject.  The  student  will  do  well  not  to  read  the.sc 
works  until  he  has  made  himself  familiar  with  the  most  impor- 
tant political  events  of  the  reigns  of  Anne  and  the  first  two 
Georges.  But  after  the  reading  of  Bright  or  Green,  or,  better 
still,  Stanhope  and  Mahon,  Bolingbroke  may  be  studied  with  the 
greatest  profit.  Probably  the  "Idea  of  a  Patriot  King"  is  the 
ablest  exposition  of  the  principles  of  Toryism  ever  produced. 

Somewhat  inferior  in  importance,  but  even  more  interesting  as 
illustrative  of  the  spirit  of  the  times,  are  the  works  of  Swift. 
The  "Journal  to  Stella,"  the  "  History  of  the  Four  Last  Years  of 
Queen  Anne's  Keign,"  and  the  pamphlet  "  On  the  Conduct  of 
the  Allies"  are  especially  worthy  of  note.  The  imputations  he 
casts  on  his  political  enemies  arc  of  the  darkest  kind  ;  his  descrip- 
tions of  his  friends  are  ecjually  extravagant  in  their  praise.  The 
criticisms  on  Clarendon  and  Burnet  are  of  especial  interest. 

The  same  general  views  as  those  of  Bolingbroke  are  advocated 
in  the  political  works  of  Disraeli.  The  most  notewoi'thy  of  these 
are  the  "Vindication  of  the  English  Constitution"  and  the  politi- 
cal "  Memoir  of  Lord  Bentinck."  These  works,  however,  will  be 
found  interesting  only  to  those  who  are  familiar  with  the  leading 
facts  of  which  they  treat.  In  "  Coningsby  "  and  "  Sybil  "  the  au- 
thor has  developed  the  same  ideas  in  the  political  talk  of  his 
leading  characters. 

The  doctrines  of  the  Whigs,  on  the  other  hand,  are  best  ex- 
pounded by  Burke,  Macaulay,  and  Cooke.  Burke's  "  Ai)peal " 
("  Works,"  vol.  iv.,  p,  120)  is  perhaps  the  most  concise  exposition 
of  the  doctrines  of  the  Whigs  at  different  periods  of  their  his- 
tory. Macaulay's  works  abound  in  discussions  that  will  throw 
light  on  the  subject.  These,  too  numerous  for  reference  here, 
may  be  found  by  consulting  the  index  of  his  works. 

Cooke's  "  History  of  Party,"  though  written  from  an  avowed 


556  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Whig  point  of  view,  will  be  found  of  great  service.  That  portion 
of  the  work  which  treats  of  the  period  from  the  death  of  William 
III.  to  the  accession  to  power  of  the  younger  Pitt  should  be  care- 
fully studied. 

Lord  Holland's  "  Memoirs  of  the  Whig  Party,"  with  some  rub- 
bish,contains  much  that  is  at  least  suggestive.  In  vol.ii.,pp.  84-91, 
he  explains  how  business  used  to  be  done  in  the  British  cabinet. 
"On  the  old  methods  of  cabinet-making  light  is  also  thrown  by 
Buckingham's  "  Memoirs,"  vol.  i.,  p.  215. 

Lecky's  "  England  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,"  vol.  i.,  chapter  ii., 
gives  a  somewhat  critical  account  of  the  AVhig  party,  and  of  legis- 
lation under  it,  before  its  overthrow  on  the  accession  of  George 
III.     Lecky's  pages  should  be  carefully  studied. 

The  most  important  of  the  histories  of  England  during  the 
period  of  this  struggle  is  that  of  Mahon.  In  the  first  pages  of 
his  work  he  gives  an  account  of  the  state  of  parties,  comparing 
the  Whigs  and  Tories ;  and  again,  in  vol.  v.,  chapter  xliv.,  he 
passes  the  same  parties  under  review.  The  positions  here  taken 
have  been  examined  and  opposed  by  Macaulay  in  his  essay  on 
"  Stanhope's  War  of  the  Spanish  Succession." 

Ilallam,  at  the  beginning  of  chapter  xvi.,  has  given  a  statement 
of  the  essential  doctrines  of  Whigs  and  Tories  and  of  the  changes 
in  each  of  the  parties. 

May's  "  Constitutional  History  "  is  of  great  importance  in  the 
study  of  this  question.  In  the  first  pages  of  the  work  is  a  sketch 
of  the  influence  of  the  sovereign  since  the  Revolution,  of  minis- 
terial responsibility,  and  of  the  strong  government  of  the  Whigs. 
In  chapter  viii.  is  an  admirable  account  of  the  growtli  and  develop- 
ment of  parties,  both  before  and  after  the  Revolution. 

The  change  from  the  old  methods  to  the  new  is  portrayed  in  a 
masterly  manner  by  Trevelyan  in  chapters  ii.-iv.  of  his  "Early 
History  of  Charles  James  Fox."  Nowhere  else  arc  the  corrup- 
tions of  the  old  methods,  and  the  follies  of  the  policy  of  George 
HI.,  so  graphically  and  powerfully  described.  As  a  picture  of  the 
English  government  just  after  the  middle  of  the  last  century,  the 
first  half  of  this  work  probably  has  no  equal. 

Russell's  "Life  of  Fox,"  though  much  less  suggestive  and  less 
skilfully  written  than  Trevelyan's,  is  fuller  and  not  without  impor- 
tance.    Chapters  xix.  and  xx.  describe  tlje  great  contest  of  1784, 


HISTORIES  OF   ENGLAND.  557 

when  inaiiy  of  the  |)rinci[)les  wlilcli  now  control  the  comiuct  of 
cabinet  and  Parliament  were  established. 

To  one  who  is  familiar  with  the  principal  events  of  that  period 
the  "  Letters  of  Junius"  will  be  of  much  value;  to  all  others,  un- 
interesting and  pointless.  The  jneaning  and  character  of  the  ex- 
cited contest  over  Wilkes  are  best  given  by  Trevelyan. 

Walpole's  "Letters"  will  afford  unfailing  entertainment  to  the 
reader;  and  will  leave  a  very  singular  impression  on  the  mind 
concerning  the  political  practices  of  the  time.  Macaulay's  essay 
on  "\Val[)ole  is  considered  one  of  his  most  successful.  The  essays 
on  Chatham  are  also  valuable  contributions  to  the  literature  of 
the  period.  Hunt's  "  History  of  Religious  Thought,"  vol.  iii., 
and  Leslie  Stephen's  "History  of  English  Thought  in  the  Eigh- 
teenth Century,"  have  to  do  especially  with  religious  opinions,  and 
the  growth  of  that  element  of  socpticisin  which  came  at  last  to 
appear  so  prominent. 

XL  The  Establishment  and  Development  of  Cabinet  Gov- 
eUnment. — Todd's  "Parliamentary  Government  in  England"  is 
very  exhaustive  in  its  methods  of  treatment;  and,  on  the  whole, 
in  spite  of  some  diffuseness,  will  probably  be  found  the  most  sat- 
isfactory authority.  Li  vol.  i.,  chapter  iii.,  is  a  sketch  of  the  sev- 
eral administrations  from  1782  to  18GG.  Ministerial  responsi- 
bility is  well  explained,  pp.  169-174;  the  selection  of  ministers, 
pp.  210-233.  Li  chapters  i.-iv,  is  to  be  found  a  somewhat  compre- 
hensive consideration  of  the  whole  subject;  but  the  student  must 
guard  against  losing  himself  in  the  discussion  of  the  early  coun- 
cils in  chapter  i. 

Hearn's  "  Government  of  England"  will  be  found  useful ;  chap- 
ters vii.-ix.  are  especially  to  be  commended.  The  works  to  which 
Hearn  refers,  especially  Peel's  speeches,  may  well  be  consulted. 
May's  "  Constitutional  History  "  is,  in  fact,  a  history  of  England 
under  cabinet  government.  The  only  American  edition  contain- 
ing the  author's  supplementary  chapter  is  that  of  1880.  The 
whole  of  the  work  is  so  important  that  it  is  difficult  to  discrimi- 
nate between  the  merits  of  the  several  chapters;  but  [)robably 
chapters  vii.  and  viii.  will  be  found  the  most  useful. 

Taswell-Langmead's  "  Constitutional  History,''  chapters  xvi.  and 
xvii.,  gives  an  account  somewhat  more  condensed  and  more 
conveniently  arranged  than  that  of  May,  though  the  work  reveals 
less  abilitv. 


558  HISTORICAL  LITERATUEE. 

Trevelyan's  "  Early  History  of  Fox,"  chapters  ii.-iv.,  gives  a 
wonderfully  interesting  account  of  the  government  under  the  old 
Whig  regime.  The  ensuing  pages  of  the  same  work  give  the 
best  view  of  the  transfer  from  the  old  methods  to  the  new. 

Bagehot's  "  English  Constitution  "  is  invaluable  for  its  ingen- 
ious suggestions  and  brilliant  generalizations.  The  author  makes 
une  or  two  mistakes  in  his  introduction,  touching  American  affairs, 
with  which,  of  course,  he  was  less  thoroughly  informed  ;  but  the 
work,  in  general,  may  be  relied  upon  as  most  trustworthy.  It  is  a 
book  of  principles  and  discussions  rather  than  of  facts ;  but  it  is 
one  of  the  most  valuable,  as  it  is  certainly  the  most  interesting,  of 
all  works  on  the  nature  of  the  English  government. 

A  book  of  a  very  different  nature  is  Cox's  "  Institutions  of  the 
English  Government."  It  is  the  work  of  an  eminent  barrister 
rather  than  of  a  brilliant  essayist.  On  the  councils  of  the  crown, 
chapter  x.  of  book  i.,  p.  222,  will  be  found  one  of  the  best  ac- 
counts, and  one  which  will  yield  to  careful  stud}^  the  best  results. 

In  Freeman's  "  Essays,"  first  series,  p.  383,  is  to  be  found  an  in- 
teresting description  of  the  essential  differences  between  cabinet 
government  and  presidential  govei'nment.  The  same  author,  in 
"Comparative  Politics,"  p.  183,  shows  the  importance  of  distin- 
guishing between  kingly  dignity  and  kingly  power. 

Burke,  in  vol.  v.,  pp.  1-63,  has  discoursed  on  the  subject  of  the 
essential  nature  of  party  government  with  great  learning  and 
power;  and,  though  the  strength  of  the  paper  is  marred  by  its 
intense  controversial  spirit,  it  will  be  found  suggestive  and  valua- 
ble. See,  especially  at  p.  57,  the  author's  views  of  the  princi- 
ples that  should  govern  the  minority  in  Parliament. 

Doubleday's  "Political  Life  of  Peel,"  vol.  ii.'pp.  411-430, gives 
an  admirable  example  of  the  manner  in  which  a  skilful  parliamen- 
tary leader  may  control  Parliament.  The  same  characteristics  are 
revealed  in  chapters  xiii.  and  xiv.  of  Guizot's  "  Memoirs  of  Peel," 
where  the  changing  spirit  of  English  politics  under  Peel's  influ- 
ence is  forcibly  brought  out. 

Macaulay,  "  Speeches,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  1  TC-IBG,  treats  with  his  char- 
acteristic ability,  of  the  resignation  of  ministers,  and  of  the  cir- 
cumstances under  which  they  are  expected  to  retire. 

Sir  George  C.  Lewis's  "  Essays  on  the  Administrations  of 
Great  Britain  from  1783  to  1830  "  are  among  the  most  profitable 


IIISTOUIES  OF   ENGLAND.  559 

sources  of  information.  The  author  was  one  of  the  wisest  as  well 
as  one  of  the  most  learned  men  of  the  last  generation.  At  j). 
95  is  to  be  found  a  striking  comparison  of  the  old  Wliig  and 
Tory  parties,  and  at  p.  290  a  neat  showing  of  how  far  a  cabinet 
is  responsible,  and  how  far  it  is  not. 

Brougham's  "Autobiography,"  V(j1.  iii.,  pp.  49-149,  gives  inter- 
esting details  of  cabinet-making  from  1830  to  1833.  Note  espe- 
cially what  the  author  says  of  the  methods  by  wliich  it  was  pro- 
posed to  overcome  the  opposition  of  the  House  of  Lords. 

Eaton's  "  Civil  Service  in  Jlngland "  traces  the  method  by 
which  the  old  corrupt  practices  have  been  replaced  by  the  ad- 
mirable service  of  tlie  present  day.  Chapters  may  be  selected 
at  will,  though  the  whole  volume  would  be  a  useful  revelation  to 
every  American  student. 

The  colonial  governments  subordinate  to  Great  Britain  are 
best  described  in  Creasy's  "Constitutions  of  the  Britannic  Empire." 
Todd's  "Colonial  Governments"  is  a  later,  though  scarcely  a  more 
useful,  work. 

If  the  student  desires  brief  and  elementary  descriptive  accounts 
of  the  English  government,  he  will  he  well  served  by  Ewald's 
"  Crown  and  its  Advisers,"  Fonblanqne's  "  How  We  Are  Governed," 
Smith's  "History  of  English  Institutions,"  and  Palgrave's " House 
of  Commons."  In  the  Conteviiyorary  Revieio,  vol.  xxiii.,  pp.  1 
and  165,  are  to  be  found  two  very  important  essays  by  Sir  James 
Fitzjames  Stephen  on  certain  embarrassments  that  have  grown 
out  of  the  present  methods  of  carrying  on  parliamentary  work. 
The  same  subject  has  also  been  discussed  at  considerable  length 
in  the  various  English  reviews  of  1881  apropos  of  legislative  de- 
lays in  the  passage  of  the  Irish  Reform  Bill. 

XII.  Reforms  in  the  English  Government  during  the 
Present  Century. — On  this  subject  May's  "Constitutional  His- 
tory" is  the  most  important  single  authority.  There  is  scarcely 
a  page  of  the  work  that  is  irrelevant  to  the  question,  and  that  may 
not  be  read  with  protit.  The  great  parliamentary  reform  of 
1832  is  described  in  chapter  vi. ;  that  of  18G7  in  the  supplemen- 
tary chapter  added  to  the  work  by  the  author  in  1871,  and  first 
incorporated  into  the  American  edition  in  1880.  Reforms  in 
libertv  of  opinion  are  treated  in  chapters  ix.  and  x. ;  liberty  of 
the  subject  in  chapter  xi. ;  religious  liberty  in  chapters  xii.-xiv. ; 


560  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

local  government  in  chapter  xv. ;  Ireland  in  chapter  xvi. ;  colonial 
governments  in  chapter  xvii. ;  and  general  legislation  in  chapter 
xviii. 

Russell's  "English  Government,"  at  pp.  168  and  210,  contains 
very  instructive  words  on  the  reform  of  1832  by  one  who  was 
among  the  foremost  of  its  promoters.  The  speeches  of  Macaulay 
on  the  reform,  in  vol.  i.  of  his  "  Speeches,"  and  especial!}'  the 
great  speech  of  Brougham,  in  vol.  ii.,  are  of  interest  and  impor- 
tance, as  revealing  the  spirit  of  the  discussion.  Brougham  has 
also  treated  the  subject  in  his  "British  Constitution,"  p.  268. 
For  the  best  view  of  the  old  system  of  general  corruption,  see 
chapters  ii.-iv.  of  Trevelyan's  "  Life  of  Fox,"  already  referred  to. 
A  brief  but  admirable  summary  of  the  old  methods  is  given  in 
chaj^ter  ii.  of  Walpole's  "  History  of  England  since  the  Great 
"War."  The  passage  of  the  Reform  Bill  itself  is  described  in  vol. 
ii.,  pp.  638-680. 

On  the  excitement  which  prevailed  in  Parliament  while  the  bill 
was  pending,  see  two  very  spirited  and  graphic  letters  in  Trevel- 
yan's "  Life  of  Macaulay,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  186  and  212. 

McCarthy's  "  Ilistory  of  Our  Own  Times  "  may  be  consulted  with 
interest  on  the  reforms  that  have  taken  place  since  the  accession 
of  Queen  Victoria. 

Martineau's  "History  of  England  during  the  Peace"  is  of  es- 
pecial importance  on  financial  and  economical  subjects.  Miss 
Martineau  was  a  good  hater,  but  she  hated  with  considerable  dis- 
crimination, and  most  Americans  will  probably  think  that  she 
hated  wisely.  Her  work  is  so  ill  arranged  that  it  should  be  stud- 
ied with  the  constant  use  of  the  index  and  tables  of  contents. 
The  best  parts  of  the  book  arc  those  which  give  an  account  of  the 
Corn  Laws  and  of  their  repeal,  and  of  the  financial  and  social  con- 
ditions of  the  country.  Prentice's  "  History  of  the  Repeal  of  the 
Corn  Laws"  may  also  be  consulted  with  profit.  On  all  financial 
questions  Tooke's  " History  of  Prices"  is  invaluable.  Molesworth's 
history  describes  the  reforms  since  1830.  Of  especial  valug  are 
the  accounts  of  the  "  Corporation  Reform,"  vol.  i.,  chapter  vi. ;  the 
"Corn  Law  Reform,"  vol.  ii.,  chapters  iii.-v. ;  and  the  "Reform 
of  1867,"  vol.  iii.,  chapter  v. 

The  reform  in  tlu^  English  civil  service  is  best  described  in  the 
work  of  Eaton.     Though  his  treatment  of  the  subject  is  at  times 


HISTORIES  OF  ENGLAND.  5G1 

somewhat  diffuse,  yet  the  hook,  and  tlic  reports  to  which  the  au- 
thor refers,  may  he  studied  with  sxreat  prtitit. 

Disraeli,  in  his  Life  of  Lord  Gcorijc  Bcntinck,"  has  portray- 
ed the  purposes  of  the  nondescript  party  known  as  Young  Eng- 
land, of  which  Disraeli  himself  was  at  one  time  a  prominent 
member.  The  novels  of  "  Couiiig.sby,"  and  "  Sybil"  also  describe 
the  views  and  purposes  of  the  same  part}'.  On  this  subject  see 
also  the  bright  pages  of  McCarthy's  "History  of  Our  Own 
Times." 

Nicholls's  "  History  of  the  Poor  Laws"  gives  the  best  account  of 
reformatory  legislation  on  this  important  subject,  though  the  mat- 
ter is  treated  in  a  very  striking  manner  by  Miss  Martineau  in  her 
"  History."  On  the  condition  of  the  poor  before  the  reforms,  see 
some  very  striking  passages  in  Lccky's  "  Eighteenth  Century,"  vol. 
i.,  pp.  51G-529  ;  and  vol.  ii.,  pp.  24-44.  On  reforms  in  methods 
of  legal  procedure,  see  Brougham's  speech  on  the  subject  in  vol. 
ii.  of  his  "  Speeches." 

For  the  thorough  study  of  English  history  there  are  several  great 
series  of  publications  that  are  indispensable.  The  most  important 
are  the  following  : 

L  "Calendars  of  State  Papers"  (royal  8vo,  London).  The  se- 
ries consists  of  collections  of  mediaeval  and  modern  State  Papers, 
some  of  them  in  full,  but  the  most  of  them  abridged  so  as  simply  to 
show  their  import.  Li  188G  the  number  of  volumes  had  reached 
one  hundred  and  twenty-two,  of  which  a  complete  catalogue  may 
be  obtained  from  any  prominent  bookseller. 

n.  "Chronicles  and  Memorials  of  Great  Britain  and  Ireland 
during  the  Middle  Ages."  Published  by  the  Master  of  the  Rolls, 
hence  popularly  called  "  The  Rolls  Series."  The  collection  is 
made  up  of  original  te.\ts  carefully  edited  by  selected  editors.  In 
1880  eighty-one  volumes  had  been  published,  seventeen  other 
volumes  were  announced  as  in  press,  and  seven  volumes  as  in 
progress. 

HI.  "  Publications  of  the  Records  Commissioners,"  of  which, 
in  1887,  forty-three  titles  had  been  included,  many  of  them  in 
several  volumes  each. 

IV.  "  Publications  in  Photozincography  " — consisting  of  a  very 
considerable  number  of  important  works  in  facsimile. 

5.  Of  recent  works  there  are  not  a  few  of  much  importance. 

36 


562  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Low  (S.  J.)  and  Pulling's  (F.  S.)  "  Dictionary  of  English  History  " 
(8vo,  London,  1885)  is  an  invaluable  work  for  the  general  reader 
as  well  as  for  the  student.  Rudolf  Gneist's  "  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish Constitution"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  London  and  New  York,  1885), 
and  the  same  author's  "  The  English  Parliament  in  its  Transfor- 
mation through  a  Thousand  Years"  (8vo,  London,  1886),  though 
indifferently  translated  from  the  German,  are  works  of  much  im- 
portance. M.  S.  Dowell's  "  History  of  Taxes  and  Taxation  in 
England"  (4  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1884)  is  a  careful  and  valuable 
work. 

J.  R.  S.  Vine's  "  English  Municipal  Listitutions,  their  Growth 
and  Development"  (royal  8vo,  1879),  Geo.  Norton's  "History, 
Constitution,  etc.,  of  the  City  of  London  "  (8vo,  3d  ed.,  London, 
1869),  and  J.  B.  Firth's  "Municipal  London"  (royal  8vo,  Lon- 
don, 1876)  shed  much  light  on  local  methods.  Geo.  L.  Gomme's 
"  Tlie  Literature  of  Local  Institutions"  (8vo,  London,  1886), 
though  limited  to  Great  Britain,  is  of  the  first  importance  on  the 
subject.  T.  E.  Scrutton's  "  Commons  and  Common  Fields"  (8vo, 
London,  1887)  is  of  great  importance.  F.  Secbohm's  "The  Eng- 
lish Village  Community"  (8vo,  London,  2d  ed.,  1883)  is  a  very 
scholarly  description  of  the  manorial,  the  tribal,  and  the  open 
field  systems  of  industry  in  the  early  days  of  English  history. 
W.  J.  Ashley's  "An  Introduction  to  English  Political  Economy 
and  History,  Part  I.  The  Middle  Ages"  (8vo,  London  and  New 
York,  1888),  is  devoted  chiefly  to  a  description  of  the  economic 
phases  of  the  Manor  and  Village  Community,  Merchant  Guilds, 
and  Craft  Guilds.  The  most  important  exposition  in  English  of 
the  "historical  method"  of  political  economy  is  J.K.Ingram's 
"History  of  Political  Economy"  (12mo,  London  and  New  York, 
1888).  W.  Cunningham's  "  The  Growth  of  English  Industry  and 
Commerce"  (8vo,  Cambridge,  1882)  is  a  brief  but  admirable  eco- 
nomic history.  An  invaluable  book  on  the  modern  financial  his- 
tory of  England  is  Sydney  Buxton's  "Finance  and  Politics:  an 
Historical  Study,  1  783-1885  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1888).  John 
Yeats's  "  The  Technical  History  of  Commerce ;  or  the  Progress  of 
the  Useful  Arts"  (4  vols.,  12mo,  3d  cd.,  revised  and  enlarged,  Lon- 
don, 1887)  is  a  mine  of  valuable  information. 

A.  V.  Dicey's  "  Lectures  Introductory  to  the  Law  of  the  Con- 
stitution" (8vo,  London,  1885)  is  a  work  of  conspicuous  ability 


IIISTOUIES  OF  ENGLAND.  563 

and  of  historical  itnportanoe.  Sir  Win.  11.  Anson's  "  Law  and  Cus- 
tom of  the  Constitution,"  of  which  I'art  I.  was  published  in  1880, 
is  a  very  able  exposition  of  the  processes  of  the  English  constitu- 
tion as  tlioy  have  been  historically  developed.  James  Murdock's 
"  liislury  of  Constitutional  Reform  in  Great  Dritain  and  Ireland, 
with  a  Full  Account  of  the  Three  Great  Measures  of  1832,  1807, 
and  1884"  (crown  8vo,  London,  1 885),  Walter  Bagehot's  "Essays 
on  Parliamentary  lieforni"  (l2mo,  London,  1883),  and  John  Ra- 
ven's "  rarliamentary  History  of  England  from  the  Passing  of  the 
Reform  Bill  of  1832  "  (l2mo,  London,  1885)  contain  the  best  ac- 
counts of  modern  reforms.  Joseph  Grego's  "History  of  Parlia- 
mentary Elections  and  Electioneering  in  the  Old  Days"  (8vo, 
London,  188C)  abounds  in  amusing  illustrations  and  descriptions 
of  the  methods  from  the  time  of  Anne  to  Victoria,  The  follow- 
ing are  also  recent  works  of  not  a  little  importance:  Frederick 
Harrison's  "History  of  the  Law  of  Treason"  {Fortnightly  Review 
for  May  and  June,  1882) — two  articles  of  unusual  interest;  Cyril 
Ransome's  "The  Rise  of  Constitutional  Government  in  England" 
(12 mo,  London,  1887) ;  H.  C.  M.  Lyte's  "  History  of  the  Univer- 
sity of  Oxford  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  1830"  (8vo,  London, 
1880)  ;  G. C.  Broderick's  "History  of  the  University  of  Oxford" 
(8vo,  London,  1886) ;  and  C.Elton's  "Origin  of  English  His- 
tory "  (royal  8vo,  London,  1882).  Mrs.  J.  R.  Green's  "  Henry  H." 
(12mo,  London,  1888)  ;  J.  H.  AVylie's  "  History  of  England  under 
Henry  the  Fourth"  (vol.  L,  1399-1404,  London,  1884)  arc  also 
of  unquestionable  value.  Charles  Bcmont's,  "Simon  de  Mont- 
fort,  Comte  de  Leicester"  (8vo, Paris,  1884)  is  an  important  con- 
tribution, showing  great  learning,  good  judgment,  and  rare  skill. 
G.  Lechler's  "Joljn  Wyclif  and  his  Precursors  in  England"  (2 
vols.,  8vo,  London,  1878).  Sir  John  Fortescue's  "  Tlie  Govern- 
ance of  England,  otherwise  called  The  Difference  between  an 
Absolute  and  a  Limited  Monarchy,''  a  revised  text  edited  with 
an  Introduction,  Notes,  and  Appendices  by  Charles  Plummer 
(8vo,  Oxford,  1885),  is  a  valuable  original  authority  on  the  Eng- 
lish government  ur'^the  fifteenth  century.  Mandell  Croighton's 
"A  History  df  the  Papacy  during  the  Period  of  the  Reforma- 
tion" (4  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1884-87)  is  a  book  of  great  learn- 
ing, sobriety,  and  good  judgment.  Paul  Friedmann's  "  Anne 
Boleyn  ;  a  Chapter  of  English  History  "  (2  vols.,  Svo,  London, 


564  HISTORICAL   LITERATUKE. 

1884)  tends  to  counteract  Froude's  account  by  giving  enipliasis 
to  the  corruptions  of  the  court  and  the  baseness  of  the  king's 
character.  B.  Sepp's  "  Maria  Stuart's  Briefwechsel  mit  Anthony 
Babington  "  (Svo,  Miinchen,  1886)  brings  together  important  doc- 
uments, and  acquits  Mary.  Ernst  Bekker's  "  Maria  Stuart,  Darn- 
ley,  Bothwell"  (8vo,  Giessen,  1881),  liolds  that  both  Rizzio  and 
Darnley  fell  as  the  result  of  a  Protestant  conspiracy,  and  that  no 
charges  of  improper  relations  between  Mary  and  Bothwell  were 
made  till  after  Mary's  flight  into  England.  Jules  Gauthier's 
"  Histoire  de  Marie  Stuart,  Ouvrage  Couronne  par  I'Academie 
Francaisc"  (2^  ed.,  2  vols.,  8vo,  Paris,  1875)  is  much  more  favor- 
able to  Mary  than  the  work  of  Mignet.  Richard  Bagwell's  "Ire- 
land under  the  Tudors"  {8vo,  London,  1885)  shows  great  learning, 
and  is  written  with  such  impartiality  that  it  is  difficult  to  detect 
the  author's  sympathies.  Justin  H.  McCarthy's  "Outline  of  Irisli 
History  from  the  Earliest  Time  to  the  Present  Day  "  (12mo,  Lon- 
don and  New  York,  1883)  is  the  best  recent  summary  of  Irish 
history, 

H.  T.  Riley's  "  Memorials  of  London  and  London  Life  in  the 
Thirteenth,  Fourteenth,  and  Fifteenth  Centuries"  (8vo,  London, 
1868),  John  Ashton's  "Social  Life  in  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne" 
(2  vols.,  Svo,  London,  1884),  and  the  same  author's  "  Dawn  of  the 
Nineteenth  Century  in  England  "  (Svo,  London  and  New  York, 
1886),  both  by  their  illustrations  and  descriptions,  give  a  good 
view  of  the  development  of  social  life.  To  these  should  be  added 
A.  J.  Shand's  "Half  a  Century;  or.  Changes  in  Men  and  Manners" 
(Svo,  London,  1887),  an  interesting  series  of  twenty-nine  descrip- 
tive essays,  many  of  wliich  first  appeared  in  tlie  Saturday  Revieio. 
Justin  McCarthy's  "History  of  the  Four  Georges"  (vols.  i.  and 
ii.,  Svo,  London  and  New  York,  1885)  is  written  in  the  author's 
pleasing  method,  and  is  to  be  completed  in  four  volumes. 
"Worthy  of  special  note  is  J,  R.  Seeley's  "  The  Expansion  of  Eng- 
land, Two  Courses  of  Lectures"  (Svo,  London,  1885),  a  book  of 
remarkable  snggestiveness  and  power,  holding  that  the  expansion 
of  England  in  America  and  India  is  the  dominant  historical  fact 
of  the  last  three  centuries.  Oscar  Browning's  "  Napoleon  and  Eng- 
land in  1803"  (Svo,  London,  1887)  contains  the  despatches  of 
Lord  Whitworth  and  others.  John  Morley's  "  Life  of  Richard 
Cobden  "  (2  vols.,  Svo,  London  ;   1  vol.,  Svo,  Boston,  1882)  is  the 


HISTOlilES  OF  ENGLAND.  505 

best  account  of  tlic  ai^itation  wliich  led  to  the  establishment  of 
free  trade  in  En<iland.  "The  lleijjjn  of  (^uccn  Victoria;  a  Survey 
of  Fifty  Years  of  Progress,  Edited  by  Thomas  Humphry  Ward" 
(2  vols,,  8vo,  London,  1887)  consists  of  an  invaluable  collection 
of  papers  on  specific,  subjects  by  many  of  the  ablest  writers  of 
Great  liritain.  II.  M.  Elliot's  "  History  of  India  as  told  by  its 
own  Historians"  (8  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1 872-77),  and  J.  Talboys 
Wheeler's  "  J^arly  Records  of  British  India  ;  a  History  of  English 
Settlements  in  India,  as  told  in  the  Government  Records,"  etc. 
(8vo,  London,  1878),  constitute  a  valuable  supplement  to  Mill's 
great  work. 

What  is  known  as  "The  English  Citizen  Series"  (crown  8vo, 
London  and  New  York,  1882-85)  consists  of  fourteen  admirable 
volumes  that  are  at  once  historical  and  philosophically  descriptive 
of  the  political  and  social  machinery  of  the  British  people.  The 
works  already  published  are  as  follows:  "Central  Government," 
by  H.  D.  Traill ;  "  The  Electorate  and  the  Legislature,"  by  Spen- 
cer Walpole;  "Local  Government,"  by  M.D.Chalmers;  "The 
National  Budget,  the  National  Debt,  Taxes,  and  Rates,"  by  A.  J. 
Wilson  ;  "  The  State  in  its  Relation  to  Education,"  by  Henry  Craik  ; 
"  The  l*oor  Law,"  by  T.  W.  Eowie  ;  "  The  State  in  Relation  to  La- 
bor," by  W.Stanley  Jevons;  "The  State  in  Relation  to  Trade," 
by  Sir  T.  H.  Farrer,  Bart. ;  "The  State  and  the  Church,"  by  the 
Hon.  A.  D.  Elliot;  "The  Land  Laws,"  by  F'.  Pollock  ;  "  Foreign 
Relations,"  by  Spen-cer  AValpole;  "Colonies  and  Dependencies. 
I'art  I.  India,"  by  J.  S.  Cotton  ;  "  Part  II.  The  Colonies,"  by  E. 
J.  Payne;  "Justice  and  Police,"  by  V.  W.  Maitland  ;  "The  Pun- 
ishment and  Prevention  of  Crime,''  by  Col.  Sir  F]d.  F.  Du  Cane. 

The  series  entitled  "Twelve  English  Statesmen"  (crown  8vo, 
London  and  New  Yt)rk,  1888)  is  to  consist  of  short  biographies 
designed  to  describe  the  work  of  the  leading  actors  in  English  af- 
fairs in  the  light  of  the  most  modern  evidence,  and  promises  to 
be  of  considerable  importance. 

Of  recent  historical  works  excellent  current  notices  may  be 
found  in  the  Historical  Review  (London,  quarterlv),  in  the  Re- 
vue Historique  (Paris,  bimonthly),  in  Sj/bePs  Jlistorische  Zeit- 
schrift  (Berlin,  quarterly),  and  in  Jastroivs  Jahresberichl  der 
Historischcn  T I  "isscn  scJi  a  ft. 


566  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


Chapter  XIY. 

HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED   STATES. 

I.  GENERAL    HISTORIES. 

Bancroft,  George. — History  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Dis- 
covery of  the  American  Continent  to  the  Close  of  the  Revohi- 
tionary  War.  10  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1834-74;  and  6  vols., 
12mo,  Boston,  1876,  The  duodecimo  edition  has  a  complete 
index,  and  contains  the  author's  careful  revisions  of  the  text; 
but  the  notes  are,  for  the  most  part,  omitted.  The  index  of  the 
octavo  edition  is  published  in  a  separate  pamphlet.  Also  His- 
tory of  the  Formation  of  the  Constitution.  2  vols.,  8vo,  New 
York,  1883. 

The  work  of  Bancroft  is  by  far  the  most  elaborate  and  the 
most  carefully  prepared  history  of  the  Colonial  and  Revolutionary 
periods  yet  published.  Six  volumes  of  the  octavo  edition  arc  de- 
voted to  the  Colonial  age,  and  four  to  the  Revolutionary. 

To  the  preparation  of  the  work  the  author  has  brought  unusual 
advantages.  His  diligent  and  long -continued  devotion  to  the 
subject  has  awakened  such  respect  and  admiration  that  the  libra- 
ries of  Europe  as  well  as  of  America  have  placed  at  his  disposal 
whatever  they  have  that  would  contribute  to  the  success  of  his 
undertaking.  His  sources  of  information,  therefore,  have  been 
far  more  numerous  and  more  important  than  those  enjoyed  by 
any  previous  historian  of  America.  To  the  study  of  these  ma- 
terials, and  the  preparation  of  his  history,  he  has  devoted  nearly 
fifty  years  of  untiring  and  almost  uninterrupted  labor.  This  con- 
scientious devotion  to  a  single  lofty  purpose  has  perhaps  been  un- 
surpassed in  the  history  of  literature. 

The  fruits  of  these  advantages  and  labors  are  a  production  that 
must  always  take  high  rank  as  a  history.  It  is  not  simply  a  nar- 
ration of  events,  but  is  also  a  philosophical  discussion  of  the  va- 
rious principles  and  ideas  that  have  entered  into  the  structure  of 
our  government  and  society. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  507 

The  work  lias  two  strikiiij^  peculiarities.  The  first  is  a  certain 
stateliness  of  style,  that  is  a  little  out  of  harmony  with  the  easy 
methods  of  every-day  life.  The  author's  ideas  are  habitually 
elollied  in  court  dress,  and  therefore  often  appear  to  be  deficient 
in  siiM{)iicity  and  enerfjy.  The  other  peculiarity  is  a  more  or  less 
obvious  tendency  to  discursiveness.  There  arc  several  chapters 
that  seem  to  have  only  a  remote  bearing  on  the  subject  in  hand ; 
and,  although  they  show  great  learning  and  ingenuity,  they  ob- 
struct the  general  current  of  the  narration.  To  many  of  those 
using  the  work,  these  discursions  will  doubtless  appear  necessary 
to  the  adequate  presentation  of  the  author's  idea  or  argument,  but 
to  others  they  are  likely  to  indicate  a  lack  of  harmonious  con- 
struction. 

To  these  peculiarities  different  readers  -will  attach  different 
measures  of  importance;  but  they  ought  not  to  be  regarded  as 
detracting  from  the  fundanientai  merits  of  the  work.  The  table 
of  contents,  which  is  very  complete,  w  ill  enable  every  student  to 
select  such  portions  as  he  needs. 

To  students  of  constitutional  history  the  work,  first  published 
in  1883,  will  prove  invaluable.  Though  a  distinct  work,  it  forms 
a  natural  continuation  of  the  other  volumes. 


Bryant,  William  Cullen,  and  Gay,  Sydney  Howard. — A  Popular 
Jlistory  of  the  United  States,  from  the  First  Discovery  of  the 
AVestern  Hemisphere  by  the  Northmen  to  the  p]nd  of  the  First 
Century  of  the  Union  of  the  States.  Preceded  by  a  Sketch  of 
the  I'rehistoric  Period  and  the  Age  of  the  Mound-builders.  4 
vols.,  large  Svo,  New  York,  1879. 

The  four  sumptuous  volumes  which  go  to  make  up  this  history 
present  to  the  reader  the  attractions  of  a  great  name  and  a 
great  literary  reputation.  The  part  of  Mr.  Bryant  in  the  prepara- 
tion of  the  work  appears,  however,  to  have  been  confined  to  the 
devising  of  its  plan,  the  selection  of  the  writers,  the  furnishing  of 
the  preface,  and  the  correction  of  the  proof-sheets  of  the  first  two 
volumes.  Mr.  Bryant's  death  occurred  before  the  publication  of 
the  second  volume ;  but  all  of  the  volumes  bear  upon  their  cover 
the  somewhat  misleading  title,  "Bryant's  Popular  History  of  the 
United  States.'' 


568  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

In  spite,  however,  of  the  questionable  propriety  of  the  methods 
of  its  production,  the  volumes  are  not  without  numerous  merits. 
They  present  an  affluence  of  paper  and  illustrations  calculated  to 
conciliate  the  buyer  and  attract  the  reader.  The  style  is  good,  and 
the  account  of  the  prehistoric  period  is  more  satisfactory  than 
that  to  be  found  in  any  of  the  other  general  histories. 

In  view  of  the  plan  of  the  work,  it  is  not  singular  that  in  the 
course  of  its  preparation  the  writers  have  found  it  convenient  to 
modify  the  original  purpose  of  the  designer.  In  his  preface,  Mr. 
Bryant  assures  his  readers  that  the  book  is  to  occupy  an  inter- 
mediate place  between  the  larger  and  the  smaller  histories,  and 
that  to  the  period  subsequent  to  the  Declaration  of  Indepen- 
dence "  a  large  space  has  been  allotted."  The  reader  is  led  to 
suppose  that  the  volumes  are  chiefly  devoted  to  the  history  of 
the  present  century.  But  in  the  execution,  nearly  three  fourths 
of  the  whole  work  are  occupied  with  an  account  of  the  colonial 
peiiod.  The  subsequent  events  are,  consequently,  very  inade- 
quately described. 

It  is  due  to  Mr.  Gay  and  the  other  writers  engaged  on  the  vol- 
umes to  say  that  their  work  has  generally  been  creditably  done ; 
but  to  compare  the  merits  of  the  book  for  the  purposes  of  a  stu- 
dent with  those  of  Hildreth  and  Bancroft  would  be  doing  great 
injustice  to  the  patient  investigations  of  those  eminent  scholars. 


Doyle,  J.  A.— History  of  the  United  States.  With  Maps  Illus- 
trative of  the  Acquisition  of  Territory  and  the  Increase  of  Pop- 
ulation, by  Francis  A.  Walker.     ICrao,  New  York,  187G. 

Of  the  small  books  on  the  history  of  the  United  States,  this  is 
one  of  the  best.  It  forms  a  part  of  the  historical  course  for 
schools  edited  by  E.  A.  Freeman. 

Its  cliaracteristics  are  that  it  is  carefully  prepared,  is  very  accu- 
rate, and  is  free  from  those  factitious  allurements  which  some- 
times constitute  the  chief  merit  of  a  school  history.  Its  only 
illustrations  are  its  few  maps,  and  therefore  it  appeals  to  those 
whose  desire  for  useful  and  accurate  knowledge  predominates 
over  their  desire  for  entertainment. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  5G9 

Eliot,  Samuel.— M:imial  <if  United  States  History  from  1492  to 
1850.  l-'mo,  IJostoii.  In  late  editions  the  History  is  contin- 
ued to  the  cU>sc  of  the  Civil  War. 

One  of  the  best  of  the  manuals,  \vritten,  not  for  cliildrcn,  but 
for  youth  and  adults.  Its  merits,  however,  arc  exceedingly  vari- 
able. At  times  it  sliows  a  very  appreciative  rei,fard  for  liistorical 
perspective;  at  others,  events  of  minor  importance  arc  thrust  into 
the  foreground,  quite  to  the  confusion  of  a  proper  discrimination 
between  the  important  and  the  unimportant.  The  book,  there- 
fore, though  it  has  conspicuous  merits,  is  likely  to  annoy  and  dis- 
appoint the  student.  The  author's  political  bias  is  that  of  op- 
position to  Federalism. 

Hildreth,  Richard. — History  of  tlie  United  States  from  the  Dis- 
covery of  America  to  the  End  of  the  Sixteenth  Congress,  6 
vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  new  edition,  1879. 

These  volumes,  completed  as  early  as  1850,  still  probably  form 
the  most  valuable  single  work  on  American  history. 

But,  though  they  have  genuine  merits,  they  also  arc  not  with- 
out somewhat  serious  defects.  They  have  the  advantage  of  de- 
scribing a  longer  period  than  docs  the  work  of  Bancroft,  the  only 
history  with  which  llildreth's  may  properly  be  compared.  The 
author's  style  is  free  from  irrelevant  discursiveness,  is  direct,  is 
devoid  of  imagination  and  fancy,  is  often  so  bald  in  its  methods 
as  to  be  dry,  and  sometimes  is  even  so  careless  as  to  be  ungram- 
matical.  It  never  rises  to  anything  like  fervor,  nor  does  it  exhibit 
the  slightest  capacity  for  the  graphic  or  picturcscjue.  A  still  fur- 
ther defect  is  the  absence  of  foot-notes  and  references  to  authori- 
ties, thougli  for  this  deficiency  the  author  has  made  partial  atone- 
ment by  publishing  a  long  list  of  works  used  in  tlie  preparation 
of  the  volumes. 

But  these  somewhat  grave  defects  are  more  than  counterbal- 
anced by  the  general  accuracy  and  sterling  qualities  of  the  au- 
thor's judgment.  The  peculiarities  named  make  the  work  less  a 
favorite  with  the  general  reader  than  with  the  serious  student. 

The  second  series,  or  'second  half  of  the  work,  will  be  of  the 
greatest  service  to  a  majority  of  students.    Of  this  series,  the  first 


570  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

volume  is  devoted  to  the  presidency  of  Washington.  It  traces  tlie 
growth  and  conflicts  of  the  Federal  and  Anti- federal  parties, 
showing  a  strong  bias  in  favor  of  the  Federalists.  The  second 
volume  gives  an  account  of  the  downfall  of  this  party  under  John 
Adams,  and  of  the  accession  to  power  of  the  Republicans  under 
Jefferson.  It  also  traces. the  rule  of  Jefferson  from  his  efforts  to 
diminish  the  Federal  authority  to  the  measures  of  embargo  and 
non-intercourse.  The  third  volumo  exhibits  the  theories  of  the 
two  political  parties  brought  to  the  test  of  an  experience  by  which 
each  was  led  to  occupy,  in  great  measure,  the  very  position  of  its 
political  opponent.  The  author  then  shows  how  this  change  of 
ground  wrought  a  substantial  extinction  of  old  party  lines  during 
the  first  administration  of  President  Monroe. 


Laboulaye,  Edouard. — Histoire  des  Etats-Unis.     3  vols.,  12mo, 
Paris,  1862-66. 

The  first  of  these  volumes  is  devoted  to  the  colonial  period, 
the  second  to  the  Revolutionary  AVar,  the  third  to  the  formation 
of  the  Constitution.  The  volumes  were  not  written  as  a  narra- 
tive of  events,  but  were  three  courses  of  lectures  delivered  by  the 
author  at  the  College  de  France,  in  Paris. 

Laboulaye  had  long  been  an  ardent  admirer  of  America;  and 
when,  in  1849,  he  was  appointed  professor  of  history,  he  con- 
ceived it  to  be  his  duty  to  do  what  he  could  to  make  America 
Icnown  to  France:  ^^defah-e  connaitre  VAmirique  a  la  France,  et 
lui  dcinandcr  des  exemples  et  des  secours  "pour  Torage  qui  appro- 
chaity 

In  carrying  out  the  design  thus  expressed,  the  author  has  pro- 
duced not  so  much  a  history  as  a  study  of  comparative  politics, 
with  the  United  States  as  the  central  point  about  which  his  ob- 
servations have  been  grouped.  The  book  is  founded  upon  a 
reading  of  materials  generally  familiar  to  Americans,  and  not 
upon  what  may  properly  be  called  original  research.  The  value 
of  the  work,  therefore,  is  chiefly  in  its  shrewd  comments  on  our 
institutions,  and  in  the  comparisons  which  the  author  draws  be- 
tween our  government  and  the  governments  of  Europe. 


HISTORIES   OF  THE  UNITED   STATES.  571 

The  tliird  volume  is  of  greater  importance  tlian  either  of  the 
others.  It  presents  a  striking  view  of  the  men  who  framed  the 
Constitution,  and  of  tlic  ideas  whicli  they  respectively  contributed 
to  that  instrument.  It  also  discusses  in  admirable  spirit  the  jiow- 
crs  and  privileges  of  the  different  branches  of  the  new  govern- 
ment, comparing  these  powers  very  frequently  with  those  of  the 
governments  of  Europe. 

The  work  was  published  just  after  tlie  outbreak  of  our  Civil 
A\  ar.  Tlic  author  sympathized  ardently  with  the  cause  of  the 
Union,  and  therefore  he  threw  into  his  book  the  fire  of  a  glowing 
admiration  for  American  institutions.  Unquestionably  his  design 
was  to  teach  his  hearers  at  once  what  they  had  to  learn  from 
American  institutions,  and  what  their  sympathies  ought  to  be  in 
regard  to  American  aifairs.  But  while  this  purpose  adds  to  the 
spirit  of  the  work,  it  detracts  somewhat  from  its  permanent  value. 
It  is  not  without  an  unwholesome  tendency  to  niagnify  our  polit- 
ical merits  and  obscure  our  political  defects. 

The  author's  sympathies  were  strongly  Federal,  Hamilton  being 
his  favorite  among  American  statesmen.  In  style  the  book  is  ex- 
ceedingly vivacious. 


Neumann,  Karl  Friedrich. — Geschichte  der  Vereinigten  Staaten 
voii  Auierika.      3  vols.,  8vo,  Berlin,  1SG6. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  period  previous  to  the  presi- 
dency of  Jefferson,  the  second  to  that  extending  from  Jefferson 
to  Van  Burcn,  the  third  to  that  from  the  accession  of  ^'an  Buren 
to  the  inauguration  of  Lincoln. 

This  work,  like  that  of  Laboulaye,  was  written  during  the 
years  of  our  Civil  War,  and  is  pervaded  by  a  spirit  of  warm, 
and  at  times  even  fervid,  sympathy  for  the  country  and  the  pres- 
ervation of  the  Union.  It  is  founded  on  considerable  research, 
and  has  the  rare  excellence  among  German  books  of  being  writ- 
ten in  a  graceful  and  picturesque  style.  It  has  the  further  ad- 
vantage of  covering  the  whole  period  of  American  history  down 
to  the  outbii^ak  of  the  Civil  War.  It  is  fuller,  shows  more  re- 
search, and  has  jn-obably  fewer  defects  than  any  other  work  de- 
voted to  the  whole  period. 


5*72  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

But,  with  these  good  qualities  to  recommend  it,  it  still  cannot 
take  rank  as  a  great  book.  The  author  did  not  always  under- 
stand the  relations  of  cause  and  effect,  and  he  did  not  always  pre- 
serve a  strictly  judicial  spirit.  A  tendency  to  enthusiasm  is  the 
weakness  of  the  work.  Many  positions  are  taken  which  will 
scarcely  resist  the  assaults  of  a  searching  criticism. 


Patton,  J.  H. — The  History  of  the  United  States  of  America, 
from  the  Discovery  of  the  Continent  to  the  Close  of  the  First 
Session  of  the  Thirty-fifth  Congress,  in  1858.  Svo,  New  York, 
1866. 

A  work  designed  to  fill  a  niche  midway  between  the  school- 
books  and  the  larger  histories  of  Bancroft  and  Ilildreth,  Two 
thirds  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  the  Colonial  and  Revolutionary 
periods ;  and  consequently  the  history  of  the  country  under  the 
Constitution  has  received  but  meagre  and  unsatisfactory  treat- 
ment. As  an  easily  flowing  narrative  of  events,  the  book  lias 
some  merit ;  though  it  is  written  without  much  vigor  of  expres- 
sion, and  the  author  shows  no  very  deep  insight  or  clear  discrimi- 
nation. 


Ridpath,  John  Clark. — A  Popular  History  of  the  United  States 
of  America,  from  the  Aboriginal  Times  to  the  Present  Day. 
Illustrated  with  Maps,  Charts,  Portraits,  and  Diagrams.  Svo, 
Cincinnati,  1881. 

Intended,  not  for  the  student,  but,  as  the  author  says,  "  for  thn 
average  American  ;  for  the  man  of  business;  for  the  practical  man 
of  the  shop,  the  counter,  and  the  j^lough.  The  work  is  dedicated 
to  the  household  and  the  library  of  the  poor." 

In  point  of  style,  maps,  and  illustrations,  the  volume  is  admi- 
rably adapted  to  the  purpose  thus  set  forth  by  the  author.  The 
portraits  are  good,  the  maps  excellent,  and  the  other  ilhistrations 
have  been  judiciously  selected. 

It  is,  however,  but  just  to  say  that  while  it  is  written  in  a  style 
that  is  free  from  serious  defects,  in  point  of  historical  accuracy 


IIISTOUIKS  OF  TIIIO  UNITED  STATES.  573 

jind  completeness  of  information  it  leaves  somotliing  to  be  de- 
sired, liy  the  painstaking  student,  therefore,  it  can  liardly  be  ac- 
cepted as  authority. 

The  pages  of  the  volume  glow  with  a  fervor  of  patriotism 
which  by  some  will  bo  deemed  a  substantia}  merit,  bv  others 
a  somewhat  undiscriminatiiig  laudation  of  American  institutions 
and  methods. 


Tucker,  George. — The  History  of  the  United  States  from  their 
Colonization  to  tlie  End  of  tiie  Twenty-sixth  Congress,  in  1841. 
4  vols.,  8vo,  Piiiladelphia,  1800. 

A  book  that  may  well  be  read  in  connection  with  Ilildrcth's, 
as  it  is  written  from  an  opposite  point  of  view.  It  is  a  political 
liistory,  and  is  devoted  chieUy  to  the  period  subsequent  to  the 
adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution. 

In  a  single  chapter  of  a  hundred  pages  tlic  author  traces  the 
political  history  of  the  colonies  down  to  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence. He  presents  with  unusual  fulness  such  questions  and 
subjects  as  have  a  sectional  bearing  and  have  furnished  the 
grounds  of  sectional  controversy.  The  author  writes  from  a 
Southern  point  of  view.  But,  though  he  avows  Iiimself  a  friend 
of  Soutliern  institutions,  he  acknowledges  the  right  of  dissent,  and 
concedes  that  there  are  prima-facic  reasons  for  a  different  view 
on  the  part  of  those  whose  political  training  has  been  different 
from  his  own.  Completing  the  work  just  before  the  ouibreak  of 
the  Civil  War,  he  declared  himself  a  friend  of  imion  and  an  advo- 
cate of  mutual  concessions. 

The  greatest  value  of  the  work  is  in  the  fact  that  it  is  the  most 
able  and  candid  historical  presentation  from  a  Southern  point  of 
view  of  the  various  political  and  constitutional  questions  that  agi- 
tated the  country  from  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  to  the 
triumph  of  the  Whigs  under  General  Uarrisou. 


574  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 


II.   HISTOEIES    OF    LIMITED    PERIODS. 

Count  of  Paris. — History  of  the  Civil  War  in  America.  Trans- 
lated with  the  Approval  of  the  Author  by  Louis  F.  Tasistro. 
Edited  by  Henry  Coppee.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  1875-76. 

The  work  of  the  Count  of  Paris  is  essentially  a  military  his- 
torv,  and  is  the  first  successful  attempt  to  give  a  full  and  careful 
account  of  the  stupendous  conflict  to  which  it  is  devoted.  But 
while  it  deals  especially  with  military  affairs,  it  intei'sperses  such 
accounts  of  civil  transactions  as  arc  necessary  to  throw  light  on 
the  military  movements. 

The  author,  besides  having  had  the  advantage  of  participating 
in  the  conflict,  has  had  access  to  the  most  valuable  materials  both 
North  and  South. 

The  purely  political  portion  of  the  work  is  confined  to  a  brief 
but  very  clear  account  of  the  origin  of  the  war.  The  author's 
theory  may  be  stated  in  this  way.  The  South,  in  view  of  the  in- 
creasing prosperity  of  the  North,  saw  that  it  was  losing  the  pre- 
ponderance it  had  enjoyed  ever  since  the  adoption  of  the  Consti- 
tution. It  was  determined,  therefore,  to  force  slavery  into  the 
Territories  and  into  the  new  States.  Failing  in  this  attempt,  there 
was  nothing  left  but  to  abandon  the  political  field  and  give  up  the 
cause  as  lost,  or  to  force  a  contest  and  a  satisfactory  peace  from 
the  North.     This  latter  expedient  was  determined  upon. 

The  style  of  the  narrative  is  clear  and  easy.  The  maps  of 
battle-fields  are  taken  from  the  oflBcial  records  of  the  Coast  Sur- 
vey and  the  War  Department,  and  leave  nothing  to  be  desired. 

The  second  volume  conchides  with  an  admirable  survey  of  the 
situation  at  the  time  of  the  J)mancipation  Proclamation  of  Janu- 
ary 1,  1863.  When  completed,  the  work  can  hardly  fail  to  be 
accepted  as  a  history  of  the  war  of  great  and  permanent  value. 


Draper,  John  William. — History  of  the  American  Civil  War.     3 

Vols.,  Hvo,  New  York,  1807. 

Tills  book  is  pervaded  with  Dr.  Draper's  peculiar  views  of  the 


IIISTOllIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  575 

causes  of  national  tlcvclopnicnt.  It  is  introduced  by  a  long  dis- 
sertation, which  occupies  nearly  the  whole  of  the  first  volume,  and 
in  which  the  author  elaborates  his  peculiar  theories.  Ilis  beliefs 
are  essentially  those  of  liuckle.  At  bottom,  he  has  no  faith  in 
other  causes  than  those  wliieli  can  be  traced  directly  to  Nature. 
Climate  is  the  great  controlling  force,  lie  attaches  his  faith 
principally  to  the  January  isothermal  of  forty-one  degrees.  More- 
over, Nature  gave  the  United  States  a  concave  surface,  while  the 
surface  of  Euro[)C  is  convex ;  therefore  the  United  States  should 
be  one  nation,  while  Europe  should  be  many. 

As  an  attempt  to  build  a  history  on  a  philosophical  foundation, 
the  work  cannot  be  called  a  very  signal  success.  Until  it  can  be 
shown  that  an  isothermal  has  something  to  do  with  such  blunders 
as  those  at  Kredericksburg  and  Cliickamauga,  most  men  w  ill  regard 
Dr.  Draper's  theories,  as  not  [)roved. 


Doyle,  John  Andrew. — The  American  Colonics  Previous  to  the 
Declaration  vi  Independence.     8vo,  London,  18G9. 

The  Arnold  Prize  Essay,  read  at  Oxford  in  18G9.  It  aims  to 
show  the  early  characteristics  of  the  colonies  and  of  colonial  life. 

The  author  has  made  constant  use  of  the  best  published  au- 
thorities, and  has  produced  a  work  which,  as  a  condensed  account, 
is  well  worthy  of  the  student's  notice.  There  are  four  chapters — 
one  on  the  "  Discoveries,"  one  on  the  "  Formation  of  the  Thir- 
teen Colonies,"  one  on  the  "  General  Characteristics  o£  the  Colo- 
nics from  1688  to  1760,"  and  one  on  "The  Contest  for  Inde- 
pendence." The  last  chapter  consists  of  a  hundred  pages,  and  is 
the  most  valuable. 


Greeley,  Horace.— The  American  Conflict.  A  History  of  the 
CJreat  Rebellion  in  the  United  States  of  xVmerica,  1800-64  ;  its 
Causes,  Incidents,  and  Results ;  intended  to  exhibit  especially 
its  Moral  and  Political  I'liases,  with  the  Drift  and  Progress  of 
American  Opinion  respecting  Human  Slavery  from  1776  to  the 
Close  of  the  War  for  the  Union.  2  vols.,  royal  8vo,  Hartford, 
1864-67. 

Distinctively  a  political  rather  than  a  military  history  of  the 


576  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

war.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable,  as  it  is  quite  the  most  inter- 
estino'  of  the  numerous  accounts  of  our  great  civil  contest. 

Tiie  first  half  of  the  first  volume  is  perhaps  the  best  existing 
portraval  of  the  causes  that  led  gradually  up  to  the  conflict.  No 
man  was  more  familiar  with  American  politics  from  1830  to 
1860  than  Mr.  Greeley  ;  and  of  the  vast  stores  of  his  knowledge 
he  made  good  use  in  the  volume  before  us.  The  part  of  slavery 
is  especially  well  portrayed,  and  the  cumulative  power  of  the 
story  carries  the  reader  forward  with  irresistible  force. 

The  military  portion  of  the  history  is  less  fortunate.  Mr. 
Greeley  held  his  opinions  Avith  great  tenacity,  and  he  sometimes 
appeared  to  think  that  if  he,  sitting  in  his  editorial  room  in  New 
York  could  have  directed  the  armies,  military  affairs  would  have 
sooner  reached  a  happy  conclusion.  Aside  from  this  not  alto- 
gether praiseworthy  eccentricity,  the  book  is  to  be  recommended. 


Grahame,  James. — The  History  of  the  Rise  and  Progress  of  the 
United  States  of  North  America  from  their  Colonization  till 
the  Declaration  of  Independence.  4  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia, 
1845. 

One  of  the  very  best  histories  of  our  colonial  period.  Since 
Grahame  wrote,  investigation  has  thrown  new  light  on  many 
questions  previously  obscure ;  but  the  author  spared  no  pains  in 
the  investigation  of  such  sources  as  were  then  at  his  command, 
and  he  always  conducted  his  researches  with  great  discrimination 
as  well  as  praiseworthy  candor.  His  work  is  justly  quoted  with 
great  respect  by  all  later  writers  on  our  early  history. 

In  point  of  style,  the  work  is  clear,  correct,  and  agreeable. 


Greene,  George  Washington.— Historical  View  of  the  American 
Uevolution.      12mo,  New  York,  4tli  ed.,  1870. 


> 


Twelve  lectures,  originally  delivered  before  the  Lowell  Institute 
in  Boston,  and  designed  to  present  in  popular  form  the  most  im- 
portant phases  of  the  llevohition. 

It  is  a  good  book  to  read  in  connection  with  one  of  the  stand- 


IIISTORIKS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  5TV 

ard  histories  of  the  war.  Its  especial  merit  is  the  fact  that  it 
presents  in  striking  light  the  salient  points  of  tlic  Revolution,  un- 
encumbered with  the  details  of  unimportant  affairs. 


Hamilton,  J.  C. — History  of  the  llcpublic  of  tlic  United  States 
of  Anirrica  as  Traced  in  the  Writings  of  Alexander  JIamilton 
and  his  Contemporaries.  •  7  vols.,  bvu,  riiiladelpliia,  ;id  cd., 
18G8. 

In  addition  to  much  that  was  old,  these  volumes  contain  a 
small  amount  of  new  material  brought  together  from  the  editor's 
explorations  in  the  archives  at  Washington.  This  would  have 
made  a  valuable  appendix  to  IIaniilton''s  works.  But  there  was 
no  sufficient  reason  for  intlating  so  small  an  amount  of  new  mat- 
ter into  seven  large  octavos.  Though  the  book  mnv  be  used  bv 
means  of  its  index  witli  ailvantage,  it  is  for  a  student  one  of  the 
most  unsatisfactory  wurks  published  in  our  country. 


Holmes,  Abiel. — The  Annals  of  America,  from  the  Discovery  by 
('..lunibus  in  the  Year  1492  to  the  Year  182G.  2  vols.,  8vo, 
Cambridge,  2d  ed.,  much  improved,  1829. 

A  book  to  wdiich  workers  in  American  history  owe  a  great  debt 
of  gratitude.  It  is  quoted  by  some  historians  with  almost  the 
same  confidence  as  an  original  authority. 

Dr.  Holmes  was  a  most  careful  and  laborious  investigator;  and 
his  object  in  this  work  was  to  bring  together  such  information  as 
could  be  drawn  from  the  most  unquestionable  sources.  Ilis  in- 
vestigations ranged  through  a  vast  field,  and  his  selections  were 
made  with  the  utmost  care.  For  many  years  this  book  was  the 
best  repository  of  all  desirable  knowledge  of  American  history. 

Unfortunately,  the  work  has  long  been  out  of  print,  and  is  not 
easy  to  procure. 


Ingersoll,  Charles  J. — Historical   Sketch    of  tlic   Second    War 
belweeu   the    United   States    of  America   and   Great    Britain, 

31 


678  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

1812-15.     2  vols.,  8 vo,  Philadelphia,  1845-49.    Second  Series, 
2  vols.,  1852. 

The  first  volume  covers  the  period  of  mismanagement  and  dis- 
aster during  the  first  j^car  and  a  half  of  the  war ;  the  second  con- 
tinues the  narration  to  the  close  of  the  actual  contest.  The 
supplementary  series  is  devoted  to  the  Treaty  of  Ghent  and  the 
foreign  relations  of  the  United  States. 

The  work  has  always  been  looked  upon  by  historians  as  one 
possessing  substantial  merit;  but  certain  unfortunate  peculiari- 
ties of  its  literary  workmanship  have  prevented  it  from  becom- 
ing popular  with  the  reading  public.  It  is  not  destitute  of  happy 
and  vivid  expressions  ;  but  the  style  as  a  whole  is  rough  and 
uncouth.  The  author  even  shows  real  contempt  for  some  of  the 
commonest  rules  of  English  composition.  It  also  abounds  in  ex- 
travagances of  expression  and  in  words  that  have  not  yet  received 
the  hospitality  of  good  usage. 

But  the  author  gave  both  talent  and  industry  to  the  prepara- 
tion of  his  work,  and,  with  all  its  faults,  it  is  probably  the  best 
history  of  the  War  of  1812  yet  produced. 


Jay,  William. — A  Review  of  the  Causes  and  Consequences  of  the 
Mexican  War.     16mo,  Boston,  1849. 

This  little  book,  prepared  by  a  prominent  antislavery  agitator, 
was  published  for  the  purpose  of  showing  "  the  wickedness,  the 
baseness,  and  the  calamitous  consequences"  of  that  war. 

It  is  written  with  great  energy  of  expression ;  and  the  author's 
positions  are  strongly  fortified  by  citations  of  authorities. 

As  a  presentation  of  the  view  of  those  opposed  to  the  war  it  is 
one  of  great  strength. 

Jones,  Thomas. — History  of  New  York  during  the  Revolutionary 
War;  and  of  the  Leading  Events  of  the  other  Colonies  during 
that  Period.  Edited  by  Floyd  do  Lanccy,  with  Notes,  Contem- 
porary Documents,  Maps,  and  Portraits.  2  vols.,  8vo,  New 
York,"  1879. 

This  may  be  called  an  account  of  the  Revolutionary  War  by 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  579 

one  of  the  most  conspicuous  of  the  Tories.  Tlie  autliur  was  not 
only  Ciiief-justicc  of  the  Suproiuc  Court  of  New  York,  but  was 
a  persistent  adherent  of  the  crown.  During  the  war  he  endured 
many  distresses;  but  he  lived  through  it,  to  tell  his  story  from  the 
Loyalist  j)oint  of  view.  The  history  is  an  interesting  one ;  but  it 
abounds  in  inaccuracies,  and  it  may  be  doubted  whether  it  con- 
tributes anything  to  our  kn(j\vlcdge  of  the  struggle. 


Livermore,  A.  A. — The  War  with  .\rexico  Reviewed.    16mo,  Bos- 
ton, liSaU. 

A  prize  essay  written  in  tlie  interest  of  universal  peace.  It  is 
of  very  little  consequence  save  as  it  presents  in  very  strono-  lifdit 
some  of  the  causes  of  the  war.  The  value  of  the  book  is  in  cliap- 
ters  iii.-'viii.,  where  is  clearly  presented,  from  extracts  of  writino-s 
and  speeches,  the  desire  of  the  South  to  acquire  new  territory  in 
the  interests  of  slaverv. 


Lossing",  Benson  J. — Pictorial  Ficld-Book  of  the  Revolution.  2 
vols.,  Svo,  New  York,  1851  ;  I'ictorial  Field-Book  of  the  War  of 
1812.  8vo,  New  York,  18G9  ;  Pictorial  Field-Book  of  the  Civil 
War  of  the  United  States.  3  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  1866  ; 
Harper's  Popular  Cyclopa'dia  of  United  States  History.  2  vols., 
royal  8vo,  New  York,  1882. 

The  author  has  devoted  his  life  to  what  may  be  called  the  pict- 
uresque side  of  American  history.  Of  his  numerous  works,  those 
named  arc  the  most  important.  The  illustrations,  by  their  ingenu- 
ity and  excellence,  add  greatly  to  the  peculiar  charm  of  the  volumes. 


Neill,  Edward  D. — The  English  Colonization  of  America  during 
the  Seventeenth  Century.     8vo,  London,  1871. 

The  importance  of  this  work  is  largely  in  the  fact  that  it  was 
prepared  after  a  careful  study  of  the  MS.  transactions  of  the  Lon- 
don Trading  Company.  The  author's  new  evidence  concerning 
the  early  history  of  the  Middle  States  is  of  especial  signiticance. 


Parkman,  Francis. — The  Pioneers  of  North  America;  The  Dis- 
covery of  the  (.Jreat  West;  The  Jesuits  in  North  America  in 


680  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  Seventeenth  Centnry ;  The  Old  Regime  in  Canada ;  History 
of  the  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac,  and  the  War  of  the  North  Ameri- 
can Tribes  against  the  EngUsh  Colonies  after  the  Conquest  of 
Canada.     8  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  various  dates;  new  ed.,  1880. 

The  conspicuous  merits  of  these  works  were  at  once  recognized 
both  in  Europe  and  in  America  as  from  time  to  time  the  individ- 
ual volumes  appeared. 

The  object  of  the  author  has  been  to  present  a  view  of  the 
early  French  explorers  of  the  continent,  and  to  give  a  represen- 
tation of  the  Indian  difficulties  which  so  distuibed  the  colonial 
peace.  His  effort  has  been  eminently  successful.  In  a  series  of 
graphic  pictures,  he  has  placed  before  us  the  self-denials  and  ad- 
ventures of  the  explorers  of  the  Great  West,  as  well  as  the  forti- 
tude and  the  failures  of  the  early  Jesuit  missionaries.  "  The  Old 
Regime  in  Canada"  is  the  best  description  ever  given  of  the 
peculiar  government  existing  in  that  country  before  the  fall  of 
Quebec.  In  the  "  Conspiracy  of  Pontiac  "  we  have  a  more  vivid 
picture  of  Indian  life  and  warfare  a  hundred  years  ago  than  is  to 
be  found  in  any  other  book. 

The  work,  as  a  whole,  is  not  only  written  in  a  spirited  and 
picturesque  style,  but  is  the  result  of  thorough  research  as  well 
as  of  careful  thouirht  and  stud  v. 


Ramsay,  David. — History  of  the  American  Revolution;  Continued 
to  the  Treaty  of  Ghent  by  S.  G.  Smith  and  other  Literary 
Gentlemen,    's  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  181G-17. 

Of  this  edition,  the  first  two  volumes,  and  the  first  nine  chap- 
ters of  the  third  volume,  were  written  by  Dr.  Ramsay.  Many 
earlier  editions  had  -appeared,  and  the  work  had  already  been 
translated  into  several  European  languages  when  the  continuation 
was  added. 

It  is  one  of  the  most  substantial  and  worthy  accounts  of  our 
Revolutionary  period.  In  the  light  of  more  modern  investigation, 
it  is  not  difficult  to  criticise  some  of  the  details  of  the  work,  but 
it  is  more  easy  to  commend  it. 

Perhaps  the  author  dwells  with  too  much  minuteness  on  mili- 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  581 

tary  affairs,  and  lias  somewhat  too  lil'Jc  to  say  of  the  great  causes 
of  the  events  which  he  describes.  There  is  also  a  tendency  to 
tone  down  the  proper  cner<ijy  of  ex[»rossion,  as,  for  example,  when 
he  characterizes  an  outrat^e  that  excited  universal  horror  as  "  a 
signal  violation  of  the  peace."  At  times,  moreover,  especially  in 
the  continuation,  the  work  is  disfigured  with  violations  of  that 
purity  of  style  which  should  prevail  in  such  a  history. 


Ripley,  R.  S. — The  War  with  Mexico.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York, 
184'.». 

This  is  the  fullest  history  of  the  Mexican  AVar  we  yet  have. 
The  author  had  the  advantages  of  a  thorough  military  education 
and  of  having  partici[)ated  in  the  struggle.  The  work  is  a  mili- 
tary history.  Until  the  Mexican  sources  are  explored,  a  good 
history  of  the  war  cannot  be  written  ;  but  at  present  llipley's  is 
probably  the  best  book  on  the  subject. 


Winsor,  Justin. — The  Reader's  Hand-book  of  the  American  Rev- 
olution, 17G1-1V83.      IGmo,  Boston,  1880, 

An  admirable  little  guide-book  for  the  use  of  students  of  the 
Revolutionary  period  of  our  history. 

Beginning  at  the  time  of  the  first  discontents  with  British  rule, 
the  author  indicates  where  the  best  information  on  each  point  is 
to  be  gathered.  The  book  will  be  found  of  great  value  to  all 
students,  but  more  especially  to  such  as  have  free  access  to  large 
libraries,  and  are  striving  for  a  very  thorough  knowledge  of  the 
subject. 


III.    LOCAL   HISTORIES,  AND  HISTORIES  OF  INDIVIDUAL  STATES. 

Bradford,  William.— History  of  1  •lymouth  Plantation.  Now  First 
I'resented  from  the  Original  Manuscript,  for  the  Massachusetts 
Historical  Society.  Edited,  with  Notes,  by  Charles  Deane. 
8vo,  Boston,  1856. 

The  manuscript  of  this  invaluable  history  was  long  believed  to 
be  lost.     It  was  consulted  by  Morton  in  preparing  his  "  Memo- 


582  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

rial,"  published  in  1669,  and  also  by  Prince  and  Hutchinson  just 
before  the  middle  of  the  last  century.  The  manuscript  was  in 
the  toAvcr  of  the  Old  South  Church  when  that  edifice  was  occu- 
pied during  the  Revolutionary  AVar  as  a  riding-school  for  British 
soldiers.  The  papers  were  taken  away;  but  whether  they  were 
destroyed  or  merely  concealed  was  not  definitely  known  until  they 
were  discovered  in  1855  in  the  library  of  the  Bishop  of  London 
at  Fulham. 

As  the  work  describes  the  struggles  of  the  colonists  from  1602 
to  1647,  it  is  of  the  utmost  importance.  Indeed,  as  an  original 
authority  it  is  only  second  in  value  to  that  of  Governor  Winthrop. 

The  publication  is  an  exact  transcript  of  the  MS.  even  in  mat- 
ters of  minute  detail.  The  work  of  the  editor,  Mr.  Deane,  has 
been  done  with  conspicuous  good  judgment  and  good  taste. 


Elliot,  Charles  W. — The  New  England  Ilistory,  from  the  Discov- 
ery of  the  Continent  by  the  Northmen,  A.D.  986,  to  the  Period 
when  the  Colonies  Declared  their  Independence.  2  vols.,  8vo, 
New  York,  1857. 

This  work  is  not  without  real  merits ;  but  its  scope  is  much 
less  comprehensive  than  that  of  Palfrey,  and  it  is  written  with 
much  less  ability.  The  chapters  on  the  discovery  of  the  conti- 
nent by  the  Northmen  give  a  good  view  of  the  foundations  on 
which  a  belief  in  the  discovery  rested  at  the  time  the  work  was 
written. 


Oliver,  Peter. — The  Puritan  Commonwealth.  An  Historical  Re- 
view of  Puritan  Government  in  Massachusetts  in  its  Civil  and 
Ecclesiastical  Relation,  from  its  Rise  to  the  Abrogation  of  its 
First  Charter ;  together  with  some  General  Refiections  on  the 
English  CJolonial  Policy  and  on  the  Character  of  Puritanism. 
8vo,  Boston,  1856. 

A  work  of  importance,  inasmuch  as  it  is  the  ablest  presentation 
of  wliat  may  be  called  the  "  other  side"  of  I'urit.anism.  It  is  not 
simply  an  unfriendly,  but  also  an  exceedingly  severe,  criticism 
of  the  Puritan  polity.     The  motives,  the  principles,  and  the  con- 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  583 

duct  of  the  early  settlers  of  New  England  are  subjected  to  a  most 
searching  examination.  The  author  has  made  exhaustive  use  of 
the  original  sources  of  information  as  well  as  of  the  more  accessi- 
ble mjiierials. 

Thu  work  is  written  with  rare  grace  and  beauty  of  style ;  and 
it  abounds  in  terse  and  emphatic  passages  which  go  far  to  com- 
pel our  admiration. 

Though  the  author  saw  but  one  side,  and  that  the  most  repul- 
sive side,  of  I'uritaiiism,  he  is  entitled  to  our  thanks  for  having 
presented  it  with  so  much  grace  and  force.  Thornton's  volume 
in  review  of  the  work  points  out  its  weak  spots. 


Palfrey,  John  Gorham.— History  of  New  England.     4  vols.,  8vo, 
Boston,  1858-78. 

Not  only  the  most  satisfactory  history  of  New  England  we  have, 
but  one  of  the  most  admirable  historical  works  ever  produced  in 
America.  It  shows  great  learning,  industrious  research,  compre- 
hensive views,  critical  acumen,  and  sound  judgment.  In  addition 
to  these  great  qualities,  it  possesses  the  charm  of  having  been  writ- 
ten in  a  graceful  and  agreeable  style. 

The  first  three  volumes  deal  with  the  period  of  the  Stuart 
dynasty,  and  the  fourth  brings  the  work  to  the  year  1740.  The 
author  expressed  the  hope  of  completing  the  history  to  the  out- 
break of  the  Revolutionary  "War. 


Thornton,  J.  W. — Peter  Oliver's  "Puritan  Commonwealth"  Re- 
viewed.    8vo,  Boston,  1857. 

This  work,  by  one  of  the  most  accomplished  antiquaries  of  New 
England,  shows  great  learning  and  ingenuity.  It  thrusts  a  keen 
lance  into  the  joints  of  Oliver's  harness,  and  should  be  read  in 
connection  with  the  work  it  reviews.  As  a  defence  of  the  Puri- 
tans against  the  most  damaging  charges  made  against  them,  it  is 
one  of  the  most  successful. 


Winthrop,  John. — The  History  of  New  England  from  1G30  to 


584  HISTOEICAL  LITERATURE. 

1649,  with  Notes  to  Illustrate  the  Civil  and  Ecclesiastical  Con- 
cerns, the  Geography,  Settlement,  and  Institutions  of  the 
Country,  and  the  Lives  and  Manners  of  the  Principal  Planters. 
By  James  Savage,  President  of  the  Massachusetts  Historical 
Society.     A  new  edition,  2  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1853. 

This  work,  by  the  first  governor  of  the  Colony  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay,  is  perhaps  the  most  important  storehouse  of  informa- 
tion concerning  the  early  history  of  New  England.  The  edition 
of  1853  contains  a  vast  amount  of  material  added  by  the  labori- 
ous and  learned  researches  of  Mr.  Savage — researches  which  have 
greatly  enriched  as  well  as  enlarged  the  original  work.  In  addi- 
tion to  his  invaluable  notes,  the  editor  has  also  added  an  appen- 
dix containing  a  large  number  of  Governor  Winthrop's  letters 
not  previously  published. 

As  a  description,  not  only  of  the  early  life,  but  also  of  the 
character  and  methods,  of  the  Puritan  fathers,  this  work  has  no 
superior,  if,  indeed,  it  has  an  equal. 


Young,  Alexander. — Chronicles  of  the  First  Planters  of  the  Col- 
ony of  Massachusetts  Bay,  from  1623  to  1636.  Now  first  Col- 
lected from  Original  Records  and  Contemporaneous  Manu- 
scripts, and  Illustrated  with  Notes.     8vo,  Boston,  1856. 

This  work  is  an  effort  to  collect  within  the  covers  of  one  largo 
volume  every  authentic  document  relating  to  the  planting  of  the 
Colony  of  Massachusetts  Bay.  These  documents  cover  the  period 
from  the  first  faint  dawnings  in  1623  to  the  full  sunrise  in  1636, 
with  the  single  exception  of  Winthrop's  "  History,"  to  which,  in- 
deed, they  may  be  regarded  as  a  kind  of  introduction.  To  the  stu- 
dent of  that  period,  tlie  collection  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 


Williamson,  William  D. — Tlio  History  of  the  State  of  Maine, 
from  its  J^iscovery,  A.D.  \(J0'2,  to  the  Separation,  A.D.  1820, 
iiichisivc.     New  impression,  2  vols.,  8vo,  Ilallowell,  1839. 

A  work  of  standard  value,  though  it  is  not  skilfully  or  con- 
veniently arranged.     Tiic  author's  style  is  uninteresting  and  in- 


IIISTOIUKS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  585 

elegant.  'riioiiLjli,  for  these  reasons,  it  does  not  rise  to  the  rank 
of  a  finislied  and  philosophical  work,  it  is  a  vast  collection  of 
vahiahle  facts,  and  could  not  well  be  spared  from  our  li.st  of  local 
histories. 

The  faulty  arranj^cnieiit  is  somewhat  relieved  by  a  very  full 
index. 


Belknap,  Jeremy. — The  History  of  New  Hampshire.    3  vols.,  8vo, 
liubton,  1784-92. 

Unquestionably  one  of  the  most  admirable  local  histories  ever 
published  in  our  country. 

The  first  and  second  volumes  arc  historical ;  the  third  is  de- 
voted to  an  account  of  the  resources  and  productions  of  the  State. 

The  author  was  free  in  his  methods  of  inquiry,  resolute  in 
research,  accurate  in  statement,  sound  in  judgment,  patriotic  in 
feeling,  candid  and  liberal  in  all  his  ways  of  thinking  and  writ- 
ing. In  point  of  style  the  work  is  easy  and  flowing.  Of  the 
three  volumes,  the  third  is  least  satisfactory. 


Williams,  Samuel. — The  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  Burlington,  Vt.,  1809. 

The  author  of  these  volumes  was  a  graduate  and  professor  of 
Harvard  College,  as  well  as  an  industrious  and  careful  student. 

The  book  is  to  be  commended  for  its  research,  though  it  is  not 
worthy  of  a  place  by  the  side  of  Trumbull  and  Belknap.  It  has 
to  do,  of  course,  only  with  the  early  history  of  a  state  that  was 
still  very  young  when  the  book  was  written. 


Hutchinson,  Thomas. — The  History  of  the  Province  of  Massa- 
chusetts Bay  from  1028  to  1774.  Also  a  Collection  of  Origi- 
nal I'apers  relating  to  the  History  of  the  Colony  of  Massachu- 
setts Bay.    4  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1764-74. 

No  other  work  produced  during  our  colonial  period  rises  so 
nearly  to  the  standard  of  modern  historical  composition.     The 


586  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

author  not  only  wrote  like  an  historian,  but  he  labored  diligently 
in  the  field  of  colonial  antiquities,  and  his  work  must  ever  be  con- 
sidered a  mine  of  wealth  to  all  future  students  of  our  early  politi- 
cal institutions.  It  has  not  quite  the  value  of  a  strictly  original 
authority,  as  the  author  was  removed  by  a  short  period  from  the 
events  he  describes. 

Hutchinson's  position  as  governor  of  the  province  gave  him 
access  to  all  needed  materials ;  and  what  imparts  an  additional 
value  to  the  work  is  the  fact  that  a  large  number  of  papers  used 
by  him  in  the  preparation  of  his  "  History  "  were  irrecoverably  lost 
at  the  time  of  the  Stamp-Act  riots  in  1765. 

The  work  is  written  with  a  lively  and  critical  spirit  as  well  as 
with  fidelity  and  minuteness  of  detail ;  but,  with  its  many  excel- 
lences, it  lacks  somewhat  of  that  literary  quality  necessary  to 
secure  for  it  a  general  and  permanent  interest.  It  ought  also  to 
be  added  that  the  author  was  a  thoroughgoing  royalist,  and  had 
no  appreciation  whatever  of  the  great  truths  and  theories  which 
lay  at  the  bottom  of  the  Revolutionary  upheaval. 


Minot,  George  Richard. — Continuation  of  the  History  of  the 
•I'rovince  of  Massachusetts  Bay  from  the  Year  1748.  2  vols., 
8vo,  Boston,  1798-1803. 

A  continuation  of  Hutchinson's  "  History."  Judge  Minot  was  an 
ardent  patriot.  He  presents  the  cause  of  the  colonists  with  great 
cogency.  The  various  considerations  which  led  to  the  alienation 
of  the  colonies  are  perhaps  nowhere  more  successfully  given. 

The  work  is  written  in  terse,  pure,  and  elegant  English,  and 
everywhere  shows  good  judgment.  The  facts  are  treated  with 
fidelity  and  impartiality. 

The  second  volume,  which  was  published  posthumously,  closes 
with  an  account  of  the  great  excitement  in  Boston  over  the  Stamp 
Act. 

Barry,  John  Stetson. — The  History  of  Massachusetts.  Vol.  i.. 
Colonial  i'eriod.  Vol.  ii.,  I'roviiicial  I'eriod.  Vol.  iii.,  Com- 
monwealth I'oriod.      3  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1855-57, 

As  a  continuous  account  of  the  history  of  Massachusetts  down 


IIISTOUIES   UF  THE   UNITED   STATES.  587 

to  recent  times,  tliis  is  the  most  valii:iblo  yet  produced.  It  lacks 
none  of  the  characteristics  of  a  finislied  and  scholarly  production. 
The  best  autliorities  liave  been  uniformly  consulted ;  conflictinG: 
testimonies  have  been  carefully  wcii^hed  ;  and  the  judgjuent  of  the 
author  is  so  steady  as  to  commend  itself  constantly  to  the  confi- 
dence of  the  reader.  If  the  style  is  lacking  a  little  in  force,  on 
the  other  hand  it  has  the  advantage  of  being  chaste  and  free  from 
offensive  mannerisms.  The  author  is  somewhat  inclined  to  fall 
into  moralizing,  and  he  has  a  fondness  for  poetical  quotation. 

But,  with  these  slight  drawbacks,  the  work  is  one  of  genuine 
merit.  The  third  volume  will  be  found  most  valuable.  The  ac- 
counts of  Shays's  Rebellion  and  of  the  Hartford  Convention  are 
especially  satisfactory. 

Bradford,  Alden. — History  of  Massachusetts  from  176-4  to  1789. 
3  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1822-25. 

The  author  of  this  work  was  secretary  of  the  commonwealth 
from  1812  to  1824.  His  production,  however,  has  not  very  much 
historical  value.  A  far  better  view  of  Massachusetts  in  the  tur- 
bulent period  of  the  Revolutionary  "War  can  be  obtained  in  the 
biographies  of  the  more  prominent  men  of  the  time.  . 


Dexter,  Henry  Martyn. — As  to  Roger  AVilliams  and  his  "Banish- 
ment" from  Massachusetts  Plantation,  with  a  Few  further  Words 
concerning  the  Baptists,  the  Quakers,  and  Religious  Liberty. 
A  Monograph.     4to,  Boston,  1876. 

In  this  monograph  of  one  hundred  and  forty-six  quarto  pages 
the  object  of  the  autlior  is  to  justify  the  original  act  of  exclusion. 
His  argument  is  twofold.  First,  the  Governor  and  Company  of 
Massachusetts  Bay  did  not  at  this  time  compose  a  state,  nor  even 
a  colony,  but  simply  a  plantation.  Thus  it  was  really  a  private 
corporation,  chartered  by  the  government  for  purposes  of  fishing, 
real-estate  improvement,  and  general  commerce.  This  planta- 
tion had  a  strong  religious  idea  behind  it,  and  it  was  on  its 
way  to  become  a  colony  and  ii  state.  But  when  it  excluded 
Roger  Williams  it  was  merely  a  private  corporation  ;  and  so  long 


588  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

as  it  remaiued  sucli  it  had  an  undoubted  right  to  exclude  from  its 
privileges  any  person,  even  a  member,  who  interfered  with  its 
privileges.  But  Roger  "Williams  was  not  even  a  member,  never 
having  been  admitted  as  a  "  freeman." 

The  second  position  is  that  the  grounds  of  exclusion  were 
mainly  political,  and  not  religious,  and  that  the  doctrines  of  toler- 
ation had  very  little  to  do  with  it.  Williams  denied  the  validity 
of  the  grant  by  which  they  held  the  lands,  and  also  resisted  the 
Residents'  Oath,  on  the  ground  that  "  it  was  not  lawful  to  call  a 
wicked  person  to  swear  or  pray."  These  doctrines  were  subver- 
sive of  public  authority  at  the  moment  when  the  plantation  was 
in  great  peril  of  its  existence. 

Dr.  Dexter  is  the  first  in  modern  years  to  establish  the  date  of 
the  vote  of  exclusion,  October  9  (19),  1635. 

The  book  has  awakened  the  most  emphatic  approval  as  v.-ell  as 
the  most  violent  dissent;  but  its  historical  accuracy  has  not  been 
successfully  impeached.  As  to  whether  the  facts  as  established 
justify  the  exclusion,  there  will  doubtless  continue  to  be  differ- 
ences of  opinion. 

Arnold,  Samuel  Greene. — History  of  the  State  of  Rhode  Island 
i^nd  Providence  Tlantations.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1859-60. 

A  work  prepared  after  long  and  careful  research.  Probably  no 
student  has  ever  made  himself  more  familiar  with  the  history  of 
Rhode  Island  than  did  Arnold.  This  volume  abounds,  therefore, 
in  valuable  information.  As  a  presentation  of  what  may  be  called 
the  Rhode  Island  view  of  the  early  contest  between  the  settlers  of 
Massachusetts  and  Roger  Williams,  it  is  probably  superior  to  all 
other  works. 

The  book  has  some  limitations  in  point  of  style,  and  for  this 
reason  can  never  be  a  favorite  with  the  general  reader. 


Trumbull,  Benjamin. — A  Complete  History  of  Connecticut,  Civil 
and  KccK'siasticai,  from  the  Emigration  of  the  First  Planters  in 
the  Year  1630  to  the  Year  1764  ;  and  to  the  Close  of  the  In- 
dian Wars.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  Haven,  1818. 

The  author  lived  in  the  midst  of  many  of  the  scenes  he  de- 


IIISTOKIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  589 

scribes,  picked  up  and  cxainiuod  all  sorts  of  traditions,  was  an  adept 
in  theology,  knew  the  name  of  every  minister  that  had  preached 
a  good  sermon,  and  every  soldier  that  had  done  a  brave  deed, 
lie  was  ignorant  of  European  liistory,  and  made  many  mistakes 
in  his  book  concerning  it ;  but  he  knew  the  history  of  Connecti- 
cut better  than  any  other  man  has  ever  known  it,  and  lie  care- 
fully wrote  it  out. 

The  fault  of  the  work  is  its  diflfuscness,  especially  in  giving  the 
history  of  churches  and  villages.  The  reader  will  lind  in  it 
accounts  of  many  ridiculous  acts  and  laws ;  but  in  spite  of 
these,  he  will  probably  be  compelled  to  admit  that  in  the  Consti- 
tution and  laws  of  Connecticut,  as  much  as  in  those  of  any  other 
State,  the  wisdom  and  tolerance  of  the  day  found  expression. 


Trumbull,  J.  Hammond. — The  True  Blue  Laws  of  Connecticut 
and  New  II;, veil,  ami  the  False  Blue  Laws  Forged  by  Peters; 
to  which  arc  ad  led  Specimens  of  the  Laws  and  Judicial  Pro- 
ceedings of  other  Colonies,  and  some  P>lue  Laws  of  England  in 
the  Reign  of  James  L     12mo,  New  York,  1870. 

The  author  has  successfully  attempted  two  things — first,  to 
show  wliat  the  so-called  Blue  Laws  were ;  and,  secondly,  to  show 
their  importance  by  comparing  them  with  the  habits  and  methods 
of  other  states  and  countries  in  the  seventeenth  century. 

Li  carrying  out  his  purpose.  Dr.  Trumbull  has  brought  together 
wliatever  throws  light  on  the  real  nature  of  the  early  Puritanical 
laws. 

The  famous  Blue  Laws  forged  by  Peters  are  given,  and  numer- 
ous laws  of  other  states  and  nations  arc  presented  to  afford  the 
reader  opportunity  of  comparison. 


Brodhead,  John  Romeyn. — History  of  the  State  of  New  York, 
1GU'.)-'J1.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1 853-7  L 

A  book  abounding  in  solid  qualities,  but  possessing  no  popular 
merit.  The  author  never  acquired  the  art  of  etfective  expression, 
and  consequently  his  readers  are  likely  to  be  few  aud  select.     The 


590  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

work  is  of  great  value  to  the  historical  student ;  but  those  who 
read  for  the  mere  pleasure  of  the  hour  Avill  scarcely  advance  fur- 
ther than  the  first  few  chapters.  A  continuation  of  the  work  was 
conditionally  promised  in  the  second  volume,  but  it  has  not  yet 
been  published. 


Hammond,  J.  D. — The  History  of  the  Political  Parties  in  the 
State  of  New  York  from  the  "Ratification  of  the  Federal  Consti- 
tution to  December,  1840.  4th  ed.,  corrected  and  enlarged, 
to  which  are  added  Notes  by  General  Root.  2  vols.,  8vo, 
Buffalo,  1850.  Also  Life  of  Silas  Wright,  sometimes  classed 
as  vol.  iii.  of  the  Political  History  of  New  York. 

This  work  deserves  and  has  received  the  commendation  of  po- 
litical students  of  all  parties.  The  author  wrote  from  a  Demo- 
cratic point  of  view,  but  he  wrote  with  a  fairness  generally  wor- 
thy of  entire  confidence.  It  is  one  of  the  most  valuable  political 
histories  in  our  possession. 


O'Callaghan,  E.  B. — History  of  New  Netherlands ;  or,  New  York 
under  the  Dutch.     2d  ed.,  2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1855. 

A  work  constantly  used  by  the  historians.  It  is  the  prod- 
uct of  an  investigator  rather  than  of  a  literary  artist,  and  there- 
fore is  to  be  classed  with  the  solid  rather  than  the  entertain- 
ing works  of  our  literature.  It  is,  however,  inferior  in  impor- 
tance to  the  work  of  Brodhead. 


Mulford,  Isaac  S. — A  Civil  and  Political  History  of  New  Jersey ; 
embracing  a  Compendious  History  of  the  State  from  its  Early 
Discovery  and  Settlement  by  Europeans,  brought  down  to  the 
Present  Time.     8vo,  Philadelphia,  1851. 

The  most  obvious  fault  of  this  book  is  that  it  does  not  fulfil 
the  promise  of  its  title.  The  history  closes  with  an  account  of 
the  war  and  the  establishment  of  the  Federal  government. 

It  possesses  not  much  literary  merit ;  but  it  is  honest,  and,  for 
the  most  part,  accurate. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED   STATES.  591 

Egle,  William  H. — An  llhistrntcd  History  of  the  Common wcallli 
of  Pennsylvania,  Civil,  Political,  and  Military,  from  its  Ivirliest 
Settlement  to  the  Present  Time;  inchidint;  Historical  Descrip- 
tions of  each  County  of  the  State,  their  Towns  and  Industrial 
Resources.     Royal  8vc,  Ilarrisburg,  2d  ed.,  1882. 

This  excellent  work  is  the  most  important  of  the  several  histories 
of  Pennsylvania.  It  consists  of  two  parts  :  the  first  being  devoted 
to  a  liistory  of  the  state  as  such  ;  tlie  second,  to  the  liistory  of  in- 
dividual counties.  The  author  made  careful  use  of  the  collections 
of  Proud,  Gordon,  Day,  and  Hazard,  as  well  as  of  the  Colonial 
records  and  archives. 


Bozman,  J.  L.— History  of  Maryland,  1G33-1G«0  ;  witli  a  Prelim- 
inary Sketch,  1-492  to  1G38.  '  2  vols.,  8vo,  Baltimore,  1837. 

The  Preliminary  Skctcli  was  publisliod  as  a  separate  volume  in 
1811,  and  is  especially  devoted  to  the  first  three  years  of  the 
Maryland  Plantation.  When  the  subsequent  work  was  published, 
the  two  were  put  together. 

Bozman  has  long  been  considered  the  standard  autliority  on 
the  early  history  of  Maryland.  His  production  abounds  in  useful 
information ;  but  it  was  not  written  with  great  skill,  and  there- 
fore it  has  not  found  a  large  number  of  readers. 


Scharf,  J.  Thomas. — History  of  Maryland  from  the  Earliest  Pe- 
riod to  the  I'resent  Day.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Baltimore,  1879. 

This  is  the  only  work  that,  up  to  the  present  time,  has  endeav- 
ored to  portray  the  history  of  Maryland  as  a  whole.  The  author 
has  had  the  advantage  of  much  material  that,  until  very  recently, 
has  been  quite  inaccessible;  of  these  the  most  noteworthy  are  the 
abstracts  from  tlie  English  State-paper  Office,  made  and  presented 
by  Mr.  George  Pcabody  to  the  Maryland  Historical  Society. 

The  first  volume  of  Mr.  Scharf s  work  will  generally  be  thought 
the  most  valuable.  In  it  the  author  portrays  the  real  character  of 
the  province  under  the  proprietary  governments  of  the  Lords  Bal- 


592  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tiraore,  and  gives  some  cnrious  information  concerning  the  rela- 
tions of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania.  He  takes  the  view  that  the 
religious  toleration  which  was  characteristic  of  the  early  history 
of  Maryland  was  not  owing  to  the  letter  of  the  charter,  or  the 
views  of  Catholics  or  Protestants  as  such,  but  rather  to  the  mag- 
nanimous policy  of  the  first  proprietary,  who  endeavored  to  make 
his  province  an  asylum  for  the  oppressed  of  every  faith. 

The  history  of  Maryland  during  the  Revolutionary  period  pre- 
sents no  very  striking  peculiarities.  Coming  down  to  more  mod- 
ern times,  the  author  takes  extreme  state-sovereignty  views,  and 
accordingly  this  portion  of  the  work  is  strongly  tinged  with 
Southern  ideas. 

The  book  is  a  valuable  one  for  reference,  but  it  is  too  much  en- 
cumbered with  long  extracts  to  be  inviting  to  the  general  reader. 
This  peculiarity,  however,  adds  to  its  value  for  the  purposes  of  a 
student. 


Beverley,  Robert. — The  History  of  Virginia,  in  Four  Parts.  Re- 
printed from  the  author's  second  edition,  London,  1722;  with 
an  Introduction  by  Charles  Campbell.     8vo,  Richmond,  1855. 

A  history  much  prized,  but  one  so  very  concise  that  it  is,  on 
the  whole,  quite  unsatisfactory. 

But  it  has  the  great  advantage  of  having  been  written  by  a 
man  living  in  the  seventeenth  century,  and  by  one  who  observed 
much  of  what  he  so  briefly  describes.  The  most  important  jiarts 
of  the  work  are  perhaps  those  which  relate  to  the  Indian  tribes, 
and  the  natural  products  and  resources  of  the  state. 

The  account  of  the  founding  of  William  and  Mary  College  is 
also  important. 


Burk,  John. — The  History  of  Virginia,  from  its  First  Settlement 
to  the  Present  Day.  3  vols.,  Svo,  Petersburg,  1804-5.  With 
a  Continuation  to  1781  by  Skelton  Jones  and  Louis  Hue  Gi- 
rardin  ;  iu  all  4  vols.,  1810. 

This  book  has  not  the  advantage  of  being  an  original  author- 
ity, nor  of  having  been  written  in  the  light  of  modern  research. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  593 

Faithful  use  of  the  materials  at  hand,  however,  was  made ;  and 
the  work  is  a  useful  one  in  hrinifiuL,'  tu<^ether,  under  a  sinyle  title, 
an  acceptable  account  of  ^'irgiMia  down  to  the  adoption  of  the 
Articles  of  Confederation. 

The  fourth  volume  is  very  rare,  all  but  about  fifty  copies  hav- 
ing been  accidentally  destroyed. 


Campbell,  Charles. — History  of  the  Colony  and  Ancient  Domin- 
ion of  Virginia.     8vo,  I'hiladelphia,  1860. 

On  the  whole,  this  volume  will  probably  be  generally  accepted 
as  the  most  satisfactory  presentation  of  early  Virginian  history 
we  have. 

The  author's  skill  as  a  writer  is  conspicuous,  especially  in  nar- 
ration. His  account  of  the  early  life  of  Captain  Jolm  Smith  is 
an  admirable  example  of  terse  and  vivid  description.  In  matters 
requiring  the  exercise  of  critical  judgment  the  author  is  less  suc- 
cessful. He  seems  to  take  his  authorities  as  he  finds  them,  with- 
out questioning  their  trustworthiness.  He  believed  implicitly  even 
so  doubtful  an  authority  as  Ca[)tain  Smith  himself. 


Stith,  William.— The  History  of  the  First  Discovery  and  Settle- 
ment of  Virginia.  New  edition,  with  Bibliographical  Notes  by 
J.  Sabin.     8vo,  New  York,  1866. 

The  very  counterpart  of  Beverley ;  for  the  work  is  as  prolix  as 
that  of  Beverley  is  concise.  The  author  was  one  of  the  presi- 
dents of  William  and  Mary  College,  but  he  was  not  possessed  of 
the  gift  of  literary  skill.  The  style  is  inelegant  as  well  as  diffuse. 
The  book,  therefore,  was  condemned  by  its  author  to  be  used  only 
by  those  who  can  work  the  material  over  into  another  form. 
By  all  the  later  historians  the  work  is  cited  as  a  high  authority. 


Howison,  Robert  R. — A  History  of  Virginia,  from  its  Discovery 
and  Settlement  by  Europeans  to  the  Present  Time.  Vol.  i., 
8vo,  Philadelphia,  1S46;  Vol.  ii.,  8vo,  Richmond,  1848. 

38 


594  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Of  this  latest  history  of  Virginia,  the  first  volume  relates  to  the 
period  before  the  Treaty  of  Paris,  in  1763  ;  the  second,  to  that  in- 
tervening between  1763  and  1847. 

The  work  rests  upon  the  solid  basis  of  original  research,  and  is 
entitled  to  the  credit  of  general  fidelity  and  judicial  impartiality. 
It  is  not  only  the  latest,  but  also  the  most  comprehensive  and  the 
most  satisfactory,  account  of  the  state  whose  history  it  describes. 


Hawks,  Francis  L. — History  of  North  Carolina.     With  Maps  and 
Illustrations.     2  vols.,  8vo,  Fayetteville,  1857-58. 

This  work  is  largely  documentary,  but  it  was  prepared  with  the 
well-known  skill  of  one  of  the  most  eloquent  writers  and  orators 
of  his  day,  as  well  as  one  of  the  foremost  of  antiquarians. 

The  first  volume  covers  only  the  years  from  1584  to  1591,  be- 
ing devoted  exclusively  to  the  five  voyages  made  under  the  char- 
ter to  Sir  Walter  Raleigh.  Volume  ii.  covers  the  second  period  in 
the  history  of  the  state — viz.,  from  1663  to  1729,  the  time  during 
which  the  colony  was  under  proprietary  dominion. 


Williamson,  Hugh. — History  of  North  Carolina.     2  vols.,  8vo, 
Philadelphia,  1812. 

Though  this  work,  in  amplitude  of  margins  and  generosity  of 
type,  presents  an  attractive  appearance,  it  is  exceedingly  unsatis- 
factory to  the  reader.  The  author  apparently  cared  nothing  for 
historical  perspective;  for  he  selected  his  topics  with  the  most 
astounding  disregard  of  their  importance.  Put  for  the  position, 
and  even  fame,  of  the  author  the  work  would  be  quite  unworthy 
of  notice. 


Wheeler,  John  H. — Historical  Sketches  of  North  Carolina  from 
1580  to  1851.     2  vols.,  8v(>,  IMiiladelphia,  1851. 

A  work  compiled  from  original  records  and  oflBcial  documents. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  595 

It  is  a  jiunblc  of  ill-digested  material;  indeed,  is  ratlier  a  collec- 
tion of  tables,  lists,  and  facts  than  a  liistory.  To  the  investigator 
it  is  not  without  value;  but  to  the  general  reader  it  will  be  dry 
and  uninterestinir. 


Simms,  W.  G. — The  History  of  South  Carolina  from  its  First  Eu- 
roprau  Discovery  to  its  Erection  into  a  State;  with  a  Supple- 
mentary ]>ook  bringing  the  Narration  down  to  the  Present 
Time.     New  and  revised  edition.      12mo,  New  York,  18C0. 

This  work  has  several  distinctive  merits  above  other  histories 
of  South  Carolina.  It  covers  the  whole  period  down  to  our  Civil 
War.  It  has  all  the  beauties  of  tlie  author's  characteristic  style. 
It  shows  an  intense  local  patriotism,  and,  consequently,  on  all  sec- 
tional questions  it  is  ardently  South  Carolinian. 

From  beginning  to  end  the  narration  is  spirited  and  graphic, 
but  the  sketch  is  too  brief  for  details  even  on  the  most  important 
points. 


Ramsay,  David. — History  of  South  Carolina,  from  its  Settlement 
in  1670  to  the  Year  1808.     2  vols.,  8vo.     Charleston,  1809. 

One  of  the  most  important  of  this  author's  numerous  histories. 
Dr.  Ramsay  gave  himself  up  to  zealous  and  unwearied  research  ; 
and  several  of  his  works  have  contributed  generously  to  the  his- 
torical literature  of  the  country.  His  style  is  neat,  his  opinions 
arc  judicious,  his  statements  generally  accurate.  To  the  period  at 
which  these  volumes  close,  they  arc  still  probably  the  most  ac- 
ceptable liistory  of  South  Carolina. 


Stevens,  William  Bacon. — A  History  of  Georgia,  from  its  First 
l>iscovory  by  Kurupeans  to  the  Adoption  of  the  l*rcscnt  Con- 
stitution in  1798.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1847. 

The  author  of  this  work  was  for  many  years  professor  of  belles- 
lettres  in  the  University  of  Georgia,  and  subsequently  was  still 
more  widely  known  as  Bishop  of  reunsylvania. 


596  HISTOEICAL  LITERATURE. 

For  thoroughness  of  research,  for  grace  of  style,  and  for  con- 
venience of  method,  it  is  entitled  to  rank  ^Yith  the  very  best  of 
our  state  histories.  It  is  a  genuine  contribution  to  our  knowledge 
of  the  history  of  the  South  as  well  as  to  the  literature  of  the 
country. 


Picket,  Albert  James. — History  of  Alabama,  and  incidentally  of 
Georgia  and  Mississippi,  from  the  Earliest  Period.  2  vols.,  2d 
ed.,  12mo,  Charleston,  1851. 

One  of  the  most  spirited  and  interesting  of  the  local  histories. 
Its  descriptions  throw  much  light  on  the  character  and  habit  of 
early  Southern  and  Southwestern  life. 

Picket's  account  of  the  Seminole  War  is  of  especial  interest 
and  value.  The  work  is  largely  quoted,  and  duly  praised  by  Par- 
ton,  in  his  "Life  of  Jackson.". 


French,  B.  F. — Historical  Collections  of  Louisiana.     5  vols.,  8vo, 

1846-53. 

• 

An  exceedingly  interesting  and  valuable  collection  of  papers  on 
the  early  history  of  the  Lower  Mississippi  Valley.  The  accounts 
of  the  Jesuit  discoveries  are  of  great  interest  and  importance. 
Many  of  them  are  journals  kept  by  the  fathers  themselves;  and 
therefore  may  be  regarded  as  authentic  accounts  of  the  earliest 
explorations. 

The  editing  by  Mr.  French  has  been  commcndably  done,  the 
notes  in  explanation  being  ample  and  judicious. 


Gayarre,  Charles. — Louisiana :  its  Colonial  History  and  Romance. 
8v<>,  New  York,  1851. 

A  series  of  spirited  lectures,  delivered  while  the  author  was  en- 
gaged on  the  more  serious  work  of  prcjiaring  his  "  History." 
The  lectures  abound  in  anecdote,  and  to  many  readers  will  be 


IIISTUIUKS  OF  TIIK   UNITED   bTATES.  597 

found  very  cntcrtaiiiin;,',  and  also  of  soniu  value  as  a  picture  of 
early  Southern  life. 


Gayarre,  Charles.— History  of  Louisiana.    5  vols.,  8vo,  New  York, 
1851-54. 

These  volumes,  thouj^h  publislied  as  separate  works,  cover  the 
whole  of  the  history  of  Louisiana  during  the  dominion  of  the 
Spanish  and  the  French.  They  arc  the  fruit  of  arduous  and  lov- 
ing study,  not  only  in  Louisiana,  but  also  in  the  archives  of  France 
and  of  other  European  states. 

The  work  has  a  standard  value,  and  is  a  reservoir  from  which 
every  student  of  French  and  Spanish  occupation  may  draw  sup- 
plies. The  author's  style  is  spirited,  and,  though  lie  does  not  rise 
into  the  highest  realm  of  historical  merit,  his  discriminations  arc, 
for  the  most  part,  just,  and  his  conclusions  such  as  will  be  ap- 
proved. 


Yoakum,  H. — History  of  Texas,  from  its  First  Settlement  in  1685 
to  its  Annexation  to  the  United  States  in  1846.  2  vols.,  Svo, 
New  York,  1856. 

The  product  of  earnest  and  conscientious  research.  At  the 
time  the  book  was  written,  however,  the  important  sources  of  in- 
formation concerning  early  Texan  history  contained  in  the  Fran- 
ciscan records  had  not  been  made  accessible.  Until  these  arc 
opened,  and  the  Spanish  MSS.  consulted,  no  history  of  Texas  dur- 
ing the  eighteenth  century  can  be  regarded  as  conclusive. 

But  of  the  materials  at  hand  this  author  has  made  good  use. 
His  style  as  a  writer  is  careless ;  but  the  work  is  not  without  con- 
siderable value. 


Ramsey,  J.  G.  M. — The  Annals  of  Tennessee  to  the  End  of  the 
Eighteenth  Century.     Svo,  Philadelphia,  1860. 

Not  so  much  a  history  as  a  parcel  of  documents  and  statistics 
for  history.     The  work,  however,  gives  numerous  glimpses  of  the 


598  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

people  who  first  established  homes  in  the  Southwest.     It  is  a 
book  not  to  be  read,  but  to  be  consulted. 


Collins,  Luther. — Historical  Sketches  of  Kentucky,  embracing  its 
History,  Antiquities,  and  Natural  Curiosities;  Geographical,  Sta- 
tistical, and  Geological  Descriptions ;  with  Anecdotes  of  Pioneer 
Life,  and  more  than  One  Hundred  Biographical  Sketches  of 
Distinguished  Pioneers,  Soldiers,  Statesmen,  Jurists,  Lawyers, 
Divines,  etc.  Illustrated  by  Forty  Engravings.  8vo,  Cincin- 
nati, 1847. 

A  series  of  curious  and  interesting  sketches,  and  therefore  not 
without  its  value.  The  first  hundred  pages  only  are  strictly  his- 
torical. The  remaining  pages — several  hundred  in  number — are 
descriptive  and  biographical. 


Drake,  Charles  D. — Pioneer  Life  in  Kentucky.  A  Series  of  Ke- 
miniscential  Letters  from  David  Drake  to  his  Children.  8vo, 
Cincinnati,  1870. 

A  book  illustrative  of  history,  rather  than  a  history  itself.  It  is 
a  series  of  letters  by  a  physician  who  had  been  forty  years  in 
Kentuckv,  written  for  the  purpose  of  describing  to  his  children 
the  characteristics  of  earlv  life  on  the  frontier. 


Marshall,  Humphrey. — The  History  of  Kentucky,  exhibiting  an 
Account  of  the  Modern  Discovery,  Settlement,  Progressive  Im- 
provement, Civil  and  Military  Transactions,  and  the  Present 
State  of  the  Country.     2  vols',  Svo,  Frankfort,  1824. 

Uncouth  in  style,  but  the  original  fountain  from  which  the 
early  history  of  Kentucky  is  usually  drawn.  It  may  generally  be 
relied  upon  as  accurate. 


Hildreth,  S.  P. — Pioneer  History,  being  an  Account  of  the  First 
J'lxaiiiination  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  and  the  Early  Settlement  of 


IIISTOUIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  599 

the  Northwest  Territory,  chiefly  from  Original  MSS.    8vo,  Cin- 
cinnati, 1848. 

The  work  of  a  man  wlio  liad  lived  in  the  Ohio  Valley  more 
than  forty  years,  and  who  was  personally  acquainted  with  a  large 
portion  of  the  early  settlers. 

The  chief  interest  of  the  vohime  clusters  about  the  work  of  the 
Ohio  Company,  which  made  its  lirst  settlement  at  Marietta,  and 
which  soon  extended  its  influence  over  the  whole  State.  But  Mr. 
llildreth  was  not  simply  a  pioneer;  he  enjoyed  much  reputa- 
tion, especially  as  a  magazine  writer  on  affairs  of  local  interest. 


Howe,  Henry. — Historical  Collections  of  Ohio,  containing  a  Col- 
lection of  the  most  Interesting  Facts,  Traditions,  Biographical 
Sketches,  Anecdotes,  etc.,  relating  to  its  General  Local  History  ; 
•with  Descriptions  of  Counties,  Principal  Towns,  and  Villages. 
Illustrated  by  130  Engravings.     8vo,  Cincinnati,  1850. 

A  huge  book,  stuffed  witli  curious  information.  The  volume 
has  a  catchpenny  appearance,  but  it  is  really  better  than  it  looks. 

The  counties  arc  taken  up  in  alphabetical  order,  and  are  histor- 
ically described. 


Taylor,  James  W.— History  of  the  State  of  Ohio.     First  Period, 
1050-1787.     12mo,  Cincinnati,  1854. 

Although  this  first  volume  gave  great  promise,  it  has  had  no 
successor.  The  author's  original  purpose  of  writing  a  complete 
history  of  the  State  in  four  volumes  seems  to  have  been  perma- 
nently abandoned.  The  fragment  we  have,  however,  is  the  most 
satisfactory  account  yet  written  of  the  ante-territorial  period. 


Brown,  Henry. — The  History  of  Illinois  from  its  First  Discovery 
to  the  I'resent  Time.     8vo,  New  York,  1844. 

Of  value  on  the  early  history  of  the  State,  but  on  the  later  por- 


600  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

tion  of  niucli  less  general  interest  than  the  work  of  Ford.  The 
chapter  on  the  earliest  history  of  Chicago  is  the  one  of  most  im- 
portance. 


Edwards,  Ninian  W.— History  of  Illinois  from  1778  to  1833, 
and  Life  and  Times  of  Ninian  Edwards.    8vo,  Springfield,  1870. 

An  attempt  to  convey  an  impression  as  to  the  condition  of  Il- 
linois during  the  years  of  its  territorial  life  and  the  first  years  of 
its  existence  as  a  State.  The  effort  was  not  very  successful.  The 
book  contains  a  discouraging  multitude  of  public  documents ; 
and,  what  adds  to  the  disheartenment  of  the  explorer,  it  is  fur- 
nished with  neither  table  of  contents  nor  index.  The  document- 
ary nature  of  the  book  would  give  it  value  as  a  work  of  reference 
if  the  student  could  find  conveniently  what  it  contains. 


Ford,  Thomas. — A  History  of  Illinois  from  its  Commencement  as 
a  State  in  1818  to  1847.  Containing  a  Full  Account  of  the 
Black  Hawk  War;  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Fall  of  Mormonism; 
the  Alton  and  Lovejoy  Riots ;  and  other  Important  and  Inter- 
esting Events.     8vo,  Chicago,  1854. 

This  book  has  enjoyed  great  popularity.  The  author,  as  jus- 
tice of  the  Supreme  Court  and  governor  of  the  State,  had  ample 
opportunities  of  observing  the  course  of  events.  He  was  a  man 
of  strong  feelings,  ardent  admirations,  and  intense  hatreds.  On 
this  account  the  book  is  not  entitled  to  the  credit  of  impartiality; 
but  it  has  one  advantage  over  most  works  of  its  class,  that  of  be- 
ing spirited  and  interesting. 


Monette,  J.  W. — History  of  the  Discovery  and  Settlement  of  the 
Valley  of  the  Mississippi  until  the  Year  1846.  2  vols.,  Svo, 
New  York,  184G. 

A  work  embodying  the  result  of  careful  researches  carried  on 
through  many  years.     It  is  of  much  value  to  the  lustorical  and 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  GOl 

political  student ;  indeed,  no  other  sin<j;le  history  contains  so  iniu'li 
information  of  importance  concerning  the  vast  region  included 
within  the  scope  of  the  author's  purpose. 


Campbell,  James  V. — Outlines  of  the  Political  History  of  Michi- 
gan.    Svo,  L)L'troit,  1870. 

Under  this  modest  title  Judge  Campbell  has  published  one  of 
the  best  of  our  State  histories.  It  is  not  so  much  the  result  of 
special  research  conducted  for  the  purpose  of  producing  a  book, 
as  the  ripe  fruit  of  many  years  of  familiarity  with  the  men  and 
events  that  have  made  the  State  what  it  is. 

The  author  has  not  only  known  Michigan  intimately  ever  since 
it  became  a  State,  but  his  industrious  researches  in  the  liistory  of 
the  period  of  French  occupation  have  filled  his  mind  with  curious 
and  rare  knowledge.  The  book  is  written  with  the  well-known 
literary  skill  and  good  judgment  of  the  author. 


Lanman,  James  H. — History  of  Michigan,  Civil  and  Topographi- 
cal, in  a  ("oM)j)endious  Form,  with  a  View  of  the  Surrounding 
States,     Svo,  Xcw  York,  1839. 

A  work  prepared  for  the  purpose  of  revealing  to  the  people  of 
the  country  the  real  condition  and  resources  of  the  State.  It  is 
written  with  more  than  usual  discrimination  and  care. 

The  author  divides  the  history  of  Michigan  into  three  portions 
— the  romantic  period,  the  military  period,  and  the  period  of  de- 
velopment. The  first  extends  to  the  surrender  of  the  French  to 
the  English  in  IVGO  ;  the  second,  to  the  death  of  Tecumseh  ;  and 
the  third,  to  the  end.  Among  our  State  histories,  it  is  entitled  to 
a  hiirh  rank. 


Neill,  Edward  Duffield. — The  History  of  Minnesota  from  the 
Earliest  French  Explorations  to  the  Present  Time.  Svo,  Phila- 
delphia, 1858. 

A  very  complete  and  creditable  history.     It  contains  not  only 


602  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

an  ample  description  of  the  natural  characteristics  and  resources 
of  the  State,  but  it  also  gives  a  judicious  account  of  the  early 
history  of  the  Territory,  The  author  has  consulted  the  works  of 
the  early  French  explorers,  and  has  used  his  material  with  judi- 
cious discrimination. 


IV.    SOCIAL,  POLITICAL,  AND    CONSTITUTIONAL    HISTOEIES. 

Adams,  Henry. — Documents  relating  to  New  England  Federal- 
ism, 1815.     8vo,  Boston,  1876.  '  f 

The  papers  brought  together  in  this  volume  by  Mr.  Adams 
throw  a  much-needed  light  on  the  first  fifteen  years  of  American 
history  in  this  century. 

The  attitude  of  New  England  Federalism  towards  the  War  of 
1812  has  been  an  object  of  much  dispute;  and  the  presentation 
of  these  papers  does  much  to  settle  the  questions  in  doubt.  The 
most  important  of  the  documents  presented  is  the  "  Reply  to  the 
Appeal  of  the  Massachusetts  Federalists,  by  John  Q.  Adams" — 
a  paper  more  than  two  hundred  pages  in  length,  but  full  of  infor- 
mation of  the  utmost  value. 


Bancroft,  Hubert  H.— The  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States  of 
North  America.     5  vols.,  large  8vo,  New  York,  1875-76. 

The  author  had  access  to  a  vast  number  of  early  Spanish  works 
relating  to  the  condition  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  Mexico  and 
the  Pacific  slopes ;  and  he  has  not  only  used  these  with  inde- 
fatigable industry,  but  he  has  also  availed  himself  of  such  results 
as  could  come  from  recent  observation  of  the  native  races.  The 
production  shows  learning  and  good  judgment,  as  well  as  un- 
wearied research. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  "  The  Wild  Tribes ;"  the  second 
to  "  Civilized  Nations ;"  the  third  to  "  Myths  and  Languages ;" 
the  fourth  to  "Antiquities;"  and  the  fifth  to  "Primitive  His- 
tory." 


lIlsT()liIi:s  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  003 

Benton,  Thomas  H. — Tliirty  Years'  View ;  or,  A  History  of  the 
Workiiiii;  of  the  American  Government  for  Tliirty  Years,  18:iO 
to  ISoO.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1854-56. 

A  book  of  the  greatest  consequence  to  the  student  of  American 
history.  The  author  was  a  shrewd  observer,  and  during  all  the 
period  of  which  he  wrote  lie  was  in  tlie  United  States  Senate. 

Ilis  account  is  remarkable  for  its  simplicity  of  style,  and  for 
the  admirable  spirit  with  which  he  treats  political  foes  as  well  as 
political  friends.  In  no  other  work  can  be  obtained  so  good  an 
account  of  passing  political  events  during  those  important  years 
which  extended  from  1820  to  1850. 


Brownson,  0.  A. — The  American  Republic ;  its  Constitution,  Ten- 
dencies, and  Destiny.     8vo,  New  York,  1866. 

This  vigorous  thinker  and  writer,  though  essentially  a  reviewer 
of  books  rather  than  a  writer  of  them,  is  well  worthy  of  the  his- 
torical student's  attention.  The  author  accepts  universal  suffrage 
as  a  principle,  and  defends  it  in  its  practical  workings.  lie  rejects 
state  sovereignty,  though  lie  maintains  that  the  sovereignty  of  the 
general  government  rests  in  the  states  collectively.  He  holds 
Madison  to  have  been  our  most  philosophical  statesman,  and  he 
follows  him  generally  in  his  political  doctrines.  The  student  will 
often  reject  the  writer's  conclusions;  but  he  will  find  the  vigor 
and  originality  of  the  work  exceedingly  suggestive  and  profitable. 


Carlier,  Auguste. — Ilistoiie  du  Pcuple  Americain  (EtatsUnis)  et 
ses  Kaiijxn'ts  avec  los  Indiens  depuis  la  Fondation  dcs  Colonies 
Anglaises  jusqu'a  laKevohitiondelTTO.  2  vols.,  8vo,  I'aris,  1SG4. 

At  the  beginning  of  his  work  this  author  condemns  what  he  re- 
gards as  the  hasty  generalizations  of  De  Tocqueville,  and  endeav- 
ors to  show  that  they  were  made  on  the  basis  of  too  superficial  an 
examination.  His  judgments  are  severe,  but  not  intemperate. 
Each  of  the  colonics  he  has  subjected  to  examination,  and  has 


604  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

pointed  out  what  be  believes  to  be  its  elements  of  strength  and  its 
elements  of  weakness. 

Curtis,  George  Ticknor. — Histor}'  of  the  Origin,  Formation,  and 
Adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States ;  with  Notices 
of  its  Principal  Framers.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1854. 

Mr.  Curtis  had  the  advantage  of  a  long  and  familiar  acquaintance 
with  Daniel  Webster,  from  whom  he  drew  much  of  the  spirit  man- 
ifested in  this  work.  The  object  was  to  show  the  circumstances 
from  which  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  arose,  the  rela- 
tions which  it  bears  to  the  institutions  that  previously  existed,  the 
necessities  it  satisfied,  and  its  adaptation  to  the  various  interests  of 
the  country.  The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  period  between 
the  beginning  of  the  Revolution  and  the  assembling  of  the  Con- 
vention of  1V87;  the  second,  to  a  description  of  the  process  by 
which  the  Constitution  was  framed.  The  first  part  of  the  work 
is  by  far  the  most  important. 


Foster,  J.  W. — Prehistoric  Races  of  the  United  States  of  Amer- 
ica.    8vo,  Chicago,  3d  ed.,  1874. 

The  author  of  this  work,  in  the  course  of  a  professional  life  de- 
voted largely  to  geological  and  raineralogical  explorations,  has 
personally  examined  very  many  of  the  most  interesting  evidences 
of  prehistoric  society. 

This  volume,  therefore,  is  to  be  regarded  as  the  contribution  of 
an  eminent  ethnologist  and  archaeologist  to  our  knowledge  of  the 
earliest  history  of  the  human  race  on  this  continent.  Its  numer- 
ous illustrations  reveal  the  character  of  the  evidence  in  support  of 
the  positions  held  and  the  theories  advanced. 


Frothingham,  Richard. — The  Rise  of  the  Republic  of  the  United 
States.     8vo,  Boston,  1872. 

This  is  likely  to  be  a  favorite  volume  with  all  thoughtful  stu- 
dents  of  American  colonial  history.     It  is  clear  in  style,  thorough 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  G05 

in  rcsoarcli,  and  methodical  in  arranjijcincnt.     As  a  liand-book  for 
the  study  of  our  early  political  life  it  has  no  superior. 

The  author's  purpose  was  to  point  out  the  gradual  develop- 
ment of  our  national  life  out  of  the  marked  individualism  of  the 
colonial  days,  lie  has  very  little,  therefore,  to  say  of  civil  and 
military  transactions,  excepting  so  far  as  they  arc  necessary  to  the 
development  of  the  subject  more  immediately  in  hand.  The  book 
presupposes  some  knowledge  of  our  history,  and  proceeds  at  once 
to  trace  the  growth  of  the  national  sentiment  until  its  partial  in- 
corporation into  the  Articles  of  Confederation,  and,  finally,  its  full 
embodiment  in  the  Constitution.  It  is  an  excellent  book,  and  one 
with  which  no  student  is  likely  to  become  too  familiar. 


Goodell,  William.— Slavery  and  Antislnvery :  a  History  of  the 
Great  Struggle  in  both  Hemispheres ;  with  a  View  of  the  Slav- 
ery Question  in  the  United  States.  8vo,  New  York,  3d  ed., 
1855. 

By  far  the  most  judicial  of  the  numerous  books  on  the  growth 
of  the  antislavery  movement  in  the  United  States. 

Thc'author  looks  upon  the  subject  as  a  social  phenomenon  to 
be  studied  and  accounted  for,  rather  than  as  a  cause  to  be  advo- 
cated or  opposed.  Accordingly,  the  volume  is  made  up  very 
largely  of  extracts  brought  from  numerous  sources  and  presented 
for  tltc  purpose  of  showing  the  attitude  of  public  opinion.  The 
growth  of  antislavery  doctrines  is  thus  traced  from  the  beginning 
until  near  the  end  of  the  volume,  where  the  inlierent  merits  of 
the  struggle  are  judiciously  considered. 


Gordon,  William. — The  History  of  the  Rise,  Progress,  and  Estab- 
lishiiicnt  of  the  Independence  of  the  United  States  of  America; 
including  an  Account  of  the  Late  War,  and  of  the  Thirteen 
Colonies  from  their  Origin  to  the  Present.  4  vols.,  Svo,  Lon- 
don, 1788. 

The  production  of  an  Englishman  who  came  to  America  just 
before  the  beginning  of  the  war,  and.  settling  near  Boston,  began 


t 

606  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE 

the  collection  of  materials,  whicli  be  finally  wrought  into  the  form 
here  published.  He  appears  to  have  made  a  strict  effort  to  be 
impartial.  His  history,  therefore,  is  not  without  value  as  the 
record  of  a  contemporaneous  witness.  But  it  contains  many 
statements  that  subsequent  investigations  have  shown  to  be  incor- 
rect. In  spite  of  this  serious  defect,  however,  it  gives  us  much 
information  not  to  be  found  in  any  other  work ;  and,  therefore, 
it  may  often  be  consulted  with  advantage. 


Hennepin,  Father  Louis. — A  Description  of  Louisiana.  Trans- 
lated from  the  edition  of  1683,  and  compared  Avith  the  Nouvelle 
Decouverte,  the  La  Salle  Documents,  and  other  Contemporane- 
ous Papers.     8vo,  New  York,  1880. 

The  most  valuable  as  *'cll  as  the  most  graphic  of  the  original 
accounts  of  La  Salle's  course  of  exploration  as  far  as  Illinois,  and 
the  only  detailed  narrative  of  Hennepin's  voyage  up  the  Missis- 
sippi as  far  as  to  the  Falls  of  St.  Anthony. 

Though  some  of  the  writings  attributed  to  Hennepin  at  a  later 
period  of  his  life  are  of  doubtful  authenticity,  the  genuineness  of 
the  description  here  republished  is  supported  by  a  remjfi-kable 
amount  of  contemporaneous  and  subsequent  authority.  Accord- 
ingly, it  is  a  most  valuable  addition  to  the  knowledge  of  our  ear- 
liest history.  Accompanying  the  volume  is  a  fac-simile  of  a  very 
curious  map  made  by  Hennepin  in  1683,  and  dedicated  t6  the 
Kino:  of  France. 


Hock,  Dr.  Carl  Freiherr  von. — Die  Finanzen  und  die  Finanzgc- 
schiclite  dcr  Vereiuigten  Staaten  von  Amerika.  Svo,  Stutt- 
gart, 1867. 

A  description  of  American  finances  from  an  historical  but  not 
from  a  chronological  point  of  view. 

The  "  Powers  and  Methods  of  Congress,"  the  "  Duties  of  the 
President  and  Secretary  of  State,"  the  "  Systems  of  Taxation," 
the  "Organization  and  Powers  of  the  Treasury  Department,"  and 
the  "System  of  Currency  and  P>anking"  are  treated  analytically 
and  historically  in  such  a  way  as  to  show  the  course  of  the  gov- 


HISTORIES   OF   THE   UNITED   STATES.  007 

crnmciit  on  each  of  these  subjects.  The  volume  has  more  es- 
pecially to  do  with  the  period  since  the  outbreak  of  tho  Civil 
War. 

The  purpose  of  the  autlior  was  not  to  give  an  elementary  de- 
scription, but  rather  a  full  and  critical  discussion.  His  ability  is 
quite  adequate  to  the  task ;  for  he  has  acquired  distinction  as 
Professor  of  Political  Economy  in  the  University  of  Vienna,  and 
lias  brought  to  bear  upon  this  subject  the  well-known  characteris- 
tics of  German  methods.  The  most  obvious  criticism  to  be  made 
on  the  work  is  that  it  rests  somewhat  too  exclusively  on  the  stat- 
utes as  the  sources  of  his  information. 

The  use  of  the  book  is  made  easy  by  a  full  table  of  contents 
and  a  very  complete  index. 


Hoist,  Dr.  H.  von. — The  Constitutional  and  Political  History  of 
the  l'nit(^(l  States.  Translated  from  the  German  by  John  J. 
Lalor,  Alfred  B.  Mason,  and  Paul  Shorey.  5  vols.,  8vo,  Chi- 
cago, 1870-85. 

Unquestionably  the  ablest  Avork  that  has  yet  been  written  on 
our  constitutional  and  jjolitical  history.  It  begins  with  the  period 
of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  and  ends  witli  an  account  of 
the  Compromise  of  1850.  The  first  volume  closes  with  the  elec- 
tion of  Jackson  to  the  presidency ;  the  second  with  the  election 
of  Polk;  the  third  with  the  agitation  on  the  question  of  slavery 
Avhicli  ended  in  the  famous  Compromise. 

The  author's  method  combines  the  narrative  with  the  argument- 
ative, llis  purpose,  evidently,  is  not  to  give  a  history  of  events, 
but  a  searching  review  of  them,  lie  presupposes  a  familiarity 
•with  the  principal  facts  of  our  political  life.  The  ability  he 
shows  in  the  processes  of  analysis  and  criticism  appeals  to  the 
highest  powers  of  the  reader's  judgment  and  intelligence.  The 
student  of  lofty  purpose  will  find  his  thoughts  constantlv  stimu- 
lated by  its  perusal. 

The  point  of  view  from  which  the  volumes  are  written  may  be 
said  to  be  that  of  a  political  pessimist.  It  would  be  difficult  to 
find  a  passage  in  the  course  of  the  whole  work  that  shows  an  ad- 
miration of  any  one  feature  of  our  institutions;  but  it  would  be 


608  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

easy  to  point  out  many  that  seem  to  indicate  a  hearty  contempt 
for  our  political  theories  and  methods.  If  the  generous  pecuniary 
support  given  to  the  author  for  the  prosecution  of  his  investiga- 
tions by  the  Royal  Prussian  Academy  of  Sciences,  and  alluded  to 
in  the  preface  of  the  third  volume,  had  been  granted  for  the  ex- 
press purpose  of  subsidizing  a  systematic  attempt  to  undermine 
the  foundations  of  republican  institutions,  and  throw  ridicule 
upon  them  in  the  eyes  of  royalists,  the  Academy  would  have  had 
abundant  reasons  to  be  satistied  with  the  result. 

Aside  from  the  general  spirit  pervading  the  volumes,  they  are 
not  free  from  faults  of  a  more  specific  nature.  The  author  shows 
a  singular,  almost  an  eccentric,  disregard  for  what  would  appear 
to  be  a  proper  perspective.  In  illustration,  attention  may  be 
called  to  the  fact  that  he  devotes  some  two  hundred  and  fifty 
pages  to  a  description  of  the  "  political  trickeries  "  of  Van  Burcn's 
administration,  while  of  the  great  constitutional  contest  in  which 
Webster  was  so  long  engaged  he  gives  almost  absolutely  no  ac- 
count whatever.  In  point  of  style,  also,  the  work  leaves  much  to 
be  desired.  The  sentences  are  often  long  and  awkwardly  in- 
volved. Sometimes  the  heavy  monotony  is  relieved  by  the  use 
of  a  grotesque  comparison  or  metaphor.  In  fact,  it  is  not  too 
much  to  say  that  the  pages  reveal  no  appreciation  whatever  of  the 
merits  of  a  good  literary  style.  Everything  seems  to  liave  been 
sacrificed  to  vigor  and  emphasis. 

Thus,  while  the  work  is  written  with  conspicuous  ability,  it 
shows  numerous  and  great  defects.  It  is  not  injurious  to  know 
the  worst  that  can  be  said  of  us ;  and,  therefore,  every  student  of 
robust  intelligence  may  receive  advantage  from  the  stimulus  it 
will  afford.  Indeed,  as  a  counterpoise  to  any  spirit  of  undiscrim- 
inating  and  too  optimistic  patriotism  that  may  exist,  the  volumes 
may  be  heartily  recommended.  The  translation  is  not  felicitous 
in  style,  and  is  not  free  from  serious  errors. 


Lamphere,  George  N. — The  United  States  Government:  its  Or- 
ganization and  J'ractical  AVorkings.  Including  the  Declaration 
of  Independence,  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  and  a 
Description  of  the  Three  Grand  Divisions  of  the  Government. 
8vo,  I'hiladclphia,  1880. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  G09 

A  very  useful  book  of  rofcreiicc.  It  contiiiiis  the  fullest  and 
most  .authentic  accounts  we  have  of  the  origan ization  of  the  several 
departments  and  branches  of  the  i^overnmeiit.  This  includes  the 
number,  title,  and  compensation  of  ail  persons  employed  in  each 
department.  Tlie  volume  also  contains  many  intcrestino;  facts 
and  histories  not  easily  accessible  elsewhere.  In  short,  it  is  a 
mine  of  information  iu  regard  to  all  branches  of  the  public  ser- 
vice. 


Lodge,  Henry  Cabot. — A  Short  History  of  the  English  Colonies 
in  America.     8vo,  New  York,  1881. 

The  purpose  of  the  author,  in  this  volume,  was  to  describe  the 
social  condition  of  the  English  colonies  in  America  at  the  time 
of  the  meeting  of  the  Stamp  Act  Congress  in  17G5.  The  life, 
the  thought,  the  manners,  and  the  habits  of  the  people  were  the 
subjects  that  he  investigated  and  has  well  described.  In  the  ac- 
complishment of  his  task  he  has  made  use  of  an  enormous  mass 
of  materials,  much  of  which  is  not  easily  accessible.  Full  refer- 
ences to  authorities  are  given  in  the  notes. 

The  arrangement  of  the  materials  is  somewhat  peculiar  and  not 
altogether  felicitous.  Each  of  the  descriptive  chapters  is  preceded 
by  an  outline  of  the  political  history  of  the  particular  colony  de- 
scribed. Thus  we  have  "  Virginia  from  1G06  to  17G5;"  and 
then  "Virginia  in  17G5,"  and  so  on  with  the  other  colonies. 
The  chapters  are  arranged  in  couplets,  the  first  in  each  case  form- 
ing simply  an  historical  sketch  introductory  to  the  second  and 
much  more  important  of  the  two. 

The  disadvantages  of  this  method  of  arrangement  arc  in  the 
fact  that  each  colony  is  made  to  stand  out  with  something  like 
an  isolated  distinctness  from  the  others,  whereas,  in  fact,  the  inter- 
ests and  the  methods  of  the  colonists  were  intimately  interwoven. 

With  this  not  very  important  qualification,  the  volume  may  be 
commended  as  a  scholarly  production,  in  every  way  worthy  of  the 
student's  attention. 


Mather,  Cotton. — Magnalia  Christi  Americana ;  or.  The  Ecclesi- 
astical History  of  New  England  from  its  First  I'lanting,  in  the 

39 


610  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Year  1620,  until  the  Year  of  our  Lord  1698.     2   vols.,  8vo, 
Hartford,  1855. 

One  of  the  most  singular  books  ever  written.  The  author  was 
a  man  of  almost  unexampled  industry  and  of  astonishing  attain- 
ments. But  interspersed  with  a  vast  amount  of  knowledge  is  at 
least  an  equal  amount  of  pedantry  and  folly.  The  earlier  editions 
overflowed  with  quotations  from  the  almost  countless  languages 
at  Mather's  disposal ;  and  the  whole  was  interspersed  with  a  jufU' 
ble  of  puns  and  poems,  of  sermons  and  anagrams.  Though  writ- 
ten in  a  brisk  and  genial  style,  the  book  is  so  encumbered  with 
irrelevant  matter  that  nobody  at  the  present  day  will  waste  his 
time  by  reading  it  as  a  whole.  Probably  very  few  persons  in  the 
ninetcentli  century  have  had  the  patience  to  go  through  it  from 
beginning  to  end. 

So  far  as  it  is  used  even  as  an  original  authority,  its  statements 
must  be  accepted  with  great  caution.  Mather,  with  all  his  learn- 
ing, was  the  most  inaccurate  of  men.  The  investigator  must  be 
constantly  on  his  guard  against  the  authors  stupendous  conceits 
and  violent  prejudices.  As  if  to  add  to  the  already  sufficient  con- 
fusion of  the  student,  even  the  best  edition  is  without  an  index. 

But,  with  all  its  faults,  it  is  still  quite  indispensable  to  the  his- 
torian of  New  England.  As  a  picture  of  certain  phases  of  New 
Eno'land  life  it  is  imrivalled. 


Pitkin,  Timothy. — A  Political  and  Civil  History  of  the  United 
fStatcs  of  America  from  their  Commencement  to  the  Close  of 
the  Administration  of  Washington,  including  a  Summary  of 
the  Political  and  Civil  State  of  the  New  England  Colonies 
prior  to  that  Period.     2  vols.,  8vo,  New  Haven,! 828. 

A  magazine  of  carefully  collected  and  important  information. 
It  is  information,  however,  still  in  a  crude  form.  The  book  is  ex- 
ceedingly valuable  to  investigators;  but  it  will  be  sure  to  repel 
those  who  are  readers  merely  for  jileasure.  It  is  a  dry  record  of 
facts,  unrelieved  by  any  spirited  narrative,  or  any  attempt  at  de- 
lineation of  character.  The  style  is  not  pure,  nor  is  the  manner 
elevated.     The  author's  knowledge  was  unquestionably  extensive  ; 


HISTOKIKS  OK  TlIK  UNITED  STATES.  01] 

and  liis  jiulLCmcnt  was  impartial ;  but  lie  showed  utter  lack  of 
skill  in  the  art  of  puttinir  his  materials  together  into  attractive 
form,  and  consequently  the  book  lias  met  with  but  limited  use. 
Its  value,  however,  will  be  appreciated  by  the  most  thorough  stu- 
dents. 


Schoolcraft,  H.  R. — History,  Condition,  and  I'rospects  of  tlic  In- 
dian Tribes  of  the  United  States,  0  vols.,  large  4to,  Washing- 
ton, 1851-55. 

The  great  thesaurus  of  information  concerning  the  Indian  races 
cast  of  the  Rocky  Mountains.  The  author  was  an  enthusiast  in 
the  study  of  the  habits  and  character  of  the  Indian ;  and  his  huge 
volumes  will  be  a  permanent  monument  to  liis  name.  The  labors 
of  the  author  were  carried  on  under  the  patronage  of  the  govern- 
ment; and,  although  the  work  is  more  picturesque  than  scientific, 
it  can  never  cease  to  have  considerable  value. 


Seybert,  Adam. — Statistical  Annals,  Embracing  Views  of  the 
I'opulatioii,  Commerce,  Navigation,  Fisheries,  Public  Lands, 
]*ost-otlice  Jlstablishment,  Uevenucs,  Mint,  ^Military  and  Naval 
Establishment  Expenditures,  I'ublic  Debt,  and  Sinking  Fund  of 
the  United  States,  founded  on  ( )fKcial  Documents,  commencing 
with  March  4,  1789,  and  ending  with  April  20,  1818.  4to, 
Philadelphia,  1818. 

A  vast  fund  of  somewhat  ill-arranged  information  of  a  valuable 
nature.  It  is  of  especial  importance  on  the  early  financial  history 
of  the  country. 


Short,  John  T. — The  North  Americans  of  Antiquity,  Their  Orig- 
inal Migrations  and  Tvpe  of  Civilization  Considered,  8vo, 
New  York,  1880, 

This  valuable  work,  unlike  that  of  Foster,  has  not  been  drawn 
so  much  from  personal  explorations  in  the  field  as  from  the  ex- 
plorations and  writings  of  others.    The  material  has  been  gathered 


612  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

cliiefly  from  the  Smithsonian  reports  and  the  monographs  of 
specialists.  The  Spanish  and  Mexican  sources  are  especially  rich 
on  the  subject ;  and  the  author  has  made  use  of  these  with  great 
advantage. 


Stedman,  C. — The  History  of  the  Origin,  Progress,  and  Termina- 
tion of  the  American  War.     2  vols.,  4to,  London,  1794. 

The  production  of  an  English  officer  who  served  under  Sir 
"William  Howe,  Sir  Henry  Clinton,  and  Lord  Cornwallis.  The 
work,  therefore,  is  of  value  as  being  the  record  of  an  intelligent 
eye-witness  from  an  English  point  of  view.  He  seems  to  have 
had  no  very  great  respect  for  the  military  capacity  and  skill  of 
his  commanders.  As  Stedman's  opportunities  were  limited  to 
those  of  a  military  nature,  his  history  is  of  no  importance  except 
on  military  affairs. 


Stephens,  Alexander  H. — A  Constitutional  View  of  the  War  be- 
tween the  States.  Its  Causes,  Character,  Conduct,  and  Results, 
Presented  in  a  Series  of  Colloquies  at  Liberty  Hall.  2  vols., 
8vo,  Philadelphia,  1868. 

These  volumes,  by  one  of  the  ablest  as  well  as  one  of  the  most 
conspicuous  champions  of  the  South,  might  very  properly  liave 
been  called  a  history  of  the  doctrines  of  nullification  and  seces- 
sion.    But  they  are  not  simply  a  history,  they  are  an  argument. 

The  whole  of  the  first  volume  and  a  half  of  the  second  are 
taken  up  with  a  presentation  of  the  case  historically  and  consti- 
tutionally, from  the  Southern  point  of  view.  There  has  probably 
been  no  abler  presentation  of  the  argument  of  the  South. 


Tocqueville,  Alexis  de. — Democracy  in  America.  Translated  by 
Henry  Keeve,  P^sq.  Edited  with  Notes,  the  translation  revised 
and  in  great  part  rewritten,  and  the  Additions  made  to  the 
recent  Paris  editions  now  first  translated.  l>y  Francis  Bowen. 
2  vols.,  8vo,  Cambridge,  3d  ed.,  18G3. 


IIISTOUIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  (513 

This  famous  bouk  is  :i  work  of  iiiitlciubted  genius.  It  contains 
here  and  tlierc  an  error  in  statement  of  faet,  and  tlie  author  has 
occasionally  allowed  liiniself  to  draw  inferences  from  insufficient 
observations.  But,  in  spite  of  a  few  defects  of  this  nature,  it  still 
remains  perhaps  the  most  valuable  book  ever  written  on  American 
institutions.  Every  student  of  our  national  history  would  do  well 
to  study  its  pages  with  thoughtful  care. 

It  may  be  described  as  a  book  of  comments  and  speculations 
on  our  political  and  social  characteristics.  Intermingled  with 
these  comments  the  reader  finds  an  abundance  of  interesting  gen- 
eralization on  the  characteristics  of  democratic  as  distinguished 
from  aristocratic  institutions. 

The  author's  view,  as  a  whole,  is  a  sympathetic  one,  though  by 
no  means  one  of  indiscriminate  praise. 


Washington,  George,  and  Crawford,  William. — Correspondence 
concerning  Western  Lands,  1767-81.  Arranged -and  Anno- 
tated by  C.  W.  Butterfield.     8vo,  Cincinnati,  1877. 

A  collection  of  much  importance  for  the  study  of  tlie  relations 
of  the  Northwest  to  the  Union.  The  letters  of  Washington  show 
that  he  had  a  clear  vision  of  the  great  future  in  store  for  the 
region  north  of  the  Ohio,  and  that  he  did  not  fail  to  see  tlie  op- 
portunities for  successful  investment. 


Wilson,  Henry. — History  of  the  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power 
in  America.     4th  edition,  3  vols.,  large  8vo,  Boston,  1875. 

The  author  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  aiitislavcry  struggle, 
and  was  in  many  respects  well  fitted  to  perform  the  task  he  under- 
took. He  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  subject,  and  he 
spent  upon  it  years  of  unstinted  labor. 

But  the  production  has  two  limitations  of  some  importance. 
In  the  first  place,  the  author  gives  the  student  no  references  to 
authorities;  and,  in  tlie  second,  lie  uses  with  too  great  freedom 
the  language  of  denunciation.     It  is  a  subjective  history,  written 


614  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

with  much  intensity  of  feeling.     The  volumes  are  made  easy  of 
use  by  tables  of  contents  and  a  good  index. 


Young,  Andrew  W. — The  American  Statesman  :  a  Political  His- 
tory Exhibiting  the  Origin,  Nature,  and  Practical  Operation  of 
Constitutional  Government  in  the  United  States ;  the  Rise  and 
Progress  of  Parties ;  and  the  Views  of  Distinguished  States- 
men on  Questions  of  Foreign  and  Domestic  Policy.  Large 
8vo,  New  York,  1861. 

Not  a  book  of  great  original  merits,  but  one  that  has  been,  and 
still  may  be,  useful  to  a  large  number  of  persons.  It  passes  lightly 
over  the  period  before  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  reserving 
its  strength  for  the  political  struggles  of  the  past  century. 

The  most  noteworthy  characteristic  of  the  volume  is  the  fact 
that  the  author  docs  not  obtrude  his  own  opinions,  but  introduces 
very  largely.the  opinions  of  those  who,  at  the  time  he  is  discuss- 
ing, were  prominent  in  affairs.  This  is  the  conspicuous  merit  of 
the  book.  "While  it  detracts  from  the  historical  symmetry  of  the 
work,  it  brings  before  the  reader  many  opinions  which  it  may  be 
profitable  for  him  to  know.  It  might  with  some  propriety  have 
been  called  a  history  of  public  opinion  on  political  questions. 
The  author  has  been  very  successful  in  his  effort  to  preserve 
what  he  deems  a  commendable  impartiality. 


V.  IMPOKTANT    BIOGKAPIIIES  AND    COLLECTED   WETTINGS. 

Adams,  Henry.— The  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin.    8vo,  Philadelphia, 

1879. 

A  volume  designed  to  supply  historians  with  some  of  the  ma- 
terials for  the  history  of  a  period  as  yet  only  imperfectly  under- 
stood. 

The  principal  sources  from  which  the  author  has  drawn  his 
materials  are  the  rich  collection  left  by  Gallatin,  and  the  papers 
still  Iving  in  the  archives  of  the  government  at  Washington.    For 


HISTORIES   OF   THE   UNITED  STATES.  Glo 

the  financial  liistory  of  the  years  between  1801  and  1829  tlie  vul- 
unic  is  of  inij)Oitanec  only  second  to  that  of  Galhitin's  "  Works.'' 
It  is  not  a  biograpliy  written  for  popuhir  use,  but  rather  a  narra- 
tive designed  to  assist  the  most  thoughtful  student. 


Austin,  James  T. — The  Life  of  KIbridge  Gerry,  with  Contempo- 
rary Letters  to  the  Close  of  the  lievolution.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Bos- 
ton, 1828-29. 

Of  these  volumes,  the  second  is  the  most  important ;  for  it 
embraces  the  period  during  which  Gerry  was  at  the  head  of  the 
Autifedcralist  party  iu  New  England.  The  book  is  not  one  of 
great  inherent  merits ;  but  a  sympathetic  view  of  Gerry's  life 
while  he  was  governor  of  Massachusetts  and  Vice-President  of 
the  United  States,  as  well  as  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  op- 
position to  New  England  Federalism,  is  not  without  considerable 
importance. 


Bigelow,  John. — The  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  Written  by  Ilira- 
self ;  now  first  edited  from  Original  Manuscripts,  and  from  his 
Printed  Correspondence  and  other  Writings.  3  vols.,  8vo, 
Philadelphia,  1875. 

Probably  no  public  man  ever  left  more  ample  materials  in  his 
own  writings  for  his  own  life  than  did  Franklin.  During  the 
twenty  years  of  his  residence  in  Europe  as  a  representative  of  his 
State  and  his  country,  lie  was  in  constant  correspondence  with  his 
government  and  his  friends.  The  result  was  the  gradual  accumu- 
lation of  a  mass  of  invaluable  materials. 

Besides  all  these  writings,  he  left  an  autobiography  of  his  early 
years,  prepared  at  the  special  request  of  a  friend  in  Paris.  This 
autobiograph}',  for  a  considerable  time  held  in  MS.,  was  finally 
translated  into  French  and  published.  This  French  version  was 
converted  back  into  English,  and  thus  the  translation  of  a  trans- 
lation was  the  only  form  in  which  the  work  Avas  accessible  to 
English  readers  until  the  appearance  of  the  edition  published  by 
Mr.  Bitrelow. 


616  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  later  portions  are  derived  almost  exclusively  from  Frank- 
lin's published  writings.  The  importance  of  the  volumes  grows 
not  simply  or  even  chiefly  out  of  their  descriptions  of  contempo- 
raneous events,  but  rather  from  the  revelation  they  give  of  Frank- 
lin's methods  of  viewing  the  political  affairs  of  his  times. 


Curtis,  George  Ticknor. — Life  of  Daniel  Webster.     2  vols.,  8vo 
and  12  mo,  New  York,  1869. 

The  author  of  these  volumes  for  many  years  knew  Webster  in- 
timately, and  by  his  own  studies  of  the  history  of  the  Constitu- 
tion was  well  qualified  for  the  task  of  describing  Webster's  public 
career.  The  especial  value  of  the  work  is  in  the  light  it  throws 
on  the  development  of  Webster's  ideas  concerning  the  proper  in- 
terpretation of  the  Constitution.  It  may  always  be  read  with 
profit  in  connection  with  a  study  of  Webster's  positions  in  the 
great  constitutional  struggles  between  the  North  and  the  South. 


Garland,  Hugh  H. — The  Life  of  John  Randolph  of  Roanoke. 
2  vols.,  Svo,  New  York,  1860. 

For  many  years  Randolph  was  not  simply  one  of  the  most 
eccentric,  but  was  also  one  of  the  most  influential,  members  of 
Congress.  To  the  details  of  his  life,  therefore,  there  has  always 
attached  a  curious  interest.  Garland's  work  is  not  entirely  worthy 
of  the  subject ;  but  it  is  the  best  biography  of  Randolph  we  have, 
and,  therefore,  is  not  without  some  interest  and  value. 


Greene,  George  Washington. — The  Life  of  Nathaniel  Greene, 
Major-general  in  the  Army  of  the  Revolution.  3  vols.,  Svo, 
New  York,  1868. 

As  the  most  important  biography  of  the  ablest  subordinate  to 
Washington  in  the  Revolutionary  War,  these  volumes  are  not 
without  considerable  historical  value.     They  throw   much  light 


HISTORIES  OF  Tin:  united  states.  gi7 

on  tlic  military  history  of  tlic  war,  especially  tliat  portion  of  it 
which  was  under  General  (ircene's  immediate  direction.  The  bi- 
ographer differs  in  some  important  particidars  from  Bancroft ; 
and,  therefore,  tlie  two  works  may  well  be  used  in  common. 


Irving,  Washington.  —  Life  of   George  Washington.     5  vols., 
12mo,  New  York,  185G-G0. 

This  work  was  regarded  by  tlic  author  as  the  most  important 
of  his  productions,  and  as,  in  some  sense,  the  crown  of  his  literary 
career.  It  partakes  of  his  well-known  characteristics  as  a  writer; 
and  will  probably  acquire  a  permanent  place  in  our  literature  as 
the  standard  life  of  Washington. 

For  the  purposes  of  an  liistorical  student,  tlic  last  two  volumes 
will  probably  be  found  the  most  important.  I'lie  phases  of  polit- 
ical life  which  Irving  saw-,  however,  were  not  always  the  phases 
which  the  student  will  now  desire  to  see  ;  and,  therefore,  too  high 
expectations  must  not  be  raised.  Recourse  must  constantly  be 
had  to  other  sources  of  information. 


Johnson,  Oliver. — William  Lloyd  Garrison  and  his  Times;  or, 
Sketches  of  the  Antislavery  ^lovement  in  America,  and  of  the 
Man  who  was  its  Founder  and  Moral  Leader.  12mo,  Boston, 
1880. 

As  a  description  of  the  antislavery  movement,  this  volume  has 
the  merit  of  having  been  prepared  by  one  who  was  familiar  with 
all  the  details  of  its  progress  from  its  beginning.  Though  it  is 
not  written  in  a  very  animated  style,  it  is  still  one  of  the  most 
valuable  contributions  yet  made  to  the  history  of  that  long  agita- 
tion. 


Lodge,  Henry  Cabot.— Life  and  Letters  of  George  Cabot,     Svo, 

Boston,  1877. 

The  importance  of  this  work  is  in  the  light  it  throws  on  the 


618  HISTORICAL  LITEEATURE. 

attitude  of  the  Federalists  of  New  England  at  the  period  of  the 
War  of  1812. 

The  part  of  Cabot  before  and  during  the  Hartford  Convention 
was  so  conspicuous  that  the  publication  of  his  letters  alone  would 
have  been  a  genuine  contribution  to  our  means  of  understanding 
the  period.  For  a  proper  understanding  of  the  war,  therefore, 
the  volume  is  an  authority  of  much  consequence.  It  leaves  the 
attitude  of  the  Federalists  of  New  EnHand  no  longer  in  doubt. 


Marshall,  John. — The  Life  of  George  Washington.  To  which  is 
prefixed  an  Introduction  containing  a  Comprehensive  View  of 
the  Colonies  Planted  by  the  English  on  the  Continent  of  North 
America.  5  vols.,  Svo,  London  and  Philadelphia,  1804-V; 
2d  ed.  revised,  2  vols.,  Svo,  Philadelphia,  1832. 

This  author  had  not  so  large  advantages  in  the  way  of  materials 
as  some  of  the  later  writers,  but  his  political  acumen  and  his  ju- 
dicial equipoise  were  such  as  to  give  his  work  a  great  and  a  per- 
manent importance.  The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  a  description 
of  the  colonial  period,  and  it  still  remains  one  of  the  most  satis- 
factory works  we  have  on  the  subject.  The  last  volume  is  also 
of  great  importance  as  a  view  of  Washington's  administration. 


Morse,  John  T. — The  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton.    2  vols.,  12mo, 
Boston,  187G. 

The  author  is  a  hearty  admirer  of  Hamilton  ;  but  he  has  suc- 
ceeded in  being  fairly  impartial  in  his  work.  The  volumes  are 
designed  for  popular  uses  rather  than  for  the  use  of  the  historical 
investigator.  By  all  students  of  the  Constitutional  period,  how- 
ever, they  may  be  read  with  profit.  The  infiiicncc  of  Hamilton 
in  the  framing  of  the  Constitution,  and  in  the  securing  of  its 
adoption,  is  nowhere  better  presented. 


Parton,  James. — Life  and  Times  of  Benjamin  Franklin.    2  vols., 
8v(.,  New  York,  1  8G4. 

Like  all  of  Parton's  books,  this  work  is  especially  adapted  to 


UISTOIUES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  019 

those  wlio  need  to  be  tempted  to  the  [nirsuit  of  trutli.  Its  style 
is  the  most  spiritud,  and  its  subject  is  the  most  interesting.  Even 
tliu  dullest  reader  will  not  fail  to  have  his  attention  excited  by  the 
story  ;  for  it  is  a  remarkable  story  told  in  a  remarkable  way. 

Perhaps  the  most  valuable  portion  is  that  which  gives  in  detail 
the  part  of  Beaumarehais  in  securing  the  assistance  of  France  to 
tlic  struggling  colonies  of  America.  The  most  noteworthy  weak- 
ness of  the  volumes  is  a  tendency  to  eccentric  and  extravagant 
forms  of  statement. 


Parton,  James. — Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     8vo,  Boston,  1874. 

The  least  valuable  of  the  author's  biographical  productions, 
with  the  possible  exception  of  the  "  Life  of  Burr."  From  begin- 
ning to  end  the  writer  seems  to  have  been  moved  by  two  im- 
pulses equally  strong — admiration  of  Jefferson  and  aversion  to 
Hamilton.  As  lie  seldom  lets  an  opportunity  pass  without  deal- 
ing a  blow  at  the  one,  so  he  is  always  inclined  to  praise  and  ex- 
cuse the  other.  The  narrative  is  fascinating,  but  the  historical 
value  of  the  work  is  very  slight.  The  intense  spirit  of  partisan- 
ship pervading  its  pages  robs  it  of  judicial  candor. 


Parton,  James.  —  Life  of  Andrew  Jackson.     3  vols.,  8vo  and 
12nio,  New  York,  18G0. 

Unquestionably  one  of  the  best  of  Parton's  biographies.  Jack- 
son's weaknesses  arc  not  concealed ;  on  the  contrary,  he  is  shown 
to  have  had  serious  faults,  but,  at  the  same  time,  to  have  been 
honest  and  interesting,  though  not  at  all  times  wise.  The  author 
regards  Jackson  as  a  specimen  to  study  rather  than  as  a  model  to 
copy.  Though  the  book  contains  nmch  that  a  severe  judgment 
would  exclude,  yet  from  beginning  to  end  it  is  a  narrative  of  ab- 
sorbing interest. 

The  most  important  part  of  the  work  is  that  which  describes 
the  violent  change  introduced  into  the  civil  service  on  the  acces- 
sion of  Jackson  to  the  presidency.  The  circumstances  and  the 
significance  of  tlie  change  arc  clearly  and  fairly  presented. 


620  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

Pickering,  Cctavius,  and  TJpham,  C.  W. — Life  of  Timothy  Pick- 
ering.    4  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1867. 

Of  these  volumes  only  the  first  was  written  by  the  son  of  Colo- 
nel Pickering;  the  second,  third,  and  fourth  are  by  Mr,  TJpham. 

The  especial  value  of  the  work  is  in  the  nature  of  the  materials 
used  in  the  course  of  its  preparation,  and  in  the  description  of  the 
part  played  by  Colonel  Pickering  during  the  administrations  of 
John  Adams,  Jefferson,  and  Madison.  As  leader  of  the  New  Eng- 
land Federalists,  Pickering's  importance  was  everywhere  acknowl- 
edged ;  and,  at  the  time  of  his  death,  he  left  a  vast  number  of 
manuscripts  of  value.  These  have  formed  the  basis  of  this  bio- 
graphical history. 


Quincy,  Edmund. — Life  of  Josiah  Quincy.     8vo,  Boston,  1869. 

The  part  of  Josiah  Quincy  in  Congress  during  the  years  before 
the  War  of  1812  was  of  great  importance.  As  a  representative 
of  a  certain  phase  of  New  England  ideas,  Quincy  is  entitled  to  be 
studied.     Of  this  work,  chapters  iv.-xi.  are  of  most  importance. 


Randall,  Henry  S. — The  Life  of  Thomas  Jefferson.     3  vols.,  8vo, 
New  York,  1858. 

By  far  the  most  valuable  of  the  biographies  of  Jefferson.  It 
is  a  very  elaborate  effort  to  place  the  third  President  before  the 
people  of  the  country  in  a  favorable  light. 

The  author  is  a  great  admirer  of  the  statesman  he  describes ; 
and  he  has  brought  together  a  large  amount  of  valuable  material 
in  the  interests  of  his  purpose.  It  is  chiefly  in  this  material  that 
the  real  importance  of  the  volumes  consists.  In  point  of  style 
the  volumes  are  not  attractive;  and  the  work  is  so  voluminous  as 
to  be  somewhat  discouraging  to  such  as  may  desire  to  read  it  from 
beginning  to  end ;  but  with  the  help  of  the  index  every  student 
may  use  it  with  profit. 


I 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  02 1 

Reed,  William  B. — Lifo  and  Correspondence  of  Joseph  Reed.     2 
vols.,  8vo,  riiiladelpliia,  1842. 

President  Reed  was  military  secretary  of  Washington,  Adju- 
tant-<;eneral  of  the  Continental  Army,  Member  of  Congress,  and 
President  of  the  Executive  Council  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  confidential  relations  of  the  commander-in-chief  and  liis 
military  secretary  give  to  these  letters  great  value.  They  have 
lieen  much  used  by  the  historians;  and,  although  there  has  been 
some  controversy  concerning  them,  tlieir  importance  is  universally 
conceded.  They  throw  light  not  only  on  tlie  Revolutionarv,  but 
also  on  the  Constitutional,  period. 


Rives,  William  C. — History  of  the  Lifo  and  Times  of  James 
Madison.      '3  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  ISGO-GB, 

The  author  of  these  volumes,  in  the  course  of  his  duties  as  edi- 
tor of  Madison's  Works,  came  into  possession  of  valuable  materials 
for  the  illustration  of  the  lives  and  character  of  many  of  the 
founders  of  the  government  and  the  Constitution.  These  vol- 
umes, therefore,  belong  to  the  domain  of  history  raore  than  to 
that  of  biography.  They  arc  founded  on  original  and,  in  some 
instances,  unpublished  documents. 

L'nfortunately,  the  author  did  not  live  to  complete  the  work. 
The  third  volume  ends  with  the  election  of  John  Adams  to  the 
presidency.  Although  Rives  was  the  victim  of  violent  prejudices, 
his  volumes  are  of  value  for  the  period  of  the  formation  of  the 
Constitution  and  the  presidency  of  Washington. 


Sabine,  Lorenzo.  —  The  American  Loyalists  ;  or.  Biographical 
Sketches  of  the  Adherents  of  the  British  Crown  in  the  ^\'ar  of 
the  Revolution.     8vo,  Boston,  1847. 

The  principal  value  of  tliis  volume  is  to  show  that  a  very  con- 
siderable number  of  persons  considered  it  tlieir  duty  to  dissent 
from  the  action  of  the  Revolutionary  party,  and,  at  the  expense 
perhaps  of  their  property  and  their  lives,  maintain  a  loyalty  to 


622  HISTOEICAL  LITERATURE. 

the  crown.  The  sketches  arc  very  short  and  very  numerous,  but 
here  and  there  glimpses  are  given  showing  that  even  the  Revolu- 
tionary fathers  were  not  all  worthy  of  canonization. 

The  work  is  introduced  by  an  essay  of  more  than  a  hundred 
pages  on  the  nature  of  the  legislation  which  brought  on  the  war. 
The  ground  is  taken  that  the  causes  for  grievance  were  not  so 
much  the  forms  of  objectionable  taxation  as  the  repeated  interfer- 
ence with  the  natural  industries  of  the  country. 


Sargent,  Nathan. — Public  Men  and  Events  from  the  Commence- 
ment of  Mr.  Monroe's  Administration,  in  1817,  to  the  Close  of 
Mr,  Fillmore's  Administration,  in  1853.  2  vols.,  8vo,  Phila- 
delphia, 1875. 

A  volume  of  interesting  reminiscences  by  one  who  was  many 
years  in  the  public  service  at  a  time  when  great  questions  were 
under  discussion. 

The  famous  debate  between  Webster  and  Ilayne,  as  well  as 
those  on  the  tariffs  of  1828  and  1832;  on  the  bill  to  recharter 
the  United  States  Bank ;  on  the  removal  of  the  public  deposits ; 
on  the  annexation  of  Texas;  on  the  Compromise  of  1850;  and 
on  the  Fugitive  Slave  Law,  took  place  under  the  Avriter's  obser- 
vation. His  personal  acquaintanceship  seems  to  have  extended 
to  all  members  of  Congress, 


Shea,  George, — The  Life  and  Epoch  of  Alexander  ILamilton.  An 
Historical  Study,  2d  ed.,  revised  and  corrected,  8vo,  Boston, 
1880. 

As  the  title  indicates,  this  is  not  in  any  strict  sense  a  biography. 
It  is  the  author's  aim  not  so  much  to  portray  the  events  of  Hamil- 
ton's early  life  as  to  show  the  influence  of  his  life  and  character 
on  the  times  in  which  he  lived.  The  period  studied  embraces 
only  the  early  years  of  Hamilton's  career,  and  closes  with  the 
events  of  177G.  The  volume  shows  unquestionable  ability,  and 
is  of  considerable  importance. 


HISTORIKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  G2.3 

Sparks,  Jared. — Library  of  American  Biography.    10  vols.,  IGmo, 
New  York,  185;i. 

A  scries  of  bioi^raphies  of  prominent  persons,  forty -cin'ht  in 
number,  prepared  by  writers  selected  for  the  purpose  by  the  edi- 
tor. Though  the  collection  was  designed  for  the  general  public, 
the  papers  are  to  be  regarded  as  biographical  essays  rather  than 
as  biographical  sketches,  and  arc  therefore  not  without  consider- 
able value  in  the  study  of  our  early  history.  The  scries  contains 
a  number  of  studies  of  persons,  an  account  of  whose  lives  is  not 
elsewhere  easily  accessible,  A  list  of  the  biographies  may  be 
found  in  the  catalogues  of  the  Brooklyn  Mercantile  Library,  and 
of  the  Boston  x\theii:eiuii. 


Tudor,  James. — Life  of  James  Otis,  of  Massachusetts.  Contain- 
ing, also,  Notices  of  some  Contemporary  Characters  and  Events 
from  the  year  17G0  to  l77o.     8vo,  Boston,  1823. 

Of  some  value  as  a  sketch  of  the  circumstances  which  called 
out  the  great  work  of  Otis  in  arousing  Revolutionary  opinions. 

The  speeches  and  papers  of  Otis  that  did  so  much  to  shape 
public  opinion  arc  not  given  in  full.  These  must  be  sought  else- 
where. They  may  be  found  in  vol.  i.  of  the  4th  series  of  Force's 
"  Archives." 


Tyler,  Samuel. — Memoir  of  Roger  Brook  Taney,  Chief-justice  of 
the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United  States.    8vo,  Baltimore,  1872. 

Judge  Taney  seemed  to  be  going  into  history  simply  as  the 
author  of  the  famous  Dred  Scott  Decision.  This  book  is  an  effort 
to  show  in  a  favorable  light  the  character  of  the  chief-justice  as  a 
statesman  and  a  jurist.  The  portion  of  the  volume  of  greatest 
interest  to  the  historical  student  is  tliat  which  reveals  Taney's 
private  views  on  the  fugitive-slave  question,  and  the  process  by 
which  he  brought  himself  to  the  positions  taken  in  the  famous 
decision.  The  Dred  Scott  Decision  is  given  in  full  in  an  appen- 
dix. 


624  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Wells,  William  V.  —  The  Life  and  Public  Services  of  Samuel 
Adams,  bein:^  a  Xarrative  of  his  Acts  and  Opinions  and  of  his 
Agency  in  Procuring"  and  Forwarding  the  American  Revolu- 
tion. With  Extracts  from  his  Correspondence,  State -papers, 
and  Political  Essays.     3  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1865. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  contributions  to  our  knowledge  of 
the  Revolutionary  period.  It  was  not  written  so  mucli  for  the 
purpose  of  constructing  a  fascinating  narrative  as  to  give  a  sober 
account  of  the  great  events  in  which  Samuel  Adams  took  so  con- 
spicuous a  part.  The  early  j'ears  of  his  life  are  therefore  rapidly 
passed  over,  and  the  principal  part  of  the  work  is  devoted  to  his 
Revolutionary  services. 


Wirt,  William.— Sketches  of  the  Life  and  Character  of  Patrick 
Henry.     15th  ed..  New  York,  1860. 

A  work  that  has  long  been  regarded  a  classic  among  American 
biographies.  It  is  highly  laudatory,  and  has  probably  done  more 
than  any  other  book  to  form  the  halo  which  rests  on  the  head  of 
the  Revolutionary  patriot. 

Patrick  Henry  exerted  a  powerful  influence  at  two  periods  in 
his  life :  first,  when  he  aroused  the  State  against  the  mother 
country ;  and,  second,  when  he  made  herculean  efforts  to  prevent 
Virginia  from  ratifying  the  Constitution  and  becoming  a  part  of 
the  Union.  In  other  respects  the  life  of  Henry  is  a  picturesque 
one,  but  not  one  of  very  great  importance.  Wirt's  book  should 
be  used  by  the  student  with  great  caution. 


Adams,  John.— The  Works  of,  with  a  Life  of  the  Author.  Notes 
and  Illustrations  by  his  grandson,  Charles  Francis  Adams.  10 
vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1856. 

The  first  volume  is  devoted  to  the  life  of  the  author;  vols.  ii. 
and  iii.  to  the  autobiography,  the  debates  in  the  Constitutional 
Convention,  a  dissertation  on  canon  and  feudal  law,  and  the  inde- 
pendence of  the  judiciary ;  vols,  iv,,  v.,  and  vi.  to  a  defence  of  the 


I 


HISTORIES  OF    i'lIK   UNITED  STATES.  625 

Constitution,  tlie  discourses  on  D.ivila,  and  letters  on  government ; 
vols,  vii.,  viii.,  and  ix.  to  ofKcial  letters,  messages,  and  public  pa- 
pers; and  vol.  x.  to  correspondence. 

In  vol.  v.  is  to  he  found  a  history  of  the  dispute  between  Eng- 
land and  America  from  l7o4.  The  works  close  with  a  very  com- 
plete index. 


Adams,  John  Quincy — Memoirs  of.    Comprising  Portions  of  his 
i>iary  from  17U5  to  1848.    12  vols.,  8vo,  I'liiladelphia,  1874-77. 

Volumes  of  surpassing  interest  on  the  personal  and  political 
life  of  one  of  the  noblest  and  most  accomplished  of  our  public 
men. 

The  most  striking  and  interesting  peculiarity  of  the  diary  is 
the  fulness  of  the  author's  reflections  and  comments  on  the  men 
and  on  the  events  among  which  he  lived.  It  was  his  constant 
habit  to  jot  down  his  thoughts  on  what  was  taking  place  about 
him.  Accordingly,  there  is  scarcely  an  event  of  importance  dur- 
ing the  long  years  of  his  public  career  on  which  he  has  not  ex- 
pressed an  opinion.  The  very  full  index  at  the  end  gives  an  easy 
elew  to  what  is  contained  in  the  volumes. 


Calhoun,  John  C. — The  AVorks  of.    Edited  by  Richard  K.  Crallc. 
6  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1854-50. 

These  works  are  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  student  who 
would  learn  the  views  of  our  government  generally  entertained  at 
the  South. 

In  the  tirst  volume  are  to  be  found  the  "Discpiisition  on  Gov- 
ernment" and  the  papers  on  the  Constitution  and  government  of 
the  United  States.  The  speeches  on  various  political  subjects  are 
in  vols,  ii.-iv.  Volume  v.  is  devoted  to  reports  while  in  Congress 
and  while  Secretary  of  War;  and  vol.  vi.  to  reports  and  public 
letters.  The  first  half  of  the  sixth  volume  contains  the  most  im- 
portant papers  of  the  author  on  the  relations  of  the  State  to  the 
general  government. 

40 


626  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Clay,  Henry — The  "Works  of,  edited  by  Calvin  Colton.     6  vols., 
8vo,  New  York,  1855. 

The  first  three  volumes  are  devoted  to  the  life  of  the  orator; 
though  the  third  is  largely  composed  of  material  designed  to  illus- 
trate Clay's  influence  on  the  various  subjects  with  which  he  es- 
pecially had  to  deal.  The  fourth  volume  contains  the  correspond- 
ence ;  while  the  fifth  and  sixth  are  made  up  of  the  orator's 
speeches  in  Congress.  Unfortunately,  the  volumes  contain  no 
general  index ;  but  tlie  tables  of  contents  will  generally  give  a 
clew  to  what  the  author  had  to  say  on  any  given  subject. 


Everett,  Edward, — Orations  and  Speeches  "on  Various  Occasions. 
4  vols.,  Svo,  Boston,  1850-68. 

The  orations  and  addresses  here  collected  arc,  for  the  most  part, 
arranged  in  the  chronological  order  of  their  delivery  :  vol.  i.  covers 
the  period  from  1824  to  1835;  vol.  ii.,  1829  to  1850;  vol.  iii., 
1850  to  1858;  vol.  iv.,  1858  to  1865.  The  subjects  of  the  ad- 
dresses may  be  found  under  the  head  of  "  Everett "  in  the  Brook- 
lyn Mercantile  Library  Catalogue  and  in  the  Catalogue  of  the 
Boston  Athenaeum  Librarv. 


Franklin,  Benjamin — The  Works  of,  containing  Several  Political 
Tracts  not  included  in  any  former  edition,  and  many  Letters, 
Official  and  Private,  not  hitherto  published.  With  Notes  and 
Life  of  the  Author  by  Jared  Sparks.  10  vols.,  8vo,  Boston, 
1836-40;  better  editions  Philadelphia,  1858,  and  London,  1881. 

The  first  volume  contains  Franklin's  autobiography,  with  a  con- 
tinuation by  Sparks;  vol.  ii.,  essays  on  religious  and  moral  sub- 
jects, politics,  commerce,  and  political  economy;  vols.  iii.  and  iv., 
essays  and  tracts,  historical  and  political,  before  the  American 
Revolution  ;  vol.  v.,  political  papers  during  and  after  the  Revolu- 
tion ;  vol.  vi.,  letters  and  papers  on  philosophical  and  scientific 
subjects ;  vols.  vii.  and  viii.,  correspondence,  and  fragment  of 
Polybius;  vol.  ix.,  corrcsjiondence  and  journal  of  negotiations  for 
peace ;  vol.  x.,  private  letters. 


I 


HISTORIES  OB^  Tin:   united   states.  027 

Gallatin,  Albert — The  Writings  of,  edited  by  Henry  Adams.     3 
vols.,  8v(>,  rhiladelphia,  1879. 

Of  tliese  voluinos,  the  first  two  are  made  up  <»f  Gallatin's  cor- 
respondence. The  tliird  embraces  the  more  valuable  of  his  larger 
writings.  The  most  important  of  tliese  arc  the  "  Sketch  of  the 
Finances  of  the  United  States,"  pp.  G9-207  ;  "  Considerations  on 
the  Currency  and  Banking  System  of  the  United  States,"  pp. 
231-365;  and  "Suggestions  on  the  Banks  and  Currency  of  the 
United  States  in  reference  principally  to  the  Suspension  of  Specie 
Payments,"  pp.  305-489. 

The  works  are  of  the  utmost  importance  to  the  student  of  the 
financial  history  of  the  country.  Their  use  is  made  easy  by  a 
good  inde.v. 


Jefferson,  Thomas — The  Writings  of.  Published  by  order  of 
the  Joint  Committee  of  Congress  on  the  Library  from  the  Orig- 
inal Manuscripts  deposited  in  the  Department  of  State,  with 
Explanatory  Notes,  Tables  of  Contents,  and  a  Copious  Index 
to  each  volume,  as  well  as  a  ijeneral  Index  to  the  whole.  9 
vols.,  Svo,  AVashington,  1853. 

Of  this  collection,  vol.  i.  consists  of  autobiography  and  letters, 
1773-1790;  vols.  ii.  and  iii.,  of  letters  from  1784  to  1790;  vols, 
iv.-vi.,  of  letters  from  1790  to  1820;  vol.  vii.,  of  reports  and 
opinions  while  Secretary  of  State  ;  vol.  viii.,  of  inaugural  adch'esses, 
messages,  replies,  and  notes  on  Virginia;  vol.  ix..  Parliamentary 
Manual,  the  anas,  and  miscellaneous  papers. 

As  Jefferson's  political  ideas  are  very  fully  given  in  his  letters, 
the  student  should  make  free  use  of  the  index. 


Madison,  James — Letters  and  other  Writings  of.     Published  by 
order  of  Congress.     4  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  1805. 

In  vol.  i.,  which  is  devoteil  to  the  period  between  1709  and 
1793,  are  to  be  found  a  large  number  of  very  important  papers, 
including  the  "Declaration  of  Rights,"  reported  by  the  Select 


628  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Committee  of  the  Virginia  Convention  in  17Y6,  Vol.  ii,  covers 
the  period  from  1794  to  1815;  vol.  iii.,  that  from  1816  to  1828; 
and  vol.  iv.,  that  from  1829  to  1836. 

In  the  last  volume  are  to  be  found  important  letters  on  the 
Virginia  resolutions  of  1798,  pp.  61-66;  and  also  the  author's 
maturer  views  on  the  subject  of  nullification,  pp.  95-105.  There 
is  an  unusually  copious  general  index. 


Seward,  William  H.  —  The  Works  of.     Edited  by  George  E. 
Baker.      5  vols.,  8vo,  Xew  York,  1853-83. 

The  first  volume  contains  a  biographical  memoir,  speeches  and 
debates  in  the  United  States  Senate,  and  forensic  arguments ; 
vol.  ii.,  the  writings  of  the  author  as  Governor  of  New  York ; 
vol.  iii.,  orations  and  occasional  addresses,  executive  speeches,  and 
general  correspondence;  vol.  iv.,  speeches  in  the  United  States 
Senate. 

As  the  fourth  volume  contains  the  record  of  the  author's  work 
during  the  important  years  between  1852  and  1862,  it  is  of  more 
consequence  to  the  student  than  the  preceding  ones.  The  promi- 
nent part  of  Seward  in  shaping  the  early  policy  of  the  Republican 
party  is  here  clearly  revealed.  The  fifth  volume  is  of  the  highest 
value  in  the  study  of  our  diplomatic  relations  in  the  time  of  the 
Civil  War. 


Sumner,  Charles — Works  of.     12  vols.,  12mo,  Boston,  1875. 

The  contents  of  these  volumes  are  arranged  in  chronological 
order.  As  yet  no  general  index  of  the  works  has  been  published. 
Each  volume  contains  a  table  of  contents ;  but  if  the  student  de- 
sires a  view  of  the  contents  of  the  whole  series  of  volumes,  he 
must  resort  to  the  catalogues,  the  best  of  which  are  the  Brooklyn 
Mercantile  I/ibrary  Catalogue  and  the  Catalogue  of  the  Boston 
Athenfcum.  The  pre-eminence  of  Sumner  in  the  antislavcry 
struggle  gives  to  the  volumes  great  importanee. 

Vol.  i.  is  devoted  to  addresses  and  papers  written  and  delivered 
between  1845  and  1847  ;  vol.  ii.,  1847-51 ;  vol.  iii.,  1851-55  ;  vol. 
iv.,  1855-60  ;  vol.  v.,  1860-61  ;  vol.  vi.,  1861-62  ;  vol.  vii.,  1862- 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITi:i)   STATES.  GiiO 

63;  vol.  viii.,  1863-04;  vol.  ix.,  18G4-G5;  vol.  x.,  1865-66;  vol. 
xi.,  1800-07  ;   vui.  xii.,  1S07-GS;   vol.  xiii.,  1808-70. 


Washington,  George — The  Writings  of.  JJeing  liis  Corrcspoiid- 
ciHc,  Addro.NSLS,  -Messages,  and  other  Papors,  Ofllcial  and  Tri- 
vate,  Selected  and  Published  from  the  Original  Manuscripts. 
With  a  Life  of  the  Author,  and  Notes  and  Illustrations.  JJy 
Jarcd  Sparks.     12  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1852. 

Of  these  writings,  vol.  i.  consists  of  the  life  of  AVashington  by 
Sparks ;  vol.  ii.,  of  official  letters  on  the  French  war,  and  private 
letters  before  the  Revolution ;  vols,  iii.-viii.,  letters  and  miscella- 
neous papers  relating  to  the  American  llevolution;  vol.  ix.,  cor- 
respondence from.1783  to  1789,  with  Lllustrativo  documents;  vols. 
X.— xi.,  correspondence  from  the  beginning  of  his  presidency  to 
the  end  of  his  life;  vol.  xii,,  speeches,  messages,  proclamations, 
and  addresses. 


Webster,  Daniel— The  Works  of,     6  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1853-56. 

The  first  and  second  volumes  arc  devoted  to  a  biographical 
memoir  of  the  author,  and  to  speeches  and  addresses  on  various 
public  occasions.  Vols,  iii.-v.  contain  his  political  speeches  in 
Congress;  vol.  vi.,  his  legal  arguments,  his  addresses  to  a  jury, 
and  his  diplomatic  ami  otUcial  papers. 

To  the  student  of  our  political  and  constitutional  history  the 
works  of  Webster  are  invaluable.  He  exerted  a  powerful  influ- 
ence in  shaping  public  opinion  on  almost  every  question  of  im- 
portance that  came  up  in  the  course  of  liis  public  career.  A 
good  index  makes  the  volumes  easy  of  nse. 


VI.   SUGGESTIONS   TO    STUDENTS    AND    READERS. 

1.  Ilildrcth's,  though  its  style  is  apt  to  discourage,  is  the  most 
satisfactory  single  work  for  the  nse  of  a  thoughtful  student. 
Lodsfc's  "Short  llistorv  of  the  English  Colonies"  is  the  best 


630  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

general  account  of  the  condition  of  the  people  during  the  colonial 
period.  Frothingham's  "Rise  of  the  Republic"  is  admirable  for 
its  representation  of  the  causes  and  tendencies  leading  to  union. 
If  the  reader  desires  entertainment  as  well  as  instruction,  he  will 
receive  unfailing  satisfaction  in  the  works  of  Parkman.  The  dis- 
coveries by  the  Northmen  are,  perhaps,  best  described  in  the  work 
of  Bryant  and  Gay.  Ridpath's  is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory 
single  volumes  on  the  entire  history  of  the  country. 

2.  The  work  of  Pitkin,  though  too  dry  to  be  read  for  pleasure, 
has  great  intrinsic  value.  Palfrey's  "History  of  New  England" 
is  a  work  of  the  highest  merit.  If  the  reader  desires  to  know 
what  is  to  be  said  on  the  unfavorable  side  of  the  Puritan  charac- 
ter, he  should  read  Oliver's  "Puritan  Commonwealth,"  and  then 
Thornton's  volume  in  review  of  it.  Bancroft's  "History  "  gives  the 
best  account  of  the  Revolution,  and  of  the  events  leading  to  the 
failure  of  the  confederation  and  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution. 
In  a  systematic  study  of  the  Revolutionary  period,  great  assistance 
will  be  gained  from  Winsor's  "Hand-book."  Volume  i.  of  Cur- 
tis's  "History  of  the  Constitution"  may  be  read  with  advantage. 
The  difficulties  of  the  early  history  under  the  Constitution  are 
best  described  in  Gibbs's  "Administrations  of  Washington  and 
Adams."  On  the  War  of  1812  perhaps  the  most  light  is  thrown 
by  Adams's  "  New  England  Federalism."  The  great  Constitu- 
tional struggle  extending  from  1820  to  1832  is  best  studied  in 
the  works  of  Calhoun  and  Webster.  Tucker's  "General  History" 
gives  the  Southern  view  in  a  spirit  of  moderation.  The  leading 
facts  of  the  struggle  between  the  forces  of  slavery  and  antislavcry 
are  best  presented  in  Goodell's  "  Slavery  and  Antislavcry,"  and 
in  vol.  i.  of  Greeley's  "  x\mcrican  Conflict."  A  much  fuller,  but 
not  more  satisfactory,  account  is  the  one  in  Wilson's  "  Rise  and 
Fall  of  the  Slave  Power."  On  Constitutional  questions  Von 
Hoist  ought  not  to  be  ignored,  though  his  book  is  a  history  of 
political  parties  rather  than  a  history  of  Constitutional  develop- 
ment. Of  the  histories  of  the  Civil  War,  that  of  the  Count  of 
Paris  is  justly  in  the  highest  repute.  In  the  study  of  the  present 
century,  and,  indeed,  of  all  of  the  history  of  the  country,  constant 
use  must  be  made  of  Winsor's  great  collection, 

3.  Among  the  materials  for  a  thorough  study  of  our  history  the 
publications  of  several  learned  societies  are  especially  worthy  of  note. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  G31 

Foremost  among  these  are  the  "Collections"  of  the  Massa- 
chusetts Historical  Society.  This  organization  was  incorporated 
(luring  the  last  century,  and  its  first  volume  was  published  as  early 
as  17'J2.  The  earlier  issues  have  been  republished,  and  the  series 
at  present  consists  of  forty-six  octavo  volumes — a  storehouse  of 
the  most  valuable  materials,  many  of  wliich  have  never  elsewhere 
been  printed.  They  arc  indispensable  to  a  thorough  study  of 
colonial  history.  A  general  index  is  to  be  found  at  the  end  of 
each  tenth  volume.  The  table  of  contents  occupies  four  and  a 
half  closely  printed  pages  of  the  Catalogue  of  the  Library  of  the 
Boston  Athenaium,  in  which  also  may  be  found  lists  of  the 
papers  included  in  the  "  Collections"  of  the  societies  hereafter 
mentioned.  The  "Proceedings"  of  the  same  society  down  to 
1878  occupy  fifteen  octavo  volumes,  and,  though  of  soniewhat 
less  importance,  arc  not  without  much  value. 

The  "Collections"  of  the  New  York  Historical  Society  are  em- 
braced in  seven  octavo  volumes,  and  were  published  at  different 
periods  between  the  years  1811  and  1857.  Many  of  the  papers 
here,  also,  are  of  the  first  importance. 

The  "  Collections "  of  the  Maine  Historical  Society  down  to 
1877  make  up  nine  volumes;  those  of  the  New  Hampshire  His- 
torical Society,  eight;  those  of  Rhode  Island,  six:  but  all  these 
pertain  chiefiy  to  affairs  of  local  rather  than  of  general  impor- 
tance. The  "  Collections  "  of  the  New  Jersey  Historical  Society, 
in  seven  octavo  volumes,  arc  of  much  greater  general  interest,  as 
they  describe  very  fully  the  constitution  and  government  of  the 
colony  from  its  earliest  settlement  down  to  the  adoption  of  the 
State  constitution.  The  "  Proceedings,"  in  nine  volumes,  are  also 
of  importance.  The  "  Memoirs  "  of  the  Pennsylvania  Historical 
Society,  in  12  vols.,  Svo,  1 820-7 G,  give  much  information  on  the 
character  of  the  early  government.  The  "Ohio  Valley  Historical 
Series,"  0  vols.,  Svo,  Cincinnati,  1SG8-71,  relates  to  the  early 
settlement  and  history  of  Southern  Ohio.  Of  especial  value  is 
the  second  volume,  in  which  an  important  account  of  the  Ohio 
Land  Company  is  given. 

The  collection  made  by  J.  K.  Brodhead,  edited  by  E.  B.  O'Cal- 
laglian,  and  published  under  the  title  of  "Documents  relative 
to  the  Colonial  History  of  the  State  of  New  York,"  forms  ten 
large  quarto   volumes,  besides   an    index   volume   and    a   supple- 


632  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

mentary  volume  on  the  "  History  of  the  Dutch  and  Swedish 
Settlements  on  the  Delaware  River."  The  papers  here  brought 
together  relate  to  the  entire  period  from  1603  to  1778.  The 
"  Documentary  History  of  the  State  of  New  York  "  was  compiled 
by  the  same  editor,  and  consists  of  four  quarto  volumes.  The 
two  series  taken  together  form  one  of  the  most  important  collec- 
tions accessible  to  the  student  of  the  colonial  period. 

The  "  Publications "  of  the  Narragansett  Club,  6  vols.,  4to, 
Providence,  1866-74,  are  of  great  importance  on  the  controverted 
questions  involved  in  the  life  of  Roger  AVilliams. 

One  of  the  most  valuable  series  of  papers  on  the  early  history 
of  the  country  is  that  of  Peter  Force,  entitled  "Collection  of 
Tracts  and  Papers  relative  to  the  Origin,  Settlement,  and  Progress 
of  the  Colonies  of  North  America,"  4  vols.,  8vo,  Washington, 
1836.  There  is  scarcely  a  subject  relating  to  the  condition  of 
the  colonies  in  the  seventeenth  century  that  is  not  treated  by  one 
who  speaks  as  a  contemporaneous  observer. 

Of  similar  importance  is  the  volume  collected  by  Alexander 
Young,  entitled  "  Chronicles  of  the  First  Planters  of  the  Colony 
of  Massachusetts  Bay,  from  1623  to  1636,"  8vo,  Boston,  1846. 
It  is  the  belief  of  the  editor  that,  with  the  single  exception  of 
Winthrop's  "  History,"  the  volume  contains  every  authentic  doc- 
ument relating  to  the  Colony  of  Massachusetts  during  the  years 
indicated  in  the  title.  The  editing  has  been  judiciously  done; 
and  the  notes  are  abundant  as  well  as  learned. 

On  the  early  settlement  of  the  French  in  this  country,  the  au- 
thority of  greatest  importance  is  that  entitled  "  Relations  des 
Jesuites,  contenant  ce  qui  s'est  passe  de  plus  remarqnable  dans  Ics 
missions  des  peres  de  la  Compagnic  de  Jesus  dans  la  Nouvelle- 
Franee.  Ouvrage  public  sous  les  auspices  du  gouvcrnemcnt  Ca- 
nadien,"  3  vols.,  royal  8vo,  Quebec,  1858.  While  the  Jesuit  mis- 
sionaries of  France  were  carrying  on  their  work  in  North  America 
they  were  in  the  habit  of  sending  back  annually  to  the  Old  World 
elaborate  reports  of  what  they  had  seen  and  done.  These  writ- 
ings, annually  published  in  duodecimo  volumes,  are  here  bnnight 
together  in  collected  form.  The  "  Relations"  arc  of  very  unequal 
value,  but  the  best  critics  arc  of  the  opinion  that  they  were  writ- 
ten in  perfect  good  faith,  and  that  they  are  entitled  to  be  regarded 
as  quite  authentic  and  trustworthy  documents.    The  first  volume  is 


HISTORIKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  033 

devoted  to  tlic  period  from  1(111  to  1G26,  and  to  that  from  1632 
to  1041;  the  second,  from  1042  to  1055;  and  the  third,  from 
1G5G  to  1072.     The  scries  ends  with  a   very  complete  index. 

A  volume  of  great  general  interest,  tliougii  not  of  the  nature  of 
an  original  authority,  is  one  published  by  the  Massachusetts  His- 
torical Society,  at  Boston,  in  18G9,  entitled  "Lectures  Delivered 
in  a  Course  before  the  Lowell  Institute,  in  Boston,  by  Members 
of  the  Massachusetts  Historical  Society,  on  Subjects  relating  to 
the  Early  History  of  Massachusi'tts."  The  course  consisted  of 
thirteen  lectures,  of  the  most  scholarly  character.  The  importance 
of  the  work  may  be  inferred  from  the  titles — "  Treatment  of  In- 
truders and  Dissenters  by  the  Founders  of  Massachusetts,''  "  Slav- 
ery as  it  once  Prevailed  in  Massachusetts,"  "I'uritan  Politics  of 
England  and  New  England,"  and  "  Education  in  Massachusetts : 
Early  Legislation  and  History."  Each  of  these  subjects  is  treated 
with  good  judgment  and  great  learning. 

On  the  period  just  before  the  outbreak  of  the  Kevolutionary 
War,  the  most  valuable  of  all  collections  is  that  of  I'etcr  Force, 
entitled  "  Amei'ican  Archives,"  9  vols,,  folio,  Washington,  183.3— 
37.  The  author  designed  a  documentary  history  of  America 
from  1492  to  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  in  1789.  It  was 
his  purpose  to  embody  the  results  of  his  labors  in  six  series  of 
volumes.  In  1833,  Congress  provided  for  the  publication  of  the 
fourth  and  fifth  series;  but  when  the  third  volume  of  the  fifth 
series  was  printed  the  appropriation  was  exhausted.  Though  the 
publication  hsvs  not  been  continued,  the  papers  and  materials  left 
by  the  author  were  purchased  for  the  Lilirary  of  Congress  in 
1867.  According  to  the  report  of  the  Librarian,  the  MSS.  left 
by  the  author  amount  to  not  less  tlian  about  230,000  pages  of 
foolscap,  or  enough  for  thirty  volumes  of  the  size  of  those  already 
given  to  the  public. 

The  published  collection  is  made  up  of  contemporary  materials, 
in  part  manuscript  and  in  part  previously  printed.  The  first  two 
volumes  of  the  fourth  series  are  invaluable  for  the  study  of  the 
alienation  of  the  colonics.  They  contain  copies  of  the  "  Quebec 
Act"  and  the  "Boston  Port  Bill,"  as  well  as  numerous  speeches 
and  letters  on  these  and  other  matters  of  ini{)ortance.  The  vol- 
umes printed  cover  only  the  period  from  the  beginning  of  colonial 
discontents  to  December,  1770.     The  papers  were  not  very  judi- 


634  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

ciously  edited,  even  obvious  errors  in  the  originals  having  been 
literally  copied. 

Pertaining  to  a  later  period,  and  of  a  more  comprehensive 
nature,  are  the  thirty-eight  folio  volumes  (published  in  \Yashing- 
ton,  1832-61)  known  as  "American  State  -  papers :  Documents, 
Legislative  and  Executive,  from  1789."  The  collection  is  invalu- 
able, indeed  indispensable,  to  one  who  would  make  a  thorough 
study  of  the  early  history  and  development  of  our  country  from 
original  sources.  The  volumes  are  divided  into  ten  groups,  each 
group  appertaining  to  a  distinct  class  of  affairs.  The  papers  in 
each  series  are  arranged  in  chronological  order ;  and  each  volume 
is  preceded  by  a  very  complete  table  of  contents.  The  respective 
groups  cover  periods  indicated  by  the  following  figures :  Foreign 
Relations,  6  vols.,  1789  to  1827;  Indian  Affairs,  2  vols.,  1789  to 
1827;  Finance,  5  vols.,  1789  to  1828;  Commerce  and  Naviga- 
tion, 2  vols.,  1789  to  1825;  Military  Affairs,  7  vols.,  1789  to 
1828;  Naval  Affairs,  4  vols.,  1789  to  1836;  Post-office,  1  vol., 
1789  to  1832;  Public  Lands,  8  vols.,  1789  to  1837;  Claims,  1 
vol.,  1789  to  1825;  Miscellaneous,  2  vols.,  1789  to  1825.  Those 
on  "  Foreign  Relations,"  "  Finance,"  and  "  Public  Lands,"  and 
the  two  volumes  entitled  "Miscellaneous"  are  especially  worthy 
of  note. 

"  The  Diplomatic  Correspondence  of  the  American  Revolution  " 
is  the  title  of  a  series  of  twelve  octavo  volumes  edited  by  Jared 
Sparks,  and  published  at  Boston  in  1829-30.  The  collection 
embraces  not  only  the  letters  of  our  ministers  and  others  concern- 
ing the  foreign  relations  of  the  country  during  the  Revolution, 
but  also  the  letters  in  reply  from  the  Secret  Committee  of  Con- 
gress and  the  Secretary  of  Foreign  Affairs.  The  correspondence 
is  arranged  in  chronological  order,  so  that  whatever  is  wanted,  if 
embraced  in  the  collection,  can  easily  be  found. 

Another  series  of  twelve  octavo  volumes  was  published  at  Bos- 
ton, 1813-19,  entitled  "State-papers  and  Public  Documents  of 
the  United  States,  from  the  Accession  of  George  Washington  to 
the  Presidency."  The  importance  of  the  collection  is  in  the  fact 
that  it  contains  documents,  both  public  and  confidential,  designed 
to  give  a  complete  view  of  the  foreign  relations  of  the  country 
from  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution  down  to  the  publication  of 
the  last  volume. 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  035 

"The  Journals  of  Congress  from  1774  to  1788"  were  first 
publislied  at  riiiladelphia  in  13  vols.,  8vo,  1777-88;  but  they 
were  reprinted  at  AVashingtou  in  -4  vols.,  8vo,  1823.  For  the 
study  of  political  and  constitutional  affairs  under  the  Confeder- 
ation they  are  indispensable. 

On  the  proceedings  of  the  convention  which  framed  the  Con- 
stitution, a  volume  published  at  Loston,  1819,  entitled  "Journal, 
Acts,  and  Proceedings  of  the  Convention  Assembled  at  riiiladel- 
phia which  Framed  the  Constitution  of  the  L'nited  States,"  indi- 
cates with  sufficient  clearness  the  daily  progress  of  the  conven- 
tion. Another  work,  published  in  4  vols.,  Boston,  18:21,  entitled 
"  Secret  Journals  of  the  Acts  and  rrocecdings  of  Congress  from 
the  First  Meeting  thereof  to  the  Dissolution  of  the  Confederation 
by  the  Adoption  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,"  is  not 
without  importance. 

But  the  authority  of  transcendent  value  on  the  period  of  the 
adoption  of  the  Constitution  is  Jonathan  Elliot's  collection,  en- 
titled "  The  Debates  in  the  Several  State  Conventions  on  the 
Adoption  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  as  Recommended  by  the 
General  Convention  at  I'hiladelphia  in  1787,  together  with  tlie 
Journal  of  the  Federal  Convention,  Luther  Martin's  Letter,  Yates's 
Minutes,  Congressional  Opinions,  Virginia  and  Kentucky  Resolu- 
tions of  '98  and  '99,  and  other  Illustrations,"  5  vols.,  8vo,  Phila- 
delphia, 1861.  Vol.  i.  contains  a  journal  of  the  Federal  Conven- 
tion, Martin's  letter,  and  Yates's  minutes ;  vol.  ii.,  an  account  of  the 
debates  on  the  Constitution  in  the  conventions  of  Massachusetts, 
New  Hampshire,  Pennsylvania,  and  Maryland  ;  vol.  iii.,  the  debates 
in  Virginia;  and  vol.  iv.,  the  debates  in  North  Carolina  and  South 
Carolina.  The  fourth  volume  also  contains  important  opinions 
from  Congressional  debates  between  1789  and  1836;  the  "Vir- 
ginia Resolutions"  of  1798;  the  answers  to  them  by  the  several 
states,  and  Madison's  rejoinder  thereto ;  the  "  Kentucky  Resolu- 
tions;" the  South  Carolina  "Ordinance  of  Nullification,"  and 
President  Jackson's  proclamation  thereon ;  and  several  papers  of 
importance  on  the  bank  tmd  tariff,  as  well  as  a  digest  of  impor- 
tant judicial  decisions.  The  fifth  volume  of  the  series  is  made  up  of 
Madison's  journal  of  the  convention  that  framed  the  Constitution. 
Its  importance  is  in  the  fact  that  it  reveals  how  each  principle 
embodied  in  the  Constitution  took  root  and  grew  up  into  its  final 


636  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

sliape.  The  work  is  a  necessary  and  a  favorite  authority  with  all 
investigators  of  the  period  with  which  it  deals. 

The  record  of  Congressional  proceedings  from  the  adoption  of 
the  Constitution  down  to  the  present  time  is  comprised  in  no  one 
series  of  volumes  under  a  single  title.  From  the  assembling  of 
the  first  Congress  down  to  May,  1824,  the  record  is  to  be  found 
in  Gales  and  Seaton's  "Annals  of  Congress,"  42  vols.,  8vo,  1834- 
56.  Not  only  are  the  proceedings  and  debates  given,  but  also  the 
most  impoi'tant  state-papers,  public  documents,  and  the  laws  of.  a 
public  nature.  The  volumes  are  made  easy  of  use  by  a  copious 
index.  "  The  Register  of  Debates,"  in  29  vols.,  continues  the 
record  from  December,  1824,  to  October,  183V,  when  it  is  taken 
up  by  the  "Congressional  Globe,"  and  continued  in  108  quarto 
volumes  down  to  1872.  The  "Globe"  contains  not  only  a  ver- 
batim report  of  proceedings,  but  also  all  laws  passed  within  the 
period  of  its  scope.  Since  1872  its  place  has  been  taken  by  the 
"  Congressional  Record." 

Besides  the  record  of  proceedings  in  Congress,  several  collec- 
tions are  worthy  of  note.  Among  these  Benton's  "Abridgment 
of  the  Debates  of  Congress  from  1789  to  1856,"  16  vols.,  large 
8vo,  New  York,  1856,  is  one  of  the  most  noteworthy  and  valu- 
able. The  condensations  were  made  by  Mr.  Benton  with  so  much 
fidelity  and  skill  that  they  may  generally  be  relied  upon  as  giving 
a  true  representation  of  the  speeches  as  they  were  delivered.  An- 
other collection  of  not  less  importance  is  Nilcs's  "  Weekly  Regis- 
ter," in  75  vols.,  8vo  and  4to,  Baltimore,  1811-49.  It  is  an  invalu- 
able collection  of  facts  and  opinions,  not  simply  on  political  affairs, 
but  also  on  all  the  activities  of  our  national  life.  The  material 
was  generally  well  selected,  and  many  important  papers,  not  on 
political  subjects,  are  given  in  unabridged  form.  Each  volume  is 
accompanied  by  an  index  ;  but  there  is  no  general  index,  except  of 
the  first  twelve  volumes. 

A  very  convenient  collection  for  the  use  of  a  student  is  that  of 
Ben  :  Pcrley  Poore,  entitled  "  The  Federal  and  State  Constitutions, 
Colonial  Charters,  and  other  Organic  Laws  of  the  United  States," 
2  vols.,  4to,  Washington,  1877;  second  edition,  1878.  The  Fed- 
eral constitutions  and  organic  laws  arc  arranged  in  chronological 
order,  and  these  are  followed  by  similar  documents  pertaining  to 
each  of  the  states.     The  states  are  arranged  iu  alphabetical  order; 


HISTORIES  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES.  637 

and  uiulor  each  state,  in  the  order  of  tlieir  occurrence,  stand  all 
the  grants,  charters,  constitutions,  and  amendments  down  to  the 
date  of  publication. 

"The  Ilebcllion  Record,"  by  Frank  Moore,  11  vols.,  8vo,  New 
York,  1 801 -09,  <j;ives  an  important  diary  of  events  from  the  out- 
break of  the  Civil  War  to  its  close.  In  addition  to  the  more 
formal  documents  introduced,  it  contains  many  maps  and  por- 
traits, as  well  as  a  vast  number  of  newspaper  scraps,  songs,  bio- 
graphical sketches,  military  orders,  and  proclamations. 

A  very  convenient  work,  and  one  much  used,  is  "  The  States- 
man's Manual."  Besides  other  important  documents,  it  contains 
all  the  Presidential  messages  down  to  the  date  of  publication. 
The  compilation  was  made  by  Edwin  "Williams  and  Benson  J. 
Lossing.     4  vols,  in  8,  New  York,  1858. 

''  'J'he  I'olitical  llegister  and  Congressional  Directory,"  by  Ben  : 
Pcrley  Poore,  contains,  in  one  large  octavo  volume  (Boston,  1878), 
a  statistical  record  of  the  Federal  otiicials,  legislative,  executive, 
and  judicial,  from  1770  to  1878,  It  is  so  arranged  as  to  enable 
the  reader  easily  to  ascertain  the  personnel  of  the  government  in 
all  its  branches  at  any  given  moment.  It  has,  in  addition,  short 
biographical  or  statistical  sketches  of  all  members  of  Congress, 
Federal  judges,  and  heads  of  de})artmcnts. 

M.  W.  Cluskey's  "  Political  Text-book,  or  Encyclopjcdia  "  was 
intended  to  contain  "everything  necessary  for  the  reference  of 
the  politicians  of  the  United  States."  First  published  in  1857,  it 
passed  through  twelve  editions  in  less  than  four  years.  The  thir- 
teenth edition,  large  8vo,  Philadelphia,  18G0,  was  the  last.  As 
the  subjects  treated  arc  arranged  in  alphabetical  order,  the  volume 
is  easy  of  use.  The  student  will  often  find  explanations  of  terms 
that  otherwise  might  be  perplexing. 

On  the  literature  of  America,  there  are  three  works  that  are 
conspicuous  for  one  excellence  or  another.  Professor  Moses  Coit 
Tyler's  "History  of  American  Literature"  is  the  only  one  of  the 
three  that  will  probably  hold  the  reader  to  a  continuous  perusal. 
It  is  not  only  written  in  a  style  of  exceptional  grace,  but  it  is  the 
fruit  of  most  thorough  research,  and  consequently  it  throws  light 
into  a  great  number  of  corners  that  hitherto  have  been  very  ob- 
scure. The  first  two  volumes  (8vo,  New  York,  1879)  bring  the 
history  down  to  1705.     A  work  which  it  is  impossible  to  read 


638  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

continuous!}-,  but  wlucli  is  invaluable  for  the  purposes  of  refer- 
ence, is  that  of  Evert  Augustus  and  George  Long  Duyckinck,  en- 
titled "  Cyclopaedia  of  American  Literature,  embracing  Personal 
and  Critical  Notices  of  Authors,  and  Selections  from  their  Writ- 
ings, from  the  Earliest  Period  to  the  Present  Day  ;  with  Portraits, 
Autographs,  and  other  Illustrations,"  2  vols.,  large  8vo,  New  York, 
1855.  A  new  and  enlarged  edition,  edited  by  M.  L.  Simons,  was 
published  in  1875.  A  production  of  similar  but  more  limited 
purpose  is  that  of  Rufus  Wilmot  Griswold  on  "  The  Poets  and 
Poetry  of  America."  The  volume  was  carefully  revised  for  the 
edition  of  1873;  and  important  additions  were  made  by  R.  11. 
Stoddard. 

The  eight  octavo  volumes  (New  York,  1859-65)  entitled  "An- 
nals of  the  American  Pulpit,"  by  William  B.  Sprague,  are  of  value 
for  the  light  they  throw  on  certain  phases  of  social  life,  especially 
in  the  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries.  They  are  intended 
to  commemorate  the  most  distinguished  clergymen  of  all  denomi- 
nations, from  the  settlement  of  the  country  to  the  year  1855. 
The  tirst  two  volumes  arc  descriptive  of  eminent  Trinitarian  Con- 
gregationalists ;  the  third  and  fourth  of  Presbyterians ;  the  fifth 
of  Episcopalians;  the  sixth  of  Baptists;  the  seventh  of  Metho- 
dists ;  and  the  eighth  of  Unitarians.  The  volumes  abound  in 
anecdotes  illustrative  of  social  usages,  and  are  exempt  from  de- 
nominational partiality. 

Of  the  magazines  and  reviews  the  most  important  arc  "The 
Magazine  of  American  History;"  "The  American  Review:  a 
Whig  Journal  of  Politics,  Literature,  and  Science,"  16  vols.,  1844- 
52;  "The  United  States  Magazine  and  Democratic  Review,"  31 
vols.,  1838-52  ;  "The  Historical  Magazine  and  Notes  and  Queries 
concerning  the  Antiquities,  History,  and  Biography  of  America," 
18  vols.,  4to,  1857-73;  and  "The  North  American  Review,"  132 
vols.,  extending  from  1815  to  the  present  time.  An  index  to  the 
"North  American  Review"  was  published  in  1878. 

4.  For  a  systematic  and  somewhat  thorough  study  of  American 
history,  the  following  topics  and  references  are  suggested  : 

L  The  Political  and  Religious  Charactekistics  ok  the 
Colonial  Governments. — Among  the  most  valuable  authorities 
on  this  subject  will  be  found  the  series  of  "Tracts"  published  by 
Peter  Force.     They  make  up  four  volumes  of  original  documents 


HISTORIES  OF  TIIR   UNITED  STATES.  G39 

illustrative  of  the  early  liistory  of  the  thirteen  colonies.  They 
not  only  describe  the  resources  of  the  different  parts  of  the  coun- 
try, but  they  also  throw  much  li^ht  on  the  different  methods  of 
g'overninent,  and  the  spirit  of  the  people.  Several  of  them  were 
never  before;  printed. 

Some  of  the  most  important  illustrate  the  early -history  of  New 
England.  Tract  iii.  of  vol.  ii.  gives  us  "The  I'lantcr's  Plea,"  a 
paper  chiefly  valuable  as  showing,  by  way  of  contrast,  the  induce- 
ments to  immigration  held  out  by  different  portions  of  the  coun- 
try. Part  iii.  of  tract  v.,  vol.  ii.,  is  "  New  England  Canaan,"  in 
which  the  people  and  the  practices  of  the  Church  are  described. 
Tract  ix.  of  vol.  iii.  contains  an  abstract  of  the  laws  of  New  Eng- 
land as  they  were  in  1041.  In  vol.  iv.,  Nos.  iii.,  iv.,  vi.,  and  x., 
much  information  may  be  obtained  concerning  the  intolerance  of 
the  times  and  the  causes  of  the  Kevolution  of  1G90. 

On  the  same  subject,  several  of  the  "Reprints"  by  J.  Sabin 
are  of  the  greatest  value.  Especially  noteworthy  are  "  New  Eng- 
land's First  Fruits,"  "  Further  Queries  on  the  Present  State  of 
New  English  Affairs,"  and  "  The  Late  Revolution  in  New  England 
(1089-90)."  In  the  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,"  2d 
series,  vol.  vii.,  p.  189  et  seq.,  is  to  be  found  the  account  of  the  Gen- 
eral Court  given  in  "  Prince  s  z\nnals,"  p.  5.  In  vol.  viii.  of  series 
iii.,  pp.  191-237,  is  one  of  the  most  complete  and  satisfactory  ac- 
counts of  the  early  laws  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  U pham's  "  Salem 
^Vitchcraft"  is  the  most  satisfactory  account  of  that  delusion. 
The  arguments  for  and  against  the  treatment  of  Roger  Williams 
by  the  people  of  Massachusetts  will  be  found  in  Dexter's  "Con- 
cerning Roger  Williams  "  and  in  Arnold's  "  History  of  Rhode 
Island."  The  subject  may  also  be  examined  at  length  in  the 
papers  of  the  "  Narragansett  Club."  The  general  attitude  of 
Massachusetts  towards  Dissenters  is  admirably  discussed  in  the 
Lowell  Lectures  for  18G9,  on  "The  Early  History  of  Massachu- 
setts." TrumbuH's  "  True  Blue  Laws  and  False  Blue  Laws  of 
Connecticut"  is  a  useful  book,  not  only  for  the  facts  it  gives,  but 
also  for  the  comparisons  it  contains  of  the  statutes  and  customs 
of  the  different  colonies.  Of  the  more  general  authorities,  the 
most  important  are  Winthrop's  "  New  England,"  Palfrey's  "  New 
England,"  Hutchinson's  "Massachusetts,"  Mather's  "Magnalia," 
Barry's    "Massachusetts,"    Trunibuirs    "Connecticut,"    Oliver's 


640  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

"  Puritan  Commonwealth,"  and  Thornton's  review  of  it.  It  may 
be  well  to  remember  that  Oliver  was  a  good  hater  of  the  Puri- 
tans. 

The  early  government  of  Maryland  is  described  in  '"  ^^llite's 
Relation,"  printed  in  Force's  "  Tracts,"  vol.  iv.,  No.  xii.  The 
paper  is  a  reprint  of  a  report  made  by  Father  Andrew  White  to 
the  General  of  the  Jesuits,  and  is  especially  interesting  for  its  ac- 
count of  the  relations  of  the  settlers  and  the  Indians.  But  the 
most  valuable  early  document  we  have  on  this  State  is  that  en- 
titled "A  Relation  of  Maryland,"  printed  in  1635,  and  reprinted 
by  Sabin  in  1865.  This  pamphlet,  of  more  than  a  hundred  pages, 
is  probably  the  earliest  account  in  existence  of  Lord  Baltimore's 
colon3\  In  Force,  vol.  ii.,  tract  ix.,  is  a  furious  Protestant  pam- 
phlet entitled  "Virginia  and  Maryland;  or,  Lord  Baltimore's 
Printed  Case  Uncased  and  Answered."  Tract  xiv.  of  vol.  iii.  is 
an  attempt  "  to  relieve  the  two  faithful  sisters — Virginia  and 
Maryland — from  the  imputations  scandalously  cast  upon  them." 
Scharfs  "  History  of  Maryland,"  and  chaps,  xi.-xviii.  of  Neill's 
"English  Colonization  of  America,"  also  Lodge's  "Short  His- 
tory," are  modern  authorities  of  value. 

An  early  description  of  Virginia,  including  an  account  of  the 
organization  of  the  Court,  is  to  be  found  in  the  "  Massachusetts 
Historical  Collections,"  1st  series,  vol.  v.,  pp.  146-166.  In  the  last 
section  of  this  paper  is  a  description  of  the  early  organization  and 
government  of  William  and  Mary  College.  The  works  of  Captain 
John  Smith  should  be  read  in  connection  with  the  "  North  Amer- 
ican Review,"  vol.  xvi.,  p.  270,  and  vol.  civ.,  p.  1  ;  and  Neill's  ac- 
count of  the  same  transactions,  derived  from  the  company's  original 
papers  in  England.  In  Force's  "Tracts,"  vol.  i.,  Nos.  viii.,  ix.,  x., 
and  xi.,  are  three  original  accounts  of  Bacon's  Rebellion.  These 
are  the  basis  of  our  knowledge  of  that  event,  for,  before  their 
publication  in  1804  and  1814,  the  causes  of  Bacon's  Rebellion  had 
been  but  imperfectly  explained  by  any  authentic  document.  The 
MS.  of  tract  viii.  was  found  in  England  by  Jefferson,  and  copied, 
even  to  spelling  and  ])unct nation,  by  his  own  hand.  Of  the  more 
formal  histories  of  early  Virginia,  Stith  and  Beverley  arc  the  most 
important,  but  Howison  is  the  latest. 

The  Southern  colonies  are  described  in  Force.  Tract  i.  of  vol. 
i.  is  exceedingly  curious  as  an  evidence  of  the  way  in  which  colo- 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  G41 

nists  were  persuaded  to  go  to  Georgia.  Sec,  also,  in  tract  iv.  of 
the  same  volume,  a  poetical  extract  from  the  celebrated  perform- 
ance of  the  Kev.  Saiimel  Wesly ;  also  the  results  of  certain  at- 
tempts at  prohibition  pointed  out  on  p.  21.  On  the  difference 
between  the  inducements  ollered  to  colonists  in  the  South  and 
those  offered  to  colonists  in  the  North,  sec  vol.  ii.,  tract  iii.  In 
the  same  volume,  tract  x.  gives  the  causes  and  motives  that  led 
the  people  of  South  Carolina  to  renounce  their  allegiance  to  the 
Lords  Proprietors  and  put  themselves  under  the  immediate  gov- 
ernment of  the  crown. 

Of  the  general  histories.  Lodge's  "  Short  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish Colonies,"  Marshall's  "American  Colonies,"  Doyle's  "British 
Colonics  in  America,"  Grahame's  "  United  States,"  Pitkin's  "  Po- 
litic.'il  History,"  Bancroft,  Ilildreth,  and  Palfrey  are  the  most  im- 
pt)rtant. 

On  the  early  political  and  convstitutional  questions,  the  first 
book  of  Story's  "Commentaries"  will  be  found  very  convenient. 
The  especial  political  and  constitutional  characteristics  of  each  of 
the  colonies  are  described  and  discussed  in  the  author's  character- 
istic methods.  The  lirst  volume  of  Laboulaye's  "Etats-Unis"  is 
also  devoted  to  the  colonies,  and  is  arranged  in  such  a  manner 
that  it  may  be  easily  used  in  the  study  of  this  question.  Carlier 
is  more  critical  in  his  judgments.  Among  modern  authorities, 
Lodge's  volume  will  probably  be  found  tlie  most  suggestive  and 
useful. 

II.  The  Alienation  of  the  Colonies  from  the  Mother 
Country. — The  great  source  of  information  on  this  subject  will 
be  found  to  be  Force's  "  American  Archives,"  4th  series,  vols.  i. 
and  ii.  Copies  of  original  papers  and  speeches  of  importance 
will  be  found  given  in  full.  All  of  the  larger  histories  may  well 
be  consulted.  Specific  references  to  Bancroft,  Ilildreth,  and  other 
standard  works  are  unnecessary..  Much  assistance  may  be  gained 
by  the  use  of  Winsor's  "  Hand-book  of  the  Revolution."  The 
references  in  Bancroft,  so  far  as  they  are  to  accessible  authorities, 
may  also  be  used  with  profit.  One  of  the  brief  accounts  of  the 
causes  of  alienation  is  chap.  iv.  of  Doyle's  "  British  Colonies." 

Marshall's  "  American  Colonies,"  chaps,  xiii.  and  xiv.,  discusses 
not  only  the  facts,  but  the  legal  aspects,  of  the  question.  In 
Story's  "Commentaries"  (Cooley's  edition),  vol.  i.,  pp.  100-15G, 

41 


642  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

Blackstone's  theory  of  the  relation  of  the  colonies  to  the  mother 
country  is  examined,  and  the  legal  grounds  of  the  alienation  and 
separation  considered. 

A  very  convenient  -work  for  the  student  of  this  subject  is 
Niles's  "  Principles  and  Acts  of  the  Revolution."  By  consulting 
the  table  of  contents,  very  much  of  value  may  be  found.  Be- 
tween pp.  17  and  140  are  printed  the  most  important  accounts  of 
proceedings  in  Massachusetts;  and  between  pp.  410  and  460,  the 
proceedings  of  the  British  Parliament,  including  the  most  impor- 
tant speeches  on  the  subject. 

Among  the  works  which  had  great  influence  on  the  colonists, 
the  letters  of  John  Dickinson,  known  as  the  "  Letters  of  a  Farm- 
er," were  among  the  most  important.  The  different  phases  of 
the  subject  were  placed  before  the  reader  with  great  skill.  Not 
less  important  at  the  time,  perhaps,  was  the  "  Common  Sense  "  of 
Thomas  Paine. 

The  part  of  Samuel  Adams  in  arousing  the  people  of  Massa- 
chusetts is  best  described  in  Wells's  "  Life  "  of  that  patriot.  By 
the  use  of  the  table  of  contents  and  index  the  work  may  easily 
be  made  useful.  The  work  of  the  Committee  of  Correspondence 
is  of  especial  importance.  Adams's  "Circular  Letter"  is  given 
in  vol.  ii.,  p.  158;  and  the  whole  of  the  correspondence  may  be 
studied  in  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,"  4th  series, 
vol.  iv. 

The  resolutions  of  the  New  York  Convention  of  1765  are  given 
in  Pitkin,  vol.  i.,  note  8,  p.  446,  and  should  be  noted  as  the  most 
formal  declaration  of  the  rights  of  the  colonists.  The  works  of 
Otis  and  Patrick  Henry  should  be  consulted,  as  well  as  those  of 
JeflFerson,  John  Adams,  and  Franklin. 

Minot's  "History  of  Massachusetts  Bay"  is,  perhaps,  the  best 
of  the  local  histories  on  this  subject;  though  Palfrey's  "  New 
England  "  should  never  be  neglected.  On  the  positions  and  views 
of  the  Tories,  the  introductory  chapter  of  Sabine's  "  Loyalists," 
and  selected  portions  of  Judge  Jones's  "History  of  New  York," 
are  of  importance. 

English  views  of  the  subject  are  to  be  learned  in  the  general 
histories  of  Mahon,  Mnsson,-  and  Adolphus,  and  the  first  volume 
of  Stcdinan's  "  History  of  the  American  War."  The  general 
character  of  the  English  government  at  this  period  is  vividly  por- 


IlISTORIKS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  043 

tnivcd  ill  Trt'velv ail's  "  ]"];niy  Lift.'  of  Cliarlos  James  Fox,"  ami  in 
the  letters  of  Horace  Walpole  and  of  Junius. 

III.  The  Union  of  the  Colonies  into  One  Government. — 
Frotliitigham's  "Rise  of  the  Republic"  is  the  best  single  work 
on  this  subject,  and  is  written  with  general  fairness  and  good 
judgment.  Though  nearly  every  stop  in  the  history  of  consoli- 
dation is  touched  upon  in  this  work,  yet  for  full  accounts  of  the 
individual  events  recourse  must  be  had  to  other  authorities,  many 
of  which  are  referred  to  by  Frothingham  in  his  notes. 

The  Xcw  England  Confederation  is  best  described  by  Hubbard 
in  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,"  2d  series,  vol.  v.  The 
text  of  the  articles  is  to  be  found  on  pp.  407-474.  In  the  3d 
scries,  vol.  ix.,  p.  189,  is  given  the  Memorial  Discourse  on  the 
Confederacy  of  1043  by  John  Quincy  Adams.  This  is  probably 
the  most  important  document  yet  published  on  the  history  of  that 
first  effort  to  unite  the  colonics. 

The  next  efforts  at  union  are  best  described  by  Frothingham 
and  by  the  works  to  which  he  refers.  The  Convention  of  1084  is 
treated  at  p.  86;  and  the  effort  made  by  Penn  in  1690  is  de- 
scribed at  p.  111. 

The  most  important  of  the  colonial  efforts  at  union  was  that 
made  by  the  Albany  Convention  in  1754.  The  Journal  of  the 
Convention  is  printed  in  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections," 
3d  series,  vol.  v.,  pp.  5-75.  Franklin's  plan  of  union  is  given 
on  pp.  70-75  of  the  same  volume.  For  the  best  account  of. 
Franklin's  part  and  infiucnce  at  this  period,  sec  Sparks's  "  Life  of 
Franklin,"  vol.  iii.,  pp.  22-55,  where  not  only  the  proposed  articles 
arc  given,  but  also  some  important  comments  on  them  by  Frank- 
lin himself.  On  the  same  subject  Frothingham,  pp.  137-150, 
should  be  consulted. 

On  the  Congresses  of  1705  and  1775,  Frothingham  is  tlie  best 
guide,  pp.  167-189  and  329-300.  The  Massachusetts  Circular 
Letter  is  given  on  p.  212. 

On  the  period  which  immediately  followed  1705  there  is  jirob- 
ably  no  bettor  authority  than  Wells's  "Life  of  Samuel  Adams." 
In  vol.  ii.,  p.  158,  is  given  Adams's  Circular  Letter.  The  whole 
of  this  part  of  the  work  may  well  be.  read  for  the  light  it  throws 
on  the  labors  of  the  Committee  of  Correspondence.  The  letters 
themselves,  throbbing  with  the  spirit  of  liberty  and  good  sense, 


644  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

may  be  found  in  "  Massachusetts  Historical  Collections,"  4tli  series, 
vol.  iv.  Tins  correspondence  is  the  most  valuable  coninientar}' 
on  the  spirit  of  the  time. 

The  first  volume  of  Elliot's  "  Debates"  contains  a  brief  account 
of  the  first  Congress,  together  with  Jefferson's  notes  on  the  pro- 
ceedings. The  whole  of  the  account,  extending  from  p.  42  to 
p.  124,  should  be  examined.  The  "Declaration  of  Rights,"  the 
ablest  formal  presentation  of  the  cause  of  the  colonists,  is  given 
in  Pitkin,  vol.  i.,  note  8,  p.  446.  In  the  same  volume,  p.  433,  is 
to  be  found  the  "Stamp  Act."  The  chapters  in  book  iii.  of 
Story's  "  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution,''  and  part  ii.  of  Kent's 
"  Commentaries  on  American  Law,"  will  be  found  of  great  value. 
The  table  of  contents  in  each  of  these  distinguished  works  will 
afford  a  clew  to  what  is  desired. 

IV.  The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Coxfederation.  —  A 
general  survey  of  this  subject  may  be  found  in  selected  chapters 
of  the  last  volumes  of  Bancroft,  and  iu  vol.  iii.  of  Hildreth,  chaps, 
xliv.-xlvii. ;  Curtis's  "  History  of  the  Constitution,"  vol.  i. ;  and 
"The  Federalist,"  consulted  by  means  of  its  index,  will  be  found 
among  the  best  authorities. 

The  "Madison  Papers,"  forming  vol,  v.  of  Elliot's  "Debates," 
are  of  the  first  importance  in  showing  the  spirit  of  the  fathers 
just  before  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  The  first  105  pages 
arc  devoted  to  the  debates  in  Congress  from  November,  1782,  to 
February,  1783,  Following  this  account  are  a  few  pages  of  ex- 
tracts from  letters  showing  the  condition  of  affairs  just  prior  to 
1787.  The  later  portion  of  the  volume  is  devoted  to  an  account 
of  the  proceedings  in  the  convention  which  framed  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  is  the  most  important  authority  we  have  on  the  subject. 

In  the  "Works"  of  John  Adams,  vol.  i.,  p.  23,  is  an  interesting 
letter  on  the  future  prospects  of  the  country,  written  as  early  as 
1755.  On  pp.  67-09  and  on  p.  15G  are  given  some  early  passages 
on  the  necessity  of  union.  The  attitude  of  the  colonies  on  the 
subject  is  commented  on  at  p.  440.  In  vol.  ii.,  pp.  387  et  scq.,  is 
Galloway's  plan  of  union;  and  at  p.  402  an  interesting  account 
of  the  debate  on  the  confederation.  On  the  arts  that  were  used 
to  divide  the  people,  see  p.  196  of  vol.  x. 

Pitkin's  "  Political  and  Civil  History  "  is  a  difficult  book  to 
use,  owing  to  the  dryness  of  the  style,  and  the  absence  of  an  iu- 


IIISTOUIKS   OF   Tin:    LNiTKU   .STAiL.S.  645 

dcx,  as  Wfll  as  of  all  datos  ami  catfli-wonls  on  tlie  pages.  But 
tlic  tabic  <»f  contents  is  full,  and  the  material  conUuned  in  the  vul- 
iiines  will  amply  reward  the  explorations  of  the  student.  Almost 
tlic  whole  of  the  first  volume  will  be  found  useful  in  the  study  of 
this  subject. 

Curtis's  "  Jlistory  of  the  Constitution"  contains  a  very  full  de- 
scription of  affairs  from  the  Conujress  of  177-1  to  tl»c  niettiii<^  <jf 
the  Philadelphia  Convention.  The  table  of  contents,  which  is 
unusually  full,  will  enable  the  student  to  find  readily  whatever  the 
volume  contains.  See  a  very  interesting  note  on  pp.  41-48  of 
vol.  i.,  on  the  appointment  of  Washington.  The  financial  diffi- 
culties of  the  confederation  are  well  described  in  book  ii.,  chap, 
ii. ;  and  in  chap.  iii.  the  most  glaring  defects  of  the  confederation 
are  pointed  out.  The  utter  failure  of  the  government  to  give 
security  to  the  individual  states  is  pointed  out  on  pp.  200-274  of 
vol.  i. ;  and  the  necessity  of  a  greater  power  to  regulate  commerce 
in  the  same  volume  at  pp.  270-290.  For  the  author's  account  of 
the  decay  and  failure  of  the  confederation,  see  pp.  328-379. 
One  of  the  most  interesting  chapters  in  the  volume  is  that  on  the 
"Northwestern  Territory,"  pp.  291-327. 

Laboulaye's  "  Ktats-Unis,"  vol.  iii.,  pp.  118  and  130,  has  a  char- 
acteristically bright  account  of  the  defects  of  the  confederation. 
Of  great  interest,  also,  arc  the  same  author's  pictures  of  the  indi- 
vidual men  who  had  most  to  do  in  framing  the  Constitution. 

Freeman's  "History  of  Federal  Government,"  chap,  v.,  pp.  237 
-322,  in  giving  an  account  of  the  Achaian  League,  affords  an  ad- 
mirable opportunity  for  comparing  the  characteristics  of  our  con- 
federation with  those  of  the  government  which,  in  some  respects,  it 
most  closely  resembled.  Note  especially  this  author's  comments  on 
Hamilton's  views,  as  expressed  in  No.  xviii.  of  "The  Federalist." 

Story  on  the  Constitution,  vol.  i.,  pp.  158-187;  Bancroft,  vol. 
ix.  (8vo  cd,),  and  Webster,  in  his  "  Works,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  454  et  seq., 
liavc  each  pointed  out  the  defects  of  the  confederation.  The 
chapter  in  Story  on  "The  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Confederation,'' 
§§  243-271,  is  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  presentations  of  the 
subject.  The  references  in  the  foot-notes  may  be  used  with  es- 
pecial advantage. 

For  a  very  satisfactory  account  of  Shays's  Rebellion,  sc3  Barry's 
"Massachusetts,"  vol.  iii.,  pp.  218-200. 


646  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

For  the  study  of  the  process  by  which  the  Constitution  itself 
was  adopted,  Elliot's  "Debates"  is  by  far  the  most  important 
authority.  For  the  consideration  of  specific  clauses  of  the  Con- 
stitution the  index  must  be  used.  Of  the  speeches  on  the  Con- 
stitution as  a  whole,  one  of  the  most  important  is  that  of  Judge 
Wilson  (Elliot,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  418-434),  and  quoted  at  length  in  Cur- 
tis's  "History  of  the  Constitution,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  465-479.  The 
arguments  by  which  the  people  generally  were  induced  to  accept 
of  the  Constitution  are  given  in  "  The  Federalist." 

V.  The  Political  Doctrines  of  Federalists  and  of  Anti- 
federalists  IN  THE  Early  History  of  the  Government. — 
These  are  best  studied  in  the  lives  and  works  of  the  great  rep- 
resentatives of  the  opposite  parties — Hamilton  and  Jefferson. 
The  authorities  may  profitably  be  used  in  the  following  order : 

Morse's  "Life  of  Hamilton,"  vol.  i.,  chap,  vi.,  gives  an  account 
of  the  work  and  influence  of  Hamilton  in  the  formation  and 
adoption  of  the  Constitution.  The  political  principles  of  Hamil- 
ton and  Jefferson  are  compared  at  p.  386  of  the  same  volume.  In 
vol.  ii.,  pp.  1,  83,  and  220,  may  be  found  accounts  of  the  opposi- 
tion and  the  cabinet  quarrel  of  the  two  leaders.  Morse  loves 
Hamilton  and  hates  Jefferson,  but  he  generally  succeeds  in  attain- 
ing to  a  reasonable  impartialit}-.  In  chap,  iii,  of  Shea's  "  Life  of 
Hamilton  "  is  an  excellent  account  of  the  influences  tending  tow- 
ards the  closer  union  of  the  states. 

In  Randall's  "Life  of  Jefferson,"  vol.  i.,  pp.  451-461,  is  dis- 
cussed the  origin  and  extent  of  Jefferson's  democracy.  In  chap, 
xii.  of  the  same  volume  are  to  be  found  valuable  suggestions  as 
to  the  influence  of  Jefferson's  European  observations  on  his  politi- 
cal ideas.  In  chaps,  xiv.  and  xv.  Jefferson's  ideas  of  Hamilton 
and  of  what  he  called  the  monarchical  party  arc  expressed.  Ran- 
dall's work  will  be  found  very  valuable,  tliougli  the  busy  student 
will  have  to  omit  many  portions.  Parton's  brilliant,  but  very  one- 
sided, "Life  of  Jefferson,"  especially  pp.  318-419,  may  be  read 
wi'h  some  profit  as  well  as  much  pleasure.  The  review  of  it  in 
"North  American  Review"  for  A])ril,  1S74,  has  a  mucli  higher 
esteem  for  the  author's  brilliancy  than  for  his  impartiality. 

In  Hamilton's  Works,  vol  i.,  p.  150,  is  a  letter,  written  as  early 
as  1780,  to  Duane,  giving  Hamilton's  views  of  the  defects  of  the 
confederation,  and  recommending  a  revising  convention.     In  vol. 


HISTORIES  OF  Tlir:   UNITKD   STATES.  047 

ii.,  p[).  393-471,  is  Haiiiiltoirs  plan  of  a  constitution,  as  laid  licfore 
the  J'liilaiit'lpliia  Convention;  and  in  vol.  iv,,  jtp,  28U,  LJ'J3,  and 
3U3,  may  be  seen  extracts  from  iiis  letters  in  and  after  the  conven- 
tion. The  corres[»ondencc  of  Washinj^toii,  Hamilton,  and  Jeffer- 
son relative  to  the  ditferences  between  the  two  secretaries  is  to  be 
found  in  vol.  iv.,  pp.  2(SU,  293,  303.  In  the  first  part  of  vol.  vii. 
are  reprinted  the  news[)aper  articles  written  by  JIaniilton  in  the 
controversy  between  liim  and  Jefferson. 

The  "  Works"  of  Jefferson  f  urnisji  abundant  opportunity  for  the 
study  of  that  author's  political  opinions.  His  views  of  the  Con- 
stitution are  expressed  in  vol.  ii.,  p]).  318,  324,  328,  355,  358,  397, 
also  in  vol.  iv.,  p.  441.  His  general  views  on  what  he  deemed  the 
correct  principles  of  government  may  be  gathered  from  vol.  iv., 
p.  208;  vol.  vi.,  p.  45;  vol.  vii.,  p.  319;  and  from  bis  Inaugural 
Address  in  vol.  viii.,  pp.  1-0.  The  desirability  of  periodical 
changes  in  the  Constitution,  vol.  vii.,  p.  15,  and  vol.  iii.,  p.  102. 
The  proper  construction  to  be  put  upon  the  Constitution  is  dis- 
cussed in  vol.  vii.,  jip.  290,  330,  and  358.  His  fears  of  the  Feder- 
alist.s.  Vol.  iv.,  pp.  Ill,  139,  197,  and  vol.  v.,  p.  559.  His  views  of 
the  judiciary,  vol.  vii.,  pp.  134,  210,  250,  278.  On  the  same  sub- 
ject see  Hildreth,  second  series,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  400  and  440.  The 
Kentucky  liesolutions  are  given  in  Jefferson's  "  Works,"  vol.  i.v., 
p.  404,  and  are  authenticated  in  vol.  iv.,  pp.  258  and  305.  On 
the  early  influence  of  these  resolutions,  see  the  speech  of  Hayne 
in  the  debate  between  him  and  Webster,  in  which  the  orator 
(juotes  Jefferson  as  his  "high  and  imposing  authority  in  sup[)ort 
of  the  (,'arolina  doctrine." 

In  "Webster's  "Works,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  449,  and  especially  on  pp. 
457  and  479,  is  to  be  found  the  author's  constructit)n  of  the 
Constitution  on  the  question  at  issue  between  the  two  parties. 

Mr.  J.  C.  Hamilton,  in  his  "History  of  the  Republic,''  vol.  vii., 
pp.  771-788,  has  given  the  views  held  by  his  father  on  the  ques- 
tion of  states'  rights  and  a  possible  separation.  In  vol.  iv.,  pp. 
443-499,  Jefferson's  views  are  also  collated. 

Elliot's  "I).'bates"  is  tlic  great  authority  on  the  proceedings 
in  all  the  Constitutional  Conventions.  In  vol.  v.,  pp.  120-129,  is 
to  be  found  "The  Virginia  Plan;"  at  pp.  170-193  "The  New 
Jersey  Plan;"  and  at  pp.  198-205  "Hamilton's  Plan." 

The  introduction  to  J.  C.  Hamilton's  edition  of  "The  Federal- 


648  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

ist "  gives  an  elaborate  account  of  Hamilton's  share  in  the  forma- 
tion and  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  though  the  reader  should 
remember  that  it  is  the  work  of  partisanship  rather  than  of  care- 
ful historical  judgment.  The  papers  in  "  The  Federalist "  having 
most  bearing  on  the  subject  arc  Nos.  xv.,  xvii.,  xlv.,  xlvi.,  which 
give  the  reasons  for  the  author's  belief  that  there  is  more  danger 
from  anarchy  in  the  members  than  from  tyranny  at  the  head  of 
the  government.  In  contrast  with  Jefferson's  views,  No.  Ixxx.,  on 
the  powers  of  the  Federal  judiciary,  may  well  be  read. 

Calhoun,  in  vol.  i.  of  his  "Works,"  has  given  a  "Disquisition 
on  Government,"  in  which  his  general  views  are  elaborated ;  also, 
in  the  same  vol.,  pp.  174-187,  are  given  some  interesting  pages 
on  "  The  Constitution  and  Government  of  the  United  States." 
These  will  be  found  good  specimens  of  Calhoun's  subtlety  of 
reasoning. 

In  Laboulaye's  "  Etats-Unis,"  vol.  iii.,  chap,  ix.,  p.  210,  is  to  be 
found  a  highly  laudatory  estimate  of  Hamilton.  In  Brougham's 
"Statesmen  of  the  Time  of  George  HI.,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  280,  is  a  pa- 
per on  Jefferson  and  his  political  work.  Macaulay's  estimate  of 
Jefferson's  work,  and  of  our  Constitution  as  a  -whole,  may  be 
learned  from  his  letters  to  Randall,  published  in  the  appendix  to 
vol.  ii.,  p.  407,  of  Trevelyan's  "  Life  of  Macaulay."  In  the  first 
volume  of  J)e  Tocqueville's  "  Democracy  in  America,"  chaps,  viii., 
xiii.,  and  xviii.  have  some  bearing  on  this  question,  and  are  of 
great  interest.  In  Sullivan's  "Public  Men  of  the  Revolution," 
pp.  171-240,  is  an  indictment  of  Jefferson  and  of  his  administra- 
tion by  an  ardent  Federalist,  supported  by  striking  quotations 
from  Jefferson's  words.  Lieber's  "  Civil  Liberty,"  chaps,  xxxiv. 
and  XXXV.,  as  well  as  the  papers  in  the  appendix,  may  well  be 
read,  as  they  throw  much  light  on  questions  of  centralization  and 
anarchy. 

VI.  New  England  Federalism  and  its  Attitude  towards 
THE  General  Government. — The  most  valuable  authority  on 
this  subject  is  the  volume  on  "  New  England  Federalism  "  edited 
by  Henry  Adams.  It  consists  of  a  collection  of  papers  relating 
to  matters  of  a  national  character  between  the  years  1800  and 
1815.  These  papers  furnish  the  best  opportunity  for  studying 
the  question  whether  the  Federalists  were,  as  is  sometimes  charged, 
practically  disunionists.     The  most  important  of  the  documents 


IIISTOKIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  049 

are  tlie  "  A[ij)cal,"  [jivcn  on  jt.  M,  and  tlif  "l{ei»Iy"  l)y  John 
Qiiincy  Adams,  which  bi-i^ins  on  p.  107.  In  connection  with  this 
response  should  also  he  read  the  letters  puhlished  in  the  appendix, 
some  of  which  it  will  he  found  difticiilt  to  reconcile  with  the 
statements  of  President  Adams,  lly  iisini;  the  index  the  views 
of  I'Y'deralists  on  the  siihjects  of  KmharLjo,  Impressment,  Northeiii 
Confederacy,  Union,  and  Hartford  Convention  mav  be  profitably 
learned. 

Lodge's  "Life  of  Cabot"  is  also  a  book  of  importance  on  this 
subject.  The  great  prominence  of  Cabot  at  the  Hartford  ("on- 
vention  gives  interest  as  well  as  value  to  the  n*w  light  thrown 
upt)n  his  opinions.  Chaps,  xi.  and  xii.  are  devoted  to  the  general 
subject  of  New  England  Federalism,  and  chap.  xiii.  to  the  Corre- 
spondence relating  to  the  Hartford  Convention. 

Morse's  "Life  of  Hamilton"  relates  more  cspcciallv  to  an  ear- 
lier period  than  that  now  under  consideration,  but  the  later  por- 
tion of  the  work  throws  much  light  on  the  general  polic\'  of  the 
Federal  leaders.  The  position  of  the  party  towards  England  be- 
fore the  Jay  Treaty  is  described  on  [).  72  of  vol.  ii.,  the  "Alien 
and  Sedition  Acts,"  p.  253.  The  change  of  position  of  President 
Adams  t<jwards  France,  and  the  great  importance  of  that  change, 
are  pointed  out  in  vol.  ii.,  pp.  270-283.  Chap.  vii.  of  vol.  ii.  ex- 
plains the  action  of  the  Federalists  in  the  election  of  1801,  and  in 
their  relations  to  the  candidacy  of  P)urr. 

Sullivan's  "Men  of  the  Revolution"'  is  a  very  interesting  and 
instructive  work,  though  it  is  tinged  with  a  strong  bias  of  Feder- 
alism. 

Dwight's  "History  of  the  Hartford  Convention"  not  onlv  con- 
tains a  very  satisfactory  account  of  that  famous  ineetinir,  but  also 
a  very  useful  "Review  of  the  Policy  of  the  United  States  Gov- 
ernment which  led  to  the  War  of  1812."  The  early  part  of  this 
review  gives  an  account  of  the  several  lines  of  policy  pursued  by 
the  Federal  party  while  charged  with  the  nianngenient  of  the 
government.  The  attitude  of  the  party  towards  the  Embarixo  is 
also  explained.  Beginning  on  p.  383  is  the  Secret  Journal  of  the 
Convention.  In  vol.  iv.  of  Upham's  "  Life  of  Timothv  Pickering" 
will  be  found  many  valuable  letters  and  papers  on  this  subject. 
Pickering  was  one  of  the  most  prominent  and  one  of  the  most 
intluential  Federalists  of  his  day.     On  p.  o3  of  vol.  iv.  his  views 


C50  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

are  given  maintaining  that  the  general  government  not  only  had 
no  constitutional  right  to  purchase  Louisiana,  but  that,  even  after 
the  purchase,  it  could  not  be  incorporated  into  the  Union  without 
the  assent  of  each  individual  state.  Tlie  author's  estimation  of 
the  general  government  may  be  profitably  consulted  on  pp.  107- 
111,  and  121-123.  Perhaps  the  most  important  part  of  the  vol- 
ume is  that  giving  Pickering's  speech  in  the  Senate  (December, 
1808)  on  the  Embargo,  vol.  iv.,  p.  138.  It  reveals  very  clearly 
and  forcibly  the  attitude  of  the  Federalists  towards  England  and 
towards  France.  For  a  view  of  the  animosities  provoked  by  the 
speech,  see  the  newspaper  headings  copied  opposite  pp.  159  and 
162  of  the  same  volume.  Three  of  the  most  important  letters  of 
Pickering  niay  also  be  seen  in  Niles's  "Register,"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  155, 
185,  201.  In  the  same  volume,  on  pp.  309-315,  is  the  address  by 
a  minority  of  Congress  to  their  constituents  on  the  uselcssness  of 
the  war.  This  may  be  regarded  as  a  formal  and  authoritative 
declaration  by  the  Federalists  of  their  attitude  in  1812. 

In  Calhoun's  "  Works,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  117,  is  to  be  seen  the  speech 
in  which  the  views  of  the  Antifederalists  are  best  enunciated. 
The  works  of  Jefferson  may  also  be  consulted  on  the  same  sub- 
ject with  profit. 

Of  the  accounts  given  in  the  general  histories,  that  of  Hildreth 
is  by  far  the  best.  In  the  2d  series,  vol.  i.,  p.  300  et  scq.,  is  to  be 
found  a  description  of  the  Kepublican  party  and  of  Jefferson's 
charges  against  the  Federalists.  The  loss  to  the  Federalists  in 
the  death  of  Washington,  and  the  general  causes  of  the  fall  of  the 
party,  are  discussed  in  vol.  ii.  of  the  same  series,  pp.  338-418.  In 
vol.  iii.,  p.  117,  the  alleged  plot  of  the  Federalists  is  considered; 
and  in  pp.  142,  143,  the  change  in  the  relative  positions  of  the  two 
parties.  From  the  404th  page  to  the  close  of  the  volume,  almost 
the  whole  of  the  author's  space  is  devoted  to  the  attitude  of  New 
England.  Throughout  the  work  Ilildreth's  views  are  iu  strong 
sympathy  with  the  Federalists,  but  it  will  be  found  that  not  very 
many  of  his  positions  have  been  shaken  by  subsetpient  criticism. 

\'on  Hoist's  "Constitutional  History"  will  l)e  studied  on  this 
question  with  groat  advantage.  Unfortunately  the  work,  as  yet, 
lias*  no  index,  and  the  first  two  volumes  have;  only  a  very  unsatis- 
factory table  of  contents.  But  jiassages  of  great  importance  on 
the  present  cjuestion  will  be  found  by  consulting  the  following 


HISTORIES  OF  TlIK   UNITKU  STATES.  051 

references ;  The  j)()siti<»n  of  the  early  I-Vilcralists,  vul.  i.,  p.  72; 
the  fall  of  the  Federal ists,  i.,  181-191  ;  I'V-deralist  plans  of  seces- 
sion, i.,  193,  194  ;  their  intrigues  with  JJurr,  i.,  195,  190;  the  Em- 
harifo,  and  the  attitude  of  the  parties  towanls  it,  i.,  203-217  ;  the 
o|)position  of  New  Eni;land  to  the  war,  i.,  235-2  72  ;  the  death  ol 
the  Federal  party,  i.,  273-27U. 

\U.   TlIK   FaUI.V   FoUEUiN  liELATIONS  OK  TllK   UnITEU  StATES. 

— The  first  approaches  to  France  througli  the  efforts  of  Silas 
Dcane  are  described  in  Bancroft  (8vo  ed.),  vol.  ix.,  chap,  iii.,  pp. 
01-75.  Chaps,  xvi.  and  xvii.  relate  to  the  continued  attitude  of 
France  and  Spain  ;  aiul  chap,  xxix,  to  France  and  the  Commis- 
sioners, at  the  head  of  whom  was  Fraidclin,  In  vol.  x.,  chaps,  ii., 
iii.,  v.,  and  vi.,  are  described  and  discussed  the  continued  relations 
of  the  several  nations  of  Europe  and  the  colonies  up  to  the  time 
of  the  open  alliance. 

A  more  graphic,  and  in  some  respects  more  satisfactory,  account 
of  the  way  in  which  the  alliance  was  brought  about  is  given  by 
Pftrton  in  his  '*  Life  of  Franklin,"  vol.  ii.,  part  v.,  chap.  vii.  The 
"Life  of  Ijcaumarchais,"  by  Loiuenie,  of  which  there  are  several 
editions,  may  be  consulted  with  proHt  for  a  further  account  of  the 
service  of  that  singular  man  in  the  interests  of  alliance. 

The  circumstances  which  led  to  Jay's  Treaty,  the  causes  of 
complaint  against  the  P^nglisli  government,  and  the  character  of 
the  treaty  itself,  may  well  be  studied  in  Jay's  "  Works,"  vol.  i., 
pp.  302-384.  The  subject  is  also  treated  at  some  length  in 
Gibbs's  "  Administrations  of  AVashington  and  Adams,"  vol.  i., 
pp.  191,  319  et  seq.  In  llildrcth,  2d  series,  vol.  i.,  chaps,  vi.  and 
viii.,  the  causes  of  the  treaty,  as  well  as  its  provisions,  are 
described.  In  chap.  viii.  is  also  to  be  found  an  analvsis  of  the 
debates  in  Congress  on  the  treaty. 

The  full  importance  of  the  subject,  however,  can  only  be  under- 
stood by  one  who  studies  the  literature  of  the  time.  The  ques- 
tion occupied  nearly  the  sole  attention  of  Congress  for  a  month. 
The  debates  on  the  subject  may  be  found  in  "Annals  of  Con- 
gress," 4th  Congress,  1st  Session,  1795-90,  pp.  420-783  and  pp. 
975-1298,  The  same,  in  a  somcwliat  condensed  and  more  satis- 
factory form,  will  be  found  in  Benton's  "Abridgment,"  vol,  i., 
pp.  039-710.     Sec  especially  the  note  on  p.  754. 

The  most  elaborate  defence  of  the  treaty  was  that  by  llaiuil- 


652  HISTORICAL  LITERATUEE. 

ton,  King,  and  Jay  in  the  letters  signed  "  Camillus,"  Hamilton's 
"Works,"  vol.  vii.,  pp.  172-528.  Concerning  the  authorship  of 
these  letters,  see  "  Life  of  John  Adams,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  195,  and  J.  C. 
Hamilton's  "History  of  the  Republic,"  vol.  vi.,  p.  273.  Hamil- 
ton's views  of  the  particular  phases  of  the  treaty  may  be  ascer- 
tained by  consulting  the  index. 

On  the  other  side,  the  most  important  writer  was  Madison.  In 
Jefferson's  "  Works,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  121,  is  a  letter  in  which  Jefferson 
expresses  himself  very  freely  to  Madison.  In  the  course  of  the 
correspondence  he  says,  "  For  God's  sake,  take  up  your  pen  and 
give  a  fundamental  reply  to  '  Curtius'  and  '  Camillus.'  Hamilton 
is  really  a  colossus ;  and  when  ho  comes  forward,  there  is  nobody 
but  yourself  who  can  meet  him."  He  also  referred  to  Washing- 
ton as  "  the  only  honest  man  who  has  assented  to  it."  Madison's 
objections  to  the  treaty  are  to  be  found  in  the  first  hundred  pages 
of  vol.  ii.  of  his  "  Works." 

The  relations  with  France  involved  in  Monroe's  mission  and 
recall,  and  the  appointment  of  a  special  mission,  are  described  in 
Ilildreth,  2d  scries,  vol.  i.,  chap,  ix.,  and  vol.  ii.,  chaps,  x.  and  xi. 

VIII.  The  Acquisition  of  the  Territories  and  their  Po- 
litical Organization  and  Significance. — The  territory  of  the 
Northwest  is  only  to  be  studied  successfully  in  a  series  of  mono- 
graphs. The  nature  of  the  conflicting  claims  is  best  indicated  in 
II.  B.  Adams's  pamphlet,  read  before  the  Maryland  Historical 
Society,  on  "  Maryland's  Influence  in  Founding  a  National  Com- 
monwealth; or.  The  History  of  the  Accession  of  Public  Lands." 
The  paper  of  J.  A.  Garfield  on  "  The  Discovery  and  Ownership  of 
the  Northwestern  Territory,  and  Settlement  of  the  Western  Re- 
serve," published  in  the  collections  of  the  Western  Reserve  and 
Northern  Ohio  Historical  Society  for  1874,  points  out  the  earliest 
phases  of  this  question.  Franklin's  paper  entitled  "The  Ohio 
Settlement,"  in  Franklin's  "Works,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  324-379,  is  of 
great  interest  and  importance.  Butterfield's  "  Washington-Craw- 
ford Letters,"  concerning  Western  lands,  show  the  interest  and 
the  foresight  of  Washington  in  regard  to  tlic  importance  of 
the  Northwest.  The  influence  of  the  Quebec  Act  of  1774  is 
pointed  out  in  Burke's  letter  on  the  subject,  published  in  New 
York  Historical  Society's  Collections,  2d  series,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  219- 
225.     Thomas  I*ainc's  essays  "  I'ublic  Good"  and  "  Plain  Facts," 


^ 


IIISTOKIKS   OF    THE    L'NITKD   STATICS.  653 

written  icspcctivcly  ii»  1780  and  1781,  pertain  to  the  nurture  and 
nianaijcment  of  our  Western  domains.  For  an  account  of  the 
manner  of  brini^iuLC  the  territories  of  the  Northwest  under  the 
control  «>f  the  <:;eneral  <;ovcrnment,  see  the  admirahle  inonoijraph 
of  II.  1>.  Adams  above  referred  to. 

The  circumstances  leadiui^  to  tlic  Ordinance  of  1787  were  for 
the  fii-st  time  mado  clear  by  W.  V.  I'oolc,  in  "  Nortli  American 
lleview"  for  July,  1870.  The  paper  is  of  great  importance  for 
the  light  it  throws  on  tlic  clauses  of  the  ordinance  relating  to 
slavery  and  education.  The  Ordinance  of  1787  itself  is  to  be 
found  in  Poore's  "Federal  ami  State  Constitutions,"  vol.  i.,  pp. 
429-432. 

The  "Louisiana  I'urihasc"  is  treated  with  characteristic  ability 
and  acumen  by  Von  Ilolst,  vol.  i.,  pp.  183-199.  This  may  be 
consiikred  one  of  the  most  satisfactory  portions  of  the  work, 
though  there  is  occasionally  an  error,  as,  for  example,  in  note  i., 
p.  186.  The  notes  in  Von  Hoist  will  furnish  am{ile  clew  to  the 
more  important  sources  of  information.  Webster,  in  his  "  Works," 
vol.  i.,  p.  355,  justifies  the  acquisition  of  Louisiana  and  Florida, 
though  he  does  so  exclusively  on  the  ground  of  necessity.  In 
vol.  ii.,  p.  551,  he  further  declares  that  the  purchase  was  not 
within  the  scope  of  the  Constitution,  but  was  purt'ly  a  work  of 
necessity.  The  nature  of  the  necessity  is  explained  in  Adams's 
"Life  of  <iallatin,"  p.  3(»7,  and  in  Tucker's  *'  History,"  vol.  ii.,  pp. 
171-180. 

The  Seminole  War  and  the  cession  of  Florida  arc  treated  in 
Hildreth,  2d  series,  vol.  iii.,  p.  658,  but  more  fully  and  satisfac- 
torily in  Tarton's  "Life  of  Jackson,"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  397,  407,  421, 
583,  and  001.  By  tracing  these  references,  the  necessity  of  ac- 
quiring the  territory  will  be  made  obvious. 

The  turbulence  in  Texas,  which  led  to  a  desire  to  be  annexed, 
may  be  studied  in  the  last  eha])ters  of  Yoakum's  "History"  of 
that  state.  The  circumstances  which  made  the  United  States 
willing  to  receive  the  state  can  be  traced  in  Benton's  "  Debates," 
vol.  xii.,  pp.  762-778,  and  in  vol.  xiii.,  pp.  325-331.  The  manner 
in  which  the  annexation  was  brought  about  is  considered  in  the 
last  part  of  vol.  ii.  of  Von  Ilolst.  On  the  same  subject  sec,  also, 
Tucker's  "History,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  232-207  and  329-341;  and 
Wilson's  "Rise  anil  Fall  of  the  Slave  I'ower,"  vol.  i.,  pj).  qS7  et 


654  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

seq.  The  spirit  of  Wilson  is  in  the  title  of  his  chapter  "  Plot  for 
the  Annexation  of  Texas."  In  Webster's  "  Works"  the  Constitu- 
tional objections  are  urged.  In  vol.  i.,  p.  354,  the  objections  are 
briefly  stated;  in  vol.  ii.,  p.  437,  the  author  declares  by  Avhom 
annexation  is  promoted ;  and  in  vol.  v.,  pp.  55-60,  he  makes  a 
brief  but  pointed  protest. 

The  most  important  political  results  of  these  acquisitions  were 
those  which  led  to  the  Missouri  Coni])romise,  and  still  later  to 
the  repeal  of  the  Compromise  and  the  great  struggle  for  freedom 
in  Kansas.  On  this  phase  of  the  subject,  the  speeches  of  Clav, 
Webster,  and  Calhoun  are  of  the  first  importance.  See  Calhoun's 
"  Works,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  542-573,  and  vol.  v.,  pp.  322-461  ;  Clay's 
"  Works,"  vol.  iii.,  pp.  302-345  ;  Webster's  "  Works,"  vol.  v.,  pp. 
324-368.  On  the  significance  and  effect  of  this  speech  of  Web- 
ster, see  Curtis's  "Life  of  Webster,"  voh  ii.,  pp.  402  and  431  ;  also, 
Theodore  Parker's  "  Eulogy  on  Webster."  The  debates  on  this 
great  question  are  to  be  studied  in  Benton's  "  Debates,"  vol.  vi. 
A  survey  of  the  whole  question  is  given  in  Von  Hoist,  vol.  ii.,  pp. 
340-382.  The  Southern  view  of  the  question  is  presented  by 
Tucker,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  226-315. 

IX.  The  Financial  History  of  the  Country  from  the  Be- 
ginning OF  the  Revolutionary  War  to  the  Close  of  the 
War  of  1812. — The  first  sixty-ciglit  pages  of  Sumner's  "  History 
of  American  Currency"  will  serve  as  a  good  introduction  to  the 
study  of  the  subject.  Bolles's  "Financial  History  of  the  United 
States"  covers  the  period  from  1774  to  1789,  and  will  be  found 
both  readable  and  valuable.  After  an  outline  of  the  facts  has 
been  mastered,  the  student  will  profit  by  a  reading  of  the  chap- 
ters on  "  How  Paper  Money  was  lieceivcd,"  "  Limitation  of 
Prices,"  "Legal  Tender  Laws  of  the  Revolution,"  "Taxation," 
"Speculation,"  and  "Corruption  and  Repudiation." 

The  nature  of  the  exigencies  demanding  financial  attention 
may  best  be  reviewed  in  Bancroft.  See  especially  vol.  vi.,  p.  166 
(12nio  ed.),  for  the  way  in  which  the  value  of  paper  was  reduced ; 
and  p.  334  for  the  purchasing  power  of  paper.  The  most  impor- 
tant authority  on  this  subject,  however,  is  I'hillips's  "Sketches  of 
Paper  Currency  in  the  American  Colonies."  ]>iit  so  few  copies 
of  the  book  were  printed  that  it  is  not  easy  of  access. 

The  manner  in  which  tlie  colonies  secured  the  first  material 


IIISTORIKS  OF  Tin-:   UMTKI)  STATES.  055 

assistance  from  France  is  best  j^iven  in  vol.  ii.,  part  v.,  cliaj»«i.  vi. 
and  \  ii.  of  I'arton's  "  Life  of  Franklin."  A  still  fuller  account  is 
to  1)(;  found  in  Lomenie's  "  Life  of  IJcauniarcltais."  An  excellent 
suniinary  is  i^iven  l>y  Pitkin,  V(»l.  i.,  j)j).  4U1-422. 

The  j^eiieral  tinancial  weakness  of  tin;  f^overnineiit  under  tla- 
confederation  is  discussed  by  Story,  vol.  i.,  JJs^  240,  254,  255,  280. 
The  weakness  of  the  j^eiieral  i;overnnient  under  the  confederation 
is  also  described  in  vol.  ii,  of  Morse's  "  Life  of  Alexander  Hamil- 
ton.'' <  )ii  the  same  subject,  see  also  Titkin,  vol.  ii.,  chaps,  xvi.  and 
xvii. 

Pitkin  also  (vol.  ii.,  pp.  341-350)  gives  a  very  fair  presentation 
of  the  arguments  used  on  both  sides  of  the  proposition  to  fund 
the  debt.  Giles's  first  attack  on  the  Treasury,  and  the  repf)rt  of 
his  committee,  are  described  in  the  same  vol.,  pp.  353-417. 

On  the  years  immediately  following  the  adoption  of  the  Con- 
stitution, vol.  V.  of  Marshall's  "  Life  of  Washington"  is  one  of  the 
most  important  authorities.  Imposts  and  tonnage  are  discussed, 
pp.  219-228;  the  duties  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  pp. 
232-239  ;  the  first  report  of  the  Treasurer,  and  its  various  recom- 
mendations, pp.  272-279;  arguments  for  and  against  a  National 
Bank,  pp.  341-340;  the  division  of  parties  on  financial  questions, 
pp.  297-299,  346-351,  362-360,  386-387,  550-557.  Notes  iii., 
iv.,  and  v.  are  of  iniportance.  See  especially  note  iii.,  which  gives 
an  outline  of  Hamilton's  argument  on  the  constitutionality  and 
expediency  of  a  bank. 

The  same  subjects  are  discussed  in  Morse's  "  Life  of  Hamil- 
ton." On  the  reasons  of  Hamilton  for  an  assumption  of  the 
debts,  and  the  debates  thereon,  see  vol.  i.,  pp.  301-332;  on  the 
constitutionality  of  a  bank,  pp.  333-348  ;  on  the  success  of 
Hamilton's  measures,  vol.  ii.,  pp.  20-30.  On  the  finances  of  this 
period  the  following  chapters  may  all  bo  read  with  profit  :  \'ol.  i., 
chaps,  iv.,  vii.,  viii.,  ix.,  x.,  xii.,  and  vol.  ii.,  chaps,  ii.  and  iv. 

(iibbs's  "Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams"  is  es- 
pi'cially  strong  on  financial  questions.  The  writer  was  familiar 
with  all  the  financial  projects  brought  before  the  government. 
The  index  and  table  of  contents  should  be  freely  used.  The  or- 
ganization of  the  Treasury  Department  is  described,  vol.  i.,  pp. 

2S-31.     Light  is  thrown  on  the  ac unts  of  the  individual  states 

with  the  general  govciiiment,  vol.  i.,  p.  54,  jind  vol.  ii.,  p.  48  et 


656  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

seq.  The  index  should  be  consulted  on  the  subjects  of  "  Bank," 
"  Funding  System,"  and  "  Assumption  of  Debts."  Many  letters 
of  Hamilton  and  Wolcott  are  given  which  comment  on  the  finan- 
cial condition  of  affairs.  The  two  ways  of  calculating  the  debt, 
vol.  i.,  p.  iTl,  and  the  Report  of  the  Committee  on  Wolcott's 
management,  vol.  ii.,  p.  469,  are  especially  worthy  of  notice. 

Adams's  "Life  of  Gallatin"  and  the  "Works"  of  Gallatin  are 
the  most  important  authorities  on  the  next  period.  The  change 
from  the  system  of  Hamilton  to  the  system  of  Gallatin  is  de- 
scribed by  Adams  on  pp.  167-180  of  the  former  work;  and  a 
comparison  between  the  systems  of  Federalists  and  Republicans 
is  drawn  on  pp.  267-274.  Some  vigorous  comments  on  Jeffer- 
son's policy  and  influence  are  to  be  seen  on  pp.  310,  334,  354- 
356,  367-372,  376-383,  391-401,  411-417,  419-425,  443-455, 
491-492.  The  financial  bearing  of  the  Louisiana  purchase  is  dis- 
cussed, pp.  317-321  and  334-338.  The  condition  of  the  debt  in 
1805-6  is  indicated  at  p.  348;  and  the  characteristics  of  the 
Bank  Charter,  pp.  426-433. 

On  this  whole  subject,  the  "American  State-papers  on  Finance" 
is  an  inexhaustible  mine  of  most  valuable  material.  Here  can 
be  found  all  the  state-documents  bearing  on  the  subject — reports 
of  secretaries  and  committees  as  well  as  messages  of  Presidents. 
The  plans  and  arguments  of  Hamilton  arc  given  in  full ;  and  on 
pp.  424,  425  of  vol.  ii.  are  very  interesting  tables  showing  the 
state  of  the  debt  in  each  year  from  1789  to  1810.  These  tables 
may  well  be  carefully  studied  for  the  light  they  throw  on  the  two 
systems — the  steady  decrease  of  internal  revenue  from  1801,  the 
increase  of  the  sale  of  public  lands,  the  gradual  increase  of  cus- 
toms duties,  and,  finally,  after  the  crash,  their  entire  disappear- 
ance. These  papers  will  be  of  little  value  to  the  student  before 
lie  has  made  himself  familiar  with  the  general  policies  of  the  time  ; 
but  when  he  has  once  gained  an  insight  into  the  subject  so  as  to 
appreciate  their  drift,  they  will  be  found  invaluable. 

Important  original  papers  are  also  to  be  found  in  the  appendix 
to  the  "  Report  of  the  International  Monetary  Congress  of  1878," 
pp.  417-486.  Especially  noteworthy  are  the  "Coinage  Scheme 
of  Robert  Morris,"  p.  425,  "Jefferson  on  a  Monetary  Unit,"  p. 
437,  and  "Hamilton  on  the  Establishment  of  a  Mint,"  p.  445. 

The  debates  in  Congress  on  the  various  subjects  may  be  cou- 


HISTOHIKS  OF  TIIH   UNITKI)   STATES.  657 

suited  with  profit  in  the  appropriate  volumes  of  "  AunaU  of  Con- 
fjress."  Tlie  views  of  llaiiiiltoii,  Jellersoii,  (lallaliu,  Madison,  and 
Adams  on  any  of  the  j)oiiits  uikUt  i-xamination  may  generally  be 
found  by  consultinu^  tliu  indexes  of  tiieir  respective  works. 

X.  The  FiNANTiAi,  IIi.stukv  uk  the  Countrv  sin'ce  the 
Close  ok  the  Wak  uf  1812. — For  anything  more  than  a  very 
superficial  study,  this  (juestion  will  require  constant  recourse  to 
original  documents.  A  bird's-eye  view  of  the  subject  niay  be  ob- 
tained from  the  following  works:  Sunuier's  "History  of  Ameri- 
can Currency,"  pp.  70  et  seq.  Walker's  "  Treatise  on  Money," 
pp.  479-517.  Gouge's  "History  of  Paper  Money  and  IJanking 
in  the  United  States"  was  published  as  early  as  183:},  but  it  is 
still  in  high  esteem  by  economists.  Sumner's  lectures  on  the 
"History  of  Protection"  arc  designed  to  show  historically  the 
evil  results  of  the  protective  policy.  Carey's  "  Harmony  of  Inter- 
ests "  is,  perhaps,  the  strongest  presentation  of  the  opposite  view. 
Perry's  "  Elements  of  Political  Economy,"  pp.  459-483,  reviews 
the  several  Tariff  Laws  from  the  Hamilton  Tariff  of  1789  to  the 
Morrill  Tariff  of  18G1,  and  its  modification  in  1871.  A  still  more 
elaborate  description  is  given  in  Young's  "Tariff  Legislation." 
The  most  systematic  and  thorough  study  of  our  finances  is  Von 
Hock's  "Die  Finaiizen  und  die  Finanzgeschichte  der  ^'ereinigtcn 
Staaten  von  Amerika."  The  work  has  to  do  chiefly,  though  not 
exclusively,  with  the  period  since  18G0.  The  best  presentation 
of  the  subject  in  any  of  tlie  general  histories  is  in  Young's 
"American  Statesman,  or  Political  History." 

For  a  careful  study  of  the  subject,  two  works  are  worthy  of 
mention  as  especially  helpful.  The  first  is  McPherson's  "  Index 
of  Bills  Presented  in  the  House  of  Representatives  relating  to 
Hanks,  Currency,  Public  Debt,  Tariff,  and  Direct  Taxes."  This 
valuable  index  was  published  as  "  No.  92,  House  Miscellaneous 
Documents  of  2d  Session,  43d  Congress,"  and  is  so  arranLjed  as 
to  show  at  a  glance  the  history  of  each  bill  from  its  introduction 
to  its  disappearance.  The  second  document  referred  to  is  "  The 
Laws  of  the  L'nited  States  relating  to  Loans  and  the  Currency, 
including  the  Coinage  Acts."  This  work  was  compiled  by  the 
Treasury  ])epartment  in  1878,  and  contains  all  the  laws  passed 
since  18G(),  and  the  most  important  ones  of  the  previous  years. 
It  is  easily  used   by  means  of  a   very  complete  index.     Elliot's 

42 


658  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

*'  Funding  System  "  is  a  very  rare  but  ca  very  valuable  authority. 
The  details  of  tlie  organization  of  the  Treasury  Department  are 
well  given  in  Lamphere's  "  United  States  Government,"  pp.  44- 
141. 

The  "American  State-papers  on  Finance"  furnish  all  the  ma- 
terial, excepting  the  debates,  from  1789  to  1828.  Vol.  i.  is 
devoted  to  the  years  1789-1801;  vol.  ii.,  1801-1815;  vol.  iii., 
1815-1821;  vol.  iv.,  1821-1824;  vol.  v.,  1824-1828.  Since 
1828  no  corresponding  collection  has  been  made.  The  debates 
may  be  found  in  a  somewhat  abridged  but  very  satisfactory  form 
in  ■  Benton's  "Abridgment,"  which,  however,  ends  with  1850. 
The  50  vols,  of  Niles's  "Register"  cover  the  ground  from  1811 
to  1836,  and  will  at  times  be  found  useful,  though  generally  less 
satisfactory  than  Benton. 

The  report  of  Secretary  Crawford,  made  in  Februarj',  1820,  is 
of  much  value  for  the  light  it  throws  on  the  events  which  led  to 
the  financial  disasters  of  1818.  The  report  of  Secretary  Rush,  of 
December,  1828,  also  is  worthy  of  note  for  its  review  of  financial 
afEairs  since  the  charter  of  the  Second  Bank  had  been  granted. 

In  President  Jackson's  message  of  December  8,  1829,  the  first 
note  of  war  on  the  bank  was  sounded.  On  the  questions  involved 
in  the  recharter  of  the  bank,  the  best  authorities  are  the  speeches 
in  Congress.  Especially  noteworthy  are  the  speeches  of  Calhoun, 
"Works,"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  344-376;  vol.  iii.,  pp.  36-134;  of  Clay, 
"Works,"  vol.  v.,  pp.  22-33,  74-80,  and  575-623;  and  of  Web- 
ster, "  Works,"  vol.  iii.,  pp.  391-416 ;  also,  on  the  veto  of  the  Batik 
Bill,  pp.  416-447,  and  on  the  removal  of  the  deposits,  pp.  506-551. 
The  part  of  Secretary  Taney  in  this  bank  war  may  be  observed  in 
Tyler's  "Life  of  Taney,"  pp.  155-248.  Barton's  account  in  his 
"  Life  of  Jackson,"  vol.  iii.,  chaps,  xx.,  xxix.,  xxx.,  xxxvi.,  xxxvii.- 
xxxix.  is  an  interesting  narrative,  though  it  will  give  little  insight 
into  the  financial  merits  of  the  case.  Royal's  "Andrew  Jackson 
and  the  Bank  of  the  United  States,  including  a  History  of  Paper 
Money,"  No.  xix.  of  "Economic  Monographs,"  New  York,  1880, 
is  the  most  recent  review  of  tlie  subject. 

On  tlie  various  tariffs  the  speeches  of  Calhoun,  (^lay,  and  Web- 
ster are  also  of  great  importance.  Especially  worthy  of  note  are 
the  following:  On  tlie  tariff  of  1816,  Calhoun,  "Works,"  vol.  ii., 
pp.  163-173  and   197-262;  on  the  tariff  of  1824,  Webster,  vol. 


HISTOUIKS  OF    rilK    UMTKD  STATKS.  059 

iii.,  pp.  J»4-ir,();  on  the  taiilT  of  lMi>S,  vol.  iii.,  pp.  228-247;  on 
thu  TaiitI  IJill  of  IH42,  Calhoun,  "  Works,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  Hil-'JlJ  ; 
on  the  tariff  of  184G,  Clay,  "  Works,"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  234-204;  vol. 
v.,  pp.  536-549,  and  vol.  vi.,  pp.  32U-351  ;  Webster,  "Works," 
vol.  v.,  pp.  160-243. 

The  results  of  tiie  tariffs  arc  survoyetl  from  opposite  points  of 
view  in  Carey's  "Ilannony  of  Interests"  an<l  in  Sumner's  "His- 
tory of  Protection." 

The  report  of  Secretary  Gutlirie  for  Decemhor,  1856,  is  of  con- 
siderable historical  and  financial  value.  Especially  worthy  of  note 
is  his  account  of  the  losses  to  which  the  government  was  sub- 
jected through  the  private  use  of  public  moneys. 

Of  the  more  recent  reports,  tiiat  of  Secretary  McCullocli  for 
1865  is  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  notable.  Secretary  Sherman's 
"Speeches  and  lleports  on  Finance  and  Taxation  from  1859  to 
1878"  form  a  valuable  collection,  covering  tiie  whole  of  the  war 
and  resumption  periods.  The  present  banking  systeui  is  reviewed 
with  great  ability  by  Comptroller  J.  J.  Knox  in  his  report  for 
1875-76.  Spaulding's  "History  of  tlie  Legal  -  tender  Paper 
Money  "  is  a  narr.itive  that  may  be  found  useful.  An  appendix 
contains  a  brief  but  valuable  paper  by  George  S.  Coe  on  "The 
Financial  History  of  the  War." 

Tlie  collection  of  "  Economic  Monographs  "  recently  published 
in  New  York  treat  of  a  variety  of  subjects  of  present  interest,  al- 
ways in  an  interesting  and  often  in  an  able  manner. 

XI.  History  of  tiik  Doctrine  of  Nillificatiox  and  Seces- 

SIOX   BEFORE    THE   ] 'RESIDENCY   OF  GENERAL  JaCKSON. — Perhaps 

the  most  eompreliensive  general  presentation  of  this  subject,  from 
the  Southern  point  of  view,  is  that  contained  in  the  first  volume 
of  A.  H.  Stephens's  "War  between  the  States."  The  author 
liolds  that  the  Union  js  a  compact  between  sovereign  states,  and 
that  secession  was  inexpedient,  though  constitutionally  justifiable. 
In  su[>port  of  his  position,  lie  not  only  argues  at  great  length,  but 
he  <|uotes  from  numerous  writers  in  tlie  North  as  well  as  in  the 
South.  A  book  of  somewliat  different  nature  is  that  of  President 
l>uchanan  entitled  "  Mr.  liuchan.in's  Ailministration  on  the  Eve 
of  the  Rebellion."  The  object  of  this  work  was  to  show  that  the 
war  had  its  origin  in  the  intense  antagonisms  begotten  by  tlio 
mutual  recriminations  of  abolitionists  and  fire-catere.     His  belief 


660  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

appears  to  have  been  that  the  war  was  to  be  prevented,  if  at  all, 
by  the  soothing  process  of  reconciling  the  antagonistic  factions. 
The  principal  value  of  the  book  is  in  the  collection  of  views  of 
different  men  brought  together.  The  claim  is  made  that  the  doc- 
trine of  secession  did  not  originate  in  the  South,  but  in  the  North. 
In  support  of  this  position  Mr.  Buchanan  quotes  from  numerous 
authors,  among  others  Josiah  Quincy,  as  reported  in  "Annals  of 
Congress,"  1810-11,  3d  Session,  pp.  524  and  577.  In  chapter  iv. 
of  Buchanan's  work  are  to  be  found  numerous  expressions  of 
opinion  tending  to  show  that  the  right  to  secede  was  admitted 
by  a  large  number  of  persons.  The  question  may  well  be  studied 
by  following  these  references  so  far  as  possible  to  their  original 
sources.  Mr.  Randall,  in  his  "  Life  of  Jefferson,"  has  made  a 
similar  collection  of  opinions,  though  a  much  less  extended  one. 
In  vol.  iii.,  pp.  295,  363,  634  many  of  these  views  are  brought  to- 
gether, and  should  be  carefully  studied.  In  Fowler's  "  Sectional 
Controversy,"  chap,  vi.,  arc  also  to  be  found  many  extracts  de- 
signed to  show  the  temper  of  both  North  and  South  during 
Madison's  administration.  The  views  of  Gouvcrneur  Morris  are 
of  especial  interest  on  the  question. 

For  the  more  particular  study  of  special  periods,  works  of  a 
less  general  nature  must  be  consulted.  The  fourth  volume  of  Up- 
ham's  "  Life  of  Pickering,"  Lodge's  "  Life  of  Cabot,"  "  Dwight's 
"History  of  the  Hartford  Convention,"  and,  perhaps  most  impor- 
tant of  all,  Adams's  "  New  England  Federalism,"  will  be  sufficient 
to  reveal  the  spirit  of  New  England,  The  early  views  of  the 
people  of  the  South  are  formulated  in  the  Kentucky  Resolu- 
tions, written  by  Jefferson,  and  the  Virginia  Resolutions,  by 
Madison.  The  former  are  to  be  found  in  Jefferson's  "Works," 
vol.  ix.,  p.  464;  the  latter  in  Elliot's  "Debates,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  528. 
The  answers  of  the  several  states  to  these  resolutions  are  also  to 
be  found  in  Elliot,  vol.  iv.,  pp.  532-545.  These  answers  were  re- 
ferred to  a  committee,  at  the  head  of  which  was  Madison,  and  his 
report  on  them  is  given  in  cxtcnso  in  vol.  iv.,  pp.  546-580.  These 
documents  are  of  tiie  utmost  importance  as  revealing  the  views  of 
the  leading  men  at  the  close  of  the  last  century.  The  study  of 
Madison's  writings  by  means  of  the  index  to  his  works  will  show 
that  his  views  were  somewhat  modified  before  the  end  of  his  life. 
The  meaning  and  importance  of  the  A'irgini;i  iind  Kentucky  Rcso- 


1 


HISTORIES  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES.  061 

lutions  sliouUl  be  stiulu'tl  in  tlic  lii^lil  uf  Vuii  Hoist's  cha[»tcT  on 
them,  vol.  i.,  pp.  1;JS-1G7. 

XII.  The  DEVELor.MENT  of  tii!':  Slave  I'owEFt  and  of  the 
Antislaveuv  Movement  to  the  Auottion  ok  the  Missoriu 
Co-MPRo-MisE. — Tlic  i^rowtli  of  slavery  is  nowhcro  tniced  with 
more  vijjor  than  in  \'on  llulst.  "Tlic  History  of  the  Slavery 
Question  from  1789  until  the  Missouri  Compromise  of  1820," 
"  The  Economic  Contrast  between  the  Free  and  the  Slave  States," 
"The  Abolitionists  and  the  Slavery  Question  in  Coiijj^ress,"  arc 
the  titles  of  the  most  iin[)ortant  eliapters  in  whieh  this  great  ques- 
tion is  considered.  The  foot-notes  and  references  jrivcn  by  Von 
Hoist  will  afford  a  clew  to  very  many  of  the  authorities  of  impor- 
tance.    These  should  be  studied  with  ti^reat  care. 

The  status  of  slavery  durin;;  the  colonial  period  may  be  studied 
in  Goodell's  "Slavery  and  Antislavery,"  in  \V.  Jay's  "Miscellane- 
ous Writinq;*  on  Slavery,"  in  Bancroft,  8vo  cd.,  vol.  vi.,  p.  413  et 
seq.  These  references  arc  of  value  for  the  purpose  of  showing 
the  attitude  of  Enj^jland  as  well  as  of  the  colonies  on  the  subject. 
In  the  first  part  of  Helper's  "Inipendinu^  Crisis"  arc  also  brought 
together  a  considerable  number  of  oi)inions  of  the  fathers  on  the 
subject.  For  an  account  of  the  first  movement  of  the  Quakers 
on  the  subject,  sec  Clarkson  on  "The  Slave-trade,''  p.  110.  The 
views  generally  held  at  the  time  of  the  Uevolution  may  be  seen 
in  the  prohibition  of  further  importation,  adopted  October  20, 
1774,  and  the  way  in  which  the  prohibition  was  looked  upon  by 
the  public.  The  papers  are  in  "  American  Archives,"  4th  series, 
vol.  i.,  p.  914.  For  the  way  in  which  the  prohibition  of  April  G, 
1776,  was  passed,  see  Elliot,  "  Debates,''  vol.  i.,  p.  54,  and  Adams's 
"  Works,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  39.  The  way  in  which  opposition  to  pro- 
hibition was  first  shown  is  indicated  by  the  striking-out  of  the 
Declaration  of  Independence  Jefferson's  complaint  against  George 
III.  that  he  had  forbidden  all  attempts  "  lo  prohibit  or  restrain 
this  execrable  commerce."  See  Jefferson's  "  Works,"  vol.  i.,  p. 
175  ;  Ellii>t's  "  Debates,"  vol.  v.,  p.  459  ;  Bancroft,  Svo  ed.,  vol.  iii., 
pp.  413-417  ;  and  (Joodell,  pp.  109-117. 

The  first  attempt  made  to  organize  the  territories  was  that 
which  resulted  in  the  plan  of  1784.  The  antislavery  clause  in- 
serted in  the  paper  drawn  u[)  by  Jefferson  was  voted  down  in  a 
manner  which  Von  Hoist  docs  not  make  clear.      IIuw  completely 


G62  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE, 

this  acute  author  failed  to  apprelien J  the  significance  of  the  ques- 
tion may  be  seen  by  comparing  his  account,  vol.  i.,  pp.  286-288, 
with  the  account  in  Randall's  "  Life  of  Jefferson,"  vol.  i.,  pp. 
397-399.  The  nature  of  the  vote  to  strike  out  the  antislavery 
clause  is  also  clearly  explained  by  Randall,  though  completely 
mystified  by  Von  Hoist.  The  oflicial  proceedings  may  be  studied 
in  "Journals  of  Congress,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  373.  Jefferson's  views  on 
the  subject  of  slavery  are  summed  up  by  Randall,  vol.  iii.,  pp. 
643-645. 

The  history  and  the  importance  of  the  antislavery  clause  in 
the  ordinance  of  1787  are  given  in  the  valuable  paper  by  W.  F. 
Poole  in  "The  North  American  Review"  for  April,  1876.  The 
same  subject  is  discussed  in  similar  spirit  in  a  paper  in  "  Pro- 
ceedings of  New  Jersey  Historical  Society,"  2d  series,  vol.  iii., 
p.  76.  By  comparing  these  with  the  account  of  Von  Hoist,  the 
conclusions  of  the  German  author  will  be  seen  to  be  somewhat 
erroneous. 

The  famous  three -fifths  compromise  can  best  be  studied  in 
Elliot's  "  Debates."  Its  history  may  be  traced  by  consulting  vol. 
v.,  pp.  79,  81,  181,  190,  301,  304,  305,  379,' 459,  460;  also  in  vol. 
iv.,  pp.  272,  273,  283,  284,  296.  The  importance  and  significance 
of  this  compromise  can  only  be  understood  after  a  study  of  the 
proceedings  of  the  convention.  The  student  who  has  not  access 
to  Elliot  may  find  an  interesting  sketch  in  Curtis's  "  History  of 
the  Constitution,"  vol.  ii. 

The  history  of  slavery  from  this  time  forward  is  easily  to  be 
traced,  though  it  is  to  be  found  only  in  a  multitude  of  authorities. 
To  these  the  notes  in  Von  Hoist  give  the  most  ample  clew.  The 
period  which  this  author  calls  "  The  Thirty  Years'  War,"  extend- 
ing from  1789  to  the  Missouri  Compromise  of  1820,  may  be 
easily  traced  in  chap.  viii.  of  vol.  i.,  though  the  student  is  cautioned 
against  the  author's  lack  of  judicial  fairness.  The  economic  con- 
tnist  between  tlie  free  and  the  slave  states  is  ably  presented  in 
chap.  ix. ;  and  the  events  which  led  to  the  adoption  of  the  Com- 
promise of  1820  may  be  traced  through  the  authorities  to  which 
he  refers.  The  first  part  of  Greeley's  "American  Conflict"  and 
vol.  i.  of  Draper's  "Civil  ^Viu•"  will  present  outlines  of  the  sub- 
ject from  different  points  of  view.  Tucker's  "History"  presents 
the  Southern  view  of  the  subject  in  moderate  language,  while  the 


HISTOUIi:s  OF  Tin:   LMTKD  states.  063 

last  paijos  of  IlilJrcth  t^ivo  tliu  <>|)[)c)site  hide.  For  the  sjiccchL's 
on  llii;  ('(iiii[iri>misL',  scl-  liciitoii's  "  iJebates,"  vol.  vi. 

XI 11.  'J'liK  Development  of  the  Slave  I'oweh  and  of  the 
Antislavkhy  Movement  from  the  Auoi'Tion  of  the  Missolki 

CoMI'KoMiSE   TO   THE   OUTUKEAK     OF   THE    ClVlL    WaH. TIlC    ijC'ht 

outline  of  events  is  that  in  tlie  first  volume  of  Greeley's  "Ameri- 
can Conflict."  The  .Southern  view  of  the  case  may  be  studied 
in  Tucker.  The  controversy  over  Nullification,  cxtenditi!^  from 
1829  to  1833,  has  an  important  thouj^h  an  indirect  bearinij  on 
the  ([uestion,  inasn)uch  as  the  control  of  the  territories  for  the 
admission  or  exclusion  of  slavery  was  at  issue.  The  speeches 
of  C'alhoun,  Webster,  and  llayne  may  be  read  with  profit, 
thouj^h  they  have  a  more  direct  bcarin<4  on  the  subject  of  seces- 
sion. 

Succecdin<^  events  may  be  traced  in  Wilson's  "  Rise  and  Fall 
of  the  Slave  Tower,''  vol.  i. ;  in  Greeley's  "American  Conflict," 
vol.  i. ;  and  in  Goodell's  "  Slavery  and  Antislavery." 

The  importance  of  the  Clay  Compromise  of  1850  can  only  be 
fully  understood  after  readini;  at  least  the  most  important  speeches 
on  the  subject.  That  of  Clay  is  i^ivcn  in  Clay's  "  Works,''  vol. 
iii.,  pp.  302-352  ;  that  of  Calhoun  in  Calhoun's  "  Works,"  vol. 
iv.,  {).  542  ;  and  that  of  Webster  in  \N'ebster's  "  Works,"  vol.  v., 
pp.  324-307.  On  the  way  in  which  Webster's  speech  was  re- 
ceived, see  Theodore  I'arker's  "  Addresses,"  vol,  iii.,  pp.  1-38,  and 
Curtis's  "Life  of  Webster,"  vol.  ii.,  pp.  387-415.  Calhoun's 
views  on  the  slavery  question  are  also  given  in  a  speech  in  his 
"Works,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  339-382,  and  vol.  iii.,  pp.  140-202.  The 
views  of  Clay  on  abolition  are  to  be  found  in  his  "  Works,"  vol. 
vi.,  ]>p.  139  and  419.  Webster's  position  on  the  slavery  ques- 
tion can  be  more  fullv  studied  bv  the  use  of  the  index  to  his 
"  Works." 

The  antislavery  aijjitation  gave  expression  to  a  very  copious 
literature,  but  oidy  the  most  conspicuous  and  influential  works 
need  now  to  be  studied.  Of  these  the  writings  of  Channing  arc 
amonir  the  most  important.  His  paper  on  "Slavery''  in  his 
"  Works,"  Vol.  ii..  pp.  7-180  ;  on  the  "Annexation  of  Texas,"  vol. 
ii,  pp.  I83-2UU;  on  "  Emancipation,"  vol.  v.,  pp.  7-100,  may  be 
studied  as  among  the  most  influential  expressions  of  the  anti- 
slavcrv   sentiment.      Theodore    I'arker's    "Addresses"    had    less 


664  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

permanent  influence,  though  more  immediate  power.  See  several 
speeches  before  the  Antislavery  Society,  in  "  Speeches,"  vols.  ii. 
and  iii.  That  on  the  Nebraska  Question,  pp.  297-3S0,  vol.  i.  of 
"  Additional  Speeches,"  is  especially  noteworthy.  Of  the  writings 
of  the  period,  those  of  William  Lloyd  Garrison,  and  of  popular 
addresses  those  of  Wendell  Pliillips,  are  most  noteworthy. 

In  Congress,  the  most  important  antislavery  speeches  were 
those  of  Charles  Sumner.  The  one  entitled  "No  Repeal  of  the 
Missouri  Compromise  "  is  given  in  his  "  Works,"  vol.  iii.,  p.  280 ; 
"The  Crime  against  Kansas,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  127;  "The  Barbarism 
of  Slavery,"  vol.  v.,  p.  1  ;  "  Universal  Emancipation,"  vol.  viii.,  p. 
347;  "Equal  Rights  of  All,"  vol.  x,,  p.  114;  "Arc  We  a  Na- 
tion?" vol.  xii.,  p.  187.  Several  of  these  speeches  formed  almost 
epochs  in  the  history  of  the  antislavery  movement,  and  not  only 
the  speeches  themselves,  but  the  notes  and  extracts  by  which  they 
arc  followed,  may  well  be  consulted,  if  not  read  in  extenso.  They 
give  a  good  idea  of  the  magnitude  of  the  contest. 

The  Southern  view  can  only  be  correctly  learned  through  the 
study  of  the  "  Congressional  Globe  "  for  the  years  extending  from 
1850,  where  Benton's  useful  "Abridgment"  leaves  us,  to  the  out- 
break of  the  war.  Something,  however,  may  be  learned  from  the 
works  of  Stephens,  Pollard,  Tucker,  and  Davis.  As  important 
elements  of  the  antislavery  agitation  should  be  mentioned  Hel- 
per's "Impending  Crisis"  and  Mrs.  Stowe's  "Uncle  Tom's  Cab- 
in." The  periodical  literature  of  the  time  may  be  profitably  con- 
sulted, though  its  mass  is  too  voluminous  to  justify  references 
to  it,  unless,  perhaps,  to  the  Democratic  Review  and  the  Whig 
Review. 

XIV.  Nullification  and  Secession  from  the  Election  of 
I'liEsiDENT  Jackson  to  the  Outbreak  of  the  Civil  War. — 
The  best  bird's-eye  view  of  the  whole  subject  is  to  be  obtained 
from  the  first  volume  of  Greeley's  "American  Conflict"  and  from 
Tucker's  "History."  Wilson's  "Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave 
Power"  is  written  from  so  ardent  antislavery  convictions  that  it 
is  utterly  wanting  in  the  judicial  impartiality  necessary  for  an  his- 
torical authority.  Fowler's  "Sectional  Controversy,"  Goodcll's 
"Slavery  and  Antislavery,"  and  T.  S.  Goodwin's  "  Natural  His- 
tory of  Secession"  12mo,  New  York,  1864,  may  be  used  with 
greater  profit. 


HISIOIMKS   OF  THE   rNITKI)   STATKS.  605 

The  iiKiiiiKT  ill  wliicli  the  (jiR-stiim  <if  secessiuii  came  fiMwanl 
in  Jaeksoii's  administratiDii  is  described  with  eharaeteristie  spirit 
by  Parton  in  his  "  Life  of  Jackson,"  vol.  iii.,  chaps,  xxxii.-xxxiv. 
The  action  of  South  ('arolina  and  the  proclamation  of  Jackson 
are  tjiven  in  Elliot's  "Debates,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  580-5J»'2.  ('oin-crn- 
iiii;  the  writini;  of  Jacksoji's  [)roclaniation,  see  Hunt's  "  Life  of 
Livinijston,"  pp.  ;ni-3Hl.  The  "Address  of  the  Xiillitier^,"'  in 
answer  to  the  I'rcsidcnt's  proclamation,  is  jjiven  in  Niles's  "Keiris- 
ter,"  vol.  xliii.,  pp.  231-234.  Note  also  the  claim  .»f  llarnwdl 
Smith  in  the  san)e  vol.,  p.  288. 

Tlie  course  of  the  del>ate  on  secession  is  pointed  out  in  Vtm 
Hoist,  vol.  i.,  j>p.  459-505.  It  may  be  traced  chronoloijically  in 
Benton's  "  Debates,"  vols.  xi.  and  xii. ;  in  Niics's  "  Register,"  vols, 
xliv.-xlvi.  The  speeches,  in  abritlt^ed  form,  are  jjiven  in  Elliot's 
"  Debates,"  vol.  iv.,  pp.  494-522.  The  threat  sources  of  infor- 
mation, however,  on  this  period  are  the  sj)eeches  of  Calhoun 
and  Webster,  as  found  in  the  works  of  those  authors.  These 
may  well  be  studied  with  great  care.  Calhoun's  views  of  the  re- 
lations of  the  states  to  the  general  government  are  given  in  the 
first  vulumc  of  his  "  Works."  His  speeches  of  greatest  impor- 
tance are  that  on  "The  Force  Bill,''  vol.  ii.,  p.  197  ;  that  in  sup- 
port of  "  States  Rights,"  vol.  ii.,  p.  202  ;  that  on  the  .same  subject 
in  vol.  iii.,  p.  140;  and  that  on  the  "Inevitable  Tendency  of  the 
Slavery  C^uestion  to  Disunion,"  vol.  iv.,  p.  542.  The  most  inipor- 
taiit  of  these  are  the  two  last  mentioned.  That  in  vol.  iv.  was 
delivered  on  the  4th  of  March,  1850,  only  three  days  before  the 
more  famous  7th  of  March  speech  by  Webster. 

The  positions  taken  by  Webster  may  be  well  studied  by  reading 
his  speeches  on  the  relations  (»f  the  states  to  the  general  govern- 
ment in  the  following  order:  The  three  speeches  on  Foote's  Res- 
olution, the  second  of  which  is  commonly  known  as  the  Reply  to 
Hayne,  arc  in  Wpbster's  "  Works,"  vol.  iii.,  pp.  248-355.  The 
circumstances  of  the  delivery  of  these  speeches  arc  well  explained 
in  the  "  IViographical  Memoir"  in  vol.  i.,  chap.  vi.  The  effect  may 
also  be  inferred  frou)  the  bancpiet  in  New  York  and  the  speech 
given  on  p.  191  of  vol.  i.  The  speech  in  vol.  iii.,  p.  448,  on  "  The 
Constitution  not  a  Compact  between  Sovereign  States"  is  of  great 
importance.  The  famous  .speech  on  "  The  Constitution  and  tlie 
Union,"  of  the   7tli  of  March,  1850,  is  in   vol.  v.,  pp.  324-307. 


666  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

The  speeches  on  the  Siib-trcasary,  given  in  vol.  iv.,  are  scarcely  less 
important,  as  they  were  delivered  in  reply  to  Calhoun,  and  apper- 
tain directly  to  the  powers  of  the  general  government.  The  man- 
ner in  which  Webster's  services  were  esteemed  may  be  inferred 
from  his  reception  at  Pittsburg,  vol.  i.,  p.  291,  and  at  Boston,  vol. 
i.,  p.  413,  and  the  speeches  delivered  on  those  occasions.  The 
speech  of  Everett  in  introducing  Webster  at  Faneuil  Hall  is  es- 
pecially noteworthy. 

The  Compromise  measures  of  1850  should  be  studied  in  the 
debates  of  Congress  while  the  measures  were  pending.  These 
may  be  found  either  in  the  "  Congressional  Globe,"  or  quite  as 
satisfactorily  in  Benton's  "Abridgment  of  the  Debates."  Ben- 
ton's "  Thirty  Years  in  the  Senate  "  is  important  for  the  light  it 
throws  on  the  spirit  and  method  of  the  times.  The  famous 
speech  of  Clay  on  the  Compromise  is  to  be  found  in  Chiy's 
"  Works,"  vol.  iii.,  pp.  302-351.  llis  views  of  Nullification  are 
expressed  in  vol.  v.,  pp.  392-416. 

The  events  on  the  eve  of  the  war  are  best  to  be  studied  in  Wil- 
son's "  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Slave  Power,"  Greeley's  "  American 
Conflict,"  and  in  the  first  hundred  pages  of  Pollard's  "  Lost 
Cause.''  The  first  few  chapters  of  Pollard's  "  Secret  History  of 
the  Confederacy "  throw  light  into  several  dark  places  of  the 
secession  movement.  The  debates  of  Congress  as  given  in  the 
volumes  of  the  "Globe"  for  the  autumn  of  1860  are  also  of 
primary  importance.  The  speech  of  Stephens  of  November  14, 
1860,  and  the  comments  on  it  in  the  first  pages  of  his  "  War  be- 
tween the  States,"  are  worthy  of  note. 

The  Dred  Scott  Decision  will  be  found  in  19  Howard,  p.  393. 
For  interesting  facts  in  relation  to  that  famous  decision,  see 
Tyler's  "  Life  of  Taney,"  pp.  358  and  382-385.  The  decision 
itself  is  of  great  interest,  not  only  on  account  of  the  conclusions 
of  the  court,  but  also  on  account  of  the  very  plaborate  review  it 
contains  of  the  way  in  which  negroes  had  long  been  regarded 
when  the  Constitution  was  framed. 

5.  Of  more  recent  works  on  American  history  the  following 
arc  worthy  of  note  :  The  Marquis  de  Nadaiilac's  "  Prehistoric 
America"  (Svo,  New  York,  1884)  embodies  the  results  of  the 
latest  researches.  This,  with  D.  Charnay's  "  The  Ancient  Cities  of 
the  New  World  "  (translated  from  the  French,  4to,  London   and 


HISTORIES  OF  TllK    UNITED   STATES.  G67 

New  Yolk,  1887),  quite  siiperscilL's  C.  C.  liafii's  "  Aiiti<|uitates 
AmeiicaniL-  "  {4to,  Copetiliau;cn,  1837),  wliicli  was  lon^  coiisidiTcJ 
an  authority.  R.  IJ.  Anderson's"  Aujoricu  not  Discovered  by  Co- 
lumbus" (iL'ino,  Ciiica<,'o,  3d  ed.,  1883)  contains  an  important  bib- 
lioLcrapliy  of  pro-Columbian  discoverers.  Of  Kiicdrich  Kalzcl's  "Die 
Vcreinijftc-n  Staaten  von  Nord  Amerilia"(2  vols.,  8vo,  .MUnclicn, 
1878-80)  the  first  volume  is  devoted  to  a  description  of  the  phys- 
ical features  of  the  country,  the  second  to  a  description  of  the  civ- 
ilization and  culture  prevailinij;  in  the  different  parts  of  the  land. 
J(jhn  J.  Lalor's  "  Cyclop;edia  of  l*olitioal  .Science,  I'olilical  Kcono- 
iny,  and  of  the  Political  History  of  the  United  States"  (3  vols., 
royal  8vo, Chicago,  1881-84)  was  written  by  eminent  American  and 
European  scholars,  and  as  a  work  of  reference  is  invaluable  to  the 
student  of  American  history.  Of  kindred  importance  is  Harper's 
"  Popular  Cyclopiedia  of  United  States  History  from  the  Abor- 
iginal Period  to  1S7G,"  by  Benson  J.  Lossing  (2  vols.,  royal  8vo, 
containing  1000  illustrations,  New  York,  2d  ed.,  1887). 

Several  important  series  have  recently  been  published.  Justin 
Winsor's  "Narrative  and  Critical  History  of  North  America" 
(8  vols.,  royal  8vo,  Boston,  1881-88)  is  of  the  utmost  importance. 
It  is  written  by  specialists  selected  for  the  purpose,  and  each  di- 
vision of  the  work  consists  of  a  "  Narrative,"  of  a  "Critical  Essay," 
and  of  "  Editorial  Notes."  It  is  fully  illustrated  with  cuts  and 
maps  of  extreme  value.  Vol.  i.  (which,  in  1888,  has  not  ap- 
peared) is  devoted  to  "America  before  Columbus;"  vol.  ii.,  to 
"Spanish  Explorations  and  Conquests  in  America;"  vol.  iii.,  to 
"English  Explorations  and  Settlements;"  vol.  iv.,  to  "French  E.\- 
plorations  and  Settlements;"  vol.  v.,  to  "The  French  and  English 
in  North  America;"  vol.  vi.,  to  "The  American  Revolution  ;"  vol. 
vii.,  to  "The  United  States,  from  1783  to  1830;"  vol.  viii.,  to 
"  Canada,  and  the  American  Outgrowths  of  Continental  Europe." 

H.  H.  Bancroft's  "  History  of  the  Pacific  States"  is  to  be  com- 
pleted in  39  vols.  ( Svo,  San  Francisco,  1875-),  of  which  the 
26th  was  issued  in  1888.  The  work,  when  complete,  is  to  con- 
sist of,  vols,  i.-v.,  "  The  Native  Races  of  the  Pacific  States;"  vi.— 
viii.,  "History  of  Central  America;"  ix.-xiv.,  "History  of  Mex- 
ico;" XV.,  xvi.,  "History  of  the  North  American  States;"  xvii., 
"  History  of  New  Mexico  and  Arizona  ;"  xviii.-xxiv.,  "  History  of 
California;"  xxv.,  "  History  of  Nevada;"  xxvi.,  "  History  of  Utah;" 


668  HISTOKICAL  LITERATURE. 

xxvii.,xxviii.,  "History  of  the  Northwest  Coast;"  xxix.,  xxx.,  "His- 
tory of  Oregon  ;"  xxxi.,  "  History  of  Wasliington,  Idaho,  and 
Montana;"  xxxii.,  "  History  of  British  Columbia;"  xxxiii.,  "His- 
tory of  Alaska;"  xxxiv.,  "  California  Pastoral;"  xxxv.,  "Califor- 
nia inter  Pociila  ;"  xxxvi.,  xxxvii.,  "Popular  Tribunals;"  xxxviii., 
"Essays  and  Miscellany  ;"  xxxix.,  "Literary  Industries." 

The  series  of  volumes  (16mo,  Boston)  edited  by  H.  E.  Scudder, 
and  known  as  "  The  American  Commonwealths,"  aims  to  give  the 
history  of  such  States  of  the  Union  as  have  exerted  a  positive  in- 
fluence in  the  shaping  of  the  national  government,  or  have  a 
striking  political,  social,  or  economical  history.  The  following 
have  appeared :  "  Virginia,"  by  John  Esten  Cooke ;  "  Oregon," 
by  William  Barrows;  "Maryland,"  by  William  Hand  Browne; 
"  Kentucky,"  by  Nathaniel  Southgate  Shaler  ;  "  Michigan,"  by  T. 
M.  Cooley;  "Kansas,"  by  L.  M.  Spring;  "California,"  by  Josiah 
Royce;  "New  York"  (2  vols.),  by  Ellis  II.  Roberts;  "Connecti- 
cut," by  Alexander  Johnston  ;  *'  Tennessee,"  by  James  Phelan  ; 
"Ohio,"  by  Rufus  King;  and  "  Missouri,"  by  Lucien  Carr.  Also 
announced  as  in  preparation  :  "Pennsylvania,"  by  W.  McVeagh ; 
and  "  New  Jersey,"  by  Austin  Scott. 

The  "  American  Statesmen  Series,"  edited  by  John  T.  Morse,  Jr., 
consists  of  biographies  of  men  who  have  been  conspicuous  in  the 
political  history  of  the  United  States.  The  following  have  ap- 
peared:  "John  Quincy  Adams,"  by  John  T,  Morse,  Jr. ;  "Alex- 
ander Hamilton,"  by  H.  C.  Lodge;' "John  C.Calhoun,"  by  II.  v. 
Hoist ;  "  Andrew  Jackson,"  by  W.  G.  Sumner ;  "  John  Randolph," 
by  Henrv  Adams;  "James  Monroe,"  by  D.  C.  Oilman  ;  "Thomas 
Jefferson,"  by  John  T.  Morse,  Jr. ;  "  Daniel  Webster,"  by  H.  C. 
Lodge;  "Albert  Gallatin,"  by  J.  A.Stevens;  "James  Madison," 
by  Sydney  II.  Gay  ;  "  John  Adams,"  by  John  T.  Morse,  Jr. ;  "  John 
Marshall,"  by  A.  B.  Magruder;  "Samuel  Adams,"  by  J.  K.  IIos- 
mer;  "Thomas  H.  Benton,"  by  Theodore  Roosevelt;  "Henry 
Clay"  (2  vols.),  by  Carl  Schurz;  "  I'atriek  Henry,"  by  Moses 
Coit  Tyler;  "Gouvcrneur  Morris,"  by  Theodore  Roosevelt.  Also 
announced  as  in  preparation:  "George  Washington"  (2  vols.), 
by  H.  C.  Lodge;  and  "Martin  Van  Burcn,"  by  E.  M.  Shepard. 
Those  on  Patrick  Henry  and  Henry  Clay  may  be  signalized  as 
exceptionally  important:  the  former,  because  it  brings  out  into 
clear  light  a  man  about  whom  very  little  was  really  known;  the 


I 


HISTORIES  OF  Till:   UNITED  STATES.  009 

latter,  because  it  is  a  masterly  portrayal  of  tlic  political  life  of  the 
great  leader  of  tiic  Wliig  party. 

Of  recent  gciR-ral  histories  the  following;  arc  worthy  of  note : 
Alexander  Johnston's  "  A  History  of  the  United  States,  for 
Schools"  (l2nio.  New  York,  1H85),  a  book  of  much  merit,  ^iv- 
inj;  more  than  usual  attention  to  the  period  subsequent  to  the 
Revolutionary  War.  J.  II.  I'atton's  "  A  Concise  History  of  the 
American  People,  from  the  Discovery  of  the  Continent  down  to 
the  Present  Time''  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Now  York,  1884);  P.  (iron's 
"History  of  the  United  States,  from  the  Fonndin<;  of  \'iiixiiiia 
to  the  Reconstruction  of  the  Union"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  London, 
188(3);  T.  ^V.  Hi«,'L;insoii's  "A  Larger  History  of  the  United 
States,  to  the  Close  of  President  Jackson's  Administration " 
(Svo,  New  York,  1885)  ;  J.  A.  Doyle's  "The  English  in  Amer- 
ica" {'i  vols.,  8vo,  London,  1882-87) — the  first  volume  relating 
to  the  colonies  of  the  South;  the  second  and  third  to  those  of 
New  England.  The  first  embodies  valuable  results  of  studies 
in  the  Record  Office  in  London ;  the  others  contain  less  that  is 
new.  James  Schoulcr's  ''  History  of  the  United  Stiitcs  under  the 
Constitution"  (4  vols.,  8vo,  Washington,  1880-89)  is,  on  the 
whole,  the  most  able  and  satisfactory  history  of  the  period.  J. 
B.  McMaster's  "A  History  of  the  People  of  the  United  States" 
(vols,  i.,  ii.,  Svo,  New  York,  1883-85)  is  a  very  brilliantly  written 
history,  given  largely  to  a  portrayal  of  the  social  side  of  life.  It 
is  to  be  completed  in  about  live  volumes. 

Alexander  Johnston's  "History  of  American  Politics"  (IGmo, 
revised  and  enlarged,  New  York,  1SS2)  is  a  little  book  of  unusual 
merit.  Luther  Henry  Porter's  "Outlines  of  the  Constitutional 
History  of  the-  United  States"  (l2mo.  New  York,  188.3).  Will- 
iam Stevens  Perry's  "The  History  of  the  American  Episcopal 
Church,  1 587-1 883"  (2  vols.,  4to,  New  York,  1885)  is  a  work 
of  unusual  excellence.  W.  II.  Trescott's  "The  Diplomacy  of  the 
Revolution"  (12mo,  New  York,  1852) ;  also  "  The  I)i|)lomatic  His- 
tory of  the  Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams"  (8vo, 
Boston,  1857).  Henri  Doniol's  "  Histoire  de  la  Participatitju  de 
la  France  a  TEtablissement  des  Etats-Unis  d'Amorique"  (3  vols., 
4to,  Paris,  1880-89)  contains  invaluable  diplomatic  correspond- 
ence and  documents.  R  llarbe-Marbois'  "History  of  Louisiana, 
particularly  of  the  Cession  of  that  Colony  to  the  United  States  of 


670  HISTORICAL   LITERATURE. 

America,  translated  from  the  Frencli  by  an  American  Citizen" 
[William  Beach  Lawrence]  (8vo,  Philadelphia,  1830)  is,  next  to 
State  papers,  the  chief  authority  on  the  subject. 

On  more  limited  subjects  the  following  are  of  importance:  S. 
A.  Drake's  "  A  Book  of  New  England  Legends  and  Folk  Lore  in 
Prose  and  Poetry"  (12mo,  Boston,  1888) — the  legends  of  places 
being  very  fully  illns!;rated.  George  E.  Ellis's  "The  Puritan  Age 
and  Rule  in  the  Colony  of  the  Massachusetts  Bay  "  (8vo,  Boston, 
1888)  is  a  work  of  the  first  importance.  Brooks  Adams's  "The 
Emancipation  of  Massachusetts"  (12mo,  Boston,  1887)  is  able, 
but  bitterly  hostile  to  the  Puritans.  C.  W.  Baird's  "  History  of 
the  Huguenot  Emigration  to  America"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York, 
1885).  P.O.  Hutchinson's  "The  Diary  and  Letters  of  his  Ex- 
cellency, Thomas  Hutchinson"  (vol.  i.,  8vo,  Boston,  1884)  throws 
very  important  light  on  the  period  just  before  the  Revolution.  Ed. 
D.  O'Neill's  "  Virginia  Vetusta  during  the  Reign  of  James  L,  con- 
taining Letters  and  Documents  never  before  Printed"  (12mo, 
Albany,  1 885).  Woodrow  Wilson's  "  Congressional  Government : 
a  Study  of  American  Politics"  (12mo,  New  York,  1885)  is  a 
brilliant  and  very  valuable  book.  Andrew  Carnegie's  "  Trium- 
phant Democracy  ;  or.  Fifty  Years'  March  of  the  Republic  "  (8vo, 
New  York,  1886)  is  an  exuberant  historical  eulogy.  Francis  Park- 
man's  "  Montcalm  and  Wolfe"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  Boston  and  London, 
1884)  is  very  brilliant,  scholarly,  and  valuable. 

The  following  works,  for  the  most  part  recent,  are  also  worihy 
of  a  student's  examination  :  Fr.  Kapp's  "  Geschichte  des  Sol- 
daten-Handcl  nach  Amerika"  (8vo,  2te  Aufl.,  Berlin,  1874); 
also  "Die  Dcutschen  im  Staatc  New  York  wahrend  d.  18. 
Jahrh. ;"  also  "Friedrich  der  Grosse  und  die  yercinigten  Staa- 
ten  von  Amerika"  (8vo,  Leipzig,  lS7l)  ;  C.  C.  Coffin's  "Build- 
ing the  Nation"  (8vo,  New  York,  1885);  A.  Gilman's  "History 
of  the  American  People"  (12mo,  Boston,  1884)  ;  E.  J.  Lowell's 
"Hessians  and  other  German  Auxiliaries  of  Great  Britain  in  the 
Revolution  "  (l2mo,  New  Y(»rk,  1886) ;  E.  M.Stone's  "Our  French 
Allies"  (8vo,  Providence,  1886);  Jared  Sparks's  "The  Life  of 
Gouverneur  Morris,  with  Selections  from  his  Correspondence  and 
Miscellaneous  Papers"  (3  vols.,  8vo,  Boston,  1832);  C.  Colton's 
"  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay  "  (2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York,  1846) ; 
also  the  same  author's  "The  Last  Seven  Years  of  the  Life   of 


IIISTOUIKS   OF   TIIK  UNITKl)   S  lAlKS.  071 

llcnrv  Clay"  (8vo,  New  Vurk,  ls,'i(;) ;  James  A.  Hamilton's  "  liein- 
inisccnccs  of  Men  and  Events  at  Home  and  Abruad"  (Svo,  New 
York,  18G9);  Martin  ^'an  limen's  "Irnjiiiry  into  the  Ori;,nn  and 
Cause  of  I'olitieal  I'arties  in  tlie  United  States"  (ftvo,  New  York, 
1867);  Geori;e  Ticknor  Cnrtis's  "Life  of  James  llnehnnan"  (2 
vols., 8vo, New  York,  1883);  Ben:  Perlcy  Poore's  "  Itcniiniseences 
of  Sixty  Years  in  the  National  Metropolis"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  New 
York,  1880-87);  T.  M.  Anderson's  "  Political  Conspiracies  Prc- 
ccdinjT  the  Ilebellion  ;"  11.  P.  Johnston's  "  Yale  and  her  Ilonor- 
Koll  in  the  American  Revolution,  includinj;  Original  Letters,"  etc. 
(8vo,  privately  printed.  New  York,  1888);  H.  Flanders'  "Lives 
and  Times  of  the  Chief-Justices  of  the  United  States"  (2  vols., 
8vo,  New  York,  1881);  Theodore  lioosevelt's  "Naval  Warfare  of 
1812"  (8vo,  New  York,  1882);  Jefferson  Davis's  "The  Ptise  and 
Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government"  (2  vols.,  8vo,  New  York, 
1881);  J.  G.  Blaine's  "Twenty  Years  in  Compress"  (2  vols.,  8vo, 
1883-85);  S.  S.  Cox's  "Throe  Decades  of  Federal  Letxislation  " 
{8vo,  New  York,  1888) ;  Alfred  Dehorle's  "  llistoire  dc  I'Anieriquc 
du  Slid  depnis  la  Conqnetc  jnsqu'a  nos  Jours"  (12mo,  Paris, 
187G);  li.  A.  Hinsdale's  "The  Old  Northwest"  (12mo,  New 
York,  1888). 

The  series  of  volumes  known  as  "The  Camf)aitjns  of  the  Civil 
^Var"  were  written  by  a  number  of  loadint;  actors  with  a  view  to 
briuginnj  toii^cther  a  full  and  authoritative  military  history  of  the 
suppression  of  the  llebellii^n.  The  volumes  (12mo,  New  York, 
1881-84)  are  as  follows:  J.  G.  Nicolay's  "The  Outbreak  of  the 
Rebellion;"  M.  F.  Force's  "  From  Fort  Henry  to  Corinth  ;"  A.  S. 
AVebb's  "The  Peninsula;''  John  C.  Ropes's  "The  Army  under 
Pope;"  F.  W.  Palfrey's  "The  Antictam  and  Frcdericksburi;  Cam- 
paijjns;"  Abner  Doubleday's  "  Chancellorsville  and  Gettysburj;;" 
H.  M.  Cist's  "The  Armv  of  the  Cumberland;"  F.  V.  Greene's 
"The  Mississippi;"  J.  1).  Cox's  "Atlanta;"  J.  D.  Cox's  "The 
March  to  the  Sea:  Franklin  and  Nashville;"  G.  E.  Pond's  "The 
Shenandoah  Valley  in  1864  :  the  Campaiqjn  of  Sheri(hm  ;"  A.  A. 
Humphroy's  "The  Vircjinia  Campaign  in  1804-05;"  F.  Phistcr- 
er's  "Statistical  Record  of  the  Armies  of  the  United  States,"  con- 
taining the  figures  of  the  quotas  of  men  in  the  various  armies  and 
from  the  several  states. 

The  volumes  on  "The  Navy  in  the  Civil  War''  were  also  pub- 


672  HISTORICAL  LITERATURE. 

lislied  with  the  following  titles  :  J.  R.  Soley's  "  The  Blockade  and 
the  Cruisers;"  Daniel  Amnien's  "The  Atlantic  Coast;"  A.  T. 
Mahan's  "  The  Gulf  and  Inland  Waters  ;"  John  Bigelow's  "  France 
and  the  Confederate  Navy,  1862-68,"  is  the  most  important  pres- 
entation of  an  interesting  phase  of  the  war. 

Of  the  elaborate  histories  of  the  Civil  War  that  of  the  Corate 
de  Paris  (4  vols.,  8vo,  Philadelphia,  1876-88)  brings  the  contest 
to  1864,  and  is  the  most  valuable  yet  published.  It  is  probable  that 
one  more  volume  will  complete  the  work.  Of  the  "Memoirs" 
those  of  W.  T.  Sherman  (2  vols.,  Svo,  New  York,  1875)  and  those 
of  U.  S.  Grant  (New  York,  1885)  are  the  most  valuable.  Scarcely 
less  important  is  Hugh  McCulloch's  "  Men  and  Measures  of  Half 
a  Century"  (Svo,  New  York,  1888),  dealing  as  it  does  with  his- 
tory as  well  as  finance.  Walter  Allen's  "Governor  Chamberhiin's 
Administration  in  South  Carolina  :  a  Chapter  of  Reconstruction  in 
the  Southern  States"  (8vo,  New  York,  1888)  is  an  important  contri- 
bution to  the  history  of  theperiod  followingthe  war.  F.  W.Taussig's 
"  The  Tariff  History  of  the  United  States  "  (8vo,  New  York,  1886) 
presents  a  brief  but  scholarly  view  of  an  important  subject.  "  The 
History  of  Co-operation  in  the  United  States,"  consisting  of  vol. 
vi.  of  "  Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Scieoce,"  edited  by  H. 
B.  Adams,  of  Johns  Hopkins  University,  is  of  much  importance. 

All  the  papers  in  this  series  of  studies  are  worthy  of  the  student's 
note.  Of  more,  general  interest  are  the  papers  published  by  the 
"American  Historical  Association,"  of  which  the  second  vol.  was 
completed  in  1888.  Exceptionally  valuable  are  Prof.  Knight's 
"History  of  Land  Grants  for  Education  in  the  Northwest,"  and  JMiss 
Salmon's  "History  of  the  Appointing  Power  of  the  President.'' 

The  following  are  works  of  importance  :  E.  I).  Warficld's  "  Ken- 
tucky Resolutions  of  1798"  (12mo,New  York,  1887);  G.F.Tucker's 
"Concise  History  of  the  Monroe  Doctrine"  (Svo,  Boston,  1885) ; 
M.  D.  Conway's  "Life  and  Papers  of  Edmund  Randolph"  (8vo, 
New  York,  1888)  ;  A.  W.  Ciasson's  "  Seven  Conventions''  (12mo, 
New  York,  1888)  ;  J.  K.  llosmer's  "  Young  Sir  Harry  Yane  "  (Svo, 
Boston,  1888);  W.  Whitlock's  "Life  and  Times  of  John  Jay  "(Svo, 
New  York,  1887)  ;  E.  E.  Hale's  "  Franklin  in  France  "  (2  vols.,  Svo, 
Boston,  1 887-88) ;  Francis  Wharton's  "  Digest  of  the  International 
Law  of  the  United  States"  (8  vols.,  Svo,  Washington,  1886). 

Of  transcendent  im[)ortance  is  James  Bryce's  "American  Com- 
monwealth" (London,  ;J  vols..  New  York,  2  vols.,  Svo.  1888). 


I  N  D  E  X. 


Abbott,  E.,  History  of  IKlIn?,  121. 

Abbott,  .1.  S.  C,  History  of  Xnpolcoii  ISonnpartc,  3CG. 

About,  Kilinond,  The  lluninii  (^iiostion,  '2o2. 

Aclmi.-ni  Lcaj;uo,  Frpcman's  History  of,  108. 

Acta  .Sanctorum  of  the  llollaiulists,  VJS. 

Acton,  IjiTd,  Die  ncue  deutschc  (icscliiclitswisscnschaft,  319. 

Adams,  IJ.,  'riie  Kmancii)ati4)n  of  Massaclinsftts,  (JTO. 

Adams,  C.  K.,  Democracy  and  Monarchy  in  France,  373. 

Adams,  H.  H.,  The  .Study  of  History  in  American  Colleges  and  Universities,  71 ; 
Studies  in  Historical  and  Political  Science,  G72. 

Adams,  Henry,  Anj^lo-.Saxon  Courts  of  Law,  .')()(;;    Docimienfs  relating  to  New 
England  Federalism,  C.d-.'  C.llt;  Life  of  Albert  Gallatin,  Gil. 

Adams,  .lohn,  Tlic  Life  and  Works  of,  025,  C15. 

Adams,  .b)hn  (^uincy,  .Memoirs  of,  CJ.');  IJeply  to  Appeal,  019. 

Adams,  Samuel,  Wdls's  Life  of,  024,  010. 

Adams,  \V..  Inriuiry  into  the  Theories  of  History,  71. 

Administration  in  France,  Darcste's  History  of,  381 ;  Haas's  History  and  Jlech- 
anism  of,  3'Xi. 

Adolphus,  .lohn.  History  of  England  under  George  HL,  500. 

Agricultural  Classes  in  France,  Uareste's  History  of,  383. 

Agricultural  Commimity  in  the  Middle  Ages,  185. 

Agriculture  in  Englaiul,  liogers's  History  of,  521. 

Alabama,  Picket's  History  of,  500. 

Albany  t'oiivention,  .lonrnal  of  the,  01.S. 

Alexander  I.  of  Kussia,  Metternich  on,  270. 

Alexander  IL.  Condition  of  IJussia  under,  420. 

Alexander  the  (ireal,  !)royseu's  History  <if,  ]()0. 

Alexandrian  <;reeks,  King^ley's  description  of,  119, 

Alien  and  Sedition  Acts,  Consideration  of,  049. 

Alienation  of  America  from  England,  033,  041-043. 

Alison,  .\rchibald.  History  of  I'.urope,  220,  233,  313  ;  History  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution, 3.jt>;  Account  of  Polaml,  427. 

Allen,  W.,  (iovernor  ('haml)erlaiu's  Administration  in  .South  Carolina,  072. 

Alzog,  .b)hn,  Manual  of  Cuiversal  Church  History,  109. 

American  Almanac,  .SpolToril's,  233. 

American  Historical  .\ssociation,  publications  of,  072. 

American  ^lagazines  and  IJeviews,  038. 

American  .Siate-(>apers,  GiM. 

Amicis,  Edmondo  de.  Holland  and  its  People,  447. 

Ammen,  I).,  The  Atlantic  Ciiast,  072. 

Ammiamis  Marcellinus,  Komaii  llislorv  of,  145. 

'43 


674  INDEX. 

Amos,  Sheldon,  Great  Oyer  of  Poisoning,  10;  Fifty  Years  of  the  English  Consti- 
tution, 52 1. 
Ampere,  J.  J.,  Ilistoire  Romaine  a  Rome,  122,  157  ;   Histoire  Litteraire  de  la 

France,  avant  Charlemagne,  376 ;  sous  Charlemagne  et  durant  les  X.  et  XI. 

Siecles,  377. 
Amy  Robsart,  Uncertainties  concerning,  9. 
Ancient  History,  Authorities  on,  75-93  ;  Outlines  of,  35. 
Ancient  Institutions,  McLennan  on,  8G;  Maine's  studies  in,  87;  Morgan's  studies 

in,  88;  Ty lot's  studies  in,  86 ;  Wallon's  studies  in,  89 ;  Coulanges's  studies  in, 

91. 
Anderson,  R.  B.,  Norse  Mythology,  452 ;  The  Younger  Edda,  463 ;  America  not 

Discovered  by  Columbus,  667. 
Anderson,  T.  M.,  Political  Conspiracies  preceding  the  Rebellion,  671. 
Andrews,  Institutes  of  General  History,  72. 
Anecdotical  History  of  Parliament,  519. 
Anglo-Saxons,  Histories  of  the,  475-478,  50G-507,  534-536. 
Annals  of  Congress,  636. 
Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit,  638. 
Anne,  Histories  of  the  Reign  of  Queen,  497-499. 
Annual  Register,  225,  233. 

Anson,  Sir  W.  R.,  Law  and  Custom  of  the  Constitution,  563. 
Anticjuity,  Histories  of,  75-93;  of  Man,  90;  Travelling  in.  111;   Police  in,  111; 

Physicians  in,  HI;  Social  Position  of  Women  in.  111;  of  Greece,  115;  of 

Rome,  149,  152. 
Antislavery,  Goodell's  History  of,  605. 
Appletons'  Annual  Cyclopajdia,  233. 

Arabs,  Condition  of  the,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  195;  in  Spain,  431. 
Archa;ology  of  Rome,  by  J.  H.  Parker,  157. 
Architecture,  Fergusson's  History  of,  44. 
Argyle,  Payne's  Essay  on  the  Duke  of,  492. 

Argyll,  The  Duke  of.  Primeval  Man,  91 ;  I'^astern  Question,  443,  522. 
Arnetli,  Alf.  von,  (ieschichte  Maria  Tlieresia's,  286. 

Arnold,  J.  j\l..  Islam,  its  History,  Character,  and  Relation  to  Christianity,  199. 
Arnold,  INIatthew,  Higher  Schools  and  Universities  in  Germany,  316. 
Arnold,  Samuel  G.,  History  of  Rhode  Island,  588. 
Arnold,  Thomas,  History  of  Home,  135, 156;  History  of  the  Later  Commonwealth, 

139,  157;  Lectures  on  jModern  History,  203,  232. 
Arnold,  Willielm,  Ansiedelinigen   und   Wanderinigen   deutscher  Stiimme,  296; 

Deutsche  Urzeit,  296,  313,  320;   Zur   (ieschichte  des    Kigcnthums    in   den 

deutschen    Stiidtcn,  318;  Verfassungsgeschichle  der  deulschcu   Freistiidte, 

318;  Friinkische  Zeit,  320. 
Arnold,  W.  T.,  Roman  System  of  Provincial  Administration,  148. 
Arrivabene,  Count  C,  Italy  under  Victor  Emmanuel,  253. 
Art,  Lilbke's  Outlines  of  tlie  History  of,  51 ;  Wiuckelmaim's  History  of  Ancient, 

116,  158 ;  at  the  time  of  the  Renaissance,  234,  244,  248. 
Arts,  Schnaase's  History  of  the  Plastic,  54;  in  tlie  Middle  Ages,  179,  189. 
Ashley,  VV.  J.,  An  Introduction  to  English  Political  I'-conomy  and  History,  562. 
Ashton,  J.,  Social  Life  in  tlie  Reign  of  (iueeu  .\nne,  561 ;  Dawn  of  the  Nineteenth 

Century  in  ICiigland,  564. 
Asseline,  Louis,  Histoire  de  rAutriclie,  285. 
Assmnnn,  Dr.  W.,  Handlxicli  der  allgemeineu  Grscliichto,  31. 
Assyria,  Hirch's  Translations  of  Inscriptions  of,  79;  Rawlinson's  History  of,  82. 
Athens  in  the  Time  of  Pericles,  105;  Const itulional  History  of,  116. 
Atlases,  Tiic  best,  68. 


INDEX.  676 

Aube,  B.,  Lcs  Chretiens  dans  rKmpirc  Kumain,  159;  L't'^jlisc  et  l'£tal  dans  le 

Seconile  Midtiij  du  III.  .Sii-ile,  l.'/l. 
Aube,  >!.,  Ilistoire  lies  IVrsecutiuns  de  I'lvi^lisf,  170,  195. 
Aiidin's  Life  of  Liillier,  '2'M. 
Austin,  JnrnoH  'i'.,  Life  of  l'".ll)riil^c  (Jerry,  (J15. 
Austria,  Histories  of.  '.'S.J-'JNW. 
Avu-Lallemaiit,  F.  ('.  11.,  L)a.s  iletitscbo  (iaunertlium,  301. 

Babclnn,  Description  Ilistorique  ct  Clironologi(jue  ilea  llonnaics  de  la  IJepubliqiie, 

lUl. 
Babylon,  Kawlinaon'ii  History  of.  82. 
Bacon,  Lord,  History  of  Henry  VIL,  8. 
Bacon's  Rebellion  in  Virfiinia,  (Ml. 
Ba(,'eliot,  Walter,  Kcononiic  Studie'",  'I'M;    Tlie   English  Constitution,  5J1,  529, 

5.')8;  Essays  on  I'arlianientary  Reform,  5G3. 
Bat;\vell.  1{.,  Ireland  under  the  'I'mlors,  5(il. 
Biilir,  ,].  C.  F.,  (lescliiclite  der  roiniselien  I.ilcratur,  148. 
Baird,  ('.  \V.,  History  of  tlie  Hu^'uenot  lCniii;ration  to  America,  405,  (J70. 
Baird,  Henry  M.,  Bisc  of  tlie   Huguenots,  3  to ;  Tlie   Huguenots  and    Henrv   of 

Navarre,  40.'>. 
Baker,  James.  Turkey,  444. 
Balcke,  Tlicodor,  Bilder  aus  der  (Jescliiclite  der  deutschen  Landwirtliscliaft,  305, 

■.'AC. 
Baldwin's  Prehistoric  Xations,  90. 
Balmes,  Kev.  .lames,  Kuropeau  Civilization,  170,  233. 

Bancroft,  (Jeorge,  Slavery  in  IJome,  l.')7;  History  of  the  United  States,  5CG. 
Bancroft,  Hubert  IL.  Baces  of  the  I'acilic  States.  G02,  G07-GG8. 
Barante,  A.  CJ.  P.  de,  Histoirc  des  Uucs  de  Bourgogne,  335;  Histoire  de  la  Con- 
vention Nationale,  3G0. 
Barbarians,  Laurent's  History  of  the,  49;  IJepresentation  of,  in  Kingsley's  Koman 

and  Teuton,  l(i4. 
Baring-CJould,  S.,  Curious  Myths  of  the  ^Middle  -Vges,  171;  Germany  Past  and 

Present,  30H;  Iceland,  its  Scenes  and  Sagas,  452. 
Barbe-Marbois,  F.,  History  of  Louisiana,  GCi'.l  G7i>. 
Barni,  Jules.  Xapi>l('on  et  son  Historien,  ^I.  Thiers,  3G4. 
Baronius,  Annales  ICcclesi.astici.  198. 

Barrii-re  et  De  I^scure,  liil>liotln''<|ue  des  Memoires,  333,  335. 
Barry,  .John  Stetson.  History  of  Massachusetts,  58G. 
Bartludemy's  Anadiarsis,  119. 

Bartholomew,  Handy  Bcference  Atlas  of  the  World,  70. 
Bartoli,  A.,  I  Primi  iliic  Secoli  della  Litteratura  Ilaliana,  2G5. 
Bastard,  Le  Vicomte  de,  Les  Parlements  de  France,  380,  403. 
Batbie,  .\nselme,  Turgot,  352. 
Baudrillart,  Histoire  du  Luxe  prive  et  public  dcpnis  rAnliquite  jusqu'ii  nos  Jours, 

73. 
Baumgarten,  IL,  (Jcschichte   Karl  V..  320:  Geschichte  Spanieus,  4.'}0;    Vor   der 

Barlolomiinsnacht,  405. 
Baur.  F.  C,  (ieschichte  der  chrisilichen  Kirche,  108. 
Bavelier,  .\drien,  Fssai  Historique  sur  le  Droit  d'Election,  380. 
Ba\oux,  h.,  La  France  sous  N'ap<deou  HI.,  rKm[)ire  ct  la  Uegime  Parlcmeiiiairc, 

40G. 
Baync,  Peter.  Chief  .\clors  of  the  Puritan  Revolution.  492.  .548. 
Bazin,  Antoine.  Histoire  de  Franco  sons  Louis  XHL,  345. 
Beaufort,  M.,  Inceriituile  des  cimpie  premiers  Siecles  de  Rome,  133. 


676  INDEX. 

Beaumont- Yassy,  E.  F..  Histoire  dcs  £tats  Eiiropeennes,  220,  2G4. 

Becker,  K.  F.,  Weltgcschichte,  32. 

Becker,  W.  A.,  Charikles,  116;  Haiulbuch  der  romisclieu  AUerthiimer,  149. 

Beer,  A.,  Zeliii  Jahre  iJsterreichischer  Politik,  287 ;  Die  erste  Theilung  Polens, 

418. 
Beesly,  A.  H.,  The  Gracchi,  Mariiis,  and  Sulla,  135. 
Beesly,  E.  S..  Catiline,  Clodius,  and  Tiberius,  139. 
Bekker,  E.,  Maria  Stuart,  Darnley.  Bothwell,  504. 
Beli^ium,  Histories  of,  447-452. 
Belknap,  .leremy.  History  of  New  Hampshire,  585. 
Bell,  Robert,  History  of  Kussia,  407. 
Belloc,  A.,  Les  I'ostes  Fran^aises,  404. 
Beloch,  J.,  Die  Attische  Politik  scit  Perikles,  121. 
Bemont,  C,  Simon  de  iMontfort,  Comte  de  Leicester,  5G3. 
Benefices,  History  of,  188;  Waltz  on,  299. 
Benefit  of  Clergy,  History  of,  180. 
Benjamin,  S.  (i."W.,  Troy,  99. 
Benjamin's  The  Turk  and  the  Greek,  402. 
Benoit,  C,  La  Politique  du  Koi  Cliarles  V.,  320. 

Benton,  Thomas  H.,  Thirty  Years'  View,  003;  Abridgment  of  Congressional  De- 
bates, 036. 
Berghaus,  H.,  Deutschland  seit  Hmulert  Jahren,  317. 
Bergier's  Histoire  des  Grands  Chemins  de  I'Emiiire  Ivomaiu,  158. 
Bcrington,  llev.  J.,  Literary  Hist(u-y  of  the  Jliddle  Ages,  200. 
Beridiardi,  Thcodor  von,  Geschichte  Kusslands,  407. 
Bernheim,  E.,  (Jeschichtsforschung  und  Gcschichtsphilosophie,  71. 
Berriat  Saint  Prix,  C,  La  .Justice  Revolutionnaire,  389. 
Bertocci,  G.,  Repertorio  Bibliografico  dellc  Opere  stampate  in  Italia  ncl  Secolo 

XIX.,  205. 
Beverley,  Robert,  History  of  Virginia,  G02. 
Bezold,  Geschichte  dcr  dcutschcn  Reformation,  72. 
Biblical  Archipiilogy,  Transactions  of  tiic  Society  of,  91. 
Biedermann,  Karl,  Deutschland   im   achtzehnten   Jahrhundcrt,  304;    Staatengc- 

schichtc  dcr  neuestcn  Zcit,  237. 
Bigelow,  John,  Life  of  Benjamin  Franklin,  015;  France  and  the  Confederate  Navy, 

672. 
Billiet,  A.,  Les  Origincs  de  la  Confederation  Suisse,  4G4. 
Biographies  of  Important  Americans,  014. 
Birch,  S.,  Records  of  the  Past,  79,  91;  Historv  of  Egvpt  from  the  Earliest  Times 

to  B.C.  300,  91. 
Bisset,  Andrew,  Essays  on  Historical  Truth,  57,  548;  History  of  the  Struggle  for 

Parliamentary  (iovernment  in  England,  488;  History  of  the  Commonw.ealth 

of  England,  488,  .551. 
Blackstonc,  Sir  W.,  Commentaries  on  the  Laws  of  England,  526;  on  the  Charters, 

539. 
Blaine,  J.  G.,  Twenty  Years  in  Congress,  071. 
Blakey,  Robert,  Ilisinry  "f  I'oliiicai  Literature,  42. 

Blanc,  Louis,  Histoire  de  la  l^'voliiiion  I'rancaise,  35H  ;  History  of  Ten  Years,  368. 
Blan(iui,  Adolphe,  History  of  Political  ICcouomy,  42. 
Blue  Laws  of  Connecticut,  5H9. 
Blllmner,  Hugo,  Tcchnologie   und  Terminologie   der   (Jewerbe   uiul   Kiinste   bei 

(Jriechen  und  Riitneni,  109, 
Blunt's  Reformation  in  I'ngland,  540. 
Bocckli,  Augustus,  Public  ICconoiny  of  the  Athenians,  109. 


INDEX.  (J  7  7 

Boi!i»ior,  fJaston,  ('ic6roii  ct  scs  Amis,  130;  (J|ipo8il!on  sous  les  Cisnrs,  1 II;  Ln 

Koli^iiiti  KiiriiaiiiL-,  1'>I). 
R.)liiij;l)r«kc,  l.onl,  Lcitors  on  the  Study  of  Iliston*,  07 ;  Political  Doctrines  of, bjo, 
Itoll.'K-rt,  Williiiiii,  \\'nT!\  of  Succession  in  S|iniii,  (i7. 
liollt'.t'x  I-'innnciiil  lli>tiiry  of  the  I'nited  Stnie.s,  G.'jI, 
HonnemiTe,  I'..,  lli>toire  ties  I'nysnns,  \W>,  •.'•.'.'». 
Hi-nlicr,  11.  L.,  I,(s  Arcliivis  ile  la  IVanco,  ln-.>. 
Itiiroii;;)!  imkI  Municipal  ('i)r|)<pralii>ns,  lli^inry  of,  522. 
IJossiu  t,  lJi.-.li.i|i  .1.  I!.,  Ilistiiirt!    riiiverselle,  o2;   I^urcnl's  examination  of,  .'.O; 

llintoire  de.s  \'arialioMs,  'J".'G. 
Bosworili-Sinilh,  Molianiined  and  .Mohammedanism,  109. 
lV>tta,  Anna  C.  Lynch,  Iland-hook  of  I'liiversnl  Literature,  -1.3. 
liuttn,  C  (i.  (1..  Storia  d'  Italia,  214;  History  of  Italy  during;  llie  Consulate  and 

ICinpire.  'i.')0. 
Uiiltiner,  ('.  W.,  (icschichtc  des  Kurstnates  uiid  Kiinigreiches  Sachscn,  288. 
IJouchot,  .v.,  llistoire  de  rortiif,'nl  ct  de  scs  Colonies,  404. 
Houpart,  .\..  Marat,  IWnii  du  iVuple,  40G;  Danton, 406. 
Houluer,  1).  C,  History  of  Ciiina,  KM. 
Houllue,  .M.  A.,  llistoire  des  luats-CidMU-raux.  .381. 
Hoiirhons,  Yonice's  History  of  France  under  the,  .'j.'il. 
IJourgeois,  K.,  Le  Capitulaire  de  Kiersy-snr-Oise,  201,  404. 
Hozman,  J.  L.,  History  of  Maryland,  501. 
Hra<lft)rd,  Al.len,  History  of  Massachusetts.  oOl. 
ISradford,  Williaui,  History  of  I'lymoiitli  I'lantation,  .581. 
llrandenburg,  Uanke's  Memoirs  of  tiie  House  of,  201. 
Hrandes,  G.,  Die  Hauptstrominigen  der  Literatur  des  ncunzehntcn  Jahrhundcrts, 

2:50. 
llrentano,  1j.,  Histon*  of  the  Development  of  Gilds,  180. 
IJretschneider's  Wall  Maps,  CM. 
Mrewer.  .1.  S..  Tin-  Siiident's  Hume,  405,  520. 
Hright,  Kev.  Frank,  Fnnlish  History,  405,  528. 
ISrilish  .Vlmanac  and  Companion,  2;{3. 
Broderick,  (i.  C,  History  of  the  I'niversily  of  (Oxford,  503. 
UrodheatI,  .L  H.,  History  of  tlie  State  of  New  York,  580;  Documents  Relative  to 

the  State  of  New  York.  031. 
Brodie,  (Jeorge,  Constitutional  History  of  the  British  Empire,  515,  551;  llevicw 

of  llimie,  515. 
Broglie.  The  Due  .le,  The  King's  Secret,  3.50. 
Brougham,  Lord,  Demosthenes,  118 ;  The  British  Constitution,  513,535,545;  Au- 

toliiography.  550;  Legal  IJcform,  501. 
Brown,  Henry,  History  of  Illinois,  500. 
Browning,  Oscar,  Historical  Hand  -  hooks,  203 ;  Napoleon   and  England  in  1803, 

561. 
Brownson,  <).  A.,  The  .American  IJepulilic,  003. 
Bruckner,  Katheriiia  die  Zweite,  72;  IVter  der  (Jrosse,  72. 
Bnigsch-Bey,  Henry.  History  of  Egypt,  70,  00, 
Bryant  and  (iay's  Popular  History  of  the  I'uited  Slates,  .507. 
Bryce,  .Tames,  Holy  Uoman  I'.mpire,  101.  20M,  313;  .\nierican  Commonwealth, 072, 
Buchanan,  I'residcnt,  .Vdminisi ration  of.  0(iO. 

Buche/  et  IJoux,  llistoire  I'arlementaire  de  la  Kcvolution  Frant^aise.  359. 
Bnchon.  .1.  A..  Collection  des  Clironi(|ues  Nationales,  .■i3l. 
Buckingham,  The  Duke  of.  Gardiner's  .\dministration  of,  180. 
Buckle,  ILT.,  Historical  theories  of,  5;  Laurent  on  the  positivism  of.  5(1;  History 

of  Civilization,  57 ;  Droysen's  Keview  of,  01  ;  on  the  History  of  France,  307. 


678  INDEX. 

Bukowski,  J.,  Histoire  ile  la  Reformation  en  Pologne  depuis  ses  Coramcnceraent 
jusqu'a  sa  Fin,  429. 

BulSnch,  Thomas,  Age  of  Table,  118;  Age  of  Chivalry,  171;  Legends  of  Charle- 
magne, 399. 

Bulle.  C,  Geschichte  der  neuesten  Zeir,  221,  233,  237 ;  (leschichte  der  Jahre 
1871-77,  237. 

Bidwer,  Lord,  Kise  and  Fall  of  Athens,  117;  Pompeii,  159;  Rienzi,  195. 

Burckhardt,  Jacob,  Die  Zeit  Constantins  des  Grossen,  198 ;  History  of  the  Renais- 
sance, 194,  233,  245,  261, 265. 

Burgundy,  Barante's  History  of  the  Didces  of,  335. 

Burk,  John,  History  of  Virginia,  592. 

Burke,  Edmund,  Reflections  on  the  French  Revolution,  389 ;  on  Party  Govern- 
meat,  558. 

Burn's  Rome  and  the  Campagna,  158. 

Burnet,  Bishop  G.,  History  of  the  Reformation,  482;  History  of  His  Own  Time, 
493. 

Burton,  John  Hill,  History  of  Scotland,  466;  History  of  the  Reign  of  Queen  Anne, 
498. 

Busoll,  G.,  Die  Lakedaimonier  and  ihre  Bundesgenossen,  121. 

Butt,  Isaac,  Histor\'  of  Italy  from  the  Abdication  of  Napoleon  I.,  250. 

Buxton,  S.,  Finance  and  Politics,  an  Historical  Study,  1783-1885,  562. 

Cabinet  Government,  Authorities  on  the  Establishment  and  Development  of,  558. 

Cabot,  George,  Lodge's  Life  and  Letters  of,  617. 

Cajsar,  Julius,  Moramsen's  estimate  of,  128  ;  Fronde's,  140 ;  Napoleon's  Life  of,  140. 

Caillet,  Jules,  L' Administration  de  Richelieu,  345. 

Calendars  of  State-papers,  Description  of,  531. 

Calhoun,  J.  C,  AVorks  of,  625;  Political  doctrines  of,  648,  650,  658, 

Camden  Society,  Publications  of,  532. 

Campagna.  Burn's  Description  of,  158. 

Campaigns  of  the  Civil  War,  671. 

Campbell,  Charles,  History  of  Virginia,  593. 

Campbell,  James  V.,  Political  History  of  JMichigan,  601. 

Campbell,  John  Lord,  Lives  of  the  Lord  Clianoellors  and  Chief-Justices,  466, 

Canada,  MacMullen's  History  of,  472;  Parkman's  Old  Rrgime  in,  580. 

Cantu,  Cesare,  Histoire  Universelle,  33;  Lcs  Trentc  Dernieres  Annees,  223;  His- 
toire des  Italiens,  238,  261. 

Capefigue,  Jean,  Histoire  de  la  Reforme,  344. 

Capes,  W.  W.,  The  Early  Empire,  143;  The  Roman  Empire  of  the  Second  Cent- 
ury, 143, 156. 

Capponi,  (iino,  Geschichte  der  florenlischcn  Rc'iuibliU,  256. 

Carey,  II.  C,  Harmony  of  Interests,  657. 

Carlier,  Augustc,  Histoire  du  Petiplc  Americain,  603. 

Carlson,  F.  F.,  (jcschichte  Schwodens,  -154. 

Carlylc,  Tiiomas,  History  of  Frederick  II.,  292.313;  History  of  the  French  Revo- 
lution, 357;  Early  Kings  of  Norway,  453;  Oliver  Crom\veirs  Letters  and 
Speeciies,  489,  519;  IMiscellanemis  I'",s,says,  314. 

Came,  Comte  Louis  de,  (iouveriiement  L'epreseutatif  en  France,  370. 

Carnegie,  A.,  Triumphant  Democracy,  670. 

Cnro,  S.,  (ieschichte  Polens,  415. 

Carriere,  IMoriz,  Die  Kunst  im  Zusammeiih:nig  der  Cullureut wickelung,  43. 
Carthage,  (Jovernment  and  Trade  in,  75,  157;  Newman's  Defence  of,  157. 
Catalogues,  Brooklyn   iMercaniile   Library,  C.) ;   lioston   Atlieuiv'um    Library,  69; 
Harvard  L'niver.'^iiy,  69;  for  general  reference,  69. 


INDEX.  era 

Catherine  II. of  Kiissin,  Mcmuirs  of,  408;  Tooke's  History  of,  114;  Autboriiiei  on, 
42H. 

Cnlliolicism,  I'r(>u>li.".i  Kssny  on  tlic  IMiilosophy  of,  2.34. 

Cntholicifv  c(>ni|(ariil  wiili  rrotistaniism,  17U. 

C'ntilinc,  Ik-csly  on,  IIJ'.i. 

Caiisfri<  ■<  lie  Lmiili,  .Snintc-IVnvo's,  402. 

Cavalcasille,  (i.  H.,  lli>i<)rv  <.f  riiiiitiiif;  in  Italy.  248,  249. 

Cavour,  Lc  Comte  <lt>,  Mazailu's  Kssay  on,  252,  2(jl. 

Cayley,  E.  S.,  The  Kuropean  KevoUitions  of  1848.  223. 

Cciostin,  Fr.  .1.,  Kiissiand  stit  Auf hebun^;  cler  I^ibcigenscliaft,  419. 

Celibacy,  I/oa's  llislory  of,  179. 

Cellini,  Ucnvcinito,  Aiit(ibiii;;rjiphy  of,  2.TI,  21G. 

Chalihi'a.  iJawruison's  Ili.story  vf,  82. 

Channini:,  \V.  K.,  Works  on  Slavery,  COL 

CharltmaKne,  Mnllingor's  Schools  of.  1«4,  ;i09 ;  I?nl(inch's  Legends  of,  399. 

Charles,  Mrs.,  Compierin;;  and  to  Conquer,  lo'.i;  Schonberfj-Cotta  Family,  235. 

Charles  I.,  Histories  of  the  Keign  of,  485-493 ;  Bayne's  lissay  on,  492. 

Charles  11.,  Hayne's  Essay  on.  492. 

Charles  V.,  Robertson's  Life  of,  271 ;  Van  Prael's  F2ssay  on,  214. 

(^harles  V.  and  Francis  I.,  Mi;;net's  estimate  of,  339. 

Charles  the  IJold,  Kirk's  History  of,  :V.iX. 

Charnay,  1).,  Ancient  Cities  i>f  the  New  World.  GGG. 

Charveriot,  i;.,  llistoirc  de  la  (uierre  dc  Trcnte  Ans,  236. 

Cheruel,  Adolphe,  I^  Minoriiu  dc  Lonis  XIV.,  340;  Diclionnaire  Historiqne  des 
Institutions,  Micnrs,  et  Coutumes  de  la  France,  402. 

Chevalier,  IC,  Manual  of  Ancient  History,  7C. 

Chevalier,  l'..  Repertoire  des  Sources  Historiques  du  Moyen  Age,  201. 

Chi'vreinont,  F.,  .lean  I'aid  Marat,  40G. 

Chivalry.  Midlincli's  A^'o  of.  171 ;  Jlills's  History  of,  183 ;  best  authorities  on,  195. 

Choiseid-irAilU'coiirt,  De  riuHuence  des  Croissades,  199. 

Cholevius,  L.,  (iesciiiciite  der  deutschen  Poesie  nach  iliren  aniiken  Elementen.317. 

Christianitv,  Laurent's  Historv  of,  49;  Renan's  Ilistorv  of,  92;  ^lilman's  History 
of,  183.  " 

Chronicles  and  Jlemorials  of  (ireat  Britain  and  Ireland  during  the  Middle  Ages 
(The  Rolls  Series),  5G1. 

Chronicles  of  France,  331-333;  F'roissart's.  334;  Monstrelet's.  335. 

Chroniken  tier  deut.schen  .Si-idte  vom  XIV.  bis  zum  XVI.  Jahrhundert,  319. 

Church  and  State.  (Jeffcken's  History  of.  30.s.  ;509. 

Chur.h  History.  Alzog's,  109;  Aubc's,  170:  Balmes's,  170;  Dollingcr's,  173;  Fish- 
er's, 173;  Geffcken's,  174;  (ifnircr's,  174;  (iieseler's,  175;  Gosselin's,  170; 
Hardwick's,  170;  Lea's,  179;  Milman's,  183  ;  Neander's,  185;  Tressense's,  187  ; 
Staidey's,  83,  190;  courses  of  reading  on,  195. 

Church.  R.'W.,  The  Beginnings  of  the  Middle  Ages,  172,  193, 

Cicero.  Troilope's  Life  of,  13«;  Forsyth's  Life  of,  138,  Boissicr's  Sketch  of,  139; 
F'roude's  Estimate  of,  145  ;  iniportance  of  letters  of,  157. 

Cist.  H.  M.,  The  Army  of  llic  Cumberland,  071. 

Cities,  of  the  Roman  Empire,  MS,  151,  157,  158;  of  Germany,  298,  .300:  of  the 
Middle  Ages,  otlOi  of  tlie  Ilansc,  300. 

Civil  Service  in  England,  559.  500, 

Civil  War  in  America,  Histories  of,  574,  579. 

Civil  War  of  ItilO,  Authorities  on,  540,  549. 

Civilization,  Carriire's  History  of,  43 :  Draper's  History  of  Intellectual  Dcveloji- 
ment,  44;  (Juizot's  History  of,  in  I'.urope,  4G;  Buckle's  History  of,  57;  Lub- 
bock's Origin  of,  8G ;  in  cVcece,  109-11G;  in  Rome,  148-159;  Balmcs  on,  170, 


680  INDEX. 

194;  in  the  Fifth  Century.  186;  in  Modern  Times,  225-232;  of  the  Renais- 
sance, 245;  in  Germany,  29G ;  in  France,  374-397 ;  in  Kussia,  419-4"_'7  ;  in 
Poland,  419-4-27  ;  in  England,  506-5-28;  in  United  States,  581-614. 

Clarendon,  Lord,  Bayne's  Essay  on,  492,  549 ;  Ranke's  Review  of,  492,  549. 

Clark,  H.,  Concise  History  of  knighthood,  '200. 

Clarke,  J.  F.,  Ten  Great  Religions,  84. 1 18. 

Classon,  A.  W.,  Seven  Conventions,  67-2. 

Clay,  Henry,  The  Works  of,  626. 

Clodius,  Beesly  on,  139. 

Cluskoy,  M.  W.,  Political  Text-book,  G37. 

Coatc's  The  Romans  in  Britain,  536. 

Cobbett,  William,  History  of  the  Reformation  in  England  and  Ireland,  234,  483; 
Parliamentary  History  of  England,  531. 

Coffin,  C.  C,  Building  of  the  Nation,  670. 

Colletta,  Pietro,  History  of  Naples,  260. 

Collier,  Admiral  Sir  George.  France  and  Holland  a  Centurj'  Ago,  351. 

Collier,  J.  Payne,  History  of  English  Dramatic  Poetry,  533. 

Collins,  Lnther,  Historical  Sketches  of  Kentucky,  598. 

Colonial  Period  of  xVmerican  History,  574,  639-641.     Also  see  United  States. 

Colonization  of  America,  575,  579,  609,  632. 

Colton,  C,  Life  and  Times  of  Henry  Clay,  670;  Last  Seven  Years  of  the  Life  of 
Henry  Clay,  670.  \ 

Commerce  of  England,  Escott's  account  of,  527. 

Commines,  Philip  de.  The  Memoirs  of.  337. 

Commons,  Methods  in  the  House  of,  517-519;  Escott's  account  of,  527;  Influence 
of  Hundred  Years'  War  on,  27. 

Commonwealth,  Bisset's  Essay  on  the  Government  of,  57. 

Communes,  of  Italy,  242;  of  France,  413 ;  of  Germany,  188, 192,  306,316;  in  Eng- 
land, 189. 

Comte,  M.,  historical  theories  of,  5 ;  positions  of,  examined  by  Laurent,  50 ;  Posi- 
tive Philosophy,  60. 

Conde,  D'Aumale's  History  of  the  Princes  of,  350. 

Conde,  J.  A.,  History  of  the  Arabs  in  Spain,  431. 

Confederation  of  the  United  States,  567. 

Congressional  Globe,  636. 

Congressional  Record,  636. 

Connecticut,  True  Blue  Laws  of,  589. 

Connecticut,  TrmnbuU's  History  of,  588. 

Conquering  and  to  Conquer,  Mrs.  Charles's,  159. 

Constitution  of  the  United  States,  Curtis's  History  of,  604,  644. 

Constitutional  History,  of  Greece,  115-117;  of  Rome,  152-154;  of  Germany,  296- 
299;  Waitz'r.,  299;  Sohm's,  297;  Low's,  309;  Lsaacsohn's,  310;  Lancizolle's 
310;  Oesfchl's,  311;  of  France,  Thierry's  Third  Estate,  379;  Bastards  Les 
Parlements  de  France,  380;  Bavulier's  Droit  (rFlcction,  380  ;  I'icot's  Histoire 
des  Ftats-tJencraux,  380;  Boullee's  Histoire  des  Etats-GcuK^raux,  381 ;  l)a- 
reste's  Histoire  de  rAdministration,381 ;  Haas's  Histoire  de  I'Administration, 
393;  Kaiser's  Verfassungsgeschiciite,  394;  general  authorities  on,  402;  of 
England,  506-528,  534-559;  general  authorities  on,  5'28;  of  the  United  States, 
autlioritics  on,  602-614,  632-672. 

Constitutions  of  the  several  States,  637. 

Conway,  M.  H.,  Life  and  Papers  of  Ivlmnnd  Randol[ili,  672. 

Cooke,'(;.  W.,  History  of  I'arty,  5-20,  5.53,  55.5. 

Co-operalion  in  I'jigland,  Ivscoll's  account  of,  527. 

CoiiI)ee,  Henry,  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Spain  by  the  Arabs,  431. 


INDEX.  681 

Corn  Ijtk'xa,  Hi.story  of  the  I/>a|?uc  n(;ainst,  5(50. 

Corporal  ions,  iiicrcoiiiiif;  power  of,  22. 

Cory,  William,  (iuiile  to  Modern  Knulish  Ilislory,  HOI. 

Cosfl,  K.  von,  (ii-.toliiclite  ties  preusxisclK-n  .Senate.-*,  "."Jl. 

Cuulan^i'.M,  i-'ustel  ilo,  .Vncii-nt  City,  91,  1 10,  1  IK,  lUt ;  lliiitoirc  <Ics  Iiistitnlions  Pu- 
litii|iR's  en  Franct',  2t>"J,  313,  37.'),  'M7, 

C'ount  ol  I'aris,  History  of  tlic  Civil  War  in  America,  571. 

Coup  il'l'.iai,  .\uilioritic8  on  llio,  lOI. 

Courses  of  Kvailin;;:  on  universal  history,  C)?-!'.'.);  on  liistory  of  aiiti(|uity,  110-03; 
on  history  of  (Jrcece,  117-121;  on  history  of  Kome,  I.')i;  Itil;  on  history  of 
the  Miilillf  \n('»,  1!)3  202;  on  K*^neral  history  of  moiU-rn  limes,  232-237;  on 
liistory  of  Italy,  2(JO-20.j;  on  the  history  of  (lerriiany,  313-322,  on  the  history 
of  France,  31>7-40{J;  on  the  history  of  Knssia,  127-42'J;  on  the  history  of  .S|iaiii, 
451)-4t;i;  on  the  history  of  1  urkey,  l.V.i  Kit;  on  the  history  of  ll..ilan<l,  4.>0- 
4(M ;  on  the  Itistory  of  .Scanilinavia,  4.'i'.l-4(i4 ;  on  the  history  of  i'lnglaiid, 
52H-.')f..'i ;  on  the  history  of  the  I'nileil  .Stales,  (..in  (■.72. 

Courts,  inellicieni'v  of,  before  the  Kevoliiiioii  of  liiin.  1(1,  methods  of  trial  Fllus- 
trated,  1 1  ;  in  (Jerniany  under  femlalisni,  2'J'.> :  Wiichter's  essays  on,  o02,  in 
meiliieval  Knjjland,  524  ;  in  m<xlern  l',ni;lanil.  ."i27. 

Cox,  (ieorjio  W..  Mylholo^jy  of  the  .\ryan  Nations,  Hi ;  ( Jeneral  History  of  (jreece, 
94,  117;  History  of  (J  recce.  !•  I ;  The  (Ireeks  mu\  the  I'ersians.  KHI;  'i'he  Athe- 
nian ICmpire,  100 ;  The  Crusades,  172  ;  Komnnces  of  the  ^liddle  .\^es,  172,  l'J3. 

Cox,  Homersham,  History  of  the  Keforin  llills  of  lxri(;-C7,  50.');  Aniient  Parliamen- 
tary ICleclions,  oO'.l,  .')ll ;  The  Insiiiiiiions  of  the  Kiii^lisli  (jovernnient,  517, 
5.'))S;  W'hii;  and  Tory  Administrations,  lS55-0f<,  521. 

Cox,  J.  I).,  The  March  to  the  .Sea,  (171. 

Cox,  S.  S.,  Three  Decades  of  Federal  IjOgislation,  C71. 

Cox's  Hihernia  .\n<;licana,  .").")(>. 

Co.xc,  William.  History  of  the  House  of  Austria,  283,313;  Memoirs  of  Spain  under 
the  IJonrhons,  432. 

Craik,  (ieortje  \j..  History  of  Kn^lish  Literature,  533. 

Crane,  T.  F.,  Italian  I'lipular  Tales,  2(>l. 

( 'rawford,  Secretary,  Keport  on  linancial  disasters,  058, 

Crawfurd,  Oswald," l'orln.,'al,  (  Hd  and  New,  4;!2. 

Creasy,  Sir  Fdward,  History  of  the  Ottoman  Turks,  445 ;  Kisc  and  Progress  of  the 
ICnglish  Constitution,  512. 

Crccils  of  Christendom,  231. 

Crei;;hton,  M.,  History  of  the  Papacy  during  the  Perio<l  of  the  Reformation,  563. 

Cretiiieaii-.loly,  J.,  Histoire  IJeligicusc,  Politiiiue, et  Litterairc  de  la  Corapagnie  dc 
.lesns.  23t;. 

Crimean  War,  Ceneral  authorities  on,  429. 

Criminal  Trials,  .lardine's.  525;  Wiichler's,  195;  I.*a's,  195,  324. 

Croker,  .1.  W.,  Kssays  on  French  Kevolution,  391, 400. 

Cromwell,  Oliver,  Hissot's  History  of,  57  ;  Uayne's  Essay  on.  492;  general  author- 
ities on,  4S9-493, 549-552. 

Crowe,  1^.  IC,  History  of  France.  37(;. 

Crowc.I.  A.,  Art  in  Italy,  234.  24.S. 

Crowe's  The  (ireek  and  the  Turk,  4G2. 

Cruel)on,  (I.,  lys  lijui<|ues  dans  rAntiipiite,  IGI. 

Crus.ades,  Cox's  Sketch  of,  172  ;  Michaud's  History  of,  182  ;  .Mills's  History  of,  182  ; 
.Syhel's  History  and  Literature  of.  190;  Heeren's  essay  on,  205;  general  au- 
thorities on,  l!tl. 

Cruttwell,  C.  T.,  History  of  Roman  Literature,  150. 

Cunnini^ham,  W.,  The  (Jrowth  of  English  Industry  and  Commerce,  502. 


682  INDEX. 

Curios,  J.  G.,  Vorgeschichte  Roms,  150. 

Currency  in  the  United  States,  Gallatin  on,  627. 

Curteis,  A.  M.,  Rise  of  the  Macedonian  Empire,  106;  Roman  Empire,  143,  loG. 

Curtis,  George  T.,  History  of  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States,  604,  044 ;  Life 

of  Daniel  Webster,  616  ;  Life  of  James  Buchanan,  671. 
Curtius.  Ernst,  History  of  Greece,  95, 117;  History  of  tlie  Roman  Empire,  144. 
Custine,  Le  Marquis  de,  La  Russie  en  1839, 420. 
Cutler,  Manasseh,  and  Ordinance  of  1787, 12. 
Cutter,  Dr.,  Catalogue  of  the  Boston  Athenajum,  69. 

Dabnev,  R.  H.,  Causes  of  the  French  Revolution,  405. 

Daguet,  Alexandre,  Histoire  de  la  Confederation  Suisse,  441. 

Dahlmann,  F.  C,  Geschichte  von  Diinemark,  453 ;  Quellenkunde  der  deutschen 
Geschichte,  319. 

Dahn,  LTrgeschichte  der  Griechischen  und  Romanischeii  Vcilker,  71,  93. 

Dalrymple's  jMemorials,  Importance  of,  10,  546, 

Danes  and  Northmen  in  England,  459. 

Dangeau,  Marquis  de,  Journal  du,  349. 

Daremberg,  C,  and  Saylis,  E.,  Dictionnairedes  AntiquitesGr^quesetRomains,  120. 

Dareste,  C,  Histoire  de  France,  325  ;  Histoire  de  I'Administration  en  France,  381; 
Histoire  des  Classes  Agricoles,  383. 

Daru,  V.  A.,  Histoire  de  la  Republique  de  Venise,  254, 

Dasent,  G,  W.,  Story  of  the  Burnt  Njal,  463. 

Dauban,  C,  A.,  La  Demagogic  en  1793,  1794  et  1795  in  Paris,  405;  Los  Prisons  de 
Paris  sous  la  Revolution,  405  :  Histoire  de  la  Rue,  du  Club,  de  la  Famine,  405. 

D'Aubigne,  J.  H,  Merle,  History  of  the  Reformation,  210 ;  History  of  the  Reforma- 
tion in  the  Time  of  Calvin,  211,  233, 

D'Aumalo,  Le  Due,  History  of  the  Princes  of  Conde,  350. 

Daunou,  P,  C.  F.,  Cours  d'l^tudes  Historiques,  34, 

Davies,  C.  M.,  History  of  Holland  and  the  Dutch,  447. 

Davila,  A.  C,  History  of  the  Civil  Wars  in  France,  403. 

Davis,  J.,  Rise  and  Fall  of  the  Confederate  Government,  671. 

Da}',  W,  A.,  The  Russian  Government  in  Poland,  420, 

D'  Azeglio,  Blassimo,  Recollections  of,  252,  261. 

De  Belleval,  IMarquis,  Nos  Peres,  Miiiurs,  et  Couturaes  du  Temps  Passe,  404. 

Di'be'rle,  A.,  Histoire  de  r.\meri(iue,  671. 

De  P>roglie,  L'Eglise  et  TKnipire  Romain  au  IV.  Siecle,  198. 

De  Joinville's  History  of  Louis  IX.,  399. 

Delattre,  Le  Peuple  et  TEinpirc  des  Eludes,  92. 

Deloche,  JL.  La  Trustis  et  I'Antrustion  Royal  sous  les  Deux  Premiers  Races,  403, 

De  Lolme,  J.  L.,  Rise  and  Progress  of  the  iMiglish  Constitution,  516, 

Delord,  Taxile,  Histoire  du  Second  Empire,  372, 

Democracy  in  lOurope,  51 ;  at  Athens,  105;  in  France,  373. 

Democratic  Review,  639, 

Demogeot,  J.,  Histoire  de  la  Litterature  Francjaisc,  404, 

Demosthenes,  Schiifer's,  105, 117;  Brougham  on,  118;  Legare  on,  118, 

Denmark,  Histories  of,  4.53-456,  460--162, 

Dciniis,  (icorgc.  Cities  and  Cemeteries  of  Etruria,  157. 

Dejiping,  (»,  H.,  Histoire  des  Expeditions  IMarilimes  des  Normands  et  lour  Eta- 
blissemont  en  France  au  Dixi6me  Siecle,  403, 

De  Quadra  Letter,  imjxirtnnce  of,  9, 

De  (iuincev,'l"honias,  Uarbarism  of  the  Roman  Empire,  158. 

Dcsjardiu,  !•",.,  (ieograpliie  ilisloriiiue  et  Adininisiralivc  de  la  Gaule  Romainc,  160. 

Deux  -Vmis  de  la  Liberte,  Histoire  ile  la  Revolution  Fraiiyaise,  360, 


INDKX.  683 

Devatix,  Etudes  Pulitiquc  siir  I'llistoirc  Ancirniic  ct  Moiliriie  ct  sur  I'lnflucncc 

lie  I'Riat  (l(!  (iiiorre  ct  ilc  I'Ktat  tip  riiix,  "3. 
Dew,  I'lHiiiiiis,  Uij^cHt  i.r  Aiuitiii  mikI  .Mi)(ltTii  History,  34. 
l)e  Wilt,  J.)lm,  (;tMl.le-,'s  lli-,t..ry  "1,  •»  \x. 
Dc  W'onii.H,  Unroll  lleiiry,  Aiialro-lhiiignriaii  llmiiire,  "JST  ;  England's  Tolicy  in  the 

EaM,  bi.i. 
Dexter,  II.  M.,  as  to  Koger  Williams,  r>87. 
Dezoltry's  Imai^iimry  .loiiriiey  to  IJome,  liV.l 

Dicey,  .\.  V.,  Lectures  Introductory  to  llie  Ijiw  of  the  Coiisiitiitiuii,  .>j"J. 
Dickinson,  .Iidin,  letters  of  a  Farmer,  (>  I.'. 

Dictionary,  of  Aiiti(|uities,  (W;  Classical,  ti'.t ;  of  IJiograjiliy,  00;  of  Dates,  C9. 
D'Ideville,  .lunrnal  d'on  Diploniate  en  Italic, -Jii^. 
Digliy,  Sir  Kenelm,  .Mores  t'atliolici,  or  the  Ages  of  P"ailli,  200. 
Dimaii,  .1.  I*,  Essay  on  (iuizot,  07. 

Diplomatic  LVirrcspondencc  of  the  .Vmerican  KcvoUilion,  031. 
Discovery  of  the  (Jreat  West,  oTl*. 
Disraeli,  B.  (Lord  IJeacoiislield),  Vindication  of  tlie  English  Constitution,  520,554; 

Memoir  of  Lord  (ieorge  Hentinck,  r)5J;  I'olilical  Doctrines  of,5oo,501. 
Disraeli,  Isaac,  Sources  of  Moilern  History,  233;  Commentaries  on  Life  aiul  Kcigii 

of  Charles  I..  1H7,  .'.JH, -,,-,1. 
Dixon's  History  of  the  Church  of  England,  54G, 
Doctrine,  Shedd's  History  of,  i^]!. 
Diillinger,  J.  .L,  The  (ieiitilennd  tlie.Iew,  85;  First  .Vge  of  Christianity,  173 ;  Die 

Iveforination,  "ill;  Heuniim  of  the  Churches,  "233. 
Domestic  Society,  (lanine's  History  of,  40. 
Donaldson,  J.  W.,  Literature  of  .\iicieiit  (ireece,  114. 
Doniol,  Henry,  La  Kevohition  ct  la  Feodalite.  353;  Ilistoire  dcs  Classes  Itiirales, 

382;  Histoire  dc  la  Tarticipntion  dc  la  France  u  I'Etablissement  dcs  Etaifr- 

Unis  d'.Vmeritjuo,  OO'.i. 
Doric  Hace,  Midler's  History  of.  9'.1. 
Dorner,  J.  .\.,  History  of  rroiestant  Theidoijy,  227. 
Douliledav,  A.,  Chancellorsville  and  (icttysburg,  07L 
Douhle.lay's  Political  Life  of  I'eel,  558. 

Dowell,  M.  S.,  History  of  Taxes  and  Taxation  in  England,  .502. 
Doyle,.!.  A.,  History  of  the  United  States,  508;  The  English  Colonies  in  .Viucrica, 

.575,61!'.). 
Dozy,  !{..  Essai  siir  I'Histoire  d'Islamisme,  109. 
Drake,  Charles  I).,  Pioneer  Life  in  Kentucky,  508. 
Drake,  S.  .\.,  New  I-Ingland  Legends  and  Folk  Lore,  C70. 
Drainatic  Literature,  l>y  A.  W.  Schlegel.  52. 
Drai)er. . I.  W.,  History  of  Intellectual  Development,  44 ;  History  of  the  .\merican 

Civil  AVar,  574. 
Dred  Scott  Decision,  fiO(".. 
Dreyss,  ('..Chronologic  rniverselle,  402. 

Droyseii,  (t.,  (iustav  .Vdolidi,  235.  272;   Hernhard  von  Weimar,  235. 
Droysen,  Joh.  G.,  (Jrundriss  der  Hislorik,  01,  t>7  ;   .\llgemeiiier  historischc  Hand- 
atlas,  70;  (ieschichte  des  Hellenismus,  106.117;  Das  Leben  Vorks,  277  ;  Ab- 

haiidlungen  zur  ncuern  Gcscliichte,  2M  ;  ticschichtc  der  prcussischen  i'oli- 

tik,  200.' 
Drummoiid's  Life  of  Erasmus,  314. 
Dryileu's  All  for  Love,  1,50. 
Du  Camp,  M..  Les  C'onvulsions  de  Paris,  400. 
Ducoirdray,  ti.,  Ilistoire  Soinmaire  de  la  Civilisation,  197. 
Duffy,  Sir  C.  Ci.,  Young  Ireland,  504. 


684  INDEX. 

Dilhring,  E.,  Kritische  Gescliichte  der  National-OeUoiiomie  und  Socialisraus,  237. 

Dumas,  Alex.,  Historical  novels  of,  235. 

Diimichen,  Gescliichte  des  alien  Aegyptens,  71. 

Diimmler,  E.,  Geschichte  des  Ostfriinkisclien  Keichs,  317. 

Duncker,  ]Max,  Abhandlungen  aus  der  (iriecliisclien  Gescliichte  70,  121 ;  Ge- 
schichte des  Alterthums,  75,  90,  93, 117 ;  Aus  der  Zeit  Friedrichs  des  Grossen, 
273. 

Dunham,  S.  A.,  History  of  Europe  during  the  Middle  Ages,  1()2, 193;  History  of 
the  Germanic  Empire,  2()(; ;  History  of  Poland,  314;  History  of  Spain  and 
Portugal,  433;  History  of  Denmark,  Sweden,  and  Norway,  453. 

Dunlap,  John,  IMemoirs  of  Spain,  433. 

Dunnistown,  James,  Memoirs  of  the  Dukes  of  Urbino,  260. 

Duruy,  Victor,  Histoire  des  liomains,  114;  Histoire  des  Grecs,  121;  Histoire  du 
Moven  Age,  1G2, 193  ;  Histoire  des  Temps  Modernes,  204 ;  Histoire  de  France, 
324. 

Du  Sein,  Histoire  de  la  ^Marine  de  touts  les  Peuplcs  dcpuis  les  Temps  les  plus 
recules  jusqu'ii  nos  Jours,  73,  74. 

Dutch  Republic,  The  Rise  of  the,  450. 

Diiyckinck.  E.  A.  and  G.  L.,  Cyclopasdia  of  American  Literature,  G38. 

Dwight's  History  of  the  Hartford  Convention,  650. 

Dyer,  Thomas  II.,  History  of  Rome,  123;  Sources  of  Early  Roman  History,  157; 
Pompeii,  161;  History  of  Modern  Europe,  204,  232. 

Early  Chroniclers  of  Europe,  196. 

Early  English  Text  Society,  532. 

Early  Roman  History,  123, 157. 

Eastern  Question,  Authorities  on,  399;  Argvll  on,  443,  522,  523;  De  Worms  on, 

523. 
Eaton,  Dorman  B.,  Civil  Service  in  England,  559. 
Ebers,  George,  Works  on  I'^gypt,  90,  92. 
Ebert,  A.,  Allgemeine  Gescliichte  der  Literatur  des  Mittelaltcrs  im  Abcndlande, 

200. 
Eberty,  Prof.  Felix,  Geschichte  des  preussischen  Staates,  289. 
Eckardt,  Julius,  Modern  Russia,  420;  Russia  before  and  after  the  War,  421. 
Education,  Problems  in,  18-21  ;  in  Greece  and  Rome,  111 ;  Histories  of,  51,  54, 191, 

633. 
Edwards,  N.  W.,  History  of  Illinois.  600. 
Egle,  W.  H.,  History  of  Pennsylvanin,  591. 
Egypt,  Rrugsch-Bey's   History  of,  79;    Birch's  Inscriptions  of,  79;   Wilkinson's 

Manners  and  Customs  of,  84;  histories  of,  in  modern  times,  443-447. 
Eighteenth  Century,  Schlosser's  History  of  the,  219;  iJiodermann's  (icrmany  in 

the,  234;  Eecky's  England  in  the,  234;  Memoirs  relative  to,  in  France,  333. 
Elections,  to  English  Parliament,  509,  541,  543;  monarch's  right  to  interfere  with, 

555;  in  Franco  under  tlie  Second  J'.mpire,  392. 
Eliot,  Samuel,  ^l.inual  of  I'nited  States  History,  569. 
Eliot,  Sir  John,  Forstor'.s  Biography  of  4H9,  490. 
Elizal)eth,  Part  of,  in  death  of  Amy  Ixobsart,  9. 
Elliot,  Cliarles  W..  New  England  History,  582. 
Elliot,  Frances.  Old  Court  Life  in  France,  385. 
Elliott,  II.  ]\1..  History  of  India,  56."). 

Elliot,  .lonallwui.  Debates  on  the  Federal  Constitution,  63.5.  644. 
Ellis,  (i.  K.,  Puritan  Ago  and  Rule  in  the  (Jolony  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  670. 
Ellis,  Sir  Henry,  Scries  of  Historical  Letters,  530. 
Elofjucnce,  Henry's  History  ol, 47. 


INDKX.  685 

Elton,  C,  Orif,'i:i  of  EiikI'hIi  Hislory,  ;')C;). 

Kmaiicipalioii,  Sugeiihiim's  History  i>(,So2;   in  Kiissia,  429;    in  United  States, 

(iUa,  CI3. 
Emorton,  E.,  Introduction  to  the  Slmly  of  llic  Midille  Ages,  201. 
Empire  of  I'mncf,  I.aurent'it  lli^lory  of,  iiO, 
Englan.l,  (iciu-ral   IliMories  of,  4(;:>-l75;  (Jreen's  Making  of, -IT.'i;    Histories  of 

Liniitetl   I'L-rioil.i,  IT.j  .')(M; ;    I'oliiicnl,  ('.MiMitiitional,  ami   .Social   History  of, 

.')(n;  ,VJH;   coiirsis   of  rtmlin;;  on,  .)■-'«  M:>  ;   >,'civtrnment   of,  coinjmretl  with 

liiosc  on  tlie  Conlinint,  51G;  lionian  inlliience  iii,5J0. 
Enf^lisli  Citizen  Striis,  5(i5. 
]'jit;li:<h  Siatfsnien,  Twelve,  bCtO. 
iCpiileinics  in  the  Miilille  Avres,  177. 
i:pochs  of  1 1 istory,  6f.,  I  JCi,  'J()«. 
Erasmus,  I'raise  of  Eolly,  anil  Colloquies,  oil ;   Drunimond's  Lite  of,  311;  Ironde's 

Essay  on,  3(4. 
ErdmainisdiirlVtr,  M.,  Crknnden  und  AclenstUckc  ziir  Geschichte  der  Kurf,  Fried. 

Win.  V.  IJrandiMilmri;.  ;>20. 
Escott,  T.  H.  .S..  i;ni;lan(l.  litr  People,  etc..  527. 
Esmcin,  A..  Mclan^'i-s  d'llistoire  du  Droit  el  de  Critique,  lOd. 
Estates.  History  of  ilic,  in  France,  3X5. 
Estates  ni  EiiKlnnd,  Escott  on.  527. 
Elrnria,  Dennis's  Cities  and  Cemeteries  of,  157. 
Europe,  Histories  of,  during  the  Middle  Ages,  1G2-193;  histories  of,  in  modern 

times,  203  232. 
Evelyn,  .(ohn.  Diary  and  Correspondence  of,  405,  552. 
Everett,  ICdward,  Oratiuns  and  .Speeclies  of,  G2G. 
Evidence,  Uncertainties  of,  H. 
ICwalil,  .\.  C.,  The  Crown  and  its  Advisers,  559. 
Ewald,  H..  History  of  lsr.-iel.«0. 
Excommunication,  Ixa's  History  of,  180. 
Exodus,  Light  thrown  upon,  hy  Egy|)lian  Inscriptions,  80. 

P'aliiola,  \\'iscman's,  l.JO. 

Falke,  Hellas  mid  limn.  93. 

Farini.  L.  C,  The  IJoujan  .State  from  1815  to  ISjO,  translated  !>y  W.  E.  <;i.adstone, 

2G4. 
Fauriel,  C.  C.  Histoirc  de  la  (iaule  Moridionale,  333. 
Fayiiiez,  ('•..  I'ludes  siir  I'liidustrie  et  sur  la  Classe  Industrielle  :i  I'aris  au  XHI. 

et  au  XIV.  Sii-cle,  1(»1. 
Federal  (lovermneni.  Freeman's  Historj'  of,  lOS  ;   in  (Jermany,  280. 
Federali>m  in  New  England,  Documents  on,  G02. 
Federalists  ami  .Vntifeileralists,  Doctrines  of.  t>4(>-(;49,G50-G51. 
Felton.  C.  C,  (ireece.  Ancient  and  .Modern,  90,  117. 
Fenn,  Sir  John,  I'aston  Letters.  480.  544. 

Ferilinaml  and  Isahella,  I'rescott's  History  of  the  lleign  of,  437. 
Fergusson,  .lames,  History  of  .\rchiiecliire,  44. 

Ferraml,  Le  Comte  de,  Les  Trois  Demend)remenls  de  la  Pologne,  417. 
Ferry,  .lules.  La  l.ntte  tilectorale  en  ]Nt;3.  392. 
F'eudalism,  Laurent's  Historj-of.  49,  194;  .Secretan's  Essay  on.  IMH,  194;  (inizot  on, 

194;  Wail/ on,  299;   IMal ions  of,  to  the  French  l{evolution,353  ;  Vuitryou 

the  tinancial  methods  of,  384. 
Fiction,  Catalogue  of  works  of,  in  English,  G9. 
Fifteenth  Cenliiry.  Lindner's  History  of,  271. 
Figuier's  rrimiiive  Man,  90. 


686  INDEX. 

Finance,  History  of,  in  France,  383, 384 ;  History  of,  in  the  United  States,  006, 627 ; 
American  State-papers  on,  C34,  658 ;  general  authorities  on,  654-672. 

Finlay,  George,  History  of  Greece,  108, 117. 

Firth,  J.  B.,  Municipal  London,  562. 

Fiscliel,  Edward,  Tiie  English  Constitution,  oil. 

Fischer,  Karl,  Diplomatic  im  Keformationszeitalter,  212. 

Fisher,  George  P.,  Tlie  Beginnings  of  Christianity,  173;  History  of  the  Christian 
Church,  72, 198;  Discussions  in  History  and  Theology,  197;  The  IJeforma- 
tion.  212. 

Fisher's  Outlines  of  Universal  History,  39,  72. 

Five  ^lembers,  Attempt  to  Arrest,  by  Charles  I.,  400. 

Fix,  W.,  Territorial-geschichte  des  preussischen  Staates,  321. 

Flack,  J.,  Les  Origines  de  I'Ancienne  France,  404. 

Flanders,  H.,  Lives  and  Times  of  the  Chief-Justices  of  the  United  States,  071. 

Flassan,  Histoire  Generale  et  Kaisonne  de  la  Diplomatie  Franc^'aise  depuis  la  Fon- 
dation  de  la  Monarchic  jusqu'a  la  Fiu  du  Kegne  de  Louis  XVL,  403. 

Flathe,  T.,  Das  Zeitalter  der  Kestauration  und  Ilevolution  (1815-51),  72,  237;  Ge- 
schichte  des  Kurstaates  und  Kcinigreichs  Sachsen,  288. 

Fletcher,  James,  History  of  Poland,  415. 

Flint,  liohert.  The  Pliilosophy  of  History,  61,  07. 

Florence,  Histories  of,  255-260. 

Floto,  H.,  Ueber  historische  Kritik,  71. 

Flligel,  G.,  (ieschichte  dcr  Araber  bis  auf  den  Sturz  des  Califats  von  Bagdad,  199. 

Fonblanque,  Albany  de.  How  we  are  Governed,  518,  559. 

Foncin,  P.,  Essai  sur  le  Ministere  de  Turgot,  351. 

Force,  ]\LF.,  From  Fort  Henry  to  Corintli,  071. 

Force,  Peter,  Tracts  and  Papers,  632,  (;39 ;  Archives,  633,  642. 

Ford,  Thomas,  History  of  Illinois,  000. 

Foreign  lielations  of  the  United  States,  634,  651-652. 

Forneron,  II.,  Les  Dues  de  Guise  et  leur  Epoque,  405;  Histoire  de  Philippe  II., 
403. 

Forster,  John,  Biography  of  Sir  John  Eliot,  489,  540;  Statesmen  of  the  Common- 
wealth, 490,  550;  Arrest  of  tiie  Five  JMembers,  490,  648 ;  Biographical  and 
Historical  Essays,  545. 

Forster,  VV.  E.,  William  Penn  and  Thomas  B.  iMacaulay,  490. 

Forsyth,  AVilliam,  Life  of  Cicero,  i;i.S.  157  ;  History  of  Trial  by  Jury.  .520,  537. 

Forteseue,  Sir  J.,  (Jovernineiit  of  I'^ngland,  otliorwise  called  The  Difference  be- 
tween an  Absolute  and  a  Limited  Monarchy,  503. 

Foster,  F.  IL,  Seminary  iSIethod  of  Original  Study  in  the  Hist(nical  Sciences,  Il- 
lustrated from  ICarly  Church  History,  71. 

Foster,  .1.  \V.,  Prehistoric  Kaces,  0(t4. 

Foster,  ^Irs.,  Handbook  of  Italian  Literature,  263. 

Fournier,  P.,  Les  Ollicialites  an  IMoyen  Age,  200. 

Fowler's  Sectional  Controversy.  064. 

Fox,  Cliarles  James,  Trevelyan's  Enr\y  History  of,  499,  550 ;  Hussell's  Life  of,  556. 

France,  (Jeneral  Histories  of,  323-330;  Histories  of  Limited  Periods  of,330-37o; 
llistr)ries  of  Institutions  and  Civilization  of,  375  -397  ;  courses  of  reading  on, 
397-407;  Guizot's  Social  and  I'olilical  Instifiilions  of,  191. 

Francis  I.  and  Charles  V.,  ISIignet's  Itivalry  of,  .3.')9. 

Franco-German  War  of  ]H70,  Autlioritics  on,  39(i. 

Frank,  ('onstanline.  Die  Wiederlicrstclhnig  Deutschlands,  280. 

l'"ranklin,  Alfrcil,  Les  Sources  de  I'llistoire  de  France,  3.30. 

I'VanUiin,  Pcnjamin,  Bigelow's  Life  of,  (il5;  Parton's  Life  of,  019;  Works  of,  626. 

Frederick  1., 'I'esla's  History'  of,  242. 


INDEX.  687 

Frederick  II.,  Diinckcr's  Essays  on,  273;  Carlyle's  History  of,  292;  Preuss's  His- 
tory of,  2'J3 ;  riiii'-liaull's  Family,  (.'oiirt,  and  (Jovcriiment  of,  203;  Itaumor's 
Life  of.  "."Jt ;  Miralitaiioii  ilit- ( inviTiiiiuiit  of,  2!' J;  Halckc's  csiirnau-  of,  3it.'i; 
Macaiilay's  Ms.say  on,  ami  (irifiim's  n.-view  uf  it,  315;  \Vorksof,3l5;  lirougham 
on,3l.'>;  liicrary  ai-iiviiy  of, 3I.'(. 

Frederick  Wiliiaiii  I.,  Halcke's  csiiniaie  of, .'iO.'j. 

Fredericq,  1'.,  .Study  of  History  in  Kn;;land  and  .Scotland,  71. 

Free  Ciliea,  of  Italy, Testa  on,  212:  Hegil's  History  of,  212;  History  of.  in  (k-r- 
many,  INS,  3ii(». 

Freeman,  F.  .\.,  (IcniTal  .Sketch  of  I'nivcrsal  History,  3.'(,tj(;;  Mctlioils  of  Historical 
Study,  7i»;  Historical  (ico^jrapliy  of  Furope,  4J.  iW;  History  of  Federal  tiov- 
ernmcnt,  1  |t>,  117,  tM5;  History  and  ('on(iuests"^>ft lie  SaraceiiH,  lUlt ;  Ottoman 
I'ower  in  Furope,  445;  History  of  t lie  Norman  Con<|ue.st,  477,  53.j,  530;  The 
tirowth  «d"  the  English  Constitution,  513,  545;  Essays  of,  558;  Comparative 
rnlitics,  5.^«. 

Freer,  Martha  W.,  Henry  HI.  of  France  and  Poland.  341 ;  Henry  IV.,  342. 

French,  U.  F.,  llistoric;d  CoUecii'Mis  <d'  Louisiana,  5'.»0. 

French  Kevoliition,  Auilioriiics  on,  50, 352-3G2;  essays  and  treatises  on,  38G-391 ; 
courses  of  rea<lin;^  on,  3iW. 

Freytafj,  Gustav,  Lilder  aus  der  deutschcn  Vergangcnheit,  306 ;  Xeuc  Uilder,307, 
'  316. 

Friedliinder,  L.,  I)arst(llinii;en  aus  der  Sitlenge.schichte  Homs,  101. 

F'rieilmann.  P.,  .\inie  HiUyn.a  Chapter  of  English  History,  563. 

F'roissart,  Sir  .Fohn,  Chronidrs  of,  33L 

F'rothinuhani.  Lidiard.  Itisc  of  the  Kepnidic,  004,  643. 

Fronde,.!.  .\.,  Cii'sar,  1 10,  l.",i;;  on  Luilicr  and  lirasmus,  234  ;  History  of  England, 
4f<l;  The  Fn^lish  in  Ireland,  4%. 

Fryxell,  Anders,  History  of  Sweden.  454. 

Fidler,  Thomas,  Church  Histtiry,  525;  Worthies  of  England,  533. 

F'Urstenhiuul,  llanke  on  the,  274. 

Fyffe,  A.  C,  History  of  Jlodern  Europe,  222,  233, 

(iabonrd,  Amedee,  Ilistoirc  Confemporaine,  221. 

(iairdner.  .lames.  Houses  of  l^ncastcr  and  York,  101,480,  Life  and  Ileign  of 
ifichard  the  Third.  4H0. 

fJallaiin,  Alhert,  Adams's  Life  of.  014  ;  Works  of,  027,  056. 

<ialleni;n,  A.,  Tlie  Pope  and  the  King,  205. 

(ialiu/./i.  P.,  .Storia  del  (iranducata  de  Toscana,  204. 

Garilen,  Lc  Comte  de,  Histuire  (Jen6rale  des  Traites  de  Pais  et  ant  res  Transac- 
tions Principales  entre  toutes  les  Puissances  de  I'Europe  depuis  la  Paix  de 
West(dinlia,  23t). 

Gardiner.  S.  P..  Thirty  Years'  War,  217,  232,313;  History  of  England  under  the 
Stuarts,  IS,'),  547  ;  Introduction  to  iMiglish  History,  536. 

Garlield, .).  A.,  on  the  Northwestern  Territory.  052. 

(;arland,  Hugh  II..  Life  of.lohn  Pandoli)h,  016. 

Garrison.  W.  L.,  .lohnson's  Life  of,  617. 

(iauls.  Thierry's  History  of  the.  333,  .398;  Coulanges  on,  202 ;  I'auriel  on,  333;  be- 
fore the  Concjuests  of  Ciesar,  370;  Arnold's  view  of,  398;  Guizot's  view  of, 
398. 

Oaume.  L'.Vhhe,  Ilistoirc  «lo  la  Societe  I)omesti«|ue,  40. 

Gainierihum,  Das  deutsche,  hy  Ave-Lallemant.  301. 

(JauihiiT,  .1.,  Ilistoirc  de  Marie  .Stuart,  ( tuvrage  Couronnii  par  rAca«lemie  Fran- 
1,'aise,  .")t)4. 

Gayarre,  Charles,  Louisiana,  590;  History  of  Louisiana,  597. 


688  INDEX. 

Gediles.  James,  Historv  of  tlic  Administration  of  John  De  Witt,  448. 

GeflFeken,  H.,  Churcli  and  State,  174, 194. 

Geffroy,  A.,  Histoire  des  Etats  Scandinaves,  4G3. 

Geiger,  Renaissance  und  Humanismus,  in  Italien  und  Deutschland,  72. 

Geijer,  E.  J..  Geschichte  Schwedens,  454. 

Geikie.  Cunningham,  The  English  Reformation,  483. 

Geogr.npliv  of  Europe,  Freeman  on,  45;  Koeppen  on,  68,  1G5. 

George  Eliot's  Komola,  233,  235. 

George  III.,  History  of  England  under,  500-501. 

Georgia,  Stevens's  History  of,  595. 

Cierman  Empire,  Constitution  of,  268,  270,  274.  310. 

German  Schools  of  History,  by  Lord  Acton,  319. 

Germans,  The  History  of,  before  Christianity,  297;  AYirth's  History  of,  302; 
Sugenheim's  History  of,  303;  Janssen's  History  of,  303;  Biedcrmann's  His- 
tory of.  304;  Balcke's  Pictures  of,  305;  Freytag's  Pictures  of,  30G. 

Germany,  General  Histories  of,  266-270;  Histories  of  Limited  Periods,  270-283 ; 
Histories  of  Individual  .States  of,  283-296;  Histories  of  Institutions  and 
Civilization,  296-313,318,319;  suggestions  of  courses  of  reading  on  the  his- 
tory of,  31.3-322;  the  Constitutional  history  of,  297-300;  general  views  of,  in 
the  Middle  Ages,  300-307 ;  in  the  eighteenth  century,  304,  316  ;  at  the  pres- 
ent time,  308,  316;  schools  of,316;  social  institutions  of,  316,  318, 319;  liter- 
ature of,  316, 322. 

Gerry,  Elbridge,  Austin's  Life  of,  615. 

Gervinus,  G.  (i.,  Geschichte  ties  19ten  Jahrhunderts  scit  dcra  Wiener  Vertriigen, 
237;  Geschichte  dcr  deutschen  Dichtung,  311. 

Gesetztafel  of  the  Bishop  of  Speyers,  315. 

Gfrorer,  A.  F.,  Pabst  Grcgorius  VII.,  174  ;  Geschichte  des  ISten  Jahrhunderts,  236. 

Gibbon,  Edward,  Historv  of  the  Decline  and  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  146, 157, 
194,261. 

Gibbs's  Administrations  of  Washington  and  Adams,  651,  656. 

Giesebrecht,  W.  von,  (ieschichte  dcr  deutschen  Kaiserzeit,  270,  313. 

Gieseler,  J.  C.  L.,  Text-book  of  Church  History,  175. 

Gilbert,  G.,  Ilandbuch  der  Griccliischen  Staatsalterthlimcr,  120 ;  Beitriige  zur 
inncrn  (ieschichte  Athens  im  Zeitaltcr  des  Peloponnesischcn  Krieges,  12L 

Gilbert,  J.  T.,  Aflairs  in  Ireland  from  Kill  to  1652,552. 

Gilbert,  O.,  (ieschichte  und  Topographic  der  Stadt  Rom  im  Altcrthum,  159. 

Gilbert,  W.,  Lucretia  Borgia,  Duchess  of  Ferrara,  264. 

Gilds.     See  (iuilds. 

Gilman,  A.,  History  of  the  American  Poojile,  670. 

Gindely,  .\nton,  (ieschichte  des  dreissigjiihrigcn  Krieges,  216. 

(iinguene,  P.  L.,  Hisioiro  Littcraire  d'ltalic,  265. 

(Jirard,  C.  J.  B.,  Histoire  du  Droit  Fran(\iis  an  Moycn  Age,  403. 

Girard,  P.  F.,  Essai  sur  les  Finances  et  la  Comptabilit<3  Publiquc  chez  les  Romains, 
160. 

Girondists,  Lamartine's  History  of,  360. 

Giry,  A.,  I^tudos  sur  les  Institutions  !Municipales,  200. 

Gladstone,  W.  E.,  Studies  on  Homer,  111. 

Glasson,  E.,  Histoire  du  Droit  ct  des  Insiitulions  de  la  France,  40,5. 

Gneist,  Rudolf,  (ieschichte  dcr  Komnninalvcrfassung  Englands,  510,  562;  Das 
englische  Vcrwaltung.srocht,  511,562. 

Gobineau,  J.  A.de,  Histoire  des  Pcrses  d'a|)ri'S  les  jNIS.S.  orientaux  i'nedits,  91,  92. 

(ifideke,  Iv,  ( irundriss  der  (ieschichte  der  deutschen  Dichtung,  322. 

(iodkin,  (i.  S.,  Life  of  Victor  Emmanuel  II.,  254. 

(jodwiii,  Parke,  History  of  France,  324. 


INDEX.  689 

(iCKhvii),  William,  History  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Eiiglaiui,  493. 

(iiiethc-'s  (iiitz  voii  Itcrlichingc-n,  314. 

(«olUzil>cr,  iKiiat/,  Myliiolngy  amoii*;  the   Ilihrcws  ami  its  Historical  Dcvtlop- 
mciil,  112. 

(ii)l),  lli-rmann,  KultiirliiMcr  aiis  llcllns  iind  Knm,  111. 

(ioiiiriu-,  (i.  I,.,  The  l.ittTiiiiire  of  l.<iciil  lll»litllliclll^*,  r>ti-J. 

(ioiicoiirt,  K.  ami  .1.  <U',  IliHiuirc  <le  la  Sociele  l-'raiiyaisc  pcmlaiit  la  Ilt-voluiioii  ct 
la  lUrcftnirf,  4i)j. 

(ioodcll,  Wiiliain,  Slavtry  and  ,\ntislavcry,  CO."),  fiO;}. 

tJiirdtiii.  Wllli.iin.  History  of  the  Iiidciitiidtiic'L'  ol  tho  United  Statfs,  395. 

(iiwch,  Ciiarlfs  A.,  IVninark  and  (icrtnany  sinccj  l«li>,  IJo. 

(■o.Hsclin,  .1.  K.  \.,  I'ouvoir  du  I'apc  au  .Moycn  Af;c,  17j. 

(lostwick  and  Harrison,  ( hitlincs  of  (iirinan  Literaliirc,  31H. 

(iothi),  Kin;;sk'y's  Nemr.sis  of  iIip.  104. 

(fott.schall,  K.,  Die  dcutschc  Niiiional-I.iteratur  des  ncunzcdintcn  .lalirhundcrts, 
3J-.>. 

(longe's  History  of  I'aper  ^lonoy  and  Rankini;,  Co". 

Government,  of  (Jrocff,  llu;  of  Greek  Con  federations,  108  ;  of  IJome,  rj8;  of  Ger- 
many, 31 1  ;  of  France,  3'.t3 ;  of  England,  ol'.t ;  of  the  United  States,  G08. 

(Jracchi,  IJeesly  on  the,  13.").  l.iT;  other  aullmrilies  on,  157. 

<!raliani's  .\nnals  of  Ireland  from  1(541  to  l(ir)3,  fwO. 

(irahame.  .Fames,  liise  and  Tro-jress  of  the  United  States,  570. 

(iranada,  Irvin;;'s  Concpiest  of,  433. 

(Jrant,  U.  S.,  Memoirs,  072. 

Griisse,  Lelirhiich  einer  allgemoinen  I.ilcraturgescliichte  allcr  bekaimten  Volker 
der  Welt  von  der  iiltesten  his  anf  die  neneste  Zeii,  73. 

Gratlaii.  T.  ('.,  Hisiory  of  the  Netherlands,  44U. 

(Ir:it/,  II..  Gtschichte  der  .luden  von  den  iiltesten  Zeiten  bis  auf  die  Gegenwart, 
73. 

Gray's  National  .\llas,  08. 

(Jreat  Charter,  .Vnthorilies  on  the,  538-540. 

Greece,  (leofrraphy  of.  4.');   Launiil's   Historj*  of.  49;   Histories  of.  94-121  ;    Lan- 
.pnage  and  I'oetrv  of.  'M'>.  113,  114;  Consiiiiitional  History  of.  90;  Trades  and 
Arts  in.  109;   lleli-ion   of,  110;    Life   in,  112;  Art  in,  116;   Orators  of.  118; 
.-Vrcha-ology  of,  119;  Kelations  of,  with  Turkey,  402. 

Greeley,  Horace,  The  .Vmerican  Conflict,  575. 

Green,  .1.  II.,  Short  History  of  the  Kiiijlish  People,  407.  528;  History  of  the  Eng- 
lish I'eople,  408,  528;  The  Making  of  England,  475,  534,  535. 

Green.  Mrs.  .1.  K„  Henry  H..  503, 

(Jreene,  F,  V.,  The  Mississippi,  071, 

(Jrccne,  (J,  W.,  Historical  View  of  the  American  IJcvolution,  570;  Life  of  Nathan- 
iel (Jreene.  020, 

Greenland,  Kink's  History  of,  459. 

(Jreg,  1*.,  History  of  the  United  .States,  0ii9. 

Grego,.!.,  Historvof  I'arliamentarv  Elections  and  Electioneering  in  the  Old  Davs, 
503.  '  ' 

Gregorovlus,  F.,  Geschichte  der  Stadt  Itom  iin  Mittelalier.  147,  158,  194,201;  Lu- 
crezia  Horgia,  204. 

(Jregory  Vll.,  (ilYorer's  Life  of,  174;  Villemain's  Life  of,  192;  (Jiesehrecht's  view 
of,  270  ;  IJanmer's  view  of.  270. 

Grimm,  Hnrman,  Life  of  .Michael  Angelo,  248;  review  of  Macanlay,  315, 

(iriswolii,  1{.  W.,  I'oels  and  l'oetr\-  of  .Vmerica.  G;>S, 

(;rote,  (Jeorge,  History  of  (Jreece,  97,  117;  review  of,  hy  .1,  .S.  Mill,  119, 

Grovestins,  S.  de,  Guillaume  HI.  et  Louis  XIV.,  347. 

44 


690  INDEX. 

Griin,  K.,  Culturgescliiclite  des  16ten  Jahrhuuderts,  23G;  CuUurgeschichte  dc3 
ITten  Jahrhunderts,  236. 

Guest,  Dr.  E.,  Early  English  Settlements  in  South  Britaui,  536. 

Guettee,  E.  T.  W.,  Histoire  des  Jesuites,  236. 

Guhl  and  Koner's  Life  among  the  Greeks  and  Romans,  112, 

Guicciardini,  F.,  History  of  Italy,  243,  2G2. 

Guilds,  Smith  and  Brentano's  History  of,  189;  Wilda's  History  of,  192. 

Guirand,  P.,  Le  Differend  entre  Cesar  et  le  Senat,  160. 

Guizot,  F.,  History  of  Civilization  in  Europe,  -16:  theories  of,  examined  by  Mill, 
Woolsey,  and  Diman,  67;  inaugural  lecture  of,  67;  Origin  of  Representative 
Government,  176,  535;  Essays  of,  194:,  378.  538;  Outlines  of  the  History  of 
France,  325, 397;  PopularHistory  of  France,  325;  Collection  des]Memoires,331; 
Memoires  pour  servir,  etc.,  375;  History  of  Civilization  in  France,  194,  377, 
397;  History  of  England,  468, 548;  Li fe "of  Cromwell,  550 ;  Life  of  Monk,  552. 

Gurowski,  Count  Adam,  Russia  as  It  Is,  422. 

Gustavus  Adolphus,  Droysen's  Life  of,  272. 

Guthrie,  Secretary,  financial  report  of,  659. 

Haag,  ^.,  La  France  Protestante,  404. 

Haas,  C.  P.  JL,  Administration  de  la  France,  393. 

Hadley,  James,  Introduction  to  Roman  Law,  151. 

Hagenbach,  K.  R.,  Kirchcn-Geschichte  von  dcr  iiltesten  Zeit  bis  zum  19ten  Jahr- 

hundert,  198. 
Ilahn,  E.  N.,  Geschichte  der  Ketzer  im  Mittelaltcr,  besondors  im  XL,  XIL,  und 

XIIL  .Tahrhundert,  318. 
Hahn,  L.,  Flirst  Bismarck,  sein  politisches  Leben  und  Wirken,  321;  Geschichte 

des  preussischen  Yatorlandes,  322. 
Hale,  E.  E.,  Franklin  in  France,  672. 

Hallam,  Henry,  Jliddle  Ages,  163,  193,  329;  Literature  of  Europe,  227;  Constitu- 
tional History  of  England,  513,545;  Macaiday's  Essay  on,  234. 
ITamel,  E.,  Histoire  de  Robespierre  et  du  Coup  d'ttat  du  !)  Tliermidor,  406. 
Hamilton,  Alexander,  Morse's  Life  of,  618;  Shea's  Life  of,  622;  general  authorities 

on,  647-648;  letters  of,  652. 
Hamilton,  .T.  A.,  Reminiscences  of  Men  and  Events  at  Home  and  Abroad,  671. 
Hamilton,  .1.  C,  History  of  the  Republic,  577,  648. 
Hammer-Purgstall,  J.,  (Jescbiclite  des  osmanischen  Rcichcs,  444. 
Hammond,  J.  D.,  History  of  Political  ['arlies  in  New  York,  590. 
Hampden,  John,  Forster's  Life  of,  490;  Nugent's  Memorials  of,  491. 
Hand-book  of  the  American  Revolution,  590. 
Hand-books  of  History,  Browning's,  203. 
Ilanseatic  League.  1X8;  Sartorius  on,  188;  Schiifcr  on,  300. 
Hardenberg,  Ranke's  Life  of,  276,  314. 
Hardwick,  Cliarles,  History  of  the  C'liristian  Church,  17G. 
Hardj',  Sir  T.  1).,  DcscrijHive  (Catalogue,  530. 
Hare,  .1.,  Walks  about  Rome,  159. 
Harloian  Miscellanies,  b'.>2. 

Harrison,  F.,  History  of  the  Law  of  Treason,  563. 
Harris's  Lives  of  the  Stuarts,  51(). 
Hartford  Convention,  Duight's  History  of.  CM. 

Hartwig,0.,Quelleii  und  F<)rschuni,'rnzur  iiltesten  Geschichte  dor  StadtFlorenz,  265. 
llase,  C.  A.,  Kirdiengeschichte,  199. 
Iliiusser,  L  ,  'Die  Period  of  the  Reformation,  21.3,  232,  313;  Deutsche  Geschichte 

voin  Todc  Friedrichs  des  Grosscn,  274,  313;  Geschichte  der  franziisischen 

Revolulioi),  358. 


INDEX.  O'JL 

IlnwoiVs  Sketches  of  the  Reformation,  546. 
llawkiim,  Hissci.  (Jcrniaiiy,  ;!07. 
Hawks.  V.  L.,  History  <•(  Norili  Camliiin.  59». 
UawtliiiriK',  N'.,  Marlilu  l-aiiii,  'li'ui. 

Ilaxtlinitscii,  liarmi  ilc, 'I'lii-  [iistitiitiuiiH  of  Kiissia,  422. 
llayila's  Dictionary  of  DatcM,  G'J. 

Hayiic  ntnl  \Vi'l)sti'r'.i  Debate  on  tlie  Const itiil ion,  005. 
Ilayin,  K..  Die  HoiiiaiitiKclie  .Scliiilc,  31H. 
lla/litt,  \V.,  Life  of  Napoleon  H.ina|iart«-,  ;!0(;. 
Hazlilt,  W.  ('.,  History  of  the  Venetian  K'epiiblio, 255. 
Hearn,  W.  !■!., 'I'lie  (iiU-ennnent  of  ICiitjlanil,  517,557. 
Decker, . I.  !•'.  ('.,  Kpiib-inics  oftlie  Middle  .\i,'es,  177,  190. 
Hcdf;p,  V.  H.,  I'rose  \\'ri:er.s  of  (ierinaiiy,  :il«. 

Hcercn,  .\.  11.  L.,  Historical  Researches,  75.  !iO;  (Jescliiclite  tier  classischeii  Lile- 
rntiir  irn  Mittelalter,  2t)(l;  Vermisclite  Schriften,  2((.>.  200;  I'olitieal  Systems 
of  .Moilorn  Knropo,  2II5;  (leschichtc  der  ciiropiiisclien  .Stnaten,  200. 
Ilefele,  C  J.  von,  Concilien-lieschichte  nach  clen  <^>uellen  btarbeitet,  l'J8  ;    Life  of 

Cardinal  Xiinenez,  translated  by  Canon  Dalton,  40;J. 
Hei^cl,  Dr.  Carl,  (ieschichte  der  Siiidieverrass.in;;  von  Italicn,  242. 
Hefxel,  <;.  \V.  I'..  Laurent  on.  .J»i ;  I'hilosophy  of  History,  02,  67. 
Heilprin,  Historical  Heference  IJook,  70. 
H<'inel,  Kdiiard,  (ieschichte  I'reussens,  290. 
Helleiiisiiiiis,  Droy.sen's,  10,1. 
Helhvald,  Ciiltnrgeschichtc  i;i  ihrcr  iiatiirlichcu  Entwicktiunij  bis  zur  Gcgenwart, 

7;5. 
Helper's  Impending  Crisis,  004. 

Henne,  .\.,  Histoire  de  Charles  ()iiint  en  Helf^iqiie,  235. 

ncnne-ani-lihyii,  Alljjeineine  Kidtiir;,'eschichle.  73 ;  Die  Krcuzzujce  nnd  die  Kul- 
tur    ihrer   Zeit,    199;    Alli^enieinc    Kiiliurgeschichte,   201;    Gcschichte   Ues 
Schweizcrvolkes  und  seiner  Kiiltiir,  404. 
Hennepin,  Father,  De.scriptioii  of  Louisiana,  000. 
Henrietta  Maria,  Hayne's  Ks.say  on,  CO, 
Henry,  L'.Vbbe,  Histoire  de  rKhxiuence,  47. 
Henry,  Patrick,  Wirt's  Life  of.  024. 
Henry  III.,  Frecr's  History  of.  341. 

Henry  IV.,  Freer's  History  of.  312;  .*^ully's  .Memoirs  of,  342 ;  Segretain  on.  343; 
I'oirson  on,  343;  LaconilM' on,  344  ;  I'errens  on,  344 :  Capeligue  on,  344  ;  best 
modern  authorities  on,  397. 
Henry  VH..  Bacon's  History  of,  8. 
Herbert,  .M;j:ernon,  Itritainiia  after  the  liomans,  530. 
Herder's  Fatalism  examined  by  Laurent,  .')0. 
Herelle,  Documents  Inedits  sur  les  litats-Generaux  tires  des  Archives  de  Vitrny- 

le-Francois  et  I'id)lies,  4ii4. 
Hermann,  K.  F..  Lehrbuch  der  (Jriechischen  .\nti(juitaten,  120. 
Hermaini  und  Strald,  (ieschichte  des  russischen  Staates,  413. 
Herinann's  Political  .\ntiipiities  of  (ireece.  119. 
Herodotus,  Kawlinson's  translation  of,  101. 

Heron,  lutroductiun  to  the  Study  of  Jurisprudence,  73;  Principles  of  Jurispru- 
dence, 73. 
Hcrtzberj:,  C.  F.,  (Ieschichte  der  nmiischen  Kaiserzeit.  71  ;  (Ieschichte  von  Hellas 
und  IJom,  71,  121  ;  (ieschichte  der  Myzantiner  und  des  Osmanischcn  iieichs, 
72,  121;  Die  (ieschichte  (iriechenlauds.  121. 
Hettner,  Hermann,  (ieschichte  der  dcutschen  Literatnr,  312 ;  (ieschichte  der 
franziisischeu  Literal ur,  3ti0. 


692  INDEX. 

Heyil,  Wilhelm   von,  Histoirc  ihi   Commerce   dii  Levant  au   lloyeu  Age,  199; 

(jieschielite  des  Levant shandels.  242. 
Higginson,  T.  AV.,  Larger  History  of  the  United  States,  GG9. 
Hildebrand.     See  (Jregory  VIL 
Hildretli,  L'ichard,  History  of  the  United  States,  oG9. 
Hildreth.  8.  1\,  I'ioneer  History  of  the  Ohio  Valley,  598. 
Hillard,  George  S.,  Six  Months  in  Italy.  2(!3. 
Hillebrand,  J.,  Die  deutsche  National-Literatur  im  XYHL  und  XIX.  Jahrhun- 

derts,  317. 
Hillebrand,  K.,  Dino   Compagni,  2(34;    La  Trusse  Contemporaine,  295;    German 

Thought  from  the    Seven  Years'  War  to  Goethe's  Death,  319 ;  Gesehichte 

Frankreichs,  3G8. 
Himly,  A.,  Histoire  de  la  Formation  Territoriale  des  Etats  de  I'Europe  Centrale, 

235. 
Hinsdale,  B.  A.,  The  Old  Northwest,  G71. 
Hirschfeld,  O.,  Untersuchungen  aiif  dem  Gebiete  der  romischen  Yerwaltungsge- 

sehiehte,  IGO. 
Historical  knowledge,  nature  of,  14, 
Historical  magazines  of  America,  039. 
Historical  Societies,  publications  of,  G31-G44. 
Historical  Truth,  Bisset  on,  57. 
Histories  of  Civilization  and  Progress,  42-57. 
History,  on  the  study  of,  l-SO;  growing  popularity  of  studies  in,  1 ;   the  study  of, 

compared  with  other  studies,  3;    difficulties  of  exact  knowledge  in,  4,  13; 

knowledge  of,  similar  to  that  of  every-day  life,  14  ;  importance  of  the  study 

of,  15;  special  value  of  studies  in,  for  Americans,  18,  24;  jirojier  methods  of 

the  study  of,  24-30;  value  of  charts  and  tables  in  studying,  28;  ancient  as 

compared  with  modern,  29 ;  methods  of  writing,  by  Daunou,  34 ;  works  on 

the  ])hilosophy  of,  57-GC;  general  authorities  on  the  methods  of,  G1-G7;  on 

the  philosophy  of,  71-72. 
Hobbes,  Bisset's  Essaj'  on,  57. 

Hock,  Dr.  Carl  von,  Finanzgeschichte  der  Yereinigten  Staaten,  GOG,  C57. 
Hodgkin,  Thomas,  Italy  and  her  Invaders,  241,  2G]. 
Hohcnstaufen,  Kaumer's  History  of  the,  270. 
Hohoflf,  W.,  Die  Revolution  seit  dem  IGten  Jahrhundert  in  Lichte  der  Forschung, 

237. 
Holland,  Histories  of,  447-452 ;  courses  of  reading  on  the  history  of,  459-464. 
Holland,  Lord,  IMemoirs  «,f  the  AYIiig  I'arty,  55G. 
Holm's  Gesehichte  Sicilions  im  Alterthum,  117. 
Holmes,  Abiel,  The  ,Vnnals  of  America,  577. 

Hoist,  II.  von.  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  007,  050,  G61. 
Holtzendorff,  F,  von,  Die  I'rincipien  der  i'olitik,  319. 
Holy  Ifoman  ICmpirc,  Bryce's,  2GG. 

I  lomeric  (^ucst  ion,  90 ;  (ieddes  on  the.  110;  Gladstone  on,  111,117;  Mahaffy  on,  117. 
Hommel,  (ieschichte  des  Ilabyloniens  und  Assyrieus,  71. 

Honcgger,  J.  ,1.,  Culturgeschichte  der  neuesten  Zeit,  228 ;  Literatur  nnd  Cultur  des 
19ien  .lahrhuniliTts,  2.'>7;  Krilische  (Jeschichle  der  franziisischcn  Culturiii- 
flilssc  in  den  leizten  .lalirhundcrten,  31M. 

II  ipp,  I'.iMidesslaat  und  BinidcsUricg  in  Nordamcrika,  72. 
Ilosacl;,  .lohn,  ^lary  (iuecn  of  Scots  and  iier  Accusers,  484. 

Hosnier,  J.  K.,  Short  History  of  German  Literature,  322  ;  Young  Sir  Harrv  Yane, 

G72, 
Howe,  Henry,  Historical  (.'ollections  of  Ohio,  599. 
Howison,  I!,  I.'.,  History  of  Virginia,  593. 


INDKX.  ^  693 

lloworth,  II.  II.,  IlUlorv  of  the  M<>n(;<il».  4<)8. 

ll.i/i.r,  II.  M..  Ilie  .Scv'tii  W.ikV  War,  i'**!. 

HhIht,  a.,  fifschiilit*'  ( >l•^u•^rt•i^•^l^  Ili'l. 

Ililliiiir,  Han.ii,  Lift-  ..f.Sixiiis  tin-  Filili, '.'i:  ,  -'.33. 

IliuleiiiHiin,  K.  Vol),  (icM-liicliic  (li-8  r<iiiii!H:lK'ii  I'ustwcsons  wiihrcnd  dor  Kai.scr- 
zeit,  Itil. 

IIiiiImiii,  K.  N'.,  Life  mill  'rimes  nf  I.<>lli^o  of  I'nis.sia,  317. 

llnfliT,  Ilcrinuiiii,  Oisterrcicli  iiiitl  rrfiishcii  {^i-geiiUber  dcr  fraiizoitigclicii  Kcvulii- 
linii.  2-.'3. 

llii-li  ..r  Liiio.lii.  IVrry'.s  Life  of,  .'>3H. 

lltiyo,  Victor,  History  of  u  Crime,  373;  Iliiiicliback  of  Notre  iJamc,  399;  Ninety- 
three,  11)1. 

Iliigiieiuil.-*,  liaird's  History  of  the  Itisc  of  tlie,  340,  llKi ;  Poole's  History  of  the 
Dispersion  of,  340,  loo. 

Hume,  His.set'8  E.ssay  on,  57;  'I'he  Sliuleni'.-.  IN.');  History  of  Kiigland,  409;  iiro- 
die's  review  of.  .')].'>,  .")"_".•. 

Ilnmplirey.  \.  .\..'l'lic  \'ir^iiiia  Cainpai.icn  in  1804-05,  G71. 

Hundred  Vear.s'  War  and  House  of  Connnons.  '27. 

Hinii;ary,  Do  Worms  on.  314  ;  Mailatii  on,  2H4. 

Himt,  I.ti^b,  on  tlic  Italian  I'oets. '203. 

Hunt,  William,  Ilisti.ry  of  Italy,  •J3H. 'JdO. 

Hunt's  History  of  lieli^ions  'I'lionjiht,  .')57. 

Hurst,  .loliii  v..  History  of  Kationalisin,  •J28. 

Hiitehinson,  1'.  ()..  l)iary  and  Letters  of  Thomas  Hutchinson,  C70. 

llutcliinson,  Thomas,  History  of  Massachusetts  Hay,  585. 

Iceland.  Histories  and  Pescriptions  of,  452, 4.")r),  457. 

Iliiie,  M'illiam,  History  of  Home,  123, 156,  Early  liome,  134. 

Illinois,  Histories  of,  599,  GOO. 

Inama-Siernefjf,',  C.  Th.  von,  Deutsche  Wirlhschaftsgeschiclitc,  318, 

India,  Mill's  History  of.  473. 

Indian  Life  liy  rarkm.".ii,  580, 

Indians,  IJancroft's  L'aces  in  the  Pncilic  States,  G02,  Schoolcraft  on,  Gil. 

Indulgences,  Dunha-ii's  acco'uit  of,  2GG. 

Iiif^e,  ^\■.  Ii.,  Society  in  lCo"ie  under  the  Cwsars,  101. 

Ingersoll,  C.  J..  The  War  of  1812,  577. 

Ingram,  J.  K.,  History  of  I'liliiical  Economy,  .502. 

Inquisition,  Dalmes  on  the,  170;  Lea's  History  of,  202;  Llorcnte's  History  of,  230  ; 
Rule's  History  of,  231  ;  other  authorities  on,  234. 

Ireland,  .\ulhorilies  on  the  history  of.  5,50-552. 

Irving.  Washington,  Mahomet  and  his  Successors,  178  ;  Conquest  of  Granada,  433  ; 
Life  of  NN'ashington,  517. 

Isaacstdiii,  S.,  (Jeschichte  dcs  pren«sischen  IScamtenthums,  310. 

Israel,  I'.wald's  History  of  the  House  of,  80. 

Italian  Literature,  2G3. 

Italy,  (ieiieral  Histories  of,  238  241  ;  histories  of  limited  periods  of,  241-254  ;  his- 
tories of  individual  stales  of,  25-I-2(i0 ;  courses  of  reading  on  the  history  of, 
2GO-2G5 ;  under  the  I^>mliarils  and  Franks,  239;  sources  of  the  history  of. 
201,  204-265  ;  literature  of,  2G;5. 

Jackson,  Andrew,  Parton's   Life   of,  019 ;   policy   of,  on   linancc    and   secession, 

658. 
.Faff-'',  P.,  Kegesta  Pontitlcum  liomanorum.  197. 
James,  (J.  P.  I>.,  The  novels  of,  235. 


694 


INDEX. 


James  I..  Dalrymple's  ^Memorials  on,  10 ;  Gardiner's  History  of,  485 ;  Bayne's  Essay 

on,  492  ;  authorities  on,  546-548. 
James,  William.  Naval  History  of  Great  Britain,  533. 
Jameson,  Mrs.,  AVorks  on  Italian  Art,  2G3. 
Jamison,  D.  F.,  Life  of  Bertrand  du  (iuesclin,  337. 
Janet,  Paul,  Histoire  de  la  I'hilosophie  Morale  ct  Politique,  47 ;  Pliilosopliie  de  la 

Kevolution  Francjaise,  388. 
Janin,  J.,  Paris  et.  Versailles  il  y  a  Cent  Ans,405. 
Jannet,  Claudio,  Institutions  at  Sparta,  112. 
Janssen,  Job.,  Geschichte  des  deutschen  YolUes,  303,  321. 
Jardine,  Criminal  Trials.  8,  525. 

Jastrow,  Jahresbericlite  der  GeschichtswissenschaCt,  70. 
Jav,  'WiHiam,  Keview  of  the  Mexican  War,  578. 
Jay's  Treaty,  G49,  651. 
Jebb,  K.  C,  Homer,  an  Introduction  to  the  Iliad  and  Odyssey,  110;  Attic  Orators, 

118;  Modern  Greece,  4G4. 
Jeiferson,  Thomas,  Parton's  Life  of,  619;   Kandall's  Life  of,  620;  Works  of,  627; 

general  political  views  of,  646,  649. 
Jennings,  (ieorge  H.,  Anecdotical  History  of  Parliament,  519. 
Jerrold,  Blanchard,  Life  of  Napoleon  III.,  372. 
Jervis,  W.  II.,  Student's  History  of  France,  326. 
Jesuits,  Stephen  on  the  Pase  of  the,  234 ;  Carlyle  on,  234 ;  in  Nortli  America,  579 ; 

Relations  des,  632. 
Jews,  Ewald's  History  of,  80 ;  Josephus's  History  and  Antiquities  of,  80 ;  Milman's 

History  of,  81 ;  Stanley's  Church  History  of,  83. 
Jirecek,  J.  K.,  Geschichte  der  Bulgarcn,  464. 
Joan  of  Arc,  Histories  of,  336-337,  399. 
Johnson,  A.  H.,  Tlie  Normans  in  Europe,  178,  193. 
Johnson,  Oliver,  Life  of  W.  L.  (Jarrison,  617. 
Johnston,  A.,  History  of  American  Politics,  669;   School  History  of  the  United 

States,  669. 
Johnston,  II.  P.,  Yale  and  her  Honor-Roll  in  the  American  Revolution,  671. 
Johnston,  W.  K.,  Wall  maps  and  atlases,  (jS. 
Jones,  E.  H.,  Romances  of  the  Middle  Ages,  172. 
Jones,  Thomas,  History  of  New  York,  578. 
Jones,  William,  ^ludern  Europe,  209. 
Jonson,  Ben,  Sojanus,  159. 
Josephus,  Flavius,  The  Works  of,  80. 
Jost.  Geschichte  der  Israellten  seit  der  Zeit  der  IMacclialiacr  bis  auf  nnsere  Tagc, 

73. 
Journals,  of  Congress,  635 ;  of  the  House  of  Commons,  532  ;  of  the  House  of  Lords, 

532. 
Jowett,  B,, 'I'ranslation  of  Thucydidcs,  103. 
Judgment,  Im])ortance  of  the  faculty  of,  15. 

.lung,  .1.,  (ieogra|)hic  und  (Jeschichte  des  nimischen  Alterthums,  161. 
Jung,  Thomas,  Iionapartc  ct  sou  Temps,  364. 
Jiuiius,  Tlie  Letters  of,  557. 
Juries,  Servility  of,  before  the  Revolution,  11. 
Jury,  Forsyth's  History  of  Trial  by,  526. 

Juste,  Theodore,  Histoire  de  Belgiipie,  449  ;  La  Revolution  Beige  dc  1830,449. 
Justi,  Geschichte  des  alien  Persiens,  71. 

Kaiser,  Simon,  Frnnziisischc  Verfassungsgeschichte  von  1789  bis  1852,394. 
Kapp,  F.,  Geschichte  des  Soldaten-Handel  nach  Amerika,  670;  Die  Deutschen  im 


INDKX.  695 

Stanto  Now  York  wiihroiul  il.  ISlon  JulirliiimUrl,  C70;  Fricdricli  »kr  (irovsx; 

uiiil  ilie  VjTcinif^teii  Stnntcii  voii  Amtrika,  070. 
Karamsiii,  N.,  Ilistnry  of  tliu  Knipiri.'  <>f  Kussia,  lO'J. 
Kaiirmaiiii,  <;.,  Di-iiiscliu  (iistliiclito  liis  aiif  Karl  ilcii  Grosscn,  320. 
Kiary,  C  F.,  Ihc  Dawn  of  Hi>lory,  'Jl. 
KcUtr,  I,..  Dij  Keformaiioii  uml  die  iiUtrcn  Uefurmpartcicn,  ira  ilirtiu  Zusarnnuii 

Imiii,'!'  ilar;;c-sitllt,  ;{•.'<). 
KiUy,  W.  K..  Ili>l..ry  of  Kiissia,  WX 
Kciiibli',  .It.lin  M.,  Tliu  Saxons  in  Kn^'l.iml,  507. 
Kentucky,  llislorios  of,  oiW. 
Kentucky  IJesoliilions,  (>35,  017,  C>~2. 
Kie|)ert'»  wall  map!*,  <>M. 

Kin<;sley,  Charles,  The  Koinan  and  the  Teuton,  164, 194  ;  Meroward,  538. 
Kington.  1-'.,  History  of  Frederick  IF.,  Kinj;  of  the  Romans,  204. 
Kirk,  J.  F.,  History  of  Cliarhs  the  Hold,  'S.iH  ;  Freeman's  review  of,  399. 
Kitchin,  (J.  W.,  History  of  France,  327. 
Klein,  .1.,  Die  Verwaltinigs-IJeampten  der  I'rovinzcn  des  Ktlmischcn  Kcichs  bis 

auf  Diocletian,  liio. 
Klemm,  All^'emeine  Cullnrfjescliichte  des  Menschheit,  73. 
KlOpfel.  K..  (Jeschichte  iler  deutschen  Kinheitshestrebun^xcn,  279,  320. 
Knies,  K.,  Die  poliiische  Oekononiie  vom  fjeschich  I  lichen  Standpunktc,  237. 
Knight,  Charles,  The  l'o|)ular  History  of  Fngland,  470. 

Knight,  Professor,  History  of  Land  (irants  for  Fducation  in  the  Northwest,  G72. 
Kobersleiii.  A.,  (irumlriss  der  (uschichte  der  deutschcn  National-Literatur,  322. 
Koch,  .M.,  Tableau  des  Kevolution  tie  TKurope,  104. 
Koeppen.  A.  L.,  Historical  Atlas,  OH;  World  in  the  Middle  Ages,  IGo. 
Kohlrausch,  F..  History  of  (ierniany,  207. 
Ki'inig,  IJ.,  Deutsche  Literatnrgeschichtc,  322. 
Kijstlin,  Luther's  Leben,  2;?.'">. 

Kremer,  Alfred,  Cidiurgeschichfe  des  Orients,  179. 
Kriegk.<;.  L.,  Deutsches  ISitrgcrihiim  ini  Mittelalter,  301. 
Kroncs,  Franz,  Handbuch  der  Ceschichte  (Jestcrreichs,  284. 
Kiigler.  n.,  (Jeschichte  der  KreuzzUge,  72,  199;  Geschichte  des  Dreisigjiihrigen 

Kriegcs,  72. 
Kugler.  Franz  T.,  Hand-book  of  Painting,  48, 208;  Life  of  Fre<lerick  the  Great,  317. 
KUhn,  Finil.  Verfassun;^  der  .Stiidtc  des  roniischcn  Keiches,  lol. 
Ktlhn,  F..  Luther,  sa  Vie  et  son  <Kuvre,  235. 

Kurtz,  .1.  IL,  Lehrbuch  der  Kirclieugeschichte  flir  Studierendc,  199. 
Kurz,  H..  (ieschichte  der  ileutschen  Literatur  mit  ausgewiihltcn  StUckcn  aus  den 

Werken  der  vorzuglichsten  Schriftsteller,  317. 

LabauofT.  Prince  .\.,  Marie  Stuart,  ■\fii. 

Labarte,  .lules,  Hisioire  des  Arts  Industriels,  179, 195. 

I^abberlon's  liisiorical  tna|)s,  OH,  70. 

Laboulaye.  Fdou;ird,  Histoirc  des  Ktats-Unis,  570,  G45. 

Lacombe,  Charles  M.  de,  Henri  IV.  et  son  Politiipie,  344. 

Lacoinbc,  Paul,  Short  History  u(  the  Frencli  People,  327,397. 

Lacroix.  Paul,  Works  on  the"  Middle  Ages,  l.sL  190. 

Lafiienle,  Don  Moilesto,  Ilistoria  general  de  lispai'ia,  403 ;  Historia  Ecclesiastica 
do'Fspafia,  4(>3. 

La  Hari)e,  .1.  F.,  ('ours  de  Litterature.  49. 

Laing.  Samuel,  The  Heimskringla,  45."). 

Lalor, .L.L.Cyclopa-dia  of  Political  Science,  Political  Lconomy,  and  uf  the  Politi- 
cal History  of  the  United  States,  067. 


696  INDEX. 

Lamartine,  Alphonse  de,  Les  Girondins,  360 ;  History  of  the  Restoration,  367  ;  His- 
tory of  tlie  Revolution  of  1848.  369  ;  History  of  Russia,  410. 
Lancizoile,  C.  W.,  Bildung  des  preussischeu  Staats,  310, 
Land  and  Capital  at  Rome,  128. 
Landmann,  (ieorge.  Observations  on  Portugal,  434. 
Landor,  W.  S.,  Imaginary  Conversations,  118. 

Lane,  Edward  W.,  Manners  and  Customs  of  the  iModern  Egyptians,  445. 
Lanessau,  .J.  L.  de.  UE.xpansion  Coloniale  de  la  France,  404. 
Lanfrey  1'.,  Ilistoire  de  Napoleon  L,  362. 
Lange,  Albert,  History  of  Materialism,  229. 
Lange,  L.,  Rdmische  Alterthiimer,  152. 
Language,  Value  of  the  study  of,  4. 
Lanman.  .lames  H.,  History  of  Michigan,  601. 
Lanzi's  Art  in  Italy,  262. 

Lappenberg,  J.  !M.,  History  of  England  under  the  Anglo-Saxon  Kings,  475,  537. 
Lardner's  History  of  Switzerland,  441. 
Laud,  Archbishop,  Bayne's  Essay  on,  492. 
Laughlin,  .3.  L.,  Anglo-Saxon  Legal  Procedure,  506. 
Laurent,  F.,  Etudes  sur  I'Histoire  de  rilumanite,  49,  66. 
Laurie,  S.  S.,  Lecture  on  the  Rise  and  Early  History  of  Universities,  74. 
Lavillee,  T.,  Histoire  des  Fran9ais   depuis  le  Temps  des  Gaulois  jusqu'ii  nos 

Jours,  403. 
Lavisse,  E.,  Etudes  sur  I'Histoire  de  Prusse,  321. 
Law,  .lolin,  Thiers's  History  of,  349. 
Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,  157. 
Lea,  Henry  C.,  History  of  Sacerdotal  Celibacy,  179:  Studies  in  Church  History, 

180;  Superstition  and  Force,  180,  195,  oi4;  History  of  the  Inquisition,  202. 
League,  Wars  of  the,  399. 
Learning,  Revival  of,  in  Italy,  244,  245. 

Lechler,  (}.,  John  Wyclif  and  his  Precursors  in  England,  563. 
Lecky,  W.  E.  IL,  History  of  European  florals  from  Augustus  to  Charlemagne,  180, 

194, 195 ;  History  of  Rationalism,  229 ;  History  of  England  in  the  Eighteeiitli 

Century,  497,  556. 
Lecomte,  Ferdinand,  Guerre  de  la  Prusse  et  de  ITtalie  contre  I'Autriche,  280. 
Lcdrain,  I'^.,  L' Ilistoire  d'Israel,  91, 
Lcfman,  (ieschichte  des  alten  Indiens,71. 
Legeay,  Urbain,  Histoire  de  Louis  XL,  338. 
Le  (iotf,  Franoois,  Life  of  Thiers,  374. 
Le  Grand  d'Aussy's  Histoire  de  la  Vie  Privce  des  Fran(;ais  dopuis  I'Origine  dc  la 

Nation  jusqu'a  nos  Jours,  403. 
Le  Huerou.  .1.  M.,  Histoire  des  Institutions  .Alerovingienncs,  403. 
Leighton,  R.  F.,  History  of  Rome,  r_'.'>,  156. 
Lelevel,  .Joachim,  Histoire  dc  Pologne,  415. 
Lemhke,  1'".  W'.,  (ieschiclit'^  von  Spauicii,  434. 
Le  Nain  de  Tillemont,  S.,  Ilistoire  des  Empereurs  et  des  Autres  Princes,  etc.,  197; 

Memoires  pour  scrvir  ;i  I'Histoire  ICcclesiastique  des  Si.x  Premiers  Siecles, 

197. 
Le  Neve's  Fasti  Ecclesiit!  Anglicana'^,  532. 
Lenonnant,  Fr.,  ^lanual  of  Ancient  History,  76,  90 ;  Histoire  ancicnne  dc  I'Ori- 

ent,92. 
Lenormicr.  IL,  Etude  Ilistorique  siir  la  Condition  Privee  des  Aft'ranchis,  160. 
Leo,  IL,  (iescliichtc.von  Italien,  194,  2;i9>^'Jit  wickehuig  der  Verfassung  dcr  Lom- 

bardischen  Stiidle  his  zur  AnkutWi  Kaiser  Friedrich  I„  in  Italien,  264, 
Levesqie,  P.  C,  Histoire  de  Russie,do. 


INDKX.  697 

I^vi'n  Ilistiiry  of  [Iriiisli  ComiiiPreo,  US3. 

I^wis,  Charlton  '1'.,  llJHtory  of  (i<-riiiniiy,  'J<)7,  .'il.'l. 

Lcwi8,  Sir  (itor^,'i!  ('.,  Crftliljiliiy  of  Iliirly  notiinii  Hislory,  130,  134,  15(5;  Essays 

on  (lie  Aiiniiiii.itralioMit  of  lircnt  ISrilain  from  17K3  to  1H3<>,  bbH. 
Liddell,  Henry  (i.,  History  of  lionii-,  1"J.'>. 
Lifbor,  Frnni-is,  Civil  l^iluTty,  GUI. 

LiniKMiscliiniilt,  L.,  Hnnilliurli  ilrr  tU-nlsclion  AlicrihumskiMnIc,  .'('JO. 
LinihK'r,  'I'lu'oilur,  <i^•^»^•llic■lltt■  dcs  iUmiIsi-Iich  Ifi-iclifs,  271  ;  l>ic  Vtrnc,  197. 
LiuKnnl,  .I..lm,  History  of  i;n;,'lini.l,  171,  :>■>[.  .'.;1«. 
Liternlurc,  IJoiia's  Hiind-biHik  of  Cnivt-r:*!!!. -13,  l.n  Harix-'s  Aiwifnt  nnd  Moilcni, 

4'.);   Sclil.K.r«  Hi^'tory  of,  iui ;   of  (Jrcccf,  11.1:  of  i;.  mc,  l-l!t,  165,  \hH;  of 

Kiiropc,  •JJ7  ;  (.f  Itnly'.  'ill,  'il.'),  2(3.),  I'Gt ;  of  (u-riiuii  y,  311,  31:1 ;  of  Fruncc, 

37f>,  ;!«(;,  3'.ll,  394,  395,  39(1,  402;  of  .Spain,  439;  of  "Eu-jI  mil,  533-534;  of 

America,  (i3S. 
Littre,  IC,  Histoirc  dc  In  Lan.ijnc  Frnn^nise,  403. 
Livormorf,  A.  .\.,  'I'lip  War  with  Alcxifo  reviewed,  .'uO. 
Livy,  T.,  Hislory  I'f  Kmne,  l-Jii ;    Taine's  ICssay  on,  132,  G38. 
Lliirente,  ,1.  .\.,  Jlistorv  of  liic  in(|iiisi(i<in,  231. 
Lloyd,  W.  \V.,  The  Aj^'o  of  IVricles,  105,  117. 
Lo(li;c,  II.  C,  .Short  History  of  the  Kn;;lish  Colonies   in  America,  CH,  G09 ;   The 

Anj;lo-Saxon  Land  Law,  50G ;  Life  of  (Jeoff^c  Cahot,  C17,  G49 
Ij<ilimcyer,  (ieseliichto  von  ()st-  nnd  W'cst-rreussen,  321. 
I,<iml)ards,  Kingsley  on  the  Laws  of  the,  1G4. 
Loinenie's  Life  of  Heaumarchais,  G.jl. 
Lonj;,  (!eort:e.  Decline  of  the  Koman  IfcimMic,  llii'.,  15G. 

Ixjnjjman,  William,  Life  and  'I'imes  of  Kdwurd  HI.,  479;  Early  History  of  Eng- 
land, .037. 
Lonj^non,  A.,  Atlas  Historiqiie  de  la  France,  404. 
Liinin;;,  IC.,(feschichte  des  dentschen  Kirclienrechts,321  ;  Lelirbuch  des  deiitscbcn 

Ver\valtunj;srocliis,  321. 
Lord  Chancellors,  Campbell's  Lives  of  the,  4G(;. 
Lord.  .John,  Modern  Ili.-lory,  207. 
Lords,  l%scolt's  de.siTiptioii  of  the  Honse  of,  .V27. 
Loren/,  Ottokar,  Drei  Uilcher,  iiOM  ;   l)ie  (leschichtswissenschafi  in  Haiipiriclitun- 

ge:i  imd  .\ufgaben,  7tl,  71 ;  Dentschlands  (!eschichtsi|uelion   im  Miiielalier 

seit  der  Mittc  des  dreizehnten  .Iahrhmidert<!,  319. 
I/orenzo  de'  Medici,  L'eninont's,  259;  IJoscoe'.s,  259. 
Lossinj;,  I!.  .1..  Cydopadia  of  Cnited  Stales  History,  579,  GG7  ;   Field-books  of  Kcv- 

oliiiiiin.  War  of  1.S12,  and  Civil  War.  579;  Statesman's  Mannal,  C.'>7. 
Ix)ui.s  rhili|>pe,  Hillebraiurs  Historj-  of.  3Gf<. 
Lonis  I\'..  Dc  .loinville's  Hist.iry  of!  .'!99. 

Louis  XL,  Willert's  Keiijn  of,  .'!.'i9;  Condition  of  France  under,  397. 
I/ouis  XIIL,  Hazin's  History  of.315. 
Louis  XIV.,  lialeful  intlucncc  of,234  ;  Cheriicl's  Minority  of,  34G  ;  Martin's  Historv 

of.  .•»<•.,  39M. 
Louis  XV..  Do  Tociiieville's  Reii^n  of,  .149:  The  King's  Secret.  350. 
Louisiana,  Histories  of,  5!16,  597;   Hennepin's  l>cscri[ilioii  of,  GOG. 
Louisiana  rurchase.  Consideration  of,  G50.  C.'i.'t. 

Liiw.  L.  V.  von.  Die  dentsche  L'cichs-  nnd  Territorial- Vcrfassuiiij,  309. 
Low,  .S.  .1..  and  I'ulling,  F.  S.,  I)ictionary  of  I'jiglish  History,  5G'2. 
I.,owe.  ('.,  Prince  Hisniarck.  an  Historical  Hiot;raphy,322 
Ix)well,  IC..I.,  Hessians  and  otherlierman  Auxiliaries  of  (ireat  ISritain  in  the  Revo 

hit  ion,  G70. 
Lowell  Lectures  on  Early  History  of  Massachusetts,  1)39. 


698  INDEX. 

Loyola,  Sir  James  Stephen's  Essay  on,  234. 

Luard's  Annales  INIonastici,  5-10. 

Lubbock.  Sir  Jobii.  I'rehistoric  Times,  85,  90  ;  Origin  of  Civilization,  86,  90. 

Liibke,  William,  Outlines  of  the  History  of  Art,  51. 

Luchaire,  A.,  Histoire  des  Institutions  Monarchiques  de  la  France  sous  les  Pre- 
miers Capetiens,  987-1180,  40-4. 

Lnden,  H.,  Goschichte  des  deutschen  Volkcs,  339. 

Luther,  Martin,  Audiu's  Life  of,  234 ;  Fronde's  Fssay  on,  234, 314;  Carlyle's  Essay 
on,  234;  Table-talk  of,  314;  Stephen's  Essay  on,  314. 

Lvte,  H.  C.  M.,  History  of  the  Universitv  of  Oxford  from  the  Earliest  Times  to 
1830,  563. 

Macaulay,  T.  B.,  Lays  of  Ancient  Rome,  161 ;  Essay  on  Frederick  the  Great,  315 ; 

(irimm's  Essay  on,  315;    History  of  England.  495,  553;   estimates  of,  by 

Forster  and  Paget,  553  ;  estimate  of  Jefferson,  648. 
MacCulloch's  Russia  and  Turkey,  462. 
Macedonian  Empire,  Curteis's  Rise  of  the,  106. 
MacGeoghegan's  History  of  Ireland,  550. 
Machiavelli,  Niccolo,  Yillari's  Life  of,  247  ;  Historj'  of  Florence,  255;  Macanlay's 

Essay  on,  262. 
jMackenzie,  Lord,  Studies  in  Roman  Law,  152. 
^Mackenzie,  Robert,  The  Nineteenth  Century,  222,  232. 
IMackintosh,  Courtenay,  and  Forster's  British  Statesmen,  547. 
Mackintosh,  Sir  James,  Defence  of  the  French  Revolution,  390  ;  Fragment  on  the 

Revolution  of  1688,  553. 
Maclear,  G.  F.,  Apostles  of  JMediaival  Europe,  195. 
MacMullen,  Jolin,  History  of  Canada,  472. 
Macpherson.  Annals  of  Commerce,  533. 
Madison,  James,  Rives's  Life  of,  601 ;  Brownson's  estimate  of,  603  ;  Works  of,  G28  ; 

Papers,  644;  power  of,  as  a  writer,  652. 
Madvig,  J.  N.,  Yerfassung  und  Verwaltung  des  romischeii  Staats,  160. 
Magna  Carta,  Authorities  on  the,  538-540. 
Mahaffy,  J.  P.,  History  of  Greek  Literature,  112 ;  Social  Life  in  Greece,  112, 117  ; 

Rambles  and  Studies  in  Greece,  112;  Greek  Life  and  Thought,  121. 
Mahan,  A.  T.,  The  Gulf  and  Inland  Waters,  672. 
jNIaliomct,  Irving's  History  of,  178. 
Malion,  Lord,  History  of  England  under  (Jueen  Anne,  497;   History  of  England 

from  1713  to  1783,499,556. 
Mailath,  J.  (J.,  Geschiclite  Oesterreichs.  284. 
Maine,  Sir  H.  S.,  Ancient  Law,  87  ;  Early  History  of  Institutions,  87,  91 ;  Village 

Communities,  87,91,194. 
Maine,  Williainsou's  History  of,  5H4;   Historical  Society's  Publications,  G3L 
Maitlaud,  S.  II..  The  Dark  Ages,  State  of  Religion  from  the  Ninth  to  the  Twelfth 

Century,  2(10. 
Malcolm,  Sir  .loliii.  Political  History  of  India,  500. 
]Mallet,  M.,  Northern  Antii|uitios,  456. 

Mansi,  Sacrorum  Conciliorum  nova  et  amplissima  CoUectio,  196. 
Maps,  the  best  collection  of,  68 ;  Labbcriou's  Historical,  6H,  70;  Freeman's  His- 
torical, 153. 
Margrv,  P.,  Di'-couvertes  ct  Ktablisscments  des  Frant^ais  dans  I'Ouest  et  dans  le 

Slid  de  rAiuericjuc  ScptcntrioMalc,  1614-54,  404. 
Maria  Theresa,  .Vructh's  History  of,  2H6. 
Mariana,  .lohii  de,  (Icneral  History  ol' .Spain,  434. 
Mariotli,  L.,  Italy,  Past  and  Present,  239,  260. 


INDEX.  099 

Mariu8,  C,  Bcosly  on,  135. 

Mnrk  .Systuin.  Mminr'!*  History  <if  ilio.  '.".w. 

Marll)i>rnii;^li,  Itiiriiin'-t  i|('s<'ri|iii<iii  ipI'iIic  ciimimif^DS  of, 498. 

Mnrliiiiii,  M.  ili-,  Ilisti.irt-  ilc  rKs|mKiic  MoiUriU',  ^:(5. 

Mnrliif,  K.,  rn'-cis  lios  In?<liniii(iii»  l'iiliii(|iu't  ile  l.'onif,  Kid. 

Mfiri|iiiir(li.  ■)..  IMinisclif  Si:iiic>v<-r\viiltiiii^'.  I.'ri;  ICiMiiaii  Iiistitiitioiis,  159. 

Mjir>lmll,  lliiiii|iliri'y.  History  i>(  Kentucky,  i>'.*H. 

.Miir>liiill,  .luliii,  I, ill-  of  (!iMir>,'e  Wasliiiigtoii,  OIH;  Aiiifricaii  Colonies,  6-12,  Coo. 

Mar;!!!,  Forster's  LilV-  of.  190. 

Miirifiis,  <i.  K.  (If,  Ki'ciH'il  (le  Traites  ir.Mliaiicc  do  I'aix,  »lc  TrC-vc,  ile  Ncutralilt', 

(Ic  ('i)tnni(Tcc,  (lu  l.iniiics,  tic  rKcliaii;;i',  c-lc,  '2'Mt. 
M,'iriiii,  !•'.  II.,  X'crra.Hsiiii;^  mul  (;riiiicl:;csct/.c  lics  ilciitsclicn  Heicli.s,  310. 
llarliii,  Henri,  l.es  ('uvnliers  .\tliuiiiens,  120;  Histoire  de  Kriinco,  3'J7 ;  History  of 

the  .\;;e  of  Louis  XIV.,  3-ll>;  Histoire  de  Franco  depuis  I7H9,  374. 
Martin,  Munlfjoinery,  IVesent  Stale  of  Uriiisli  India,  5°J3. 
Martin,  'riieodore,  Tiio  Statesman's  Manual.  'SS.i. 
IMartinenu,  Harriet,  Ku^'land  in  llie  Nineteenth  Century,  .'jO'J,  o(>0. 
Marx.  I;..  Fssai  snr  les  I'liiivnirs  du  (iouverneur  de   rrovincc  sous  la  IJeiniblicjue 

Itoiiiaine  et  jusiiu'a  Dioeletien.  lo  I. 
Mary  de'  Medici,  I)escri|itii>n  of,  400. 
Mary  f^ueen  of  Scots,  Anilioriiies  on,  484,  4«o,  529. 
Marylanil.  Histories  of,  .'>'.•],  ()40:  inrtueiicc  of,  in  llio  Northwest,  Co2. 
Mason,  A. .).,  The  IVrsecutions  of  |)iocletiaM,  185. 
Maspero,  (iastou,  Histoire  nnei»'inic  des  Teuples  de  I'Oricnt,  91. 
Mass,  O'Brien's  History  of  the,  Ixd. 
Massachusetts,  Histories  of,  5KI-58C;    Historical  .Society's   Collections,  031,  G42 ; 

Customs  in  I''.arly,  181. 
Mnssey,  William,  History  of  I",nt;land  under  (Jeorj^c  HI.,  5ol. 
Masson,  \V.,  Life  and  'rimes  of  Milton,  207. 
Materialism.  Lan^je's  History  of,  229. 

Materials  relating;  to  History  of  (ireat  Uritain,  Hardy's  Catalogue  of,  530. 
Mathematics, The  Study  of,  3. 
Mather,  Cotton.  Ma;;nalia  Christi  .\mcricana,  G09. 
l^Iatthew  I'aris's  Historia  Major,  540. 
Maureidirecher,  W'.,  Celier  .Melhodc  nnd  .Vuf^ahc  dcr  liistorischcn  Forschiniir,  71  ; 

(ieschichtc   tier   katholischen    lieforinaiion,  235;    Carl   der   Ftlnfte   nnd  die 

deiitscheii  I'rotestantci),  317. 
Slaurcr,  (J.  L.  von,  (ieschichtc  tier  ^farkenvprfassinip,  298;  Geschiclite  der  Dorf- 

verfassimi;,  298 ;  (ieschichtc  der  .Stiiilteverfassuiifj,  298. 
Maurer,  KonratI,  Islanil  von  seiner  crstcn  Kiitilcckuug,  4oG;   Isliindische  Volks- 

saijen,  4.")7. 
Maurice.  F.  1).,  Ix>aniiujj  and  Working  and  the  Ileligion  of  Komc,  158. 
Maurv.  L.  F.  .\.,  La  JIagie  et   r.\stroli>gie  tlans  I'Antitiuite  et  an  Mtivcn  Acje, 

i97. 
Maxwell,  .I..S.,  The  Czar,  liis  Court  and  People.  42.1. 
May,  Sir  T.  K.,  Democracy  in  J'^urtipe,  51,  552 ;   The  Constitutional   History  of 

Knglaiitl.  514,  557,  5.59. 
Ma/aile,  Charles  de,  Lc  Comte  tie  Cavniir,  252,  201 ;  L'F^spagne  Jlwlerne,  430. 
Ma/./.ini,  .loseph.  Life  anti  Writings  of,  251,  202. 
McCarthy,  .Instill  IL,  History  of  Our  Own  Times,  503,  .500;  History  of  the  Four 

(•eorges,  .lOl;  Outline  of  Irish  History  from  the  ICarliest  Time  to  the  I'rcs- 

ent  i  )ay,  5t;4. 
McCoan,  F,j;ypi  as  It  Is,  440. 
McCidluch,  IL,  .Men  niitl  Measures  of  Half  n  Centurv,  072. 


700  INDEX. 

McLennan,  J.  F.,  Studies  in  Ancient  History.  8(),  91. 

McMaster,  J.  B.,  History  of  the  People  of  tiie  United  States,  669. 

Meaux.  Yicomte,  Les  Luttes  Religieuses  en  France  un  XYI.  Siecle,  405. 

Media,  Kawlinson's  History  of,  82. 

Meiners,  C,  Historisclie  Vergleichung  der  Sittcn,  Yerfassungen,  u.  s.  w.,  des  Mit- 
telaUers  mit  denen  unseres  Jahrhunderts,  200. 

Mtinant,  Joacliim,  Annales  des  Kois  d'Assyrie  Traduites  et  Mises  en  Ordre  sur  le 
Text  Assyrien,  91. 

]S[enard,  L.,  Histoire  des  ancienncs  Peuples  de  I'Orient,  93. 

Mendelssohn-Bartholdy,  K.,  (iescliiclite  (iriechenlands,  121. 

^lenzel,  W..  History  of  liermany,  268,  313. 

Merewether  and  Stephens,  History  of  Boroughs  and  Municipal  Corporations, 
522. 

Merivale,  Charles,  General  History  of  Rome,  127,  156 ;  Fall  of  the  Roman  Repub- 
lic, 136,  156;  The  Roman  Triumvirates,  137;  History  of  the  Romans  under 
the  Empire,  144,  156. 

^[erovingian  Dynasty,  Coidangcs  on,  375. 

Metteruicli,  Prince.  iMemoirs  of,  278. 

^Mexico,  Ripley's  War  with,  581. 

3Ieyer,  (1.,  (ieschichle  des  dentschcn  Gerichtsverfahrens,  318;  Lehrbuch  des 
deutsciieu  Yorwaltungsrechts,  318. 

Alichael  Angelo,  Grimm's  Life  of,  248. 

]\Iichaud  et  Poujoulat,  Nouvclle  Collection  de  Memoires,  332. 

Michaud,  J.  F..  History  of  the  Crusades,  182,  194. 

Michelet,  J.,  History  of  the  Roman  Republic,  127;  Sources  of  Early  Roman  His- 
tory, 157;  jModcru  History,  207;  History  of  France,  328;  Histoire  dc  la 
Revolution  Fran(,'aise,  355,  397. 

Michigan,  Histories  of,  601. 

Middle  Ages,  Assmanu's  (ieschiclite,  31 ;  General  Histories  of,  162-169;  Histories 
of  Limited  Periods  and  of  Listitutions  iu,  169-193;  courses  of  reading  in  the 
history  of,  193-202;  maps  of,  165;  authorities  on,  166;  The  Arts  in,  181; 
jNLanners  and  Customs  in,  181 ;  Religious  Life  in,  181 ;  Science  and  Literature 
in,  181,195;  Incpiisitiou  in,  202;  Trade  in,  242. 

Migne,  Abbe,  Patrologia  Latina,  198;  Patrologia  (ira'ca,  198. 

Mignet,  F.  A.,  Rivalite  dc  Frau<,'ois  L  et  <lc  Charles  Y.,  339;  History  of  the  French 
Revolution,  354,  397;  Histoire  ile  Mane  Stuart,  485. 

Mill,  .lames,  Bissct's  Essay  on,  57  ;  History  of  ]5ritisii  India,  473. 

MilK.lohn  Stuart,  Ivssay  on  (iuizot,  67  ;  review  of  (irote,  119. 

:\Iills.  Charles,  History  "of  tlic  Crusades,  182;   History  of  Cliivalry,  183. 

Jlilmau,  II.  II.,  History  of  the  .lews,  81 ;  History  of  Christianity,  183;  History  of 
Latin  Christianity,  183,  194,  542. 

Milton,  John,  Masson's  Life  and  Timt'S  of,  548,  552;  Bayne's  Essay  on,  492;  Reply 
to  Salmasius,  54>;. 

Minnesota,  Ncill's  History  of,  601. 

:\liMot,  (}.  I.*.,  History  of  Massaduisctts  Bay,  586,  643. 

Miralx-au,  Le  Comte  de,  De  la  Monarchic  Prussieiine,  294;  Reeve  on, 392;  Macau- 
lay's  ICssay  on,  4(H1. 

.Misponlet,  Les  Institutions  Politiciues  des  Romains,  160. 

.Mississippi  Bulihic,  Thicrs's  History  of  the,  349. 

Mississippi  Yalley,  Discovery  and  Settlement  of,  600, 

Alissouri  Couipnunise,  Authorities  on,  654,  666. 

-Miiford,  William,  History  of  (ireece,  97. 

Aloijcrn  lOiiropcan  .Stales.  Freeman's  The  Beginning  of,  45. 

iModern  History,  Gent ral  works  on,  203-210;  works  on  limited  periods  of,  210- 


INDKX.  701 

2"2.');  works  on  institiilions  an<l  civilizatiDii  of, 'J25  232 ;  coiirst-s  of  romling 

on,  232-2.'!7;  Political  SvHUrn  of,  2<)5;  wmrfcs  of,  23:i ;  ossovh  on,.'l<tH. 
Mulil,  It.  v(in,<ii!<cliiclitu  unit  l.iuraUir  tkr  Sluatlt\vi»lM.■ll^tcha^tc^  in  )Ion<igra|>)iioM 

<larncsl«-llt,  237. 
Molcsworili.  W.  N.,  History  of  KiiKlnn.l  from  JH.in  to  \H7^,;m. 
Mominstn, 'I'liiixlor,  History  of  iJonic,  12X.  l.'iO;    Iloniistlie    Fon*cliun;;en,  153; 

Itiiniisclics  Siaal>r«-clil,  l.')'l ;  Hoinan  Insliliilions,  1511;  I'rovinci-s  and  IVopIc 

from  (ji'Mir  to  Diotliii.-ni.  l.')0. 
Monarchy,  lliinn's  i;is«',  l)c\»lo|Mncnt,  and  Inlliicncf  of.  2u.'i. 
Monasiii'isni,  History  <if.  IM.  I'.t.'..  413. 
Monetary  l"on;;rfss  of  l«7s,  I.'ciiort  on,ti;'>7. 
MoiK-tte,  J.W.,  History  of  ilic  Discovery  ami  .Sctilcniciit  of  tin-  Mississippi  Valley, 

GOO. 
Monev,  Wnlker'.s  Treatise  on,  GJ7. 
Monp.ls,  History  of  the,  4(IN. 
Monk,  (ieneral,  (Iiiizol's  Life  of,  ^>'>'2. 

Monks  of  the  West,  hy  t'oinit  de  Montalenibert,  181,  ID.J,  399. 
Monopoly,  Kvil  results  of,  23. 
Monst relet,  K.  de.  The  Chronicles  of,  Xii). 

Monluleniherf,  Count  ile.  The  .Monk.s  of  the  West,  181,  19.'),  399. 
Montauelli,  <i.,  Meinoires  sur  I'italie,  2t;4. 
Monteil,  .\.  A.,  llistoire  dcs  divers  l^tats,  190,385;  Histoirc  Agricolc  de  la  France, 

4(i3;    llistoire  rinancierc  de  la  France,  403 ;   Histoirc  de  rindustric  F'ran- 

i^aise,  10.3. 
Montesquieu,  Maron  de,  Laurent  on,  50;  S|)irit  of  the  Laws,  63,  G7  ;  fJrandeur  and 

Decay  of  the  Koinans,  l.')8. 
Montgaillurd,  (i.  II.  M..  llistoire  dc  la  licvolution  FVani^aise,  3G1. 
Montrose,  Hayne's  Fssay  on,  492. 

Moiuimeuta  (iennauiie  Historica,  319-320.  , 

Monunu'iita  Toloniae  Historica,  429. 
iMoorc.  Frank,  Kelxllion  Iteeord,  (137. 
More,  Sir  Ihonias,  History  of  Kicliard  HI.,  544. 
Mori;an,  Lewis  11., -Vncicnt  Society.  8X. ',i|.  • 

Morin,  .\.,  llistoire  I'liliiiipie  de  la  Suisse,  IIL 
Morley  and  Tyler,  Manual  of  1-jiglish  Literature,  533. 
M<irley,  Henry.  ICn^lish  Writers,  .■>3;{. 
Morley,  .L,  Life  of  Kichard  Cohden.  5G4. 
Morri.s,  K.  IC.  Epochs  of  History,  208. 
Morris,  W.  ()..  French  Ittvolutioii,  397. 

Morse,  .lohn  T..  The  Life  of  Alexander  Hamilton,  (;18,  CM.  649. 
Morse,  .1.  T.,  .Ir..  The  .Vinerican  Statestncn  Series,  GGH. 
MoiMT,  .1.  .L,  Herr  und  Dieiier,  31.o. 
Motley,.Iohn  Ix>lhrop,  Kise  of  the  Dutch  Kepublic,  4  I'.' ;   History  of  the  I'nited 

Netherlanils,  4.J0  ;  Life  an.l  Death  of  .John  of  Harnevel.l,  4.jl.' 
Mozley.  .1.  It..  Ks.says  on  .SiralVord,  Laud,  and  Cromwell,  .')48. 
Muir.  W.,  .\nnals  of  the  Farly  Caliphates,  198;  The  IJise  and  Decline  of  l^lam. 

19S;  The  Life  of  .Moliamiiu'd.  I'.IS. 
Mulford,  Isjiac  .S.,  History  of  New  .lersey.  590. 
Midler,  A..  Der  Mam  im  .Moyeii-  und  .\lHiidland,  71.72,  199. 
MlUler.  C.  ()..  IIi>tory  and  .Vniiiiuities  of  the  Doric  l.'.-ice,  91',  117  ;  History  of  the 

Literature  of  .Vncient  (ireece,  114. 
Midler,  D..  (Je.schichto  des  deutschen  Volkes.  321. 

Midler, . I.,  Ilauillmch  iUt  Klassischen  .Mterlhumswissenschaft.  120,  ICl. 
Midler,  Moiniard  el  Vnllicmin,  llistoire  de  la  Suisse,  442. 


702  INDEX. 

Muller,  P  E.,  Saga  Bibliothck,  4G3. 

Muller,Wilhelm,  Politische  Geschiclite  der  neuesten  Zeit,  224,  233;   Politische 

Gescliiclite  der  Gegenwart,  "225,  233,  237,  313. 
Mallinger,  J.  B.,  The  Schools  of  Charles  the  Great,  184  ;   authorities  on  English 

liistory,  530. 
Municipal  governments,  Condition  of  our.  23;    in  the  Roman  Empire,  148,  378; 

in  England,  527  ;  in  Germany.  298,  300. 
]Muntz,  E.,  Les  Precurseurs  de  la  Uenaissancc,  200. 
^Iiiratori's  works  on  Italian  history,  2t)l. 

:\Innloi'k.  .1.,  History  of  Constitutimial  Heform  in  Great  Britain  and  Ireland,  5G3. 
;\lure,  William,  Critical  History  of  the  Literature  of  Ancient  Greece,  114. 
Music  at  Athens,  105. 
Mycenas,  Schliemann's,  110. 
i\Iyers.  1».  Y.  N.,  Outlines  of  Ancient  History,  35,  72;  Outlines  of  Medieval  and 

^lodern  History,  72. 
Mvthologv,  of  the  Arvan  Nations,  84;  general  modern  theories  of,  85;  of  Greece, 

118." 
Jlyths  of  the  Middle  Ages,  171. 

Nadaillac,  Marquis  de,  Prehistoric  America,  Gl)6. 

Napier,  Henry  E..  Florentine  History,  257. 

Napier,  Sir  W.  F.  P.,  History  of  the  War  in  the  Peninsula,  436. 

Naples,  Colletta's  History  of,  2G0. 

Napoleon  I.,  Histories  of  the  Life  of,  3G2-3G5;  other  authorities  on,  401;  Corre- 
spondence, 402. 

Napoleon  IIL,  History  of  Julius  Cresar,  140,  367;  histories  of  the  reign  of,  371 ; 
Kinglake's  view  of,  505. 

Nares,  Edward,  Universal  History.  30. 

Narragansett  Club,  Publications  of,  632. 

Nasse,  E.,  The  Agricultural  Community  of  the  IMiddle  Ages,  185. 

National  Convention,  Barantc's  Ilistorj'  of  the,  3G0. 

National  Economy,  Advantages  of,  21. 

Nationalities.  Laurent's  J"]stablishment  of,  50. 

Navy  in  the  Civil  War,  G71-G72, 

Noal's  History  of  tlie  Puritans,  551. 

Ncale,  F.,  Rise  and  Progress  of  Islam,  100. 

Neander,  A..,  History  of  the  Christian  lleligion  and  Church,  185. 

Nccker,  Hoc(juain's  estimate  of,  352. 

Neill,  E.  I).,  English  Colonization  in  America,  570,  G40;  History  of  Minnesota,  601. 

Netherlands,  Histories  of  the,  447-452;  courses  of  reading  on  the  history  of  the, 
450-4IM. 

Ncumami,  Karl  Fricdrich,  (Jeschiclite  dor  Vcrcinigten  Staatcn,  571. 

New  England,  Canaan,  030  ;  First  Fruits,  630  ;  Federalism,  G02,  G40-G51 ;  General 
Histories  of,  581-584. 

New  Hampshire,  Belknap's  History  of,  585. 

New  Jersey,  Histories  of,  500  ;   Historical  Society's  Publications,  631. 

New  Netherlands,  History  of,  500. 

New  York,  Histories  of.SsO,  590;   Historical  Society's  Publications,  631. 

N'cwmarcli,  W.,  History  of  Prices,  232. 

Nicliolls,  Sir  (Jcorge,  liistory  of  the  Iviglisli  Poor  Law,  525. 

Nicolay,  J.  (;.,The  Outbreak  of  ihe  Ilcbeliion,  671. 

Niebulir,  !?.(;.,  Lfclureson  .Vucieul  History,  76;  History  of  Rome,  120 ;  Lectures 
on  History  of  Borne,  130. 

Nicse,  li.,  .\bris3  der  romisciien  Geschiclite,  161. 


INDKX.  70.J 

Nihilism,  Tissot'u  acroiiiit  of,  413,428  ;  Etknrdi's  nccoimt  of,  420,  42R 
Xilcs,  n.,  Wpckly  Kt^risipr,  »>.'Ui ;  rriiitiplps  niiil  Acls  of  llie  Hcvoliitioii,  <>I2. 
Nilniwin,  S.,  I'riiiiilive  Itiliabitaiits  «f  Scaiuliimvia,  traiislatcU  bv  Sir  Joliii  Lul>' 

bock.  ■»<;;{. 
Nisnnl,  I).,  IliNloirn  dp  In  I.iltrrnltirf  Frnnrnise,  .T.i|. 
Nii/.s<'li,  K.  \N'.,  Miiiistcrialitiit    unit   nUr^<T(biiiii   im   XI.  tiiid   XII.  .Fabrbinidi-rt, 

;{|'.l;  ( Jrschiclito  dcs  tIciitM-ht'll  Volkr.t,  H'.M. 
Nobility  in  tin-  Middk-  A;,'cs.  I'rcytaj;  on,  'MH\,  :;o7. 

Noordi'n,  Cnrl  von,  Kiiro|iiiis<.-lie  (ii'!<(-liicliU'  ini  ac  hi /el  in  ten  .lahrhundc-rt,  218, 
Nonnnn  ('<>n({UC8t  of  Kngland,  Histories  of,  477 ;  auihurities  on  the  inliiiciicc  of, 

Nornianby,  Manjiiis  of,  A  Year  of  Kivolution,  370. 

Norniaiuly,  ral;iravt's  History  of,  iV.W. 

Normans,  .Johnson's  History  of  the,  in  Kurope,  17.S;  Hoercn  on  the  intlucncc  of 

the,  205. 
Nortli  .Vnicrii-nn  I'cvicw,  C:>0. 
Nortii  Caruliiia,  Histories  of,  .'»'.•!. 
Norlhnien,  Histories  of  the,  ■l.'>7  ■l.')9. 

Northwestern  'i'erritory,  .\e(|ui>iiion  and  Orj^anization  of,  C.'>2-r>.')4. 
.Norton.  (1.,  History,  Constitution,  etc.,  of  the  City  of  Lontlon,  5G2. 
Norway,  Histories  of,  4.');5    l;")'.t. 
Nii;rent,  Lord,  Memorials  of  Hampden,  401. 
NuUilication,  Ordinance  of,  in  South  Carolina,  C3G;  histories  of  the  doctrines  of, 

O.V.t-iU;!. 
Nyeriip,  1.'.,  Kiillurgeschichtc  von  Diincfnark  nnd  Norwcgen,  463. 

O'Hrien,  John,  History  of  the  Mass,  185. 

O'Cnllnnhan,  K.  li..  History  of  New  Netherlands,  590. 

Ockley,  Simon,  History  of  the  Saracens,  1H(;. 

Oechsli,  (^nellenbuch  znr  schwcizer  (ieschichte,  190. 

Oesfeld,  Max  von,  I'reussen  in  staatsrechllicher  Heziehnnp,  311. 

Oesterli'v,  H.,  \\'ef;weiser  diircli  die  Lileratur  der  L'rkuude!isainmlimi,'i-n,  201. 

(>;:cr.  I'Vlix,  Coiirs  d'Hi>luirc  (Ji'nerale,  3(i. 

Ollalloran's  History  .pf  Ireland,  5.'>(l. 

Ohio,  Histories  of,  598;  Settlement  of,  053.  ' 

Ohio  Valley  Historical  .Series,  .598,  002. 

Oliver,  I'etcr,  The  Puritan  Conmionwealth,  582,583. 

Oncken,  Wilhelm,  Allp-nieinc  (ieschichte,  30.  07,  71 ;  Das  Zeitalter  der  K'evolu- 
tion,  des  Kaiserreichcs  nnd  der  lU-freiuiif^skriefje,  72;  Das  Zeitalter  Kried- 
richs  des  (Jrossen,  72.  .■!17  ;  Oestcrrcich  unci  I'reussen  im  Hefreiungskriege,  317. 

O'Neill,  K.  D.,  Virginia  Vetusta  during  the  IJeign  of  .lames  I.,  070. 

Oppert,  .Inles,  Histoire  des  Empires  dc  Chaldec  et  d'Assyric,  91,  92. 

Ordeal,  Trial  by.  l«l). 

Oriiinance  of  1787,  origin  of,  11,  G.')3. 

Orient,  Laurent's  History  of  the,  49;  general  histories  of  the,  75-93. 

( )tis,  .lames,  Tudor's  Life  of.  023. 

Otte,  K.  C.,  Scandinavian  History,  403. 

Ottoman  'I'urks,  Histories  of  the,  445. 

Ov»Tbeck,  .1..  (;<si-hiclite  der  griechischcn  Plastik,  115;  I'ompeii,  liM. 

Overbury,  .Sir  'I'lioinas,  Hisset's  Kssay  on,  57. 

Ozanam,  .\.  1'..  lli>iory  of  Civilization  in  the  Fifth  Century,  180 ;  Les  Cicrmaina 
avant  le  Christianisme,  297,  313. 

Pacific  .Slates,  Native  IJaces  of,  002. 


704  INDEX. 

Paget,  John,  New  Examcii  of  Macaulay,  496. 

I'aiiie,  Thomas,  Oominoii  Sense,  642  ;  Public  Good  and  Plain  Facts,  653. 

Painting,  Kiigler's  Hand-book  of,  48;  Woermann  and  "Woltniann's  History  of,  56; 
at  Atliens.  105  ;  Crowe  and  Cavalcaselle's  History  of,  in  Italy,  248,  249. 

Palacky,  F..  (iescbiciite-Bohmen's,  4G4. 

Palfrey,  F.  W .,  Tlie  Antictam  and  Fredericksburg  Campaigns,  671. 

Palfrey,  J.  G.,  Review  of  iMahon's  History,  499  ;  History  of  New  England,  5S3. 

Palgrave,  R.  F.  U.,  The  House  of  Commons,  519. 

Palgrave,  Sir  Francis,  History  of  Normandy  and  England,  398, 476 ;  Kise  and  Prog- 
ress of  the  English  Commonwealtii,  476. 

Papacy,  Laurent's  History  of,  157;  Gosselin's  Power  of,  175,  191, 

Pardcssus.  J.  M.,  Loi  Saliqne,  403. 

Pardoe,  .Julia,  Louis  XIV.  and  the  Court  of  France,  347. 

Paris,  Comte  de,  History  of  the  Civil  War,  672. 

Parker,  Theodore,  Works  of,  604. 

Parkman,  Francis,  French  in  America,  579;  ISIontcalni  and  Wolfe,  670. 

Parliament,  l$astard's  History  of,  in  France,  380,  399;  IJavelier's  Right  of  Election 
to,  380,  398  ;  Elections  "to,  in  England,  509. 

Parliamentary  Debates,  Hansard's,  531. 

Parliamentary  Elections,  509. 

Parliamentary  History  of  England,  452,  53L 

Parliamentary  Methods,  559. 

Paroz,  .Jules,  Histoire  Universelle  de  la  Pedagogic,  51. 

Parthia,  Rawlinson's  History  of,  83. 

Partitions  of  Poland,  Ferrand  on  tlie,  417;  Beer  on  the,  418,  427;  Ton  der  Briig- 
gen  on  the,  419,  Alison's  account  of,  427;  Yon  Sybel's  account  of,  429. 

Parton,  James,  Life  of  Franklin,  618,  651 ;  Life  of  Jefferson,  019;  Life  of  Jackson, 
019. 

Party,  Cooke's  History  of,  in  England,  520. 

Party  (iovernment,  Burke  on  the  Powers  of,  558, 

Party  (iovernment  in  tiie  Eighteenth  century,  555-557. 

Pastjuier,  J.  B.,  Histoire  de  I'linite  Polititjne  et  Territoriale  de  la  France, 382, 403. 

Passmann,  (Jeschiclite  der  Vulkerwandernng,  201, 

Patton,  J.  IL,  History  of  the  United  States,  572;  Concise  History  of  the  Ameri- 
can People,  009. 

Pafd  Sarpi,  Council  of  Trent,  234. 

Pauli's  Pictures  of  Old  England,  541. 

Pausanias,  Travels  in  (ireece.  119. 

Pears,  1'^.,  Tiie  Fall  of  Constantinople,  199. 

Pearson,  Cliarles  IL,  England  during  the  ICarly  and  Jliddle  Ages,  582. 

Peasantry,  Condition  of,  in  the  Middle  Ages,  190,  225. 

Pedagogy,  Paroz's  History  of.  51  ;   Sclimidt's  History  of,  54. 

Peel,  Sir  Robert,  Lives  of,  558, 

Peloponuesiaii  War,  History  of,  103, 

Pcniusidar  War,  Napier's  History  of,  4;l0. 

Pennsylvania,  Egle's  History  of,  591  ;  Historical  Society's  Publications,  632. 

Pepys,  .Samuel,  The  Diary  and  Corresjiondence  of,  494,  552. 

I'ericles,  Lloyd's  Age  of,  105. 

Perkins,  J.  B.,  Fran(M!  under  Riclielien  and  i\Ia/.arin,  lll5, 

Perrcciot,  (J.  .1,,  De  I'Etat  Civil  dcs  I'ersoinies  el  de  la  Condition  des  Tcrres  dans 
les  (iaules,  403. 

Perrens,  F,  T,,  Histoire  de  Florence,  258  ;  I^a  Democratic  en  France  an  Moycn  Age, 
383;  La  France  sous  le  Ri'giu'  de  Henri  IV,,34L 

Perrot  ct  (liiipiez,  L'Histoirc  de  I'.Vrt  dans  iVntiijuite,  93. 


INDEX.  705 

Perry,  W.  S.,  Ilwtory  of  the  American  Epiwropnl  Cliiinh,  1^7-1»W3,  069. 

I'erry'fi  I'llemoiits  of  Political  ICcoiiomy,  lut', 

I'tTst'ciiiiinis,  Aiiln',  Histt)ry  of,  under  Diucletian,  170,  182;  of  I'rotcbtaiits  umlcr 

I^mis  XIV.,  •.';i.'). 
Persiii,  ]tn\vilii!t(>n'.i  Ilistnry  of,  82;   Xcw  I'linpiro  of,  K3. 
I'ersM)!!,  Jv,  Ks.>iai  tiur  rAdiniiiistratioii  {.U-a  I'ruviiiced  Huioainca  sous  la  Kcpubliquc, 

ICI). 
Pertz,  Mitniimcnta  CSermaniie  llistoricn,  314. 
Pc'Icr,  Carl,  Kfimischc  (kscliidilc,  l.il  ;  Zciilafilii,  l.')8. 
Polcr  llie  (;rciit,  Histories  of.  |07,  111,  ll«.  Motley's  Kssay  on,  4'28. 
Peters,  ('.,  Zeiitafchi  iler  (Iriecliisclien  (Icsciiiflitc,  IP.t. 
Petilol  ct  Moniiieriiiie,  Collection  (1<'S  .Meinoires,  ;i;;2. 
Philip  II.,  \'an  Praet's  Kssny  on,  214;   Prescotl'a  History  of  the  Keign  of,  438 ; 

Watson's  History  of,  440. 
Philip  HI.,  Watson's  History  of,  440. 
Philip  IV.,  Dinilap's  History  of,  4;!;i. 
Pliilippson,  Das  Zcitaller  Liuhvi;,'s  XIV.,  72;  Westeuropa  iin  Zeitalter  von  Philii) 

II.,  Klizabeth  uiul  Heinrich  IV.,  72. 
Phillips's  Sketches  of  Taper  Currency,  li.")  I. 

Philosophy,  .lanet's  History  of  Moral  and  Political,  47 ;  of  the  Seventeenth  Cen- 
tury and  Cliristianity,  iiO  ;   Ucberwcu's  History  of,  o5;  of  Comte,  GO. 
Philosophy  of  History,  (ieneral  works  on   the,  .")7-CG ;    liuckle,  .')7 ;   Comte,  GO; 

Droysen,GI,  Flint, Gl;  Hei;el.G2;  Montescpiien,  G3  ;  Sclilegel,Gi;  Kingsley, 

67;  (iuizot,  G7;   Shedd,G«;  Ihnisen,  CH ;  Janet,  3«8. 
Phisterer,  P.,  Statistical  Pecord  of  the  .Armies  of  the  United  States,  G71. 
l'hotozinco;;raphy,  Piililications  in,  .'xil. 
I'ickerin^',  'Thomas,  Life  anil  Works  of,  G20,  GjO. 
Picket,  A.. I.,  History  of  Alabama,  i>'M. 
Picot,  (Jeorge,  Histoire  des  htats-(ieneralc,  380. 
Pictorial  History  of  I'jij;land,  471. 
Pierre,  Victor,  Histoire  tie  la  Repuhlitpic  de  1848,370. 
Pierron,  .A.,  Histoire  de  la  Litterature  (Jrcque,  P21;  Histoire  dc  la  Litterature  Ito- 

inaine,  l.">4. 
Pierson,  M'illiam,  Preussisclio  CJescliichtc,  289. 
Piijnoti,  1..,  History  of  'I'uscany,  2fi4. 
Pioneers  of  North  America,  by  Parkman,  579. 

Pitkin.  Timothy,  Political  and  Civil  History  of  the  United  States,  GIO. 
Pins  IX,  Trollopc's  Life  of,  2o3. 

Planters  of  Massachusetts  Pay,  Younj^'s  Chronicles  of,  584;  Planter's  Pica.  039. 
Ploetz,  Epitome  of  Ancient.  Medi:cval,  anil  Jlodcrn  History,  34,72. 
I'hilarch,  Translalious  <,f,  104,  117. 
Tlymoiith,  Pradford's  History  of,  :>Hl. 
Pocahontas,  New  evidence  concernin;;,  13. 
Poetry,  at  Athens,  1(15;  of  Knj;land.  .")34. 
Pohlmann's  Die  Wirthschafts-Politik  der  Florcntiner  Penaissance  und  das  Prin- 

cip  der  Verkehrsfreiheit,  205. 
Poisson,  .August c.  Histoire  du  Pegne  de  Henri  IV.,  343. 
Poland,  Histories  of,  415— 119,  civilization  and  progress  in,  419-427  ;  partitions  of, 

417-419;  courses  of  reading  on.  427-429. 
Political  ICconomy,  Itlantpii's  History  of, 42. 
Political  Literature,  Plakey's  Historj-  of,  42. 
Political  Register,  Poore's,  (137. 
Political  Songs,  Wright's  collection  of,  508,  .'(40. 
Political  .Svstem  of  Modern  Kuro|)e,  Heeren's,  205. 

45 


706  INDEX. 

Political  Text-book,  Cluskey's,  G37. 

Pollnitz,  IMemoirs  of,  315. 

Polybius,  Hampton's  General  Histor_v  of,  107. 

Poiid,  G.  E.,  The  Shenandoah  Valley  in  18G4,  G71. 

Pontiac,  History  of  the  Conspiracy  of,  590. 

Poole,  R.  L.,  Historj'  of  the  Huguenots  of  the  Dispersion,  340. 

Poole,  W.  F..  Concerning  the  Ordinance  of  1787, 12,  643. 

Poor  Law,  Kicholls's  History  of,  in  England,  Scotland,  and  Ireland,  525,  561. 

Poore,  Ben  :  P.,  Federal  and  State  Constitutions,  637 ;  Political  Register  and  Con- 
gressional Directory,  637 ;  Reminiscences  of  Sixty  Years  in  the  National  Me- 
tropolis, 671. 

Popes,  Ranke's  History  of  the,  215. 

Porter,  L.  H.,  Outlines  of  the  Constitutional  History  of  the  United  States,  669. 

Porter,  R.  G.,  The  Progress  of  the  Nation,  533. 

Portugal,  Histories  of,  440, 441 ;  courses  of  reading  on,  461. 

Positive  Philosophy,  Comte's,  60. 

Potthast,  A.,  Bibliotheca  Historica  Medii  Aevi,  166. 

Powell,  J.  Y.,  English  History  from  Contemporarj-  AVriters,  196. 

Praet,  J.  Van,  Essays  of,  214,  233. 

Prehistoric  Nations,  Baldwin's,  90. 

Prehistoric  Races,  604,  611. 

Prendergast's  Cromwellian  Settlement  in  Ireland,  551. 

Prentice,  Archibald,  History  of  Anti-Corn-law  League,  506,  560. 

Prescott,  William  H.,  History  of  Ferdinand  and  Isabella,  437 ;  History  of  Philip 
II.,  438;  Narrative  Poetry  of  Italy,  2G3. 

Pressense,E.  de.  The  Early  Years  of  Cliristianity,  187. 

Preuss,  J.  D.  E.,  Friedrich  der  Grosse,  293. 

Prevost-Paradol,  L.  A.,  Essai  sur  I'Histoire  Universelle,  37,  66. 

Prices,  Tooke  and  Newmarch's  History  of,  232,  5G0;  Rogers's  History  of,  524. 

Priestley,  Joseph,  Lectures  on  Modern  History,  208. 

Prince  Henry,  Bisset's  Essay  on,  57. 

Progress  of  the  English  Nation,  In'  R.  G.  Porter,  533. 

Protective  Tariffs,  Histories  of,  G57. 

Protestant  Theology,  Dorner's  History  of,  227. 

Protestantism  compared  with  Catholicity,  170. 

Prussia  and  Austria,  Relations  of,  at  the  time  of  the  French  Revolution,  287. 

Prussia,  Duncker's  Essays  on,  274;  Droysen's  Essays  on,2S2;  Treitschke's  Ess.iys 
on,  282;  general  histories  of,  288,  295 ;  institutions  of,  295, 316-317;  constitu- 
tional histories  of,  310-311,  313. 

Prutz,  H.,Staatengeschichte  des  Abendlands  im  Mittelalter,  72;  Kultiirgeschichte 
der  Kreiizziige,  199. 

Puibusque,  A.  L.,  Histoire  Comparee  des  Litteraturcs  Espagnoles  et  Fran^aise, 
403. 

Punic  Wars,  156. 

I'uritan  Revolution,  significance  of,  26. 

I'liriians  of  New  England,  582,583. 

I'litnatn,  Story  of  the  Nations,  72. 

I'iitter,  J.  S.,  Political  Constitution  of  the  (Jerman  Empire,  268. 

Pulz,  W.,  (Jesciiichte  der  neucren  Ztit  (1492-1815),  237;  Geschichtc  der  ncucsten 
Zeit,  237. 

Pym,  John,  Forster's  Life  of,  490,  547;  Goldwin  Smith's  Essay  on,  548, 

Quicherat,  J.,  Melanges  d'Archeologic  et  d'Histoirc,  201 ;  Proems  ct  Condamnation 
dc  Jcainic  d'Arc,  336.         4 


INDEX.  707 

Qiiinry,  Josiah,  Life  of,  620. 

Quinct,  Eilgar,  Lcs  Ktivuliitiuns  il'Italie,  'JG4  ;  La  Revolution,  388. 

Kabault,  J.  I'.,  Pn^cis  IIi4ti>rii)iic  dc  la  Kc-vulution  I'raii(;ai!tc,  359. 

Kaccs,  (leo-^raipliii-al  I)i-.tribiitioii  of,  15. 

l{nj;i(/iii.  Story  of  ( 'lial>l;i'H,  '.•.'$. 

ICalston,  W.  1{.  S.,  Knrly  KuHsiaii  History,  IJIl. 

liaiiiliainl,  Alfred,  llistoire  dc  l:i  C'iviliwitioii   Franraise, -lO-l,  Itt.')-,  ilistoirc  de  la 

Civilisniiiiii  ('ontoin|>()raiiio  en  France,  -Id.');   History  of  Kiiivsia,  41L 
Hainsay,  David,  History  of  Aiiiericaii  Kevoliiiioii,  58U ;  History  of  .South  Carolina, 

llamsoy,  .1.  ('•.  >!.,  Ttio  Annals  of  Tcnnosspo.  507. 

Kandall.  Henry  S.,  Life  of 'I'lioinas  .letYerson.  C,H). 

|{an<lol|>li,  .lolm,  (iarland's  Life  of.  DIC. 

ICanke.  Leopold  von,  \Veltt;eM-liiciite,  37,  71  ;  History  of  the  ToiX's.  2i:i,  2.3.3,  313; 
Macaulay's  Kssay  on,  331;  Ziir  Venetiaiur  (loscliiclitc,  255;  History  of  the 
Keforinntion  in  ( Jerniany.  272,  313 ;  Deutsche  (Josohichtc  voin  Keli^ioiis- 
friedcn  his  zum  dreissiL:jiihrii;eii  Krie;;,  272;  Die  deutschon  Miichte  und  dcr 
Fllrstcnhund,  274  ;  Ansiirinii;  inid  Bef;inn  tier  Iicvolulionskriep-.  274  ;  Denk- 
wllrdi;;keitcn  Harilenber^;'s,  27(5 ;  Memoirs  of  the  House  of  Hrandenliiir;;, 
291 ;  l''ran/.usischc  Gcscliichte,  329  ;  Historv  of  .Servia,  44(3;  Historv  of  l'.\ir- 
lan.l.  401.  547. 

IJaiisomo,  C,  Rise  of  (Constitutional  (Jovernment  in  Knf^land,  ."i()3. 

Kationalisin,  in  the  Middle  A;;es,  183;  Hurst's  Historv  of,  228;  Leekv's  Hisiorv 
of,  229. 

Ratzel,  F.,  Die  Verciniptcn  Stanten  von  Xord  Amerika,  GG7. 

Haumer,  F.  von.  History  of  the  Sixteenth  an<l  .Seventeenth  Centuries,  21C,  233; 
(Jeschiohte  der  Hohenstaufen,  270  ;  Frederick  H.,  20*,  313;  I'olitical  History 
of  Fngland  during  the  .Sixteenth,  .Seventeenth,  aiul  Eighteenth  Centuries, 
402. 

IJaumor,  I{.  von,  (Jeschichte  der  Gerrnauischeii  Philologie,  vorzugsweise  in  Deutsch- 
land,  31«. 

Haven,  .1.,  Parlianientarv  Historv  of  England  from  the  Passing  of  the  Hefonn 
Hill  of  18.32,  ;)i;:i. 

Kawlinson,  (ieorge,  >Linual  of  Ancient  History.  77;  Five  Great  Monarchies,  82, 
OO;  .Sixth  (ireat  Monarchy.  83 ;  .Seventh  Great  ^Imiarchy,  83;  Herodotus, 
90.  101;   l-'.irypt  and  Mahylon  from  .Scriptures  .-md  Profane  .Sources,  92. 

Kaynouaril,  llistoire  du  Droit  Mmiicipal  en  France,  403. 

Keade.  Charles.  Cloister  and  the  Hearth,  23i,399. 

Pebellion  Keconl.  (137. 

Records  Coniniissioners,  Publicalions  of  the,  .")61. 

Reed,  Joseph,  Life  and  Correspondence  of,  (121. 

Reeve,  Henry,  Royal  and  liepublican  France,  302. 

Reform  in  lMii;l,'ind  durinir  the  present  century,  3.j3.  355. 

Reform  in  Priis.sia,  under  Stein.  27t'i;  under  Hardenberg,  277. 

Reformation,  Laurent's  History  of,  .'>0 ;  Hardwick's  History  of,  176;  Gieselcr's 
History  of,  175;  Heeren  on  the  intluence  of.  205;  geiu'ral  works  on,  210,213; 
list  of  authorities  on,  iu  Fisher's  Reformation,  233;  Cathidic  authorities  on, 
2.33,234;  Macaulay  on,  234;  in  Italy,  see  Sarpi  aiul  Villari;  in  (Jerniany, 
314;  also  .see  Rankc  and  Hiiusser;  in  France, 343, 345, 397  ;  in  England,  482- 
484,  525,  529. 

Regime,  the  Ancient,  Taine's  History  of,  880;  De  Tocqucville's  Historj-  of,  387. 

Register  of  Deb.ntes,  CMi. 

ReiiKich,  .S.,  Traitc  d'Epigraphie  (Jrequc,  120. 


V08  INDEX. 

Keligiou  of  Greece,  Eome,  Teutonic  ami  Scandinavian  nations,  of  Jews,  and  of 
Islam,  84, 110, 118 ;  of  Rome,  150, 158  ;  also,  see  Clarke's  Ten  Great  Keligions, 
Cox's  Aryan  Jlytliology,  Coiilanges's  Ancient  City,  IJoissier's  Religion  Ro- 
maine,  ]Maurice's  Learning  and  AVorking. 

Religious  Wars,  Laurent's  History  of,  50. 

Reinusat,  ^Madame  de,  The  Memoirs  of,  3G5. 

Renaissance,  Symonds  on  the,  244,  2G1;  general  authorities  on  the,  2G1. 

Renan,  Ernest,  Fatalism  of,  examined  by  Laurent,  50;  Histoire  du  Peuple  d'Israel, 
1)2;  History  of  Christianity,  92;  Histoire  des  Origines  du  Christianisme, 
15y. 

Representative  Assemblies  in  France,  380.  See  authorities  on  the  establishment 
of  representative  government,  540-544. 

Representative  Government,  Guizot's  History  of,  176. 

Republic,  of  Venice,  Hazlitt's,  255;  of  Florence,  255-258. 

Restoration,  Lamartine's  History  of  the,  259;  Viel-Castel's  History  of,  259;  gen- 
eral authorities  on,  401. 

Reuchlin,  Hermann,  Geschichte  Italiens,  249,  261. 

Reumont,  Alfred  von,  Geschichte  Toscana's,  258;  Lorenzo  de'  jNIedici,  259;  Bibli- 
ogratia  dei  Lavori  Publicati  in  (iermania  sulla  Storia  d'ltalia,  204. 

Renter,  Hermann,  Geschichte  der  religiusen  Aufkliirinig  im  Mittelalter,  187,200. 

Reville,  J.,  La  Religion  in  Rome  sous  les  Severes,  161. 

Revival  of  Learning,  Symonds  on,  244. 

Revolution,  of  1640  in  England,  \\'orks  on,  529;  Histories  of  the  American,  579, 
580,  581. 

Revolution  of  1688,  Authorities  on  the  history  of,  552-554. 

Revolution  of  1789  in  France,  Reginuing  of,  by  Ranke,  274;  general  histories  of, 
352-362;  essays  and  treatises  on,  386-391;  courses  of  reading  on,  398,  400; 
Dickens  on,  400;  Hugo  on,  401. 

Revolution  of  1848,  Histories  of  the,  260-262,  401. 

Revue  des  Deux  Mondes,  402. 

Revue  Historique,  402. 

Rhode  Island,  Arnold's  History  of,  588;  Historical  Society's  Publications  of,  631. 

Richard  IIL,  (iairdner's  Life  o"f,  480. 

Riclulicu,  Van  Tract's  Essay  on,  211;  Caillct  on,  345 ;  Rt)bson  on,  346;  best  au- 
thorities on,  347  ;  White's  article  on,  400. 

Richter,  (^uellenbuch  zur  deut.schen  Geschichte,  196. 

Ridpath,  John  C,  Popular  History  of  the  United  States,  572. 

Riehl.  W.  H.,  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Social-Polilik,  301,316. 

Riemann,  E.,  Neuere  Geschichte  des-  preussischen  Staates  voni  llubcrtsburger 
Frieden  bis  zum  Wiener  Congress,  321. 

Riezler,  S.  O.,  (Jescliiclite  Haiern,  317. 

Riley,  H.  T.,  ^Icmorials  of  London  and  London  Life,  564. 

Rink,  Dr.  Henry,  Danish  (irccnland,  157. 

Rios,  .1.  A.  Ids,  Historia  <'rili('a  de  la  Litteratura  ICspafiola,  4C)3. 

Ripley,  R.S.,  War  with  ^Mexico,  581. 

Ri.se  of  the  Repidjlic,  Frothiiigham's,  604. 

Ritter,  Karl,  Relation  of  geographical  to  political  peculiarities,  67.    ■ 

Rilter,  ^L,  Gescliichte  der  Union  von  den  Vorbereilungen  des  Rundes  bis  zum 
To.le  K.Rudolfs  IL.  317. 

Rives,  W.  C,  Life  and  Times  of  .Lames  Madison,  415. 

Rivii-re,  H.  P..  ('odes  Fran(^aiscs  et  Lois  UsucUcs,  404. 

Roads  of  Roman  Emfiire,  158. 

Koberlson,  W.,  Progress  of  Society  during  the  Middle  AgC3,  166,  193;  Reign  of 
Charles  v.,  271,313. 


]Ni)i;x.  Too 

Kobiiict,  J.  V..,  I.c  Pri)C('»  lies  Dantonisic.t,  tl'Aiires  Ics  Dociiroonu,  -IOC;  DautOD 
Jlenioirc  Mir  sn  Vic  I'rivtM-,  JdC. 

Hobi({iK-i.  r.,  IliHtoirc  Miiiii('i|iaU-  <le  l'nri->,  -((Kl. 

l{()b»oii,  W.,  Life  of  iJiclitliiii,  IHO. 

Kitcliliol/,  K.  L, 'li'll  mill  (icssler  in  SaiiC  und  (iescliiclite,  1 12. 

Hoclml,  IJ.,  l*liil().s(>|iliie  «1it  (iciHliieliie,  71,  73. 

Hoc(|uaiii,  Fi'-lix,  L'tCsprit  Kt-vtiliiiioiinnirc  nvaiit  la  Kevoliition,  3'>2. 

KofjLT  Williiiins,  Aiulmritiis  on,  .">x7, 1}HX^  CM. 

l{(i;jers,  .1.  Tliiir.iM,  llisiory  of  Aj^riculturo  ami  Prices  in  Eii<;Iaiiil,  b2l. 

Itolf*',  .loliii.  New  fvidcnct;  concerning,  13. 

liollin's  Aiii-ifiit  History,  77. 

Ivoll.M  of  I'nrli.'iinont,  Description  of,  fiGI. 

IJoUs  .Serie.-',  Ucscription  of,  it'M). 

Kumnn  Aiitii|iiitio.s,  Hecker  on,  110;  L.-nigc  on,  1.52. 

Humnn  Kinpirc,  b'reeman's  Formation  of,  l.j;  l)ismeml)orinciit  of,  4.>;  Capes  on, 
113;  Ciirteis  on,  1  14  ;   Mcrivale  on.  Ill;  Coiilanj^jes  on,  37o. 

itoinan  Iiilliienco  in  liriiain,  ■17H,  b'M;  (Jnest's  Karly  Settlements  of  Kumaiis  in 
.South  liritain,  .'>3G;  Coate's  Homans  in  Britain,  53G. 

liomaii  Law,  llailley's  Introdiictiun  to,  151 ;  Mackenzie's  .Studies  in,  l.')2;  in  Mid- 
dle At;es,  1G7. 

Roman  Question,  liy  E.  About,  252. 

Homberg,  A.,  Die  Krliebung  der  tJescliiclitc  ziim  liangc  eiiier  Wissenscbaft,  71. 

Home,  uncertainties  of  the  early  history  of,  124;  Niebuhr's  method  of  treating, 
12'.l;  .Schweglcr's  method  of  treating,  131  ;  Heauforl's  metiiod  of  treating, 
133;  Lewis's  method  of  treating,  134;  history  of,  by  Ikissiiet,  33;  history  of, 
by  Laurent,  4'.l;  religion  of,  IIH;  popular  ednoalioii  in,  1 1 1 ;  life  in,  112.  1I»1  ; 
general  histories  of,  122,  133;  special  histories  of,  134,  147;  histories  of  civil- 
ization and  progress,  14>l-l()l ;  general  autliorities  of,  1.31;  development  of, 
133;  arch:eology  of,  157;  under  the  Empire,  l.")X;  institutiuns  of,  15H,  15i); 
municipalities  of,  194;  courses  of  reading  on,  150. 

Romey,  Charles,  llistoirc  d'Espagnc,  438. 

Romola,  View  of  Italy  in,  233. 

Riinnc,  L.  von,  Verfassmig  und  Verfassungsreeht  des  deutschcii  Reiclis,  321 ;  Das 
Staatsrecht  der  preussi'^clien  Monarchic,  321. 

Roosevelt.  T.,  Naval  Warfnre  ..f  l«12.  071. 

Ru|)ell,  K.,  Gescbichte  I'okiis,  415;  I'olen  um  die  ^litte  des  18.  Jahrbundcrts, 
410. 

Ropes,  J.  C,  The  First  Napoleon,  400 ;  The  Army  under  I'ope,  071. 

Roscoe,  Wm,,  Life  of  Lorenzo  de'  Medici,  259. 

Rosen,  (J.,  (lescliiclite  der  'I'Urkei  von  dem  Siege  der  Reform,  182C,  4C4, 

Rosii'res,  Raoul,  Hisioire  dc  la  .Socii'te  Francaise,  384,  404. 

Ross,  D.  \V„  l'"arly  History  of  Landholiling  among  the  tiermaii.'",  320. 

Rosseeuw-Saiiit-Ililaire,  I'",.  F.,  Histoire  d'Espagne,  43i>. 

Ruth,  I'aul  von,  (Jeschicbie  dco  BencliciaUvesens,  188,  199 ;  Fciidalitiit  und  Uii- 
terthanenverliand,  l'J9. 

Royal's  Andrew  .lackson  and  tlu>  Hank  of  the  I'nited  Slates,  059. 

Royalty,  I^iirent's  History  of,  ."io. 

Rllckert,  IL,  Cultiirgeschichte  des  deiitschen  Volkes,  317,  318. 

Rugc,  A.,  (ieschichte  des  Zeitalters  der  Entdeckuiig,  72;  (ieschichtc  unserer  Zeit, 
237. 

Rule,  W.,  History  of  the  Iiuiuisitioii,  231. 

Rulhiere,  C.  C,  llisioire  de  rAnarchie  de  Pologne.  417. 

Rural  Classes  in  France,  Doniol's  History  of,  3H2;  Dareste's  History  of,  383  ;  Per- 
reii's  History  of,  383. 


710  INDEX. 

Rush,  Secretary.  Financial  Report  of,  G58. 

Russell,  Dr.  'Willian].  History  of  Modern  Europe,  209, 

Russell,  Lord  John,  The  English  Government  and  Constitution,  515;  Life  of  C.J. 

Fox,  55G,  560;  History  of  the  Principal  States  of  Europe,  218. 
Russia,  Histories  of,  -i07-41-l;  Histories  of  Civilization  and  Progress  in,  419-427; 

courses  of  reading  in   the  history  of,  427-429 ;   Nihilism  in,  423,  420,  428; 

educational  systems  of,  428 ;  condition  of,  before  the   Crimean   War,  429 ; 

complications  of,  in  the  East,  452. 
Russland,  Polen  nnd  Livland  bis  ins  17,  Jahrhundert,  72, 
Rustow,  W.,  The  War  for  the  Rhine  Frontier,  272, 
Rymer's  Fcedera,  Description  of,  49. 

Sabine,  Lorenzo,  American  Loyalists,  596. 

Sahagun,  B.  de,  Histoire  Generale  des  Choses  de  la  Nouvelle  Espagne,  463. 

St.  Bartiiolomow,  White's  jMassacrc  of,  341 ;  different  views  of,  400. 

St.  Louis,  Wallon's  History  of,  334. 

Saint-Simon,  Memoirs  of,  348. 

Sainte-Beuve,  Criticisms  of,  402. 

Salmon,  Miss,  History  of  the  Appointing  Power  of  the  President,  G72. 

Salomon,  L.,  Geschichte  der  deutschen  National-Literatur  des  neunzehnten  Jahr- 

hunderts,  322. 
Salvandy,  M.  de,  Histoire  de  Pologne,  417, 
Saracens,  Ockley's  History  of  the,  18(5, 
Sargent,  Nathan,  Public  Men  and  Events,  622. 
Sarpi,  Father  Paul,  History  of  the  Council  of  Trent,  246. 
Sartorius,  G.  F.,  Geschichte  des   lianseatischen   Bundes,  188;   L'rliur.dliche  Ge- 

schichte  des  Ursprungs  der  deutschen  Hanse,  319. 
Savigny,  F.  C,  Geschichte  des  romischcn  Reclits  im  Mittelalter,  167. 
Savonarola,  G.,  Villari's  Life  of,  233,  248. 

Scandinavia,  Histories  of,  452-459;  Courses  of  reading  in  the  History  of,  461-4G4. 
Schade,  O,,  Saliren  und  Pascjuinade  aus  der  Reformationszeit,  235, 
Schafcr,  Arnold,  Demosthenes  und  seine  Zeit,  105, 117;  Geschichte  des  siebenjiUir- 

igen  Krieges,  273, 
Schiifer,  E,  D.,  Die  Hansestiidte,  300, 
Schafer,  N.,  Abriss  der  (Juellenkunde  der  Gricch,  und  riim,  Geschichte,  119;  Ge- 

schiclite  von  Spanien,  434, 
Schaff,  Philip,  Creeds  of  Ciiristendom,  231. 

Schanz,  (i.,  Zur  (icschichte  der  deutschen  Gesellenverbiindc  im  Mittelalter,  319. 
Scharf.  .1.  Thomas,  History  of  Maryland,  591, 
ScheffiT-Boicliorst,  Paul,  Florentiner  Sludien,  257, 
Sclieiljle,  .1.,  Das  Kloster,  Das  Sclialljahr,  Der  Schatzgriibcr,  199, 
Schercr,  Edmund,  Criticisms  of,  402, 
Schercr,  W,,  (icscliichte  der  deutschen  Literatur,  322, 
Scherr,  J,,  Germania,  316;  La  Societe  et  les  Moeurs  Allemands,  318;  Deutsclie 

Kidtur-  und  Sittengcschichte,  321, 
Schilling,  Quellenbuch  zur  Geschichte  der  Neuzeit,  196. 
Schirrmachor,  W,,  (Jeschichle  von  Spanien,  4G4. 
Schlcgcl,  A.  W.,  Dramalic  Art  and  Literature,  52,  118. 
Schlcgel,  F.,  History  of  Literature,  53;  l'hilos<iphy  of  History,  Co, 
Schliemann,  Works  of,  119, 
Schlosser,  F,  C,  Weltgeschichte,  38,  67;  Historv  of  the  Eighteenth  Century,  219, 

233, 
Schmidt,  A.  W,,  Preussen's  deutschc    Politik,  317;   (Jcschiehtc   der  Preiissisch- 

Deutschen  Unionsbestrebungen  seit  der  Zeit  Fricdricli  der  (irossen,  317. 


INDEX.  711 

Schmitlf,  C,  Ilistoirc  ct  Doctrine  ties  Ca(>inrc8  ou  AlhiKcnis,  403. 

Schmiilt,.Iiiliin,  <M!wliiclite  ilt-r  frnii/osistlicn  Litcratur,  3'Jl. 

Sclimiilt,  K.irl,  (uM-liiihlc  iUt  riidaKoi^ik,  &J. 

Sclinaasi-,  Karl,  (Jcsi-liiclite  dcr  hililfiulfii  Klliislo,  M. 

Scliiiii/I<'r,  .1.  II.,  l{iis-«ia  iiiiili-r  AU-Naiitti-r  ami  NicliulaH,  412;  Los  Iiii>titu(ii>ns  dc 
la  Ivus-ic,  I'JI ;   l/llmpiru  ik's 'I'sars,  I'.'l. 

Scliiiinaiiii, (i.  1'.,  Aiiii(|uitii-s  ur  Circccc,  ll.'>,  1 1'j ;  Alliciiiaii  Constitutiunal  Historv, 
lie,  117. 

ScliiiiilxT;;,  (•., /iir  wirlliscliardiclicn  DcdcutiiDg  lies  dcutschcii  ZunftwcsGiia  im 
MiticlalliT,  ;;iH. 

•ScluHilcrat'i,  II.  II..  Indian  Tribes  of  the  I'nited  States,  CM. 

Sclioulir,  .1.,  Ili>t(iry  i<i  tin-  Initcd  StaH.s  under  the  Constitiitinn,  CC9, 

Scliiiltz,  A.,  I)as  liiifische  Lclx  n  ziir  Zcil  dtr  .Minni-siin^'iT,  '2*»). 

Scliultze,  !■".,  (ioscliiclitc  dcr  I'liilosopliiu  dir  Hfimis.-iauee, 200. 

Scliultzo,  v.,  (Jcseliiclite  dcs  Uiitcrganges  des  gricchisoh-romaiiischcii  Heiden- 
tlniins,  201. 

Sclmyler,  Kujrone,  Tiirkistan,  425. 

Schvarcz,  .1.,  Die  Democraiie  vmi  Athen,  121. 

Scliwe^Ier,  Albert,  lloiniscbe  (Jeschiclite,  l.'H,  l.')C,  157. 

Sciences,  \\"lie\vell's  History  <if  llic  Inductive,  55. 

Scotland,  Ilurton's  History  of,  4G(>. 

Scott,  Sir  NN'alter.  Ilisset's  Essay  on,  57;  .\nne  of  Geiersteiii,  314,  399;  Count 
IJiibert  of  I'aris,  399;  (^uentin  Diirward,  399;  Ivanlioc,  b3H. 

Scrutton,  r.  !•;.,  Commons  and  Common  Fields,  502. 

Scudder,  II.  K.,  American  Commonwealtlis,  COS. 

Scul|il(ire,  Overbeck's  History  of  Greek,  115. 

Secession,  Early  History  of,  <iC6. 

Secretan,  Ed.,  Essai  siir  la  Ft'odalite,  ISS. 

Sedillot,  llistoire  i;enerak'  des  Arabes,  199. 

Seebidim,  !•'.,  The  Era  of  the  Trotcstant  Kevohition,  212,  232;  The  English  Vil- 
lage Community,  .^()2. 

Seeley,  J.  H.,  lioman  Imperialism,  158;  Life  and  Times  of  Stein,  275,  313;  Short 
History  of  Napoleon  I.,  4o6;  The  Expansion  of  England,  564. 

Segrctain,  E.  A.,  Sixic  V.  et  Henri  IV.,  ;>l.t. 

Segur,  Count  de,  history  of  I'russia,  412;  Tableau  Historiquc  de  TEuropc  dopuis 
17«(),  27,'). 

Seignobos,  ('.,  llistoire  de  la  Civilisation,  197. 

Sellar,  W.  V.,  The  Koman  Poets,  154,  15«,  ICl. 

Seminole  War,  >'M. 

Senior,  X.  W.,  .lournals  Kept  in  France  and  Italy  from  1848  to  1852,  392;  Conver- 
sations with  Thiers  and  others,  393. 

Repp,  B..  Maria  Smart's  llriefwechsel  mit  .Vnlhony  Babington.  5C4. 

.Serre.  I.'Amiral,  l.es  Marines  ile  tluerre  dc  I'/Viiliiiuite  et  du  Moyen  Age,  93, 

.Seven  Vears'  Win,  Sehiiler's,  273. 

Sewar.l,  William  H.,  Works  of,  C28, 

Seybert,  A. lam,  Stalistieal  Annals,  Oil. 

Shand,  A.  .1.,  Haifa  Century :  or  Changes  in  Men  and  Manners,  504. 

Shaw,  Manual  of  I'.nglish  Literature,  .533. 

Shays's  Kebellion,  Authorities  on,  (MO. 

•Shea,  (uiirge,  Lite  of  .Mexander  Hamilton,  022. 

.Shedd,  W.  (J.  v..  History  of  Christian  Doctrine,  231. 

Shelilon,  Stuclies  in  (ieneral  History, 38. 

Sheppard,  .1.  (J.,  Fall  of  Kome  and  Kise  of  New  Nationalities,  108. 

Sheppard,  W.,  Life  of  Poggio  liracciolini,  204. 


712  INDEX. 

Sherman,  Secretary  John,  Reports  and  Speeches  on  Finance,  C59. 

Sherman,  W.  T.,  Memoirs,  672. 

Shirley's  Royal  and  Historical  Letters,  540. 

Short,  John  T.,  The  North  Americans  of  Antiquity,  Gil. 

Sickei,  W.,  Geschichte  tier  Staatsverfassung  bis  zur  Begriindung  des  constitution- 

ellen  Staates,  318. 
Sighart,  J.,  Albert  the  Great,  317. 
Simcox,  G.  A.,  History  of  Latin  Literature,  IGl. 
Sime,  James,  History  of  Germany,  209. 
Simnis,  \V.  G.,  History  of  South  Camlina,  505. 
Simon  de  ISIontfort,  Authorities  on,  541,  542. 
Simon,  Jules,  The  Government  of  Tliiers,  375. 
Sinding,  Paul  C,  History  of  Scandinavia,  457. 

Sismondi,  J.  C.  L.  Simonde  de,  The  Renaissance,  194;  Literature  of  the  South  of 
Europe,  195;    Histoire  des  Republiques  Italiennes,  240,  2G1 ;   Histoire  des 
Fran^ais,  330. 
Sixtus  the  Fifth,  Hlibner's  Life  of,  213,  233. 
Slave  Power  in  America,  613. 
Slavery  and  Antislavery,  GoodelUs,  G05. 
Slavery,  Wallon's  History  of,  in  Antiquity,  89;  in  Rome,  157;  in  America,  COo; 

in  Massachusetts,  005;  general  authorities  on,  061-003. 
Smiles,  S.,  The  Huguenots,  their  Settlements  in  England  and  Ireland,  405;  The 

Huguenots  after  the  Revocation  of  the  Edict  of  Nantes,  405. 
Smith,  Adam,  The  Wealth  of  Nations,  195. 

Smith,  (Jeorge,  Works  of,  90;  Assyria  from  the  Earliest  Times  to  the  Fall  of 
Niucveii.  91,  92;  History  of  Babylonia,  91,  92;  Assyrian  Discoveries  during 
1873-74,92. 
Smith,  Goldwin,  Three  English  Statesmen,  493,  548. 
Smith,  John,  Exploits  of,  040. 
Smith,  Philip  V.,  History  of  the  World,  78,  90;  History  of  English  Listitutions, 

517,  559, 
Smith,  Thomas,  History  of  JMedireval  Missions,  195. 
Smith,  Toulmin,  Englis'h  Gihls,  189. 

Smith,  William,  Dictionary  of  Antiquities,  08;  Classical  Dictionary,  09;  History 
of  (irecce,  98,  117;  Lectures  ou  iSIoderu  History,  195,  209;  Dictionary  of 
Christian  Biography,  201. 
Society,  during  the  Jliddle  Ages,  166;  at  the  time  of  the  Renaissance,  234.  24G; 
in  Germany.  301;  in  France,  384,  385,  380;  in  Russia,  421,  429;  in  England, 
527;  in  the  United  States,  632,  633, 
Sohm,  Rudoljih,  Die  altdeutsche  Reichs-  und  Gericlitsverfassung,  297, 
Soldau,  W.  G.,  (jeschichte  der  Ilcxenprocesse,  302. 
Solev,  J.  R.,  The  ISlockadc  and  the  Ouisers,  672, 
Soltan,  W.,  Uehcr  Entstehnng  und  Ziisammcnsetzung  der  altrcimischen  Volker- 

versammhntgen,  160. 
Sommerard,  A,  du,  Les  Arts  an  !Moyen  Age,  189,  19G. 
Sorel,A.,  L'Europe  et  la  Revolution  Francaise,  406, 
South  Carolina,  Histories  of,  595. 
Spain,  Histories  of,  430,  441 ;  Tiirhidencc  of,  in  the  ]\Iiddle  Ages,  434;  Courses  of 

Reading  on  the  History  of,  459-464. 
Spalding,  Archbishop,  Miscellanea,  195;   History  of  the  Protestant  Reformation, 

215,  233,  234. 
Spalding,  William,  Italy  and  the  Italian  Islands,  240,  201, 

Spanisli  Succession,  Best  History  of  the  War  of,  218;  other  authorities  on,  234, 
401. 


INDEX.  713 

Sparks,  Jarcil,  Lihrary  cif  American  Uidtjrai)!!}',  C'J3;  Life  of  (lOuvcrncur  Morris, 

07t». 
Spartfl,  JaiiiK'i's  IiiNtitultDiiM  at,  112. 
S(K,'iK'iT,  II.,  Ili^toriciil  theories  of,  5. 

Sprn«;ii(',  Williiim  H.,  AniinlH  of  the  Atniric;m  I'lilpit,  CSS. 
Spreii(.;(T,  A.,  If.'i!*  l^-l«'ii  mill  die  I.<-lire  <les  Miiliuiniiietl,  199. 
SpriMj;er,  .Aiilmi,  (iest-liiclile  <  )f.'ilirreiili><.  -'N.'/. 
Spniiier,  lli^lorii-nl  Alla!<,  fiH. 
.Stacke,  L,  Deulsolic  (Jescliiilito,  .IJI. 
Stailf,  (ie8<-liiclite  lies  Volkcs  Israel,  71. 
Stadelmaiin,  H.,  Frieilrich  Willielin  I.  in  seiner  Tliiitigkeit  flir  die  I^ndcsciiltur 

IVeits-sens,  ;117. 
Statl,  Madame  de,  (Jermnny,  •WG;  La  IJevolution  Franraisc,  3C2,  400. 
Stiilin,  1'.  v..  (ie.Hcliiclite  Wnriemberg'!",  :}22. 
Stanhope.  Karl,  llistivry  of  lCii;;l!Uid  under  (,>iiecn  .\iuic,  497,r>!j3;   History  of  Kng- 

land  from  1713  to'  17Kt,  \W;  reviewed  l.y  Pnlfrey,  t'Jll. 
Stanley,  A.  1'.,  llistorv  of  Jewish  Church,  W ;  lli>t(>rv  of  the  I'.astern  Clnirch, 

I'JO. 
•State-papers,  Calendnrs  of,  u;!l,  oCl ;  of  the  United  States,  C35. 
States-! iener.il,  I'icot's  History  of  the.  :>«(;   ISouUic's  History  of,  381. 
Statesman's  MannnI,  l>y  Lossing  and  Williams,  G37. 
Statesman's  Year  liouU,  2I>7. 
Stedman,  C,  llisiory  of  the  American  ^\'ar,  C12. 
Stecn.siriip, .).  C.  H.  H.,  Xormannerne,  4(>:{. 

Stein  Freilierr  von,  Seeley's  Life  and  Times  of,  275;  lialcke's  estimate  of,  305. 
Sleinmclz,  A.,  History  of  the  .Jesuits,  230. 
Stciizel.  ( J.  A.  IL,  Geschichtc  dcs  preussisclicn  Staatcs,  288 ;  (tcscliiclitc  Sclilcsicns, 

317. 
Stephen,  Ixjslic,  History  of  Knglisli  Thought  in  the  Eighteenth  Century,  nb7. 
Stephen,  Sir  .lames.  Ecclesiastical  Essays,  211 ;  Lectures  on  the  Historv  of  France, 

383, 397. 
Stephens,  A.  H..  Constitutional  View  of  the  War  between  the  States.  012. 
Stephens,  .A. . I.,  Introiluclion  to  l)e  Lolmc  on  the  English  Constitution.  JilO,  5.38, 
Stephens,  (}.,  Old  Northern  IJiniic  Monuments  of  .Scandinavia  and  England.  403. 
Stephens,  11.  JL,  History  of  the  French  Itevohition,  4U.j. 
Stephens,.!.  L.,  History  of  (iuslavus  Adolphus,  230. 
Stern,  .\..  (ioschichto  der  Kevolution  in  England.  72;  Ahhandhnigon  nnd  Akten- 

stllcke  znr  (ieschii-hle  der  prenssisclien  Hcformations/.eit,  1807-15.322. 
Stevens,  W.  1{.,  History  of  (Jeorgia,  595. 
Sticda,  W.,  Zur  Entstehung  dcs  deutschen'  Znnftwesens.  318. 
Slider's  Modern  .\llas,  6«. 
Stillfrieil-Alcantara  and  Kiiu'ltr,  Die  HolienzoUern  und  das  Deutsche  Vaterland. 

321. 
Stirling-Maxwell,  .Sir  W.,  Don  .lohn  of  .Austria,  or  Passages  from  the  History  of 

tlio  Sixteenth  ( 'enlnry,  321. 
Stith,  William,  .Sctllement  of  Virginia,  59.3. 
Stohart,  .1.  W.  N.,  I.-lam  ami  its  Founder.  19'.t. 
Stoll,  H.  W.,  (iesihichle  der  Uomer,  124  ;   Die  Hclden  Horns.  132. 
Stone,  E.  M.,  ( )ur  French  Allies,  070. 
Story,  .loseph.  Commentaries  on  the  Constitution,  Oil. 
Story,  W.W.,  IJoIwi  di  K'oma,  159. 

Strahl  imd  Hermann,  (Jeschichte  des  russischen  Staates,  413. 
Strauss,  1).  F.,  llricli  von  Hutten,  317. 
Strickland,  Agnes,  Lives  of  the  Queens  uf  Englai\d,  473. 


714  INDEX. 

Stroehlin,  Ernest,  L'fitat  Moderne  et  I'Eglise  Catholique  en  Allemagne,  309,  316. 

Stiibbs,  ^y.,  Lectures  on  the  Stuily  of  Mediajval  and  Modern  History,  70;  Early 
Plantagenets,  194,479;  The  Constitutional  Historj^  of  England,  509;  Select 
Charters,  510. 

Suetonius,  C.  T.,  Lives  of  the  Twelve  Cffisars,  14-J. 

Sugenheim,  S.,  Geschichte  der  Aufhebung  der  Leibeigenschaft,  19G,  232;  Ge- 
schichte  des  deutschen  A'olkes,  303,  313. 

Suggestions  of  courses  of  reading,  on  general  history,  G7-69 ;  on  the  history  of  an- 
tiquity, 90-93  ;  on  the  history  of  Greece,  117-121 ;  on  the  liistory  of  liome, 
156-161 ;  on  the  history  of  Midille  Ages,  193-202;  on  the  history  of  modern 
times,  232-255 ;  on  the  history  of  Italy,  2(50-265  ;  on  the  history  of  (iermany, 
313-322;  on  the  history  of  France,  397-406 ;  on  the  history  of  Russia,  427- 
429;  on  the  history  of  Spain,  459-464 ;  on  the  history  of  Turkey,  459-464 ; 
on  tlie  history  of  Holland,  459-464;  on  the  history  of  Scandinavia,  459-464; 
'on  the  historv  of  England,  528-565;  on  the  history  of  the  Ljiited  States, 
029-672. 

Sulla,  L.  C,  Becsly  on,  135. 

Sullivan,  John,  Public  IMen  of  the  Revolution,  648,  049. 

Sullivan,  W..  The  Fall  of  the  Roman  Empire,  168, 

Sully,  Memoirs  of  the  Duke  of,  342. 

Sum'ner,  Charles,  Works  of,  628,  664. 

Sumner,  (i.  W.,  History  of  American  Currency,  654 ;  History  of  Protection,  657. 

Superstition  and  Force,  Lea's,  180. 

Sweden,  Histories  of,  453,  454;  courses  of  reading  on  the  history  of,  460-464. 

Swinton,  William,  Outlines  of  the  World's  History,  38,  66. 

Switzerland,  Histories  of,  441-443  ;  courses  of  reading  on  the  history  of,  459. 

Sybel,  H.  von.  History  and  Literature  of  the  Crusades,  190;  Die  deutsche  Nation 
und  das  Kaiserreich,317  ;  Entstehung  des  deutschen  Kiiiiigthums,  320;  His- 
torv of  the  French  Revolution,  350  ;  Die  Erhebung  Europa's  gcgen  Napoleon 
L,  406. 

Symouds,  J.  A.,  History  of  the  Renaissance,  194,  232,  261,  265. 

Tacitus,  C.  C,  The  Works  of,  141. 

Tainc,  H.,  Essai  sur  Tite  Live,  132,  157;  Art  in  Italy,  233,  262 ;  on  the  French 

Revolution,  354 ;  Tiie  Ancient  Regime,  386;  lUstorv  of  English  Literature, 

534. 
Taney,  R.  B.,  Tyler's  Life  of,  023 ;  Dred  Scott  Decision,  666. 
Tariffs,  Authorities  on  history  of,  657-059,  072. 

Taswell-Langmead,  Thomas  Pitt,  English  Constitutional  History,  512,  521>,  557. 
Tauroggen,  Convention  of,  277. 

Taussig,  F.  W.,  Tariff  History  of  the  United  States,  072. 
Taxation,  Systems  of,  in  the  I'nited  States,  606. 
Taj'lor,  IJayarti,  History  of  Germany,  277. 
Taylor,  .lames  W.,  History  of  the  State  of  Oliio,  599. 
Taylor,  W.,  Historic  Survey  of  (ierrnan  Poetry,  318. 
Taylor,  W.  C,  Student's  IManiial  of  Ancient  History,  92;   Student's  Manual  of 

Modern  History,  235. 
Tell,  William,  Story  of,  considered  by  Baring-Gould,  171 ;   Rochholz's  study  of, 

442;  otlier  accounts  of,  461. 
Temporal  Power,  Lea's  Rise  of,  in  the  Church,  180. 
Teiniessee,  Ramsey's  Annals  of,  597. 
Ternaux,  Mortimer,  Histoire  ile  la  Terreur,  301. 
Territories  of  the  Northwest,  Ac(|uisiiion  of,  052-654. 
Testa,  G.  B.,  Tiic  War  of  Frederick  I.  against  the  Communes,  242. 


INDEX.  715 

Tenflfi'I,  \V.  S.,  A  History  of  IJornaii  Literature,  I  ja. 

Tt'xaH,  Voakiiin's  History  of,  M7  ;  annexation  of,  tj.jl. 

Thallieimer,  M.  K.,  A  Manual  of  Ancient,  .Mcdiiuval,  anil  Modern  Historj',  39. 

Theiuer,  A.,  Ili-itoire  iles  Insiiiuiious  d'hilucation  Kcclesiasliijue,  I'Jl. 

Tliiliaudtuin,  llistoire  den  Ltats-tidMieraux,  iOU. 

Thiebault,  I».,  Fre.lt'-rie-le-Cirand, -ilCJ. 

Tiiierrv.  Aini'di'-e,  Taldoau  dc  rKni|iire  Kumain,  16a,  158;   llistoire  deH  (iaulois, 

:u;t.  31)7,  :5'.w. 

Thierry,  Au^jiistin,  Letters  ami  Kssays  of,  lOa;  I^ettres  sur  rilisioirc  dc  France, 

378;  Dix  Ansd'Ktndes  Historiqiies,  ;J7'.>;  'I'lie  Formation  and  I'rojjrcss  of  ihi: 

Tiers  Ktat,37lt,  History  of  liie  Norman  ('orii|nest,  o.1(i. 
Thiers,  A.,  Fatalism  of,  exauiincd  l>y  I^aurent,  .'><);  The  Mississippi  Hubble,  .310 ; 

History  of  the  Freni-h   licvolulion,  :i.ja ;  History  of  the  Consulate  and  the 

Empire,  3(>.'{;  Itarni's  History  of,  3C1 ;  Ix;  (iolTs  Life  of,  371 ;  Simon's  tiov- 

erument  of.  37a. 
Third  Kstate,  Thierry  on  the,  37'.>. 
Thirlwall,  Hishup  C,  History  of  (ireece,  (IS. 
Thirty   Years'  War,  (Jiudely's,  '21<>;    (Jardiner's,  217;    .Schiller's,  '217;    Drovsen's 

tiiistav  Ad<>l|)h,  272;    IJalcke's   condition   of  (Jermany  at  the  end   of,  3n.'» ; 

Frevta^'s  pictures  of,  300;  Mutlev's  introduction  to,  in  the  Life  of  John  of 

IJarnev.l.l,  lal.  U'd. 
Thomas's  IJi(>L;rapliic.il  Dictionary,  GO. 
Thompson,  l>.  M.,  The  rai)acy  and  the  Civil  Power,  191. 
Tliompsciu's  Essay  on  Ma;;ua  Cliaria,  a3'.>. 
Thornton,  ,1.  W.,  IVter  Oliver's  I'uritan  Commonwealth,  5H3. 
Thorpe,  Henjamin,  Northern   Mythology,  458 ;   Ancient  Laws  and  Institutes  of 

En-land,  ."iOO. 
Thucydides'  History  of  the  Peloponnesian  War,  103. 
Tiberius,  Heesly  on,  130. 

Ticknor,  (ieorge.  History  of  Spanish  Literature,  430. 
Tiele,  Outlines  of  the  History  of  Keligion  to  the  Spread  of  the  Universal  Ilelig- 

ions,  73. 
Tilley,  H.  A.,  Eastern  Europe  and  Western  Asia,  42G. 
Timayenis,  T.  T.,  History  of  (Ireece.  121. 
Tiraboschi's  History  <if  Italian  Literature,  2G3. 
Tissot,  Victor,  liusses  ct  Allcmands,  413. 
Tocijueville,  Alexis  de,  ^demoirs.  Letters,  and  Kemains  of,  371 ;  L'Ancicn  IJegime 

et  la  Revolution,  3,s7;  criticism  of,  (104  ;   I )emocracy  in  America,  G12. 
Tocqueville,  Le  Comte  de,  llisioire  do  IJcgne  de  Louis  XV.,  340. 
Todd,  .Mph 'US,  Parliamentary  (Jovernment  in  England,  510,  557 ;  Parliamcntarv 

(iovernment  in  the  ISritish  Colonies,  528. 
Tolerance  in  Matters  of  Keligion,  Haluies  on.  17(t. 
Tooke,  Thomas  (and  Xewmarcli),  History  of  Prices,  232. 
Tooke,  William,  llussia,  414. 
Tories  of  the  llevohition,  G22. 
Torry,  History  of  New  V.>rk,  578- 
Torture,  Lea'.-<  Essay  on,  ISM. 
Toryism,  Anihorilies  on,  .')aa. 

TourgiieuelV,  N'.,  La  Kussic  et  Ics  Kusses,  42G;  novels  of,  429. 
Trades  and  Arts  with  the  (irceks  and  Komans,  100. 
I'reitschke,  Heinrich    von,   Deutsche   tieschichte,  270;    Zehu    Jahrc    deutschcr 

Kiimpfe,  282. 
Trench,  K.  ('.,  Lictures  on  Meiliicval  Church  History,  190. 
Treat,  Father  Paul's  Historv  of  the  Council  of,  231. 


716  INDEX. 

Trescott,  W.  H.,  Diplomacy  of  the  Eevoliition,  009;  Diplomatic  History  of  the 

Administrations  of  Washini^ton  and  Adams,  0G9. 
Trevelyan,  George  Otto,  The  Early  History  of  Charles  James  Fox,  499,  550,558; 

Life  of  JIacaulay,  560. 
Triumvirates,  The,  ilerivale  on,  137. 

Trollope,  Adolphus,  Life  of  Pius  IX.,  253 ;  History  of  Florence,  259. 
TroUope,  Anthony,  The  Life  of  Cicero,  138,  150,  158, 

Troy,  its  Legends,  History,  and  Literature,  by  Henjamin,  99;  Schliemanii's,  119. 
Trumbull.  Benjamin,  History  of  Connecticut,  588. 
Trumbull,  J.  Haramoud,  True  Blue  Laws  of  Connecticut,  594,  040. 
Tucker,  (ieorge,  History  of  the  United  States,  573. 
Tucker,  G.  F.,  Concise  History  of  the  INlonroe  Doctrine,  072. 
Tuckerman,  C.  K.,  Greeks  of  To-daj',  464. 
Tuckey,  Janet,  Joan  of  Arc,  .330. 
Tudor,  James,  Life  of  James  Otis,  023. 

Tudors,  Authorities  on  the  nature  of  government  under  the,  544-546. 
Turgot,  Guizot  on,  320;   Foncin's  Essay  on,  351;   Batbie's  Essay  on,  352;  Roc- 

quaii;  on,  352. 
Turkev,  Histories  of,  443-447  ;  suggestions  for  courses  of  reading  in  the  history  of, 

459-404. 
Turner,  Sharon,  History  of  the  Anglo-Saxons,  475,  535. 
Tuttle,  Herbert,  German  Political  Leaders,  290,310. 
Twiss,  T.,  Progress  of  Political  Economy  in  Europe  since  the  Sixteenth  Century, 

237. 
Tyler,  JM.  C,  Histor}'^  of  American  Literature,  038. 
Tyler,  Samuel,  Life  of  It.  B.  Tancv,  623. 

Tylor,  E.  B.,  History  of  Mankind",  88,  90;  Primitive  Culture,  89,  90. 
Tytlor,  Alexander  Eraser,  Universal  History,  66. 
Tytler,  William,  Evidence  against  Mary  Queen  of  Scots,  484. 

Ueberweg,  F.,  History  of  Philosophy,  55. 

Uhlhorn,  G.,  Conflict  of  Christianity  with  Heathenism,  198. 

Ukert,  F.,  Geschichte  der  curoptiischen  Staaten,  206. 

Union  of  tlie  Colonies  into  one  government,  643,  644. 

United  States,  General  histories  of,  566-573 ;  histories  of  limited  periods  of,  574- 
581 ;  local  histories  and  histories  of  individual  States,  581-602;  social,  polit- 
ical, and  constitutional  histories,  (iii2-014;  important  biographies  and  col- 
lected writings,  014-030;  courses  of  reading  on  the  history  of,  029-672. 

Unity  in  France,  Pascjuier's  History  of,  382. 

Unity  in  Ciermany,  Kliiiifel's  History  of,  279;  Frank's  establishment  of,  280; 
Droysen's  essay  on,  282. 

Universal  Histories,  31-70. 

Valery's  Historical,  Arlistic,  and  Literary  Travels  in  Italy,  139,  263. 

Van  Brunt,  Hcnrj',  Greek  Lines,  118. 

Van  Buren,  M.,  administration  considered,  008;  Incpiiry  into  the  Origin  and 
Cause  of  Political  Parties  in  the  Uniteil  States,  671. 

Van  den  Berg,  I'elite  Ilistoire  ancieinie  des  Peuples  de  I'Orient,  92. 

Van  Devcnter,  ^I.  L.,  Cin(|uante  Annees  de  I'llisloirc  Federale  dc  I'-Mlcmagne,  280. 

Van  Laun,  Henry,  Tiie  French  Kcvolutionar}'  Epoch,  374;  History  of  French  Lit- 
erature, 390. 

Van  Praet,  J.,  Ess.ays,  214,  233. 

Vane,  .Sir  H.,  Forsier's  Life  of,  490;  Bayne's  Essay  on,  492. 

Vasari's  History*  of  Painting,  203. 


INDEX.  717 

Vau;ilia:t,  IJ.  H.,  Life  nnil  Labors  of  St.  Thomas  of  Aquiii,  200. 

Vauj;lmii,  Kolxrt,  McmortaU  of  the  .Stuart  Dviiasty, -11)3. 

Vaiix,  W.  .S.  W.,  iVrsia  from  the  Kar^K•^t  IVrioil  to  the  Arab  Conquest,  91,  92, 

Vchmtrericht,  .Seoti's  .-iccoinit  of  llif,  -iW. 

\v\m;  Dr.  K..  Memoirs  of  the  Court  of  Austria,  28C. 

Venice,  IlistorieH  of,  2jI,  '2'>a. 

Vermont,  Williams's  llistnry  of.  .'>•*'■''. 

Veron,  Kuj^i-ne,  llisi  >ire  de  rAllema^cne,  'JKI. 

Vianlxt,  L.,  Winitkrs  of  Italian  .\rt,  '.'HI;   Ilisioire  lUs  Arabes  ct  des  Mores  li'Es- 
pa^ue,  4ii3.  • 

Vico,  Fatalism  of,  examined  by  Lnureiil,  iA). 

Victor  Knimaniiel  II.,  Arrivaln-ne's  Life  iif,  'Jj3;  Ciodkin'a  Life  of,  -'iil,  2G1. 

Victor.  1'.,  La  'I'errenr  sous  la  Directoire,  IOC. 

Vicl-Castel,  Louis  de,  Ilisinire  de  la  Ile^tauration,  259. 

Vieussciix,  .\.,  History  of  Switzerland,  ll'J. 

Vifjfnsson,  (i.,  .Sturlunjra  Safja,  103,  'I'iie  Orknoyinga  Saga,  403. 

Village  Communities,  Maine's,  8" ;  .Maurcr's  history  of  the  system  of,  in  Germany, 

2l»«. 
Villages  in  England,  Escott's  aoeounl  of.  .">27. 
Villani.  C.  llisiorie  Fiorenlinc  all'  anno  l.il.S,  2C4. 
Villari,  I'asquale,  Savonarola,  233,  24M;  Machiavelli,  247. 
Villemiin,  A.  !•'.,  Life    of  Gregory  VII.,  192;   Cours  de   Litterature   Eran^aise, 

393. 
Vilmar,  A.  E.  C,  Gescliicbto  dcr  dcntschen  National-Lilcratur,  322. 
Vine, . I.  II.  .S.,  ICuglish  Municipal  Institutions,  .002. 
A'irginia,  Histories  of,  592-594. 
Virginia  IJesolntions,  C3o. 
Voigt,  M.,  Die  romisclicn  PrivatsaltcrtliUmcr   nnd  rijmische  Kuliurgeschichte, 

U!l. 
Voltaire.  Fatalism  of,  examined  by  Laurent,  50;  philosophy  of  liistory,  07. 
Von  der  IJrilggen,  Ernst,  I'cikiis  Aulliisinig,  419. 

Von  Oesterley,  Ilerrman,  N\'egvveiser  durcli  ilie  Litcrafnr  dcr  Urkundensamm- 
lungen,  70. 

\Vaco,  Christian  Hiofjraphy,  20L 

Wachsmuth,  W'.,  Allgemeine  Culturgcschichte,  73;  Antitjuitics  of  Greece,  119; 

Gcscbii'htc  der  dcutschen  Nationalitiit,  310. 
Wiichter's  .Judicial  Metbods  in  the  ^liddle  .Ages,  195. 
Wager  of  battle,  17(1;  of  law,  ISO. 
Wiigner,  Dr.  W.,  Kom,  1.T5. 

Waitz,  (Jeorir,  Deutsche  ^'erfassungsgeschichtc,  299. 
Wallace,  D.  .M.,  Kussia,  427. 
Wallace,  Horace  B.,  Essays  on  .\rt,  263. 
Wallon,  H..V.,  Histoirede  lEsclavagedans  r.Vntiiiuite,  89;  St.  Louis  et  son  Temps, 

334  ;  .leanno  d'.Vrc,  330  ;  Ilistoire  du  Tribmtal  Uuvolutionnaire  de  Paris,  4UJ. 
Walpole,  Horace,  Letters  of,  557. 

Walpole,  Spcucer,  History  of  England  since  1815,  503,  014. 
Wandering  .lew.  The  Story  of  the,  171. 
War  of  the  IJoses,  (iairdner's  account  of,  480. 

War  of  1812,  Lossing's  Fielil-books  of,  579;  Ingcrsoll's  sketch  of,  577. 
War  of  bsCi'.,  Histories  of,  280,  281. 
War  of  1870.  Anthorities  on,  282,  '283. 
War  with  Mexico,  578.  579. 
Ward,  Thomas  II.,  English  Foots,  534  ;  The  Reign  of  Quccii  Victoria,  665. 


718  INDEX. 

W.ore's  'T^^'hH.  ^-'^  ■    '  159. 

ntucky  -\csolutions  of  1798,  072. 
'  .J  iiistory  of  the  Irish  Kebellioa  of  1611,  550, 
Warton,  Tliomas,  Historj'-  of  Poetry,  533. 
Washington,  George,  Correspondence  of,  on  Western  Lands,  C13  ;  Irving's  Life  of, 

617;  Marshall's  Life  of,  618;  writings  of,  62'1. 
Watson,  Kobert,  History  of  the  Eeigns  of  IMiilip  IF.  and  Pliilip  III.,  440. 
Wattenbach,  W.,  Dcutschlands  Geschichtsquellca  im  Mittelalter  bis  zur  Mitte 

des  dreizehnten  Jahrhunderts,  319. 
Wauters,  A.,  Lcs  Liberies  Communalos,  etc.,  200.  * 

Wealth  in  the  Middle  Ages,  Rogers  on,  524. 
Webb,  A.  S.,  The  Peninsula,  671. 
Weber,  Georg,  Allgeraeine  Geschichte,  40,  CG;  Lehrbuch  der  Weltgeschichtc,  40; 

Outlines  of  Universal  History,  41, 
Webster,  Daniel,  Curtis's  Life  of,  016 ;  Works  of,  629,  647. 
Weech,  Fr.  von.  Die  Deutschen  seit  der  Keformation,  317;  Geschichte  der  Biid- 

ischen  Verfassung,  319. 
Wegele,  F.  X,  von,  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Ilistoriographie  seit  dem  Aufstehen 

des  Ilumanismus,  319. 
Wehrmann,  C,  Die  iilteren  Liibeckischen  Zunftrollen,  318. 
Weil,  G.,  Mohammed  der  Prophet,  199;  Gesciiichte  der  Califen,  199;  Geschichte 

der  islamitischen  Volker,  199. 
Weir,  A.,  Historical  Basis  of  Modern  Europe  (1760-1815),  235. 
Wells,  William  V.,  Life  of  Samuel  Adams,  624,  642. 
Wenzelburger,  K.  T.,  Geschichte  der  Niederliinde,  463. 
Wernicke,  C,  Die  Geschichte  der  neuesten  Zeit,  222. 
Western  Lands,  Washington  on,  613. 
Wey's  Rome,  158. 

Wharton,  Francis.  Digest  of  International  Law  of  the  United  States,  672. 
''    hately,  Archbishop,  Origin  of  Civilization,  90. 
^  I  heaton,  Henry,  Histoire  du  Droit  International,  236;  History  of  the  Northmen, 

458. 
Wheeler,  John  IL,  Historical  Sketches  of  North  Carolina,  594. 
Wheeler,  J,  T.,  Life  and  Travels  of  Herodotus,  90 ;  Early  Records  of  British 

India,  5()5, 
Whewell,  William,  History' of  the  Inductive  Sciences,  55. 
Whig  Review,  638. 
Whiggism,  Tendencies  of,  554. 
White,  Andrev.',  Relation  of  Maryland,  640. 
White,  Andrew   D.,  European   Schools  of  History  and  Politics,  71 ;   Essay  on 

Riciielieu,  400. 
White,  Henry,  The  Massacre  of  St.  Parthnlomew,  341. 
White,  Uev.  .lames,  Eighteen  Christian  Centuries,  168;  History  of  France,  330, 

397;  History  of  England,  474. 
Whiteside,  ■!.,  Italy  in  the  Nineteenth  Century.  264. 
Whitlock,  W.,  Life  and  Times  of  .lohn  .lay,  672. 
Wietersheim,  (ieschichtc  der  Volkerwandcnnig.  201. 
Wilda,W.  E.,  Das  Gililenwoscn  im  Mittelalter,  192;  Das  Strafrecht  der  Germanen, 

319. 
Willielm.  P.,  Le  Droit  Pidilic  Ivomain,  160;  Le  Scnat  de  la  Republique  Romaine,  160, 
Willichnina  of  I'aircutli,  .McuMirs  of,  315. 
Wilkinson,  Sir  .1.  (J.,  .Ani'ient  Egyptians,  84,    0. 
Will.rl,  I*.  l'".,The  Reign  of  Louis  XL,  339. 
William  III.,  Van  Pract's  Essay  on,  214. 


V'i!::i.„    :....   ■      ■.:  ,.-.  IT=      .._-..  ,      ,,„ 

W'"'^' .i^  T^ogci,  »  CM.     ■       I**';  AriiuM  on,  588;  ^'aii' '    .jcu  ^ 

v., '.',  'VtO. 
Williams,  SrirmicI,  Natural  and  Civil  History  of  Vermont,  585. 
Wiiliainsoii,  liii^li,  ili>tiiry  <>f  North  Carolina,  5'J'I. 
Williamson.  W.  1)..  History  of  -Maine,  [>X\. 
\\'il.son,  Danii'l,  I'ri'liistorio  Man,  Kl. 
Wilson,  ilcnry,  Kise  ami  Fall  of  tlio  Slave-trmlc,  C13,  GC5. 
\\'il;>on,  W.,  Con;;rcs.sional  (iovirnmcnt,  C70. 
Wincliell,  A.,  rroadamiti!',  <»l. 
NVinekclmann,  .lohn,  (Ic'schicliti;  ilcr  An^olsacliscn  lis  ziim  Toile  Kiinij;  Alfrcdl, 

72;  Anci.nt  Art,  110,  117. 
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in: 

•,L'1^•      .    ;  de  France  racontee  •"      '         >n  .   . 

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THE    END. 


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